Definite Integral

JEE (MAIN & ADV.
), MEDICAL + BOARD, NDA, X & IX

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DEFINITE INTEGRAL (BOARD LEVEL, XII)

Evaluate the following by definite integrals as limit of sum method (Q.1 to Q.7)
4 2 3 7
1. (i) ∫0 2x dx (ii) ∫1 x dx (iii) ∫0 ( x + 4 ) dx (iv) ∫2 ( 5 x − 9 ) dx .
2 3 4
2. (i) ∫ ( x + 4) dx (ii) ∫ (2 x + 3) dx (iii) ∫ (2 x − 1) dx
0 1 2
∫ (x + 2 ) dx ∫ (x − x ) dx
2 4 β 3
∫α (iv) ∫ x3 dx
2 2
3. (i) (ii) (iii) x 2 dx
0 1 2
2 3 3
∫(x + x ) dx ∫(x + x ) dx ∫ ( 3x + 2 x + 1) dx
2 2 2
4. (i) (ii) (iii)
0 1 1
4 1 1 b
∫ ∫e ∫ (iv) ∫ eλ x dx
2−3 x
5. (i) e x dx (ii) dx (iii) e x dx
0 0 −1 a
2 4 1
6. (i) ∫e (ii) ∫ ( x + e 2 x ) dx (iii) ∫ e3− 2 x dx
x
dx
0 0 0
b b
7. (i) ∫ a
sin x dx (ii) ∫ a
sin 2 x dx .
Evaluate the following using properties of definite integrals (Q.8 to Q.26)

π
π
4− x 4
a−x ecos x
a
3
∫ ∫x ∫ 10. ∫ cos x − cos x dx
3 4
8. dx 9. (i) sin x dx (ii) dx
1
x + 4− x −π −a
a+x 0
e +e
4
π
2π 2
1 1
11. ∫0 1 + esin x dx 12. ∫π 1 + e sin x
dx
−
2
π /2 sin x π /2 dx π /2 dx
13. (i) ∫ 0 sin x + cos x
dx (ii) ∫ 0 1 + tan x
(iii) ∫ 0 1 + cot x
π /2 sin x π /2 dx π /2 tan x
14. (i) ∫ 0
sin x + cos x
dx (ii) ∫ 0
1 + tan x
(iii) ∫ 0
1 + tan x
dx
π
2
sin 2 x
π
x
π
x tan x
π
2 x (1 + sin x )
15. (i) ∫0 sin x + cos x dx (ii) ∫0 1 + sin xdx (iii) ∫0 sec x + tan x dx 16. ∫π
−
1 + cos 2 x
dx
π /2 sin n x π /2 cos3 x π /3 dx
17. (i) ∫ 0 sin n x + cos n x
dx (ii) ∫ 0 sin 3 x + cos3 x
dx (iii) ∫π /6
1 + tan x
π π
4 x+ π
π /2
4 dx 19. ∫ log (1 + cos x ) dx
18. ∫
−π 2 − cos 2 x 0
20. ∫0
log sin x dx.
4
π /2 π
x x sin x
21. (i) ∫
0
sin x + cos x
dx (ii) ∫ 1 + cos
0
2
x
dx
th
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2 (BOARD LEVEL, XII) BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES
π π
2 2
sin x − cos x
22. (i) ∫0 1 + sin x + cos x dx (ii) ∫ ( 2 log sin x − log sin 2 x ) dx
0
π
1 π 2
x sin x cos x
∫ cot (1 − x + x ) dx
x
∫0 a 2 cos2 x + b2 sin 2 xdx ∫ sin
−1 2
23. 24. 25. 4
dx
0 0
x + cos 4 x
π 
x sin ( 2 x ) sin  cos x 
π x π
2  dx
26. (i) ∫ 0 1 + cos α sin x
dx (ii) ∫ 0 2x − π
Evaluate the following definite integrals (Q.27 to Q.78)
e 3 2 1.5
∫ ∫ [ x ] dx (ii) ∫  x 2  dx ∫  x
2
27. log e x dx 28. (i) (iii)  dx
1/ e 0 0 0
2 1
29. ∫ [3x ] dx.
1
30. ∫ f ( x ) dx. if f ( x ) = x − [ x ] , where [ x] is the integral part of
−1
x.
4
3x 2 + 4, when 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
31. (i) ∫ f ( x ) dx, where f ( x ) = 
0 9 x − 2, when 2 ≤ x ≤ 4
1 π 2π
(ii) ∫ 5x − 3 dx
0
(iii) ∫ 0
cos x dx (iv) ∫ sin x dx
0
sin x, 0≤ x ≤π /2
1 1 − 2 x, x ≤ 0 9 
32. (i) ∫ f ( x ) dx, where f ( x ) =  (ii) ∫ f ( x ) dx, where f ( x ) = 1, π /2≤ x ≤3
−1
1 + 2 x, x ≥ 0 0
 x −3
e , 3≤ x ≤9
4 3 1
33. (i) ∫ −4
x + 1 dx (ii) ∫ 0
x − 2 dx (iii) ∫ 1/ 4
2 x − 1dx
3 5
34. (i) ∫ f ( x ) dx, where f ( x ) = x + x − 1 + x − 2
0
(ii) ∫ f ( x ) dx, where f ( x ) = x − 2 + x − 3 + x − 4
2
2 2
35. (i) ∫ 0
x 2 + 2 x − 3 dx (ii) ∫ −1
x 3 − x dx
π π /2 π /2
36. (i) ∫ 0
cos x dx (ii) ∫π − /2
sin x dx (iii) ∫ π ( sin x − cos x ) dx
− /2
5 1 4
37. (i) ∫ x − 2 dx (ii) ∫e (iii) ∫( x − 1 + x − 2 + x − 3 ) dx
x
dx
−5 −1 1
π /4 π /2 π /2
38. ∫
0
1 + sin 2x dx 39. ∫
π /4
1 − sin 2x dx 40. ∫
0
1 − cos 2 x dx.
1 1 −1 π /4
1 1 1
41. (i) ∫ dx (ii) ∫ dx (iii) ∫ dx (iv) ∫ tan 2 x dx
0
2x − 3 0 5x + 3 −4
x 0
π π π
1 2 2 2
1
∫ ∫ cos (iii) ∫ cos x dx (iv) ∫ sin 4 x dx
2 3
42. (i) dx (ii) x dx
0 1+ x + x 0 0 0
π π π π
4 4 2 4
1 2
43. (i) ∫ sin 2 x sin 3 x dx (ii)
0
∫
0
1 − sin 2x dx (iii) ∫
π 1 − cos 2 x
dx (iv) ∫ ( tan x + cot x )
π
dx
4 3
2 1 1
x+2 2
44. (i) ∫1 x ( x + 3) dx (ii) ∫ x e dx (iii) ∫ x e dx.
x x
0 0
th
(BOARD LEVEL, XII) BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 3
4
5x2 1 1
a
π dx 2
45. (i) ∫ 0 1 + sin x
(ii) ∫ 2
1 x + 4x + 3
dx 46. (i) ∫
0 x2 + 2x + 3
dx (ii) ∫
0 ax − x 2
dx
π /2 2 2
1
∫x ∫ ∫ ( x − 1)( 2 − x ) dx.
2 2
47. (i) sin 2 x dx (ii) 2 − x dx (iii)
0 0 1
1/ 2 4 1 2
dx x 2x 5x + 1
48. (i) ∫
1/ 4 x−x 2
dx (ii) ∫2 x 2 + 1 dx 49. (i) ∫0 5 x 2 + 1 (ii) ∫x
0
2
+4
dx
3 2 π /2 1
1 log x  π x
50. ∫1 x 2 ( x + 1) dx 51. (i) ∫1 x 2 dx (ii) ∫
0
x sin x dx (iii) ∫  xe x + sin
0  4
 dx

