57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 1

Control Volume and Reynolds

Transport Theorem
10. 11. 2013

Hyunse Yoon, Ph.D.

Assistant Research Scientist
IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering
University of Iowa
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 2

Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT)

• An analytical tool to shift from describing the
laws governing fluid motion using the system
concept to using the control volume concept
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 3

System vs. Control Volume

• System: A collection of matter of fixed identity
– Always the same atoms or fluid particles
– A specific, identifiable quantity of matter

• Control Volume (CV): A volume in space

through which fluid may flow
– A geometric entity
– Independent of mass
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 4

Examples of CV
Fixed CV Moving CV Deforming CV

CV fixed at a nozzle CV moving with ship CV deforming within cylinder

 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 5

Laws of Mechanics
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1. Conservation of mass: =0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑉𝑉 𝑑𝑑
2. Conservation of linear momentum: 𝐹𝐹 = 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎 = 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚𝑉𝑉
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑𝐻𝐻
3. Conservation of angular momentum: 𝑀𝑀 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4. Conservation of Energy: = 𝑄𝑄̇ − 𝑊𝑊̇
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

• The laws apply to either solid or fluid systems

• Ideal for solid mechanics, where we follow the same system
• For fluids, the laws need to be rewritten to apply to a specific region in
the neighborhood of our product (i.e., CV)
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 6

Extensive vs. Intensive Property

Governing Differential Equations (GDE’s):
𝑑𝑑
𝑚𝑚, 𝑚𝑚𝑉𝑉, 𝐸𝐸 = 0, 𝐹𝐹, 𝑄𝑄̇ − 𝑊𝑊̇
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐵𝐵

• 𝐵𝐵 = The amount of 𝑚𝑚, 𝑚𝑚𝑉𝑉, or 𝐸𝐸 contained in the

total mass of a system or a CV; Extensive property – 𝐸𝐸 𝑒𝑒
Dependent on mass

• 𝛽𝛽 (or 𝑏𝑏) = The amount of 𝐵𝐵 per unit mass; Intensive

property – Independent on mass

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝛽𝛽 or 𝑏𝑏 = 𝐵𝐵/𝑚𝑚 (= for nonuniform 𝐵𝐵)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝐵𝐵 = 𝛽𝛽 ⋅ 𝑚𝑚 = � 𝛽𝛽 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
� for nonuniform 𝛽𝛽
𝑉𝑉 =𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 7

Fixed CV

At time 𝑡𝑡: SYS = CV

𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 (𝑡𝑡)

At time 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿: SYS = (CV – I) + II

𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿
= 𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 − 𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿
+ 𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 8

Time Rate of Change of 𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 − 𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (𝑡𝑡)
=
𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿

𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 − 𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 + 𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 − 𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑡𝑡

=
𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿

𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 − 𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑡𝑡 𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 (𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿) 𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿

∴ = + − Eq. (1)
𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿
1) Change of 𝐵𝐵 2) Amount of 𝐵𝐵 3) Amountt of 𝐵𝐵
within CV over 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 flowing out flowing in
through CS through CS
over 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 over 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿

Now, take limit of 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 → 0 to Eq. (1) term by term

 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 9

LHS of Eq. (1)

𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 − 𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (𝑡𝑡) 𝑑𝑑𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

lim = lim =
𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿→0 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿→0 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Time rate of
change of 𝐵𝐵
within the
system

𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
or, = ; material derivative
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 10

First term of RHS of Eq.(1)

𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 − 𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 (𝑡𝑡) 𝑑𝑑𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑑𝑑

lim = = � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽
𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿→0 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉
Time rate of change of
𝐵𝐵 withich CV
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 11

2nd term of RHS of Eq.(1)

𝛿𝛿𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉
and
𝛿𝛿𝑉𝑉 = 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 ⋅ 𝛿𝛿ℓ𝑛𝑛 = 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 ⋅ 𝛿𝛿𝛿
� cos 𝜃𝜃 = 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 ⋅ (𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 cos 𝜃𝜃)
=𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉

Thus, the amount of 𝐵𝐵 flowing out of CV through 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 over a short time 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿:
∴ 𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 12

2nd term of RHS of Eq.(1) – Contd.

