19 Reinforced Concrete Design

Design of Footings 1

Types of Footings

Bearing Pressure under Footing

Eccentrically Loaded Footing

Wall Footings

Column Footings

Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Types of Footings

Wall

Property line
Isolated spread footing Wall footing
Combined Footings
Property line

A B A B

Rectangular, PA = PB Rectangular, PA < PB

Property line
Property line

A B A B

Rectangular, PA < PB Strap or Cantilever

 Pile cap

Piles
Weak soil

Bearing stratum
Mat Footing
Bearing pressure under footings
R
Axially Loaded Footings : Assume uniform pressure

Actual pressure is not uniform due to:

1) Footing flexibility p, bearing pressure
2) Depth of footing below ground surface
3) Type of soil, e.g., clay or sand

R R

Heave Heave

Cohesionless soil Cohesive soil

Eccentrically Loaded Footings
P
y e

x x b
load
P Mc
pmin = − P Mc
y A I pmax = +
A I
h
Tensile stress cannot be transmitted between soil and concrete.

For full compression, setting pmin = 0,

P
P Mc Pec I emax = h/6
= = e=
A I I Ac
For rectangular footing of length h and width b,

I bh 3 / 12 h h/3 h/3 h/3

e= = =
Ac bh(h / 2) 6 Middle Third
Large eccentricity of load e > h/6

Centroid of soil pressure concurrent with applied load

P
e a 1 2P
R= (3ab )pmax = P pmax =
2 3ab

where a = h/2 - e

R pmax

3a
Wall Footings
w
Uniformly loaded wall
w

Wall

Bending deformation
Footing
1-m slice on which
design is based
Critical Section for Moment in Isolated Footings

b/2 b/2

Critical section Critical section s

b/4 s/2

Concrete column, Column with steel

Masonry wall
pedestal or wall base plate
Column Footings Weight of footing ≈ 4-8 % of column load

Critical section for shear

2
d/2 d
1 Punching shear
1
2 Beam-shear short direction
d 3 Beam-shear long direction
3

Critical section for moment

2
1 Moment short direction

2 Moment long direction

1
Two-Way Action Shear (punching-shear)
On perimeter around column at distance d/2 from face of column
c1 + d
P

d/2

c2 + d c2

b0

c1
Two-Way Action: cracking occur around column with periphery b0 at
distance d / 2 outside column. Vn is the smallest of

 4 
Vn = Vc = 0.27  2 +  fc′ b0 d ACI Formula (11-35)
 βc 
 αsd 
Vn = Vc = 0.27  + 2  fc′ b0 d ACI Formula (11-36)
 b0 

Vn = Vc = 1.06 fc′ b0 d ACI Formula (11-37)

where
b0 = perimeter of critical section at distance d /2 outside column
βc = ratio of long side to short side of column
αs = 40 for interior columns, 30 for edge columns and 20 for
corner columns
Distribution of Flexural Reinforcement

Footing Type Square Footing Rectangular Footing

s (typ.)

One-way B

s (typ.) AsL
 2 
As2 As1 As2 A =
s1   AsL
 β + 1
L B As 2 = AsL − As1
s (typ.)

Two-way
AsB 2
L
β=
B
L B/2 B/2
L
 Transfer of Forces at Base of Column

For a supported column, bearing capacity is

φ Pnb = φ (0.85 fc′ A1 )

A1
where A1 = loaded area (column area)
450 φ = 0.70

For a supporting footing,

A2 measured A2
2 φ Pnb = φ (0.85 fc′ A1 ) ≤ 2 φ (0.85 fc′ A1 )
on this plane
A1
1
where A2 = area of lower base of the largest
pyramid cone contained within footing having
side slope 1 vertical to 2 horizontal
EXAMPLE 12.4: Design of a Square Footing to support a 40 cm square column.
The column carries a dead load D of 40 ton and a live load L of 30 ton. The
allowable soil pressure 10 t/m2. f’c = 240 kg/cm2, fy = 4000 kg/cm2. Unit weight of
the soil above footing base = 2.0 t/m3.

