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Shallow Foundation (Jan 6)
Shallow Foundation (Jan 6)
Foundation
Lower part of structure which is in direct contact with soil and transmit loads to
the ground
Footing
A foundation constructed of masonry, concrete or other material under the base
of a wall or one or more columns for the purpose of spreading the load over a
larger area at shallower depth of ground surface
BASIC DEFINITIONS (BNBC-2015 draft)
Bearing capacity
The general term used to describe the load carrying capacity of foundation soil or rock
in terms of average pressure that enables it to bear and transmit loads from a
structure
Bearing surface
The contact surface between a foundation unit and the soil or rock upon which the
foundation rests
Design load
The expected un-factored load to a foundation unit
Allowable load
The maximum load that may be safely applied to a foundation unit, considering
both the strength and settlement of the soil, under expected loading and soil
conditions
BASIC DEFINITIONS (BNBC-2015 draft)
Foundation engineer
A graduate engineer with at least five years of experience in civil engineering
particularly in foundation design or construction
Geotechnical engineer
Engineer with Master’s degree in geotechnical engineering having at least
two years of experience in geotechnical design/construction or graduate in
civil engineering/engineering geology having ten years of experience in
geotechnical design/construction
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
https://goo.gl/qwZmmc
REQUIRMENTS OF A STABLE FOUNDATION
The following factors should keep in mind during the selection of depth of
foundation
• Erosion of soil
• Underground defects such as root holes, cavities etc.
• Adjacent structures
• Ground water level
• Presence of expansive soil
BEARING CAPACITY OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION
• The foundation must be stable against shear failure of supporting soil
• The foundation must not settle beyond a tolerable limit to avoid damage to
structures
Bearing capacity is the term used to describe the load carrying capacity of
foundation soil or rock in terms of average pressure that enables it to bear
and transmit loads from a structure
The contact surface between a foundation unit and the soil or rock upon
which the foundation rests is known as Bearing surface
𝑁𝑐 = cot 𝜙 𝑁𝑞 − 1
1 𝐾𝑝𝛾
𝑁𝛾 = 2
− 1 tan 𝜙
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙
TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS
TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY FOR OTHER FOUNDATIONS
Square Foundation
Rectangular Foundation
𝐵 1 𝐵
