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Coanda Synthetic Jet Deflection Apparatus and Control

Article  in  SAE Technical Papers · November 2011

DOI: 10.4271/2011-01-2590

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-Michele Trancossi- Antonio Dumas

Sheffield Hallam University Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia
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Coanda Synthetic Jet Deflection Apparatus and 2011-01-2590

Published
Control 10/18/2011

Michele Trancossi and Antonio Dumas

Universita' di Modena e Reggio Emilia

Copyright © 2011 SAE International

doi:10.4271/2011-01-2590

the combination of three effects: the boundary layer effect,

ABSTRACT the tendency of a fluid jet approaching a curved surface to
This paper presents the theoretic and numerical background remain attached to the surface; the adhesion effect, the ability
of a recent patent about an innovative Coanda Effect of a fluid jet to adhere to a nearby surface; the attraction
application. This innovative jet is designed to enhance the effect, the tendency of jet flows over convex curved surfaces
controllability of the system and to encompass static to attract surrounding fluid and increase more rapidly than
deflection of the fluid jet but especially the dynamic variation that of plane wall jets.
of the Coanda deflection with a very low inertia. This
innovative nozzle is formerly named H.O.M.E.R., acronym
of “High-speed Orienting Momentum with Enhanced
Reversibility”. H.O.M.E.R. constitutes an application based
on a dual propeller system. It explains how a vector
controllable flux can be produced, with the ability to change
angular position dynamically as a function of momentum (or
velocity) of the two primitive streams. CFD based simulation
in a configuration is provided and main calculations are
produced to define the control model. Nozzle design
guidelines are provided. The proposed system can be used
both for aeronautical naval propulsion and industrial
applications.

