A3 Electrical Power

8. Induction motors
8.1 What does one look like?
8.2 How does it work?
8.3 What is the model?
8.4 How does one find the
parameters?
8.5 How are induction
machines used?
8.6 What's missing?

8.1 What does one look like?

Stator winding

3 phase.

V1, I1, N1.

Rotor winding

3 phase or cage.

V2, I2, N2.

Short circuited


Flux Φ links 1 and 2

Same number of poles.

8.2 How does it work?

Stator 3 phase:

Winding:120° space

Current: 120° time

Rotating magnetic field

Synchronous speed: f = n0p

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Rotating Magnetic Field

.


Rotor stationary : E
Simplified Approach- (like sc transformer:)


Flux, EMF:


AC Voltage, V1 applied to stator.

Φ at n0.
 

Small AC current, I0, flows  

E1 = N1dΦ/dt = 4.44 f N1Φ

V1.

E2= N2 dΦ/dt = 4.44 f N2Φ . (f=f)

E2 =E1N2/ N1 = E1/k = E2 (n=0)

Note: N1 , N2 not usually integral

Rotor stationary : I


Balance of Ampere Turns:



Rotor SC, but R2, X2 .

I2 = E2/(R2+jX2) flows    decrease in Φ   E1.



BUT E1  V1 so  I1 ,such that     

N1I1 = N2 I2


I1/ I2 = N2 / N1 = 1/k


Effective rotor resistance seen by stator R'2:



R'2 = V1/I2 = kV2/(I2/k) = k2 V2/I2.



R'2 = k2R2 , X'2 = k2X2

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Rotor rotating : E


Rotor spins at nr in same direction as n0.



Now frequency in rotor windings decreases as nr . 

n0 n r


Slip s !
!
"
"

(nr= 0  s=1; nr= n0  s =0)

n0


f2 = s f1


Flux, EMF:AC Voltage, V1 at f1 applied to stator.



Small AC current, I0, flows     Φ at n0



E1 = N1dΦ/dt = 4.44 f1N1Φ V1.



E2= N2 dΦ/dt = 4.44 f2 N2Φ = 4.44 sf1 N2Φ .



E2 = s E1N2/ N1 = s E1/k = s E2 (n=0).

Rotor rotating : I
#

Balance of Ampere Turns:

#

Rotor SC, but R2, X2 .

#

BUT X2= j 2π f2L2 = s X2 (n=0).

$

I2 =E2/(R2+jX2)
= sE2 (n=0)/(R2+ s jX2 (n=0))
$

Keeping I2 the same

= E2 (n=0)/(R2 /s + jX2 (n=0))
$

BUT f2 has changed!!!!

%

(We have effectively jumped onto the stator!)

8.3 What is the model?

#

Assumptions
#

Stator (per phase)

#

All at f1.
$

R1
$

X1
$

Xm or B
$

RI or G
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Model of rotor
&

sf2 (n=0),sX2 (n=0), sE2 (n=0)

speed dependant.
&

R2 conductor loss

'

Move to stator frame,

keep I2 the same /s (

&

f2 (n=0),X2 (n=0), E2 (n=0)

NOT speed dependant.
&

R2 conductor loss
&

R2/s-R2 mechanical
output power.

Combining Stator and Rotor

Refer quantities to
)

stator
)

Stator and rotor E

equivalent, combine.

Approximate Equivalent Circuit

)

If R1,X1 *XM,RI then move parallel

branch to left.
)

Drop (n=0)
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Output Power and Power

+

Mechanical power given by R'2(1-s)/s .

I' 22 R' 2 1 s
-
-

. /
. /

P out 3
,
,

s
P out P out
T 0 0

0 1 s
1

r 2
3 4

2
3 I' R' 2 2
T ,
,
5
5

0 s

Torque given by R'2/s, using ω0.

8.4 How does one find parameters?

+

R1 from DC measurements (V1 /I1 )

+

Light running test (s 0) 2

6 Locked rotor test (s=1)
V
R P
I 9

P R 7

2
I
2 V V
Z
: ;

I I I
7

X 9

R I <

2 8 2
V X 7 Z R
X 9

I X

8.5 How are induction

machines used?
=

Ratings
=

Performance parameters
=

Starting
=

Variable speed
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Ratings
>

Voltage (Star, Delta)

>

Frequency
>

At rated operating point:

?

Output power (kW)

?

Current (Star, Delta) (A)

?

Speed (rpm)
>

Starts per hour

Performance parameters
>

Current
>

Torque
>

Power and Efficiency

Current

>

I1= I0+I'2
V1
>

I' 2 A

R' 2
@

R1 j X1
D X' 2
B

s C
B B E

F F

V1
I' 2
2
@
A

R' 2 2
R1 D X1 X' 2
s B

C
B B E

I0 @
V G jB
D G

E
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Torque
General equation
H

3 I' 22 R' 2
T I

0 s
R' 2
V 12
3 s
T K
K

L
L
N

M
Q

2
0 R' 2 2
R1 X 1 X' 2
O
O

s P
O
O R
R
O
O
S
S

Maximum Torque
R' 2
s Tmax R1 X X

X 1 X' 2 U V
W

3 V2
T max T
Y

0 2 X1 U
X' 2 X

Power and Efficiency

Z

POut= 3 I'2R'2(1-s)/s
Z

PIn= 3 V1I1cos θ = POut+PCu + PFe

Z

Efficiency
[ \
P Out \
P Out
]

PI n P Out ^
P Cu P Fe ^ _

max `
P Cu P Fe \

Starting
Z

Problem : High current during starting.

Z

Increase R'2:
a

Wound rotor machine

Deep bar squirrel cage
a

Reduce voltage
a

Star-delta changeover
a

Transformer
a

Series inductance
a

Power electronic soft-starter

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Variable speed
c

f0=np, change f.
c

Use PWM Inverter

8.6 What's missing?

c

Transient performance
c

Deep bar (skin) effect.

c

Space and Time harmonics

c

Saturation
c

Cooling
c

Mechanical Resonance