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6.002.1x Circuits and Electronics 1
6.002.1x Circuits and Electronics 1
1x
Circuits and Electronics 1
Lumped Element Abstraction
Consider The Big Jump
from physics
to EECS
V
∂B ∂φ B
Faraday’s ∇× E = − ∫ E ⋅ dl = − ∂t
∂t
∂ρ ∂q
Continuity ∇⋅ J = − ∫ J ⋅ dS = − ∂t
∂t
ρ q
Others ∇⋅ E = ∫ E ⋅ dS = ε0
ε0 l
l
l l
l l 8
Instead, there is an Easy Way…
First, let us build some insight:
Analogy
Done ! ! ! 9
Instead, there is an Easy Way…
F a?
Point-mass discretization
10
The Easy Way…
Consider the filament of the light bulb.
A
12
The Easy Way…
A
I
A + V
R I=
V R
–
B
B
In EECS, we do things
the easy way…
V
I= called element v-i relationship
R
14
R is a lumped element abstraction for the bulb.
15
Lumped Elements
Demo
Exploding resistor demo
can’t predict that!
Pickle demo
can’t predict light, smell
17
Not so fast, though …
A
Bulb
B filament
B –
black box
19
SA
I must be defined. True when IA
I into S A = I out of S B
∂q
True only when = 0 in the filament! SB
∂t
IB
∂q
I A = IB only if =0 So, are we stuck?
∂t
We’re engineers! So, let’s make it true! 20
I
V Must also be defined. A +
V
e i x A .1
se ppend
A
A&L So let’s assume this too!
Also, signal speeds of interest should be way lower than speed of light
21
Welcome to the EECS Playground
The world
The EECS playground
Our self imposed constraints in this playground
∂φ B Outside Where
=0
∂t good
∂q Inside elements things
=0 Bulb, wire, battery happen
∂t
22
Lumped Matter Discipline (LMD)
Or self imposed constraints:
∂φ B
= 0 outside
∂t
∂q
More in = 0 inside elements
Chapter 1 ∂t bulb, wire, battery
of A & L
c
What can we say about voltages in a loop under the lumped matter discipline?
R1 R4
R3
V+" b d
–"
R2 R5
R1 R4
R3
V+" b d
–"
R2 R5
26
What can we say about currents? I ca
S
I da
a
I ba
KCL:
28
Summary Lumped Matter Discipline LMD:
Constraints we impose on ourselves to simplify our
analysis
∂φ B
∂t
=0 Outside elements
∂q
=0 Inside elements
∂t
wires resistors sources
Also, signals speeds of interest should be way
lower than speed of light
Allows us to create the lumped circuit abstraction
i
+
v Lumped circuit element
-‐
30
Summary
Review
Maxwell’s equations simplify to algebraic KVL and
KCL under LMD.
KVL:
∑ jν j = 0
This is amazing!
loop
KCL:
∑jij = 0
node 31