INTRODUCTION
COANDA EFFECT ESSENTIALS
The Coanda effect can be described by few main physical
parameters. Considering any two-dimensional Coanda flow
and referring to Figure 1, the main geometric parameters are
the angle of separation θ, the slot width b, radius of curvature
a. Physical parameters are Reynolds number Re and the
pressure differential ps − p∞, (where ps is the supply
pressure).
Different fluid dynamic effects concur to create the so called
“Coanda effect” which has been defined by Coanda since
1910 although still in an embryonic formulation [1]. In
particular it has been completely formulated in 1936 [2] as
Figure 1. Schematization of Newman case study
The scientific studies about Coanda effect are characterized
by an important landmark paper. Newman [3] has
investigated a two-dimensional, incompressible, turbulent jet
flowing around a circular cylinder. The experimental set used
by Newman is shown in Figure 1. It has demonstrated that
Coanda adhesion to a curved surface is a direct consequence
of the balance of the forces applied on the fluid. During
adhesive motion on a curved wall, they are centrifugal force
and radial pressure. As the jet exit from the slot, the contact
pressure with the curved wall is lower than ambient pressure
because of the presence of viscous drag phenomena which
are generated by the interaction of the fluid and the curved
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wall. This differential pressure is the main case of the fluid
movement in contact with curved wall surface. The surface
pressure along the curved wall rises and gradually equates the
ambient pressure. In this condition there is a detachment
between the curved wall and the fluid jet.
Newman using this setup obtained a relation among
detachment angle θ and main geometric parameters of the
flow and dynamic quantities involved in the system
schematized in Figure 1.
(1)
Bradshaw [4] explained the Coanda Effect in terms of an
inviscid irrotational flow. Assuming the flow is initially
inviscid, the formula for flow derived from the Bernoulli
equation is the formula
(2)
where p∞ is the external environment pressure.
ENHANCED COANDA EFFECT WITH
CONTROL JETS
This expression is useful for an initial approach of a single jet
Coanda adhesion. In real viscous flows the engagement of the
fluid jet with a curved wall cause an increased jet thickness
proceeding along the contact with a decrease of mean
velocity, because of an adverse pressure gradient. Mean
velocity decreases while surface pressure along the wall
increases and eventually equals the ambient pressure. When
p0= p∞, the flow separates from the curved surface [5].
Therefore, inviscid flows may attach themselves according to
the balance of centrifugal forces, but viscous effects are the
cause for jet separation from the curved wall.
Other more effective system to produce an enhanced Coanda
effect is the one passed on the pilot jet. It is based on the
testing architecture developed both by A. K. Postma, J. D.
Smith and D. S. Trent [6], and Juvet [7]. This architecture is
named by Smith as Enhanced Coanda Effect [8].
Figure 2. Typical Coanda Nozzle with primary jet and
control jets.
Juvet has developed an extensive testing using different
blowing ratios with constant b/a = 0.031. Blowing ratio is the
ratio of the volumetric flow rate of the secondary flow to the
flow rate of the primary flow (Figure 2). It has varied from 0
to 0.15. It corresponds to momentum ratios between 0.0 and
0.33. In particular, he found that an axis symmetric apparatus
is not influenced by Coanda effect with no blowing through
the secondary slot. The other important conclusion produced
is that:
• when blowing ratios is below 0.1 the primary jet has a low
influence by Coanda surfaces and centerline velocity
decreases due to entrainment of the secondary flow;
• when blowing ratios are above 0.1 the main jet has vectored
in a radial direction and it has not the behavior of a free jet. If
the blowing ratio increases the vectoring capability increases.
Some interesting patents have been also presented by Smith,
forcing the typical Juvet architecture into three dimensional
architectures [8, 9], which are widely described by Allen [10,
11].
ENHANCED COANDA JETS WITH
MOVING SURFACES
Many authors, especially involved in aeronautic propulsion
has developed Coanda deflection systems based on moving
surfaces and on pilot jet controlled applications with movable
appendices. Wing [12] has focused on two-dimensional thrust
vectoring of a primary jet using a secondary jet deflected via
a Coanda surface (Figure 3). His experimental results appear
largely unsatisfactory producing a maximum jet deflection
about 6°. Wing concluded that the result was influenced by a
lack of momentum in the primary jet and that the nozzle
design would require a better optimization to produce larger
vectoring angles.
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Figure 3. Wings experimental converging - diverging
nozzle.
After some analysis it can be concluded that the results of the
Wing experiments are negatively influenced by the nozzle
design which is largely derived by contemporary aircraft
design.
Another aeronautic related study has been conducted by
Mason [13]. He has enhanced the experimental setup used by
Wings. This work analyzes the possibility of thrust vectoring.
Mason used a fixed geometry more accurate than Wings one.
Mason has focused his attention on thrust force, but the data
presented can also relate to jet vector angle. The vectoring
angle produced by Mason is better than the one found by
Wing in a similar test. The largest angle achieved is still
relatively small (about 35°). Mason's experiments assume a
large importance because of the identification of three regions
characterized by momentum flow ratio:
• dead zone: flow is sporadic and includes a negatively
vectored occurrence;
• control zone: vector angle versus momentum ratio or flow
ratio can be assumed linear and can be controlled;
• saturation zone: the vector angle no longer increases with
increased momentum or flow ratio.
This work relates more directly to the present study than any