By integrating 𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 over the entire outflow portion of CS,

𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 = � 𝑑𝑑𝐵𝐵𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿

𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝑜𝑜𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝑜𝑜𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
Thus,

𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 (𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿) 1

lim = lim 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿→0 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿→0 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝑜𝑜𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢

=� 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 𝑉𝑉 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ≡ 𝐵𝐵̇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝑜𝑜𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 =𝑉𝑉𝑛𝑛
i.e., Out flux of 𝐵𝐵 through CS

Note that 𝑉𝑉 cos 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏

�,

∴ 𝐵𝐵̇out = � �𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝑜𝑜𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢

𝑎𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏𝑏 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 cos 𝜃𝜃
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 13

3rd term of RHS of Eq.(1)

𝛿𝛿𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉
and
𝛿𝛿𝑉𝑉 = 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 ⋅ 𝛿𝛿ℓ𝑛𝑛 = 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 ⋅ 𝛿𝛿𝛿
� − cos 𝜃𝜃 = 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 ⋅ (−𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 cos 𝜃𝜃)
=𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 <0

Thus, the amount of 𝐵𝐵 flowing out of CV through 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 over a short time 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿:
∴ 𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = −𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 14

3rd term of RHS of Eq.(1) – Contd.

By integrating 𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 over the entire outflow portion of CS,

𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 = � 𝑑𝑑𝐵𝐵𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = � −𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿

𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
Thus,

𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼 (𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿) 1

lim = lim 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 � −𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿→0 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿→0 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

= −� 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 𝑉𝑉 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ≡ 𝐵𝐵̇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =−𝑉𝑉𝑛𝑛
i.e., influx of 𝐵𝐵 through CS

Note that 𝑉𝑉 cos 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏

�,

∴ 𝐵𝐵̇in = − � �𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 15

RTT for Fixed CV

Now the relationship between the time rate of change of 𝐵𝐵 for the system
and that for the CV is given by,

𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑
= � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 + � �𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − − � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏 �𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉 𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝑜𝑜𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝐵𝐵̇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐵𝐵̇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

With the fact that 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + 𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ,

𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑
�𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 + � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉 𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆
Time rate of Time rate of
Net flux of 𝐵𝐵
change of 𝐵𝐵 = change of 𝐵𝐵 + through CS
within a system within CV
= 𝐵𝐵̇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 − 𝐵𝐵̇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 16

Example 1
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 17

Example 1 - Contd.
𝐵𝐵̇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = � �𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑽𝑽 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏 (4.16)
𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝑜𝑜𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢

With 𝛽𝛽= 1 and 𝑽𝑽 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏

� = 𝑉𝑉 cos 𝜃𝜃 ,

𝐵𝐵̇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = � 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 cos 𝜃𝜃 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷 𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷
=𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

= 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

where

𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = ℓ × (2 𝑚𝑚)
0.5 𝑚𝑚 1
= 2 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚2
cos 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 18

Example 1 - Contd.
Thus, with 𝜌𝜌 = 1,000 kg/m3 for water and 𝑉𝑉 = 3 m/s,

kg m 1
𝐵𝐵̇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 1,000 3 cos 𝜃𝜃 m2 = 3,000 kg/s
m3 s cos 𝜃𝜃

With 𝛽𝛽 = 1/𝜌𝜌,

𝐵𝐵̇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = � 𝑉𝑉 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑉𝑉 cos 𝜃𝜃 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑉𝑉 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷 𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷
=𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
=1/ cos 𝜃𝜃

m 1
= 3 cos 𝜃𝜃 m2 = 3 m3 ⁄s (𝑖𝑖. 𝑒𝑒. , volume flow rate)
s cos 𝜃𝜃

Note: These results are the same for all 𝜃𝜃 values

 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 19

Special Case:
𝑉𝑉= constant over discrete CS’s

𝐵𝐵̇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 𝑉𝑉� � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝛽𝛽𝑖𝑖 𝜌𝜌𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖

⋅ 𝒏𝒏 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 constant 𝑖𝑖

𝐵𝐵̇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 𝑉𝑉� � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝛽𝛽𝑗𝑗 𝜌𝜌𝑗𝑗 𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗 𝐴𝐴𝑗𝑗

⋅ 𝒏𝒏 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 constant 𝑗𝑗

𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑
∴ = � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 + � 𝛽𝛽𝑗𝑗 𝜌𝜌𝑗𝑗 𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗 𝐴𝐴𝑗𝑗 − � 𝛽𝛽𝑖𝑖 𝜌𝜌𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉
𝑗𝑗 𝑚𝑚̇𝑗𝑗 𝑖𝑖 𝑚𝑚̇𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 20

Example 2
Given:
• Water flow (𝜌𝜌 = constant)
• 𝐷𝐷1 = 10 cm; 𝐷𝐷2 = 15 cm
• 𝑉𝑉1 = 10 cm/s
• Steady flow
Find: 𝑉𝑉2 = ?