D = 40 t (1) Determination of base area:

L = 30 t
Assume footing depth = 40 cm
40 cm
Soil net pressure:

1.50 m
pn = 10 – [0.4(2.4) + 1.1(2.0)]
h = 6.84 t/m2
Required area = (40+30)/6.84 = 10.23 m2
b USE 3.2x3.2m square footing (10.24m2)

(2) Factored loads and soil reaction:

Pu = 1.4(40) + 1.7(30) = 107 tons

107
Ultimate pressure pu = = 10.45 t/m2
10.24
Assume footing depth = 40 cm and effective depth d = 32 cm

Punching shear:

40 cm Vu = 10.45(3.22 – 0.722) = 101.6 

d/2=16 cm
bo = 4(72) = 288 - .

φ Vc = 0.85(1.06) 240 (288)(32)/1000

72 cm = 128.6  > Vu OK

Beam shear:

40 cm Vu = 10.45(1.08)(3.2) = 36.12 

d=32 cm
φ Vc = 0.85(0.53) 240 (320)(32)/1000
= 71.47  > Vu OK
108 cm
Flexural Design:

Mu = (0.5)(10.45)(3.2)(1.4)2 = 32.77 -0 

32.77(105 )
Rn = = 11.11 ./- .2 ρ = 0.0029
0.9 × 320 × 32 2

As = 0.0029(320)(32) = 29.70 - .2

As,min = 0.0018(320)(40) = 23.04 - .2 < As OK

USE 15DB16# (As = 30.15 cm2)

40 cm DB16 .
4DB25
Critical section
0.40 m for moment

3.20 m
15DB16 #
Check development of reinforcement

Critical section for development is the same as that for moment (at face of column)

ld f αβγλ
= 0.28 y
db fc′  c + K tr 
 
 d b 

Edge distance (bottom and side) = 8 cm

Center-to-center bar spacing = (320 - 2(8))/14 = 21.7 cm

8 cm (control)
c = minimum of
21.7 / 2 = 10.9 cm

Ktr = 0 (no transverse reinforcement)

c + K tr 8 + 0
= = 5.0 > 2.5 USE 2.5
db 1.6
 α = 1.0 (bottom bars)

β = 1.0 (uncoated reinforcement)

αβ = 1.0 < 1.7

γ = 0.8 (DB20 and smaller)

λ = 1.0 (normal weight concrete)

ld 4,000 1.0 × 1.0 × 0.8 × 1.0

= 0.28 = 23.1
db 240 2.5

ld = 23.1 x 1.6 = 37.0 cm > 30 cm OK

Since ld = 37 cm < available embedment length (320/2 - 40/2 - 8 = 132 cm),

DB16 bars can be fully developed.
 Transfer of Force at Base of Column

column bars (1) Bearing strength of column

footing dowels
φPnb = φ (0.85f’c A1)
= 0.70(0.85x240x40x40)/1,000
= 228.5 tons > 107 tons OK
32 cm

8 cm cover

(2) Bearing strength of footing

40 cm
Bearing strength of footing increased by factor

A2 A1 ≤ 2 where A2 is area of pyramid cone

having side slope 1 vertical to 2 horizontal

200 cm
320 cm

A1 A2 A2 200 × 200
= = 5 > 2, use 2
A1 40 × 40
 φPnb = 2φ (0.85f’c A1)
= 2(0.70)(0.85x240x40x40)/1,000
= 457 tons > 107 tons OK

(3) Required dowel bars between column and footing:

Even though column and footing have enough bearing strength to transfer load,
area of reinforcement across interface ≥ 0.005(gross area of supported member)

As (min) = 0.005(40x40) = 8.0 cm2

Provide 4DB16 bars as dowels (As = 8.04 cm2)

(4) Development of dowel reinforcement in compression:

0.075d bfy
In column & footing: ld = ≥ 0.0043d bfy
fc′

0.075 × 1.6 × 4,000

For DB16 bars: ld = = 31.0 cm (control)
240
l d (min) = 0.0043 × 1.6 × 4,000 = 27.5 cm
 Available length for development in footing

= footing thickness - cover - 2(footing bar dia.) - dowel bar dia.

= 40 - 8 - 2(1.6) - 1.6 = 27.2 cm ≈ 27.5 cm OK

Therefore, the dowels can be fully developed in the footing.

Home work: Design a square spread footing with the following design conditions:

Service dead load = 150 ton P

Service live load = 120 ton Ground elev.

Unit weight of soil = 2.0 ton/m3

1.5 m
Allowable soil pressure = 20 ton/m2

Column dimensions = 60 x 30 cm