known by the author. This experiment assumes a large
importance because it constitutes the first attempt in creating
a fully controllable Coanda jet.
DESCRIPTION OT THE NOZZLE
This paper presents a nozzle presented in Figure 4 capable of
mixing of two primitive jets 2 and 2′. It is designed to permit
a controllable and selective angular deviation of the synthetic
jet is produced by mixing the two primitive jets. This angular
deviation is realized without any moving mechanical part.
This nozzle is different from the ones conceived before
because it aims to generate a controlled deviation of the
synthetic jet and to modify the direction of the synthetic jet in
a dynamic way. In particular it can change dynamically the
angle formed between the jet and the nozzle axis.
Figure 4. Representation of the nozzle
Figure 4 shows the general architecture of the nozzle. It can
have any arbitrary geometry as long as it is constituted by a
duct 1 bipartite into two channels 3 and 3′ by a central septum
8. The two channels 3 and 3′ lead to a convergence zone 4 in
which the primitive flows converge preparing to the mixing
and by an outflow mouth 5 whose walls are curved and
connected seamlessly to two convex Coanda surfaces 6 and
6′.
The two primitive jets 2 and 2′ feed the nozzle and generate
the synthetic outflow jet which can be governed by varying
the momentums of the primitive jets. The characteristic
dimensions which guarantee the controllability of the
deflection angle of the synthetic jets are the momentums - or
speeds in the case of homogeneous jets (streams with the
same nature chemical and physical conditions). This result
which will be presented in the following part of the paper is
in accord with preceding literature about Coanda effect
nozzles.
The system requires a minimum operating condition related
to the physical conditions of the primitive jets 2 and 2′. They
must be fast enough to guarantee a Reynolds number Re
greater than 5000 of the resulting synthetic jet 7 in
correspondence to the nozzle outlet mouth 5. In the case of
lower Reynolds numbers the system behavior is certainly
unpredictable. In order to ensure an optimum behavior of the
system To ensure an effective mixing of the primitive jets the
Reynolds number of the synthetic jet 7 must assume a
minimum a higher value than impinging primitive jets with a
value of at least 5000, but to ensure optimum operation it
must exceed 10000.
SYSTEM BEHAVIOUR
The idea to define an equilibrated nozzle has been developed
by considering the results of some recent studies on fluid
networks [14]. A dual jet system can be analyzed by using the
well known equation proposed by Bradshaw [4], which has
been presented before. In this initial analysis it has been
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supposed that Mach number is lower than 0.3 that means that
the fluid can be considered incompressible.
In particular the basic idea is constituted by the need of
nozzle which can permit to produce a dynamic and reversible
outlet angle of a synthetic jet. The following symmetric
architecture has been evaluated as a generic model of dual jet
Coanda nozzles. In particular Figure 5 shows the main
parameter used to study the system.
The system is constituted by two fluid primary jets
designated 1 and 2 entering the nozzle at the section
designated as A. These streams flows inside two ducts
separated by a separation septum, which ends before the
separates and two sections can be indicated
Figure 5. Schema of a multi flow converging system.
Linear momentum equation for fluids is obtained by
Newton's 2nd Law which states that sum of all forces must
equal the time rate of change of the momentum inside the
control volume and momentum passing through the surface.
This concept can be written as
where is the velocity vector, is the outward unit normal
vector, and represents the sum of all forces (body and
surface forces) applied to the control volume.
This equation can be demonstrated by Reynolds Transport
Theorem and is similar to the conservation of mass equation.
It presents an added velocity term in each integral and the
sum is equal to the complete system the applied forces.
Physically, the linear momentum equation states that the sum
of all forces applied on the control volume is equal to the sum
of the rate of change of momentum inside the control volume
and the net flux of momentum through the control surface.
For steady flow, the first term on the right hand side vanishes.
The sign of the force and velocity vectors ( and ) depends
on the assigned coordinate system and the sign on the
quantity depends on the velocity as well as the
orientation of the control surface. The unit normal vector is
defined as positive when pointing out of the control surface.
The vector form of the linear momentum equation can be
written in scalar form once a coordinate system is established.
For example, the vector equation can be rewritten in terms of
x-, y- and z-components for a Cartesian coordinate system.
As a special case, the conservation of momentum can be
simplified for steady state conditions. Assuming simple inlets
and outlets from the control volume, i.e. flat and uniform
flow, the momentum equation becomes
(3)
where i represents each outlet and inlet (sign difference). This
form of the momentum equation is useful when the mass flow
rate is involved, in the same way that applies to water jets or
rocket exhausts.
If it is considered the mixing nozzle as shown in Figure 5,
from section A to section B, the following considerations can
be performed:
1. the flow at the inlet 1 is in the positive x-direction, while
the unit normal is defined out of the control surface ,
the term yields a negative value (−V1);
2. the flow at the inlet 2 is in the positive x-direction, while
the unit normal vector has negative y-direction, and
the yields a negative value (−V2);
3. at outlet 3, both the velocity and unit normal vector are in
the positive x-direction, hence is positive (V3).
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and the equation of continuity can be assumed for two

