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Experiment of RCP PDF
Experiment of RCP PDF
CYCLE – I
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF THE FOLLOWING CIRCUITS
1. Series and Shunt fedback amplifiers-Frequency response, Input and output impedance
Calculation
2. RC Phase shift oscilator and Wien Bridge Oscillator
3. Hartley Oscillator and Colpits Oscillator
4. Single Tuned Amplifier
5. RC Integrator and Diferentiator circuits
6. Astable and Monostable multivibrators
7. Clipers and Clampers
8. Fre runing Blocking Oscilators
CYCLE-II
SIMULATION USING SPICE (Using Transistor):
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1. POSITIVE CLIPPER:
FIG.1.1
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.1.2
2 RPS (0-30)V 1
3 Diode IN4007 1
4 CRO (0- 1
30)MHz
6 Function (0- 1
generator 10)MHz
7 Capacitor 2.5 uf 2
8 Bread board - 1
1.3. DESIGN:
T=t=1/f=1x10-3 sec=RC
Assume, C=1uF
Then, R=1K
FIG.1.3
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.1.4
WORKING:
During the positive half cycle, the diode turns on and looks like a short circuit
across the output terminals. Ideally, the output voltage is zero. But practically, the diode
voltage is 0.7 V while conducting.
On the negative half cycle, the diode is open and hence the negative half cycle
appear across the output.
APPLICATION:
Used for wave shaping
To protect sensitive circuits
1.5 PROCEDURE:
1. Connect as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the signal voltage (say 5V, 1 KHz) using signal generator.
3. Observe the output waveform using CRO.
4. Sketch the output waveform.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1. CLAMPER CIRCUIT:
Positive clamper
FIG.1.5
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.1.6
FIG.1.7
MODEL GRAPH
FIG.1.8
1.6RESULT:
Thus the output waveform for Clipper and clamper was observed
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1. INTEGRATOR:
FIG.2.1
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.2.2
2.1 AIM:
To design and construct a differentiator and integrator circuit.
3. Capacitor 1μf 1
4. Resistor 1KΩ 1
5. Bread board - 1
2.3 THEORY:
Differentiator:
Differentiator is a circuit which differentiates the input signal, it
allows high order frequency and blocks low order frequency. If time constant is
very low it acts as a differentiator. In this circuit input is continuous pulse with
high and low value.
Integrator:
In a low pass filter when the time constant is very large it acts as an
integrator. In this the voltage drop across C will be very small in comparison with
the drop across resistor R. So total input appears across the R.
2.4 PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the signal voltage.
3. Observe the output waveform.
4. Sketch the output waveform.
2. DIFFERENTIATOR:
FIG.2.3
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.2.4
QUESTIONS:
2.5 RESULT:
Thus the integrator and differentiator is constructed and output
waveform is observed.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1. Without feed back:
+10V
R1 RC 3K
5K C1
VCC
1n
Rs Ci
Q1
1k 66uf
5V Vi R2 R5
CE
1.1K 1k
58uf
FIG.3.1
TABULATION:
(Without feedback)
TAB.3.1
3.1 AIM: To design and study frequency response of voltage shunt feedback amplifier.
WITH FEEDBACK:
FIE.3.2
TABULATION:
(With feedback)
TAB.3.2
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.3.3
3.4 THEORY:
Negative feedback in general increases the bandwidth of the transfer
function stabilized by the specific type of feedback used in a circuit. In Voltage
shunt feedback amplifier, consider a common emitter stage with a resistance R’
connected from collector to base. This is a case of voltage shunt feedback and
we expect the bandwidth of the Trans resistance to be improved due to the
feedback through R’. The voltage source is represented by its Norton’s
equivalent current source Is=Vs/Rs.
3.5 PROCEDURE:
QUESTIONS:
3. Which sampling and mixing network is used in Voltage shunt feed back
amplifier,
3.6 RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1. without feed back:
FIG.4.1
TAB.4.1
4.1 AIM:
To design a negative feedback amplifier, and to draw its frequency response.
Fig.4.2
TABULATION:
Vin = ----- (V)
TAB.4.2
RB= 2KΏ
4.4 THEORY
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.4.3
4.5 PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set VCC = 10V; set input voltage using audio frequency oscillator.
3. By varying audio frequency oscillator take down output frequency
oscillator voltage for difference in frequency.
