BUILDING AND STRUCTURES FORMULAS 209

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f )

Buckled shape of column

is shown by dashed line

Theoretical K value 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0

Recommended design value when
0.65 0.80 1.2 1.0 2.10 2.0
ideal conditions are approximated
Rotation fixed and translation fixed
Rotation free and translation fixed
End condition
Rotation fixed and translation free
Rotation free and translation free

FIGURE 9.1 Values of effective-length factor K for columns.

LOAD-AND-RESISTANCE FACTOR
DESIGN FOR BUILDING COLUMNS

Plastic analysis of prismatic compression members in buildings is permitted if

兹Fy (l/r) does not exceed 800 and Fu  65 ksi (448 MPa). For axially loaded
members with b/t  r, the maximum load Pu, ksi (MPa  6.894  ksi), may be
computed from
Pu  0.85AgFcr (9.7)
where Ag  gross cross-sectional area of the member
Fcr  0.658Fy for   2.25
 0.877 Fy / for  2.25
  (Kl/r)2(Fy /286,220)
The AISC specification for LRFD presents formulas for designing members
with slender elements.

ALLOWABLE-STRESS DESIGN FOR BUILDING BEAMS

The maximum fiber stress in bending for laterally supported beams and girders
is Fb  0.66Fy if they are compact, except for hybrid girders and members with
yield points exceeding 65 ksi (448.1 MPa). Fb  0.60Fy for noncompact