separate fluid flows:

(5)

The first equation of the equilibrium of momentum along x

axis assumes the following form:

(6)

This model can produce an effective description of the

mixing system, together with the equation of continuity
which assumes the following dimensionless form:

Figure 6. Outlet velocity map and indicative dimensions (7)

of the nozzle

By considering a planar nozzle system the equation with a

homogeneous fluid (ρi = cost) it is possible to express a
mathematical model of the mixing process.

THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION OF
THE MIXING PROCESS
If the inlet and outlet are flat surfaces, and it can be assumed
the velocity is uniform across the surfaces. This reduces the
equation to the Forces on the Control Volume (rewritten in
terms of x-, y- and z-components),

Figure 7. Geometry of tested model

The geometry of the planar nozzle considered is reported in

(4)
Figure 6. Because of its dimensions it is suitable for
applications on small electric ducted-fan UAVs. By
If the fluids are fully mixed at the outlet it results considering that design the following values can be assumed:
c1* = c2* =1.4.

By equation 6 and 7 and assuming

If the density is constant the following dimensionless
parameters are assumed
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Figure 8. Sample of the mesh used for simulations

it is possible to obtain:

(9)
(8)

Allen and Smith described a dual jet (composed by a primary

By Equation (7) and (8) it is possible to model the mixing
stream and a pilot stream) as a function of a dimensionless
system and to optimize the system according to Constructal
ratio J* of the momentums. This representation can be useful
theory for any specified application.
to describe also this case, but due to its own nature a more
effective representation can be produced by using a more
CFD SYMULATIONS SETUP sophisticated dimensionless ratio:
The CFD simulations have been realized by using Ansys
Fluent CFD code. It has been used a 2D unstructured
triangular mesh enhanced by a boundary layer refinement
with a rectangular mesh enlarging with distance from the
(10)
walls. A sample of the mesh is represented in Figure 8.

Walls are described as Adiabatic Stationary Walls / No Slip,
and environmental pressure as been imposed 101325 Pa.
The turbulence models used are three: Spalart-Almaras (1
eqn.), k-ε (2 eqn.) standard with enhanced wall treatment and
pressure gradient effects, and Reynolds Stress with enhanced
wall treatment. The obtained results using the considered
turbulence models are nearly equal and present only
negligible differences.
PARAMETERS USED FOR
INTERPRETATION OF CFD RESULTS
These equations cannot properly describe the mixing nozzle
and, in particular, the adhesive model to the Coanda surface.
Bradshaw equation (2) can be expressed as a function of main
geometric parameters that influences the adhesion.
An important parameter to describe the above nozzle can be
the mass flow rate of the incoming primitive jets and in
particular the dimensionless ratio of mass flow rates
described below:
This novel definition of dimensionless ratio of momentum
help to describe the behavior of the presented nozzle and has
the great advantage to assume both positive and negative
values, which can help into the description of a symmetric
nozzle such as the one presented in this paper.
CFD STEADY SIMULATIONS
A campaign of CFD simulations have been performed,
considering 2D planar nozzle geometry is represented in
Figure 9. This simulation has been realized for different mass
flows to define a parametric model independent from
geometry.
Turbulence model used are both a Spalart-Almaras and a k-ε
with enhanced wall treatment option. Results are defined for
different overall mass flows from 6 kg/s to 10 kg/s and fluid
is air considered as an ideal gas in standard conditions.
An example of the results of CFD simulations is reported in
Figure 10, 11 and 12. These graphics represent the deflection
angle as a function of the dimensionless terms ṁ * and J* as
defined in equations (9) and (10).
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Figure 9. Example of simulations realized using air modeled as an ideal gas (with mdot3 = 8 kg/s)

Figure 10. Example of results of simulations with air modeled as an ideal gas (with mdot3 = 8 kg/s and an inlet overpressure of
4000 Pa); sinusoidal approximation of a (ṁ *).

It has been found that the angle as a function of ṁ * can be

approximated by a simple sinusoid function:
(12)
(11) The rational approximation can be more suitable because also
the deflection angle in terms of dimensionless momentum can
The system can also be approximated by using a rational be interpolated by a similar function (Figure 12)
function with a very low error.
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Figure 11. Example of results of simulations with air modeled as an ideal gas (with mdot3 = 8 kg/s and an inlet overpressure of
4000 Pa); rational approximation of a (ṁ * ).