4. Calculate the gain in dB
5. Plot gain Vs frequency curve in semi-log sheet.
QUESTIONS:
1. What is feedback?
5. Calculate the value of output impedance with and without feed back.
4.6.RESULT:
Thus current series feedback amplifier is designed and studied its
performance.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIG.5.1
MODEL GRAPH:
Amplitude (V)
Time (sec)
FIG.5.2
VCC = 12V, ICq =1mA, =100, Vceq = 5V, f=1 KHz, S=10, C=0.01 µf,
hfe= 330, AV= 29
Design:
(i)To find R:
Assume f=1 KHz, C=0.01µf
f=1/2∏ RC 6
R=1/2x3.14 6 x1x103x0.01x10-6=6.5KΩ
Therefore R=6.5KΩ
(ii)To find RE & RC:
VCE = VCC /2 = 6V
re= 26mV / IE= 26
hie = hfe re= 330 x 26= 8580
On applying KVL to output loop,
VCC=ICRC + VCE + IERE ----- (1)
VE = IE RE
TABULATION:
TAB.5.1
5.4 THEORY:
5.5 PROCEDURE:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is an oscillator?
5.6 RESULT:
Thus the RC-phase shift oscillator is designed and constructed for
the given frequency.
Theoretical frequency :
Practical frequency :
DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
35
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIG.6.1
MODEL GRAPH:
Amplitude (V)
Time (msec)
FIG.6.2
6. HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
6.1 AIM:
2 RPS (0-30)V 1
3 Transistor BC107 1
4 Capacitors 3.2nf 1
0.1F 1
0.01F 2
5 Inductor 10mH 2
6 CRO 30MHz 1
7 Bread board - 1
6.3Design Example:
Design of feed back Network:
Given L1= L2=10mH, f=20 KHz, VCC=12V, IC=3mA, S=12
f = 1/2∏ ( L1 L2)C
C= 3.2nf
Amplifier design:
(i) Selection of RC:
Gain formula is,
AV= - hfe RLeff / hie
Assume VCE=VCC/2 (Transistor active)
VCE= 12/2= 6V
VE=IERE= VCC/10=1.2V
VCC=ICRC + VCE + IERE
RC= (VCC- VCE -IERE) / IC
Therefore RC = 1.6K=2 K
TABULATION:
TAB.6.1
(ii) Selection of RE:
IC= IE=3mA
RE= VE/IE
RE= 1.2 / 3x10-3=400 =1K
(iii) Selection of R1 & R2:
Stability factor S=12
S=1+ (RB/ RE)
12=1+ (RB/1x103)
RB=11K
Using potential divider rule,
RB=R1R2 / R1+R2 & VB= (R2/ R1+R2) VCC
RB /R1= R2/ R1+R2
Therefore RB/R1= VB/VCC
VB=VBE+ VE= 0.7+1.2=1.9V=2V
R1= (VCC/ VB )RB
R1= (12/2)x 11x103=66K=100K
VB/VCC =R2 / R1+R2
2/ 12=R2 / 100x103+R2
(100x103)+R2=R2/0.16=19K
R2=19K=22 K
DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
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QUESTIONS:
1. How does an oscillator differ from an amplifier?
6.5 PROCEDURE:
6.6 RESULT:
Theoretical frequency :
Practical frequency :
DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
40
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIG.7.1
MODEL GRAPH:
Amplitude (V)
Time (msec)
FIG.7.2
2 RPS (0-30)V 1
3 Transistor BC107 1
4 Capacitors 0.1F 1
0.01F 1
5 Inductor 10mH 1
6 CRO 30MHz 1
7 Bread board - 1
TAB.7.1
7.4 THEORY:
1. What is the approximate value of hfe in a colpitt’s oscillator using BJT for
sustained oscillation?
7.5 PROCEDURE:
7.6 RESULT:
Thus the colpitt’s oscillator is designed and constructed for
the given frequency.
Theoretical frequency :
Practical frequency :
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIG.8.1
TABULATION:
Amplitude(V) Time
period(msec)
TAB.8.1
1 Resistors 4.7k 2
470k 2
2 RPS (0-30)V 1
3 Transistor BC107 2
4 Capacitors 0.01F 2
5 CRO (0-30)MHz 1
6 Bread board - 1
Given specifications:
VCC= 10V; hfe = 100; f=1 KHz; I c = 2mA; Vce (sat) = 0.2v;
To design RC:
R ≤ hFE RC
RC= VCC- VC2 (Sat) / IC= 4.9 k
Since R ≤ hFE RC
Therefore R≤ 100 x 4.7 x103=490 k 470 k
To Design C:
Since T= 1.38RC
1x10-3=1.38x 490x103x C
Therefore C=0.01F
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.8.2
8.4. THEORY:
The astable multivibrator generates square wave without any
external triggering pulse. It has no stable state, i.e., it has two quasi-
stable states. It switches back and forth from one stable state to other,
remaining in each state for a time depending upon the discharging of a
capacitive circuit.