Mass conservation: Steady flow

• 𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 /𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 0
𝑑𝑑
• 𝛽𝛽 = 1 0= � 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 + 𝜌𝜌2 𝑉𝑉2 𝐴𝐴2 − 𝜌𝜌1 𝑉𝑉1 𝐴𝐴1
• 𝜌𝜌1 = 𝜌𝜌2 = 𝜌𝜌 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉

or, 𝜌𝜌1 𝑉𝑉1 𝐴𝐴1 = 𝜌𝜌2 𝑉𝑉2 𝐴𝐴2

2 2
𝜌𝜌1 𝐴𝐴1 𝜌𝜌 𝐷𝐷1 10 cm cm
∴ 𝑉𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑉1 = 1 10 = 4.4 cm/s
𝜌𝜌2 𝐴𝐴2 𝜌𝜌 𝐷𝐷2 15 cm s
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 21

Example 3
Given:
• 𝐷𝐷1 = 5 cm; 𝐷𝐷2 = 7 cm
• 𝑉𝑉1 = 3 m/s
• 𝑄𝑄3 = 𝑉𝑉3 𝐴𝐴3 = 0.01 m3/s
• ℎ = constant (i.e., steady flow)
• 𝜌𝜌1 = 𝜌𝜌2 = 𝜌𝜌3 = 𝜌𝜌water
Find: 𝑉𝑉2 = ?

= 0; steady flow

𝑑𝑑
0 = � 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 + 𝜌𝜌2 𝑉𝑉2 𝐴𝐴2 − 𝜌𝜌1 𝑉𝑉1 𝐴𝐴1 − (𝜌𝜌3 𝑉𝑉3 𝐴𝐴3 )
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉

or, 𝑉𝑉2 𝐴𝐴2 = 𝑉𝑉1 𝐴𝐴1 + 𝑉𝑉�

3 𝐴𝐴3
= 𝑄𝑄3

𝑉𝑉1 𝐴𝐴1 + 𝑄𝑄3 3 𝜋𝜋 0.05 2 /4 + (0.01)

∴ 𝑉𝑉2 = = = 4.13 m/s
𝐴𝐴2 𝜋𝜋 0.07 2 /4
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 22

Moving CV
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 23

RTT for Moving CV

(i.e., relative velocity 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 )

𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑
�𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= � 𝛽𝛽𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 + � 𝛽𝛽𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉 𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 24

RTT for Moving and Deforming CV

∗
𝑑𝑑𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 + � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 𝑽𝑽𝒓𝒓 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉 𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆

Both CV and CS change their shape and location

with time

𝑽𝑽𝑟𝑟 = 𝑽𝑽(𝒙𝒙, 𝑡𝑡) − 𝑽𝑽𝑆𝑆 (𝒙𝒙, 𝑡𝑡)

• 𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡): Velocity of CS
• 𝑉𝑉(𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡): Fluid velocity in the coordinate
system in which the 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 is observed
• 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 : Relative velocity of fluid seen by an
observer riding on the CV

*Ref) Fluid Mechanics by Frank M. White, McGraw Hill

 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 25

RTT Summary (1)

General RTT (for moving and deforming CV):
𝑑𝑑𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑
= �𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 + � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉 𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆
Special Cases:
1) Non-deforming (but moving) CV
𝑑𝑑𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜕𝜕
=� �𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 𝑑𝑑𝑉𝑉 + � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆
2) Fixed CV
𝑑𝑑𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜕𝜕
=� �𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 𝑑𝑑𝑉𝑉 + � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆
3) Steady flow:
𝜕𝜕
=0
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
4) Flux terms for uniform flow across discrete CS’s (steady or unsteady)

�𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝛽𝛽𝑚𝑚̇
� 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 − � 𝛽𝛽𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 26

RTT Summary (2)

For fixed CV’s:

Parameter (𝐵𝐵) 𝛽𝛽 = 𝐵𝐵/𝑚𝑚 RTT Remark

𝑑𝑑 Continuity eq.
Mass (𝑚𝑚) 1 0= �𝑑𝑑𝐴𝐴
� 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 + � 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
(Ch. 5.1)

Momentum 𝑑𝑑 Linear momentum eq.