Figure 12. Example of results of simulations with air modeled as an ideal gas (with mdot3 = 8 kg/s and an inlet overpressure of
4000 Pa); rational approximation of a (J*).

The equation that represents the problem as a function of
momentums is reported below (13):
(13)
Other simulation where performed for different mass flow
rates and similar approximating function are obtained. Also
simulations on other geometries are performed.
CFD TRANSIENT SYMULATIONS
Dynamic conditions have been tested too. A sample testing
using total mass flow of 6 kg/s has been reported in Figure
14.
The main uncertainly source is constituted by the nature of
CFD related experiments itself and is due to ideal conditions
in which the CFD simulations are realized and the turbulence
model adopted. Two different turbulence calculation methods
(Spalart-Almaras; k-ε with enhanced wall treatment;
Reynolds stress, with air considered as an ideal gas) produce
comparable results. The produced work aims to demonstrate
that a so made dual jet almost planar nozzle can work.
With the considered mass flows and the considered fluid the
CFD results appears to be very interesting because the time
requested for dynamic stabilization of fluid flow are less than
two tenths of a second. In particular Figure 11 shows with a
time step of 2/100 s the evolution of the jet from the
condition mdot2 = 5 kg/s and mdot1 = 1 kg/s. The same
simulation has been realized in different cases.
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Figure 13. Dynamic example with mass from mass flow inlets which changes from 1 kg/s and 5 kg/s to 3kg/s and 3 kg/s (frame
captured with a 2/100 s step)

The same tests have been developed for different mass flow This nozzle can apply to the following minimal list of
values, obtaining similar results till for low speeds. possible applications:

It has been verified that the vectoring performance in terms of 1. ship and aircraft propulsion systems;
vector angle can be described as a function of the momentum 2. technological systems, painting, thin film deposition and
flux ratio for various mass flow inlet values. The vectoring powder on mechanical parts;
angle of the primary jet is a strong function of the
dimensionless mass flow inlet (6) and dimensionless 3. technological facilities for superficial treatments of
momentum flux ratio (7). The angle is zero when both mass mechanical parts with particle injection;
flow inlets and momentums are the same and the angle and
generally increases with momentum ratio to a maximum 4. industrial washing and cleaning jet of food and / or
before either decreasing slightly or becoming asymptotic. industrial products;

5. jet drying plants;

CONCLUSIONS
6. heating or cooling air jets;
The present paper describes a patented system created as an
application fluid of interest, not limited to a specific 7. flame systems which can change the direction of the flame
application field. without moving mechanical parts;

It applies to different cases and different industrial 8. ventilation systems, air conditioning and heating;
applications, different both for nature and field of application.
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Figure 14. Dynamic example with mass from mass flow inlets which changes from 1 kg/s and 5 kg/s to 5 kg/s and 1 kg/s (frame
captured with a 2/100 s step)

9. Fire Protection Systems with jet fluids that can be easily nozzle and a propulsive system constituted by two 56 mm,
oriented directly on the flame; RC model turbofans.

This nozzle allows varying the direction of the jet dryer
improving the efficiency of the system without the necessity
of any moving parts reducing the costs of any kind of
directional jet system. It eliminates moving parts, thus to
increase the overall affordability of the applications reducing
costs of any orienting jet device or machine.
This system can be used in different configuration on
traditional planes, both for shortening take off and landing
operations and for enhancing vehicle maneuverability It
seems also promising the application on innovative
distributed propulsion systems on unconventional airplanes
and in particular on small UAVs.

The present nozzle can be useful in aerial propulsion to
define a new family of jet propellers with jet deflection. This
innovative application can produce a novel concept of jet
deflection systems such as A.C.H.E.O.N. (Aerial Coanda
High Efficiency Orienting-jet Nozzle), which has been
presented into another paper [16].
In particular, this system leads by simulation to produce a jet
deflection over 30° using a non optimized geometry of the
Two possible explicative examples are schematized in figure
16 and 17. A specific version for small UAVs has been
presented into another paper [16], which also presents a
model of the nozzle using a small electric engine and
directions for further developments of this idea.
The range of speeds and dimensions tested at the present
stage of development of the HOMER nozzle, are in particular
suitable for small UAVs applications and further
developments could also regard general aircrafts. Further
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Figure 15. Possible application of the H.O.M.E.R. nozzle to a F.15 like fighter for enhancing directional horizontal movements.