When supply voltage + Vcc is applied, one transistor will
conduct more than the other due to some circuit imbalance.
8.5 PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set VCC = 5V.
3. For the given supply the amplitude and time period is measured
from CRO.
4. Frequency of oscillation is calculated by the formula f=1/T
5. Amplitude Vs time graph is drawn.
QUESTIONS:
8.6 RESULT:
Thus the astable multivibrator is designed and output waveform is plotted.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIG.9.1
TABULATION:
TON TOFF
TAB.9.1
9. MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
9.1 AIM:
2 RPS (0-30)V 1
3 Transistor BC107 1
4 CRO (0-30)MHz 1
5 Capacitor 3.2nf 1
25pf 1
6 Bread board - 1
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.9.2
9.4 THEORY:
The monostable multivibrator has one stable state when an
external trigger input is applied the circuit changes its state from stable to
quasi stable state. And then automatically after some time interval the
circuit returns back to the original normal stable state. The time T is
dependent on circuit components.
The capacitor C1 is a speed-up capacitor coupled to base of Q2
through C.Thus DC coupling in bistable multivibrator is replaced by a capacitor
coupling. The resistor R at input of Q2 is returned to VCC.
The value of R2 , V BB are chosen such that transistor Q1 is off
by reverse biasing it. Q2 is on. This is possible by forward biasing Q2
with the help of VCC and resistance R. Thus Q2-ON and Q1-OFF is
normal stable state of circuit.
9.5 PROCEDURE:
QUESTIONS:
1. Give the other names of monostable multivibrator?
9.6 RESULT:
Theoretical period :
Practical period :
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIG.10.1
TABULATION:
TAB.10.1
2 RPS (0-30)V 1
3 Transistor BC107 1
4 CRO (0-30)MHz 1
5 Capacitor 50pf 2
6 Bread board - 1
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.10.2
10.5 PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
2. Switch on the regulated power supply and observe the output
waveform at the collector of Q1 and Q2.
3. Sketch the waveform.
4. Apply a threshold voltage of VT (pulse voltage) and observe the
changes of states of Q1 and Q2
5. Sketch the waveform
10.6 RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIG11.1
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.11.2
11.1 AIM:
TABULATION:
V in= ------- (V)
FREQUENCY OUTPUT Vin (V) Gain
VO(V) 20log(Vo/Vin) dB
TAB.11.1
11.4 THEORY:
The single tuned amplifier selecting the range of frequency the
resistance load replaced by the tank circuit. Tank circuit
is nothing but inductors and capacitor in parallel with each other.
The tuned amplifier gives the response only at particular
frequency at which the output is almost zero. The resistor R1 and R2
provide potential diving biasing, Re and Ce provide the thermal
stabilization. This it fixes up the operating point.
11.5 PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram
2. By varying frequency, amplitude is noted down
3. Gain is calculated in dB
4. Frequency response curve is drawn.
QUESTIONS:
1. Define Q-factor?
11.6 RESULT:
Thus the class – c single tuned amplifier is designed and
frequency response is plotted.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIG.12.1
TABULATION:
Amplitude(V) Time(msec)
TAB.12.1
12.1 AIM:
To design a Wein-bridge oscillator using transistors and to find the frequency
of oscillation.
2 Power supply 5V 1
3 Opamp IC147 1
4 Capacitors 0.1F 2
5 CRO 1
6 Bread board 1
MODEL GRAPH:
Amplitude (V)
Time (sec)
FIG.12.2
12.4 THEORY:
Generally in an oscillator, amplifier stage introduces 180o phase shift and
feedback network introduces additional 180o phase shift, to obtain a phase shift of
o
360 around a loop. This is a condition for any oscillator. But Wein bridge oscillator uses
a non-inverting amplifier and hence does not provide any phase shift during amplifier
stage. As total phase shift requires is 0o or 2n radians, in Wein bridge type no phase
shift is necessary through feedback. Thus the total phase shift around a loop is 0o.
The output of the amplifier is applied between the terminals 1 and 3, which
are the input to the feedback network. While the amplifier input is supplied from the
diagonal terminals 2 and 4, which is the output from the feedback network. Thus
amplifier supplied its own output through the Wein bridge as a feed back network.