𝑉𝑉 � 𝐹𝐹 = �𝑑𝑑𝐴𝐴
� 𝑉𝑉𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 + � 𝑉𝑉𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
(𝑚𝑚𝑉𝑉) 𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 (Ch. 5.2)

𝑑𝑑 Energy eq.
Energy (𝐸𝐸) 𝑒𝑒 𝑄𝑄̇ − 𝑊𝑊̇ = �𝑑𝑑𝐴𝐴
� 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑉𝑉 + � 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
(Ch. 5.3)
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 27

Continuity Equation (Ch. 5.1)

RTT with 𝐵𝐵 = mass and 𝛽𝛽 = 1,

𝐷𝐷𝑀𝑀𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑
0= �𝑑𝑑𝐴𝐴
= � 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 + � 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
mass conservatoin
or
𝑑𝑑
�𝑑𝑑𝐴𝐴
� 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏 = − � 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
Net rate of outflow Rate of decrease of
of mass across CS mass within CV

Note: Incompressible fluid (𝜌𝜌 = constant)

𝑑𝑑
�𝑑𝑑𝐴𝐴 = − � 𝑑𝑑𝑉𝑉
� 𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏 (Conservation of volume)
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 28

Simplifications
1. Steady flow

�𝑑𝑑𝐴𝐴 = 0
� 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

2. If 𝑉𝑉 = constant over discrete CS’s (i.e., one-dimensional flow)

�𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 − � 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴

� 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆 𝑜𝑜𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

3. Steady one-dimensional flow in a conduit

𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 − 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =0

or
𝜌𝜌2 𝑉𝑉2 𝐴𝐴2 − 𝜌𝜌1 𝑉𝑉1 𝐴𝐴1 = 0

For 𝜌𝜌 = constant
𝑉𝑉1 𝐴𝐴1 = 𝑉𝑉2 𝐴𝐴2 (or 𝑄𝑄1 = 𝑄𝑄2 )
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 29

Some useful definitions

Mass flux 𝑚𝑚̇ = � 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (Note: 𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
�𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)
𝐴𝐴

Volume flux 𝑄𝑄 = � 𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝐴𝐴

𝐴𝐴

𝑄𝑄 1
Average velocity 𝐴𝐴̅ = = � 𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝐴𝐴
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴

1
Average density 𝜌𝜌̅ = � 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴

Note: 𝑚𝑚̇ ≠ 𝜌𝜌̅ 𝑄𝑄 unless 𝜌𝜌 = constant

 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 30

Example 4
Estimate the time required to fill with
water a cone-shaped container 5 ft hight
and 5 ft across at the top if the filling rate
is 20 gal/min.

Apply the conservation of mass (𝛽𝛽 = 1)

𝑑𝑑
�𝑑𝑑𝐴𝐴
0 = � 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 + � 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

For incompressible fluid (i.e., 𝜌𝜌 = constant) and one inlet,

𝑑𝑑
0= � 𝑑𝑑𝑉𝑉 − 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
=𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
=𝑉𝑉
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 31

Example 4 – Contd.
Volume of the cone at time t,

𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷2
𝑉𝑉 𝑡𝑡 = ℎ 𝑡𝑡
12

Flow rate at the inlet,

gal in3 in3

𝑄𝑄 = 20 231 � 1,728 3 = 2.674 ft 3 /min
min gal ft

The continuity eq. becomes

𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷2 𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑 12𝑄𝑄

⋅ = 𝑄𝑄 or =
12 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷2
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 32

Example 4 – Contd.
Solve for ℎ(𝑡𝑡),
𝑡𝑡
12𝑄𝑄 12𝑄𝑄 ⋅ 𝑡𝑡
ℎ 𝑡𝑡 = � 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
0 𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷 𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷2

Thus, the time for ℎ = 5 ft is

𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷2 ℎ 𝜋𝜋 5 ft 2 (5 ft)
𝑡𝑡 = = = 12.2 min
12𝑄𝑄 (12)(2.674 ft 3 /min)