Figure 16. Possible architecture on Boeing 747 architecture to enhance take off and landing performances

developments could also regard the study of the system and
an accurate trajectory analysis during flight.
REFERENCES
1. Coanda, H., US Patent n. 3,261,162, Lifting Device
Coanda Effect, 1936, USA;
2. Coanda, H., US Patent # 2,052,869, Device for Deflecting
a Stream of Elastic Fluid Projected into an Elastic Fluid,
1936;
3. Newman, B. G., The Deflexion of Plane Jets by Adjacent
Boundaries, in Coanda Effect, Boundary Layer and Flow
Control, edited by Lachmann, G. V., Vol. 1, Pergamon Press,
Oxford, 1961, pp. 232-264;
4. Bradshaw, P., “Effects of Streamline Curvature on
Turbulent Flow,” AGARDograph, 1990, AGARDograph
AG-169;
5. Postma, A. K., Smith, J. D. and Trent, D. S., Development
of a Concept for a High Capacity Pneumatic Conveying
System Employing a Fluid Attachment Device for Use in
Underground Excavation, Final Technical Report, US Bureau
of Mines, 1973;
6. Juvet, P. J. D., Control of High Reynolds Number Round
Jets, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Stanford University, 1993.
7. Allen, D. S. and Smith, B. L., “Axisymmetric Coanda-
assisted vectoring,” submitted to Exp. Fluids, December,
2007.
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8. Smith, B. L., High-speed jet control, United States Patent D

Application 20070158468 primary jet diameter at slot exit
9. Smith, B. L., High-speed jet control, United States Patent
7757966, 2010 h
10. Allen, D. S. and Smith, B. L., “Axisymmetric Coanda- height of jet on plane perpendicular to the vector angle
assisted vectoring,” submitted to Exp. Fluids, December, of the jet
2007.
11. Allen, D. S., Axisymmetric Coanda-Assisted Vectoring J
(2008). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. Paper 90. distance from the exit of the Coanda jet to the
http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/90 tangential center of the curved surface
12. Wing, D. J., “Static Investigation of Two Fluidic Thrust-
Vectoring Concepts on a Two- Dimensional Convergent- J*
Divergent Nozzle,” Tech. Rept. NASA TM-4574, Hampton, momentum ratio Jc/Jp
VA, 1994.
13. Mason, M. S., and Crowther, W. J., “Fluidic Thrust primary momentum flux
Vectoring of Low Observable Aircraft,” CEAS Aerospace control mass flow rate at jet exit
Aerodynamic Research Conference, June 2002.
14. Dumas, A., Trancossi, M., Giuliani, I. and Madonia, M. m͘
“Ugello capace di deviare in modo dinamico e controllabile mass flow rate
un getto sintetico senza parti meccaniche in movimento”, IT.
Patent N. re2011A000065, 2011.
P
15. Trancossi, M., “An Overview of Scientific and Technical supply pressure
Literature on Coanda Effect Applied to Nozzles,” SAE
Technical Paper 2011-01-2591, 2011.
p∞
16. Trancossi, M. and Dumas, A., “A.C.H.E.O.N.: Aerial ambient pressure
Coanda High Efficiency Orienting-jet Nozzle,” SAE
Technical Paper 2011-01-2737, 2011.
ps
supply pressure
DEFINITIONS/ABBREVIATIONS
a Re
radius of curved surface [mm] Reynolds number

Ac s
area of control exit slot [m2] step height

Ap u
area of primary exit slot velocity

B λ
secondary jet exit slot width; exit slot width of control slot circumference / primary slot
systems involving one Coanda jet circumference

CSM ν
Coanda-assisted spray manipulation kinematic viscosity

d Φ
distance between slots in parallel jets vector angle
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ρ
fluid density

Θ
rotation direction of vectored jet; angle downstream
on curved surface

θsep
separation angle in previous studies

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