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 1 + 0.3 + 𝛾𝐷𝑁𝑞 + 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾 1 − 0.2
𝐿 2 𝐿
Circular Foundation
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝛾𝐷
𝐵
𝑁𝑐 𝑅 = 0.84 + 0.16 𝑁𝑐 𝑆
𝐿
Alternately,
If D/B < 2.50
𝐷 𝐵
𝑁𝑐 = 5.0 1 + 0.2 1 + 0.2
𝐵 𝐿
If D/B > 2.50
𝐵
𝑁𝑐 = 7.5 1 + 0.2
𝐿
EFFECTS OF WATER TABLE
Preceding theories based on the assumption that water table lies at considerable
depth below the foundation level. However, effect of water table should be
considered in following two cases:
Case-1: water table within foundation Case-2: water table within (D+B) depth
EFFECTS OF WATER TABLE: METHOD-1
For any position of water table within depth (D+B), the bearing capacity equation
is rewritten as
1
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝛾𝐷𝑁𝑞 𝑅𝑤1 + 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾 𝑅𝑤2
2
1 𝑑𝑤1
𝑅𝑤1 = 1+
2 𝐷
1 𝑑𝑤2
𝑅𝑤2 = 1+
2 𝐵
EFFECTS OF WATER TABLE: METHOD-2
For any position of water table within depth (D+B), the bearing capacity equation
is rewritten as
1
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝛾𝑒1 𝐷𝑁𝑞 + 𝛾𝑒2 𝐵𝑁𝛾
2
q = 𝐷1 𝛾 + 𝐷2 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤
Case-1
𝑑𝑤1
𝛾𝑒1 = 𝛾 ′ + 𝛾𝑚 − 𝛾 ′
𝐷
Saturated unit weight above
𝛾𝑒2 = 𝛾 ′
water table
Case-2
𝛾𝑒1 = 𝛾𝑚
𝑑𝑤2
𝛾𝑒2 = 𝛾′ + 𝛾𝑚 − 𝛾 ′
𝐵
GENERAL BEARING CAPACITY EQUATION
Meyerhof (1963) presented a general bearing capacity equation which takes into
account the shape and inclination of the load. The general form is
1
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 𝑠𝑐 𝑑𝑐 𝑖𝑐 + 𝛾𝐷𝑁𝑞 𝑠𝑞 𝑑𝑞 𝑖𝑞 + 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾 𝑠𝛾 𝑑𝛾 𝑖𝛾
2
𝑠𝑐 , 𝑠𝑞 , 𝑠𝛾 = shape factors
𝑑𝑐 , 𝑑𝑞 , 𝑑𝛾 = depth factors
𝑖𝑐 , 𝑖𝑞 , 𝑖𝛾 = inclination factors
GENERAL BEARING CAPACITY EQUATION: BEARING CAPCITY
FACTORS
2
𝜙 𝜋 tan 𝜙
𝑁𝑞 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 45 + 𝑒
2
𝑁𝑐 = cot 𝜙 𝑁𝑞 − 1
𝑁𝛾 = 𝑁𝑞 − 1 tan(1.4𝜙) By Meyerhof
By Vesic
𝑁𝛾 = 2 𝑁𝑞 + 1 tan 𝜙
GENERAL BEARING CAPACITY EQUATION: BEARING CAPCITY
FACTORS
SHAPE, DEPTH AND INCLINATION FACTORS (Meyerhof)
Shape factors Depth factors Inclination factors
𝜙 𝐷 𝑖𝑐 = 𝑖𝑞
𝑁𝜙 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 45 + ൗ2 𝑑𝑐 = 1 + 0.2 𝑁𝜙
𝐵 2
𝐵 𝛽0
𝑠𝑐 = 1 + 0.2 𝑁 𝐷 = 1− 0
𝐿 𝜙 90
𝑑𝑞 = 0.1 𝑁𝜙
𝐵
𝐵 2
𝑠𝑞 = 1 + 0.1 𝑁 𝑑𝛾 = 𝑑𝑞 𝛽
𝐿 𝜙 𝑖𝛾 = 1 − ′
𝜙
𝑠𝛾 = 𝑠𝑞
𝛽= inclination of the
L= Length of the foundation (L>B)
load on the
foundation with
respect to the
vertical
SHAPE, DEPTH AND INCLINATION FACTORS (Hansen)
Shape factors Depth factors Inclination factors
If 𝐷Τ𝐵 ≤ 1.0, then
𝐵 𝑁𝑞
𝑠𝑐 = 1 +
𝐿 𝑁𝑐 𝐷
𝑑𝑐 = 1 + 0.4
𝐵
𝐵
𝑠𝑞 = 1 + tan 𝜙 ′ 𝐷
𝐿 𝑑𝑞 = 1 + 2 tan 𝜙 ′ 1 − sin 𝜙 ′ 2
𝐵
𝐵
𝑠𝛾 = 1 − 0.4 𝑑𝛾 = 1.0
𝐿
L= Length of the Other than,
foundation (L>B) 𝐷
𝑑𝑐 = 1 + 0.4 tan−1
𝐵
𝐷