The two arms of the bridge, namely R1, C1 in series and R2, C2 in parallel are
called frequency sensitive arms. This is because the components of these two arms
decide the frequency of the oscillator. Advantage of Wein bridge oscillator is that by
varying the two-capacitor values simultaneously, by mounting them on the common
shaft, different frequency ranges can be provided.
12.5 ROCEDURE:
QUESTIONS:
12.6 RESULT:
Thus the Wein – bridge oscillator is designed for the given frequency of
oscillation.
Theoretical frequency :
Practical frequency :
FIG.1.1
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.1.2
1. ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
1.1 AIM:
To simulate an astable multivibrator using PSPICE
1.2APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. PC
2. PSPICE software
1.3 THEORY:
Astable multivibrator has two states and both states are quasi states
without giving any external trigger pulse, so this multivibrator is also
called as free running multivibrator, it is used to generate square wave
oscillations. It can be operated as an oscillator over wide range of audio
and radio frequencies. Used as voltage frequency converter and in pulse
synchronization as clock for binary logic signal.
1.4 PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the start menu and select the pspice simulation software
2. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and place
them in the work space
3. Connect the parts using wires
4. Save the file and select the appropriate analysis
5. Simulate the circuit and observe the corresponding output waveforms
1. What is PSpice?
1.5 RESULT:
FIG.2.1
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.2.2
2.1 AIM:
To simulate an monostable multivibrator using PSPICE
1. PC
2. PSPICE software
2.3 THEORY:
Monostable multivibrator is an electronic circuit which has
one stable state and one quasi stable state. It needs external pulse to
change their stable state to quasi state and return back to its stable state
after completing the time constant RC. Thus the RC time constant
determines the duration of quasi state. Also called as one-shot, single shot
and one swing multivibrator.Used as triggering circuit for some circuits
like timer circuit, delay circuits etc.
2.4 PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the start menu and select the pspice simulation software
2. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and
place them in the work space
3. Connect the parts using wires
4. Save the file and select the appropriate analysis
5. Simulate the circuit and observe the corresponding output
waveforms
QUESTIONS:
2.5 RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIG.3.1
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.3.2
3. BI-STABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
3.1 AIM:
To simulate an Bi-stable multivibrator using PSPICE
1. PC
2. PSPICE software
3.3 THEORY:
3.4 PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the start menu and select the pspice simulation software
2. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and place
them in the work space
3. Connect the parts using wires
4. Save the file and select the appropriate analysis
5. Simulate the circuit and observe the corresponding output waveforms
QUESTIONS:
3.5 RESULT:
CMOS
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIG.4.1
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.4.2
4. CMOS INVERTER
4.1 AIM:
To simulate an CMOS inverter using PSPICE
1. PC
2. PSPICE software
4.3 THEORY:
CMOS-Complementary metal oxide semiconductor.it uses
one pmos and nmos connected together in complementaryto the
another.any number of circuits can be designed using CMOS.input is
commonly given to the base and due to the circuit nconnection output
of a CMOS is inverted.
4.4 PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the start menu and select the pspice simulation software
2. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and
place them in the work space
3. Connect the parts using wires
4. Save the file and select the appropriate analysis
5. Simulate the circuit and observe the corresponding output
waveforms
QUESTIONS:
4.5 RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIG.5.1
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.5.2
DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
85
5. ANALOG MULTIPLIER
5.1 AIM:
1. PC
2. PSPICE software
5.3 THEORY:
5.4 PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the start menu and select the p spice simulation software
2. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and
place them in the work space
3. Connect the parts using wires
4. Save the file and select the appropriate analysis
5. Simulate the circuit and observe the corresponding output
waveforms
QUESTIONS:
5.5 RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIG.6.1
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.6.2
DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
88
6.1 AIM:
1. PC
2. PSPICE software
6.3 THEORY:
A second order filters can be constructed using RC-(resistor-
capacitor) passive circuits, and they have been implemented for radio
frequency for cheap and simplicity. For audio frequency range,
unfortunately the size for the inductor and capacitor become too large,
space consuming, and the most important is they’re really expensive.
Because of this, active filter is commonly used for audio application.
6.4 PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the start menu and select the p spice simulation software
2. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and
place them in the work space
3. Connect the parts using wires
4. Save the file and select the appropriate analysis
5. Simulate the circuit and observe the corresponding output
waveforms
QUESTIONS:
6.5 RESULT:
Thus the second order active low pass butter worth filter is simulated using
PSpice.