𝑑𝑞 = 1 + 2 tan 𝜙 ′ 1 − sin 𝜙 ′ 2 tan−1
𝐵
𝑑𝛾 = 1.0
𝐷
The factor tan−1 is in radians
𝐵
SHAPE, DEPTH AND INCLINATION FACTORS (Vesic)
Shape factors Depth factors Inclination factors
If 𝐷Τ𝐵 ≤ 1.0, then
𝐵 𝑁𝑞
𝑠𝑐 = 1 +
𝐿 𝑁𝑐 𝐷
𝑑𝑐 = 1 + 0.4
𝐵
𝐵
𝑠𝑞 = 1 + tan 𝜙 ′ 𝐷
𝐿 𝑑𝑞 = 1 + 2 tan 𝜙 ′ 1 − sin 𝜙 ′ 2
𝐵
𝐵
𝑠𝛾 = 1 − 0.4 𝑑𝛾 = 1.0
𝐿
L= Length of the Other than,
foundation (L>B) 𝐷
𝑑𝑐 = 1 + 0.4 tan−1
𝐵
𝐷
𝑑𝑞 = 1 + 2 tan 𝜙 ′ 1 − sin 𝜙 ′ 2 tan−1
𝐵
𝑑𝛾 = 1.0
𝐷
The factor tan−1 is in radians
𝐵
EFFECT OF SOIL COMPRESSIBLITY ON BEARING CAPACITY
Terzaghi’s theory was based on the assumption that soil is incompressible. Vesic
(1973) proposed a modification by introducing compressibility factor in general
bearing capacity equation
1
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 𝑠𝑐 𝑑𝑐 𝐶𝑐 + 𝛾𝐷𝑁𝑞 𝑠𝑞 𝑑𝑞 𝐶𝑞 + 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾 𝑠𝛾 𝑑𝛾 𝐶𝛾
2
1 𝐵 𝜙
𝐼𝑟 𝑐𝑟 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 3.3 − 0.45 cot 45 − ൗ2
2 𝐿
𝐺
𝐼𝑟 =
𝑐 + 𝑞ത tan 𝜙
𝐸
𝐺=
2 1+𝜇
EFFECT OF SOIL COMPRESSIBLITY ON BEARING CAPACITY
If 𝐼𝑟 ≥ 𝐼𝑟 𝑐𝑟 , soil is incompressible and corresponding factors are taken as unity
Eccentricity is either
Stability Number,
𝛾𝐻
𝑁𝑠 =
𝑐
Step-3
Use the following table, calculate 𝐷/𝐵 𝑐𝑟
Step-4
If D/B is less than or equal to 𝐷/𝐵 𝑐𝑟 , it is a shallow foundation
➢ However, footings on stiff clay do not require settlement analysis. For soft,
compressible soil, settlement criterion is important
APPROACHES USED TO DETERMINE SAFE BEARING
PRESSURE
Procedure
1. Two plate load tests are to be constructed at the foundation level of the
prototype as per procedure explained earlier
2. Draw the load-settlement curves for each of the plate load tests
3. Select the permissible settlement for the foundation
4. Determine the loads Q1 and Q2 from each of the curves for the given
permissible settlement
HOUSEL’S (1929) METHOD OF DETERMINING SAFE BEARING
PRESSURE
For plate load test-1
𝑸𝟏 = 𝑨𝒑𝟏 𝒎 + 𝑷𝒑𝟏 𝒏
For plate load test-2
𝑸𝟐 = 𝑨𝒑𝟐 𝒎 + 𝑷𝒑𝟐 𝒏
• Preferred for soils that have low load-bearing capacities but that will have to
support high column or wall loads.
• Some conditions, when spread footing cover more than half of the building area,
it is recommended to go for mat foundation
TYPES OF MAT FOUNDATION
0.195𝐵 𝐷
𝑞𝑢 = 5.14𝑐𝑢 1 + 1 + 0.4 + 𝛾𝐷
𝐿 𝐵
0.195𝐵 𝐷
𝑞𝑢 = 5.14𝑐𝑢 1 + 1 + 0.4
𝐿 𝐵
ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY OF MAT FOUNDATION:
COHESIONLESS SOIL
𝑁 𝐷 𝑆𝑒 (𝑚𝑚) 𝑆𝑒 (𝑚𝑚)
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 = 1 + 0.33 ≤ 16.63𝑁
0.08 𝐵 25 25
Generally,
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 = 25𝑁
FLOATING FOUNDATION / COMPENSATED FOUNDATION
𝑄
𝐷=
𝐴𝛾
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 (𝑢)
𝐹𝑆 =
𝑄
𝐴 − 𝛾𝐷