1 1 1
1 1− x
52. (i) ∫x
0
2
+ x +1
dx (ii) ∫
0
1+ x
dx (iii) ∫ x (1 − x )dx
0
π
1 1 −1 2
log x x tan
e x
∫( )
e
53. (i) ∫1 x dx (ii) ∫0 1 + e2 x dx (iii) ∫ 3
dx (iv) tan x + cot x dx
0
(1 + x 2 2
) 0
π
π /6 2 ∞
cos θ
54. ∫ ( 2 + 3x 2 ) cos 3x dx 55. (i) ∫0 (1 + sin θ )( 2 + sin θ ) dθ (ii) ∫ (x
dx
0 0
2
+a 2
)( x 2
+ b2 )
π π π
2 2 2
1 1 1
56. (i) ∫ dx (ii) ∫ dx (iii) ∫ 2 cos x + 4sin x dx
0
4sin x + 5cos 2 x
2
0
4 + 9 cos 2 x 0
1 π /2 2π
1 − x2 π x 
57. ∫ dx. 58. ∫ cos 2 x log sin x dx 59. ∫e sin  +  dx.
x
x
0
1 + x2 π /4 0  4 2
π /2 π /2 4 x2 + x π /2 cos x
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
2 2
60. (i) x cos 2 x dx (ii) x sin 3x dx 61. (i) dx (ii) dx
0 0 2
2x +1 0 1 + sin 2 x
π π
2 2 2
∫ x cos x dx ∫ x sin x sin 2 x dx (iii) ∫ log x dx

2 2
62. (i) (ii)
0 0 1
e2 
1 
2 π 1
 x −1   1 − sin x   1
63. (i) ∫  2 e x dx (ii) ∫ e  x
 dx (iii) ∫e  log x ( log x )2  dx
− (iv) ∫ x tan
−1
x dx
1
x  π  1 − cos x    .0
2
π /4
π /2 dx π /2 dx
∫ ∫ ∫ tan
3
64. (i) (ii) 65. x dx
0 6 − cos x 0 7 + 2sin x 0
π /2 π /2 π /3
sin x 1 sin x + cos x
66. (i) ∫
0
1 + cos 2 x
dx (ii) ∫ 0
4 sin x + 5cos 2 x
2
dx 67.
π
∫ /6 sin 2 x
dx
1 5 π /2 sin x cos x π /2
68. (i) ∫ x (1 − x )
0
dx (ii) ∫ 0 1 + sin 4 x
dx (iii) ∫
0
sin 2 x tan −1 ( sin x ) dx.
π /2 5 π /2
tan x x 2 + 3x
69. ∫
0
1 + m 2 tan 2 x
dx, m 2 ≠ 1. 70. (i) ∫1 2x −1
dx (ii) ∫
0
cos θ sin 3 θ dθ .
1/ 2 −1 π /2 π π /2
sin x dx dx 1
71. (i) ∫ dx (ii) ∫ . 72. (i) ∫ 5 + 4 cos x (ii) ∫ dx.
0 (1 − x ) 2 3/ 2
0
3 + 2 cos x 0 0
5cos x + 3sin x
th
π /4 π /4 π /2
sin x + cos x sin x cos x cos 2 x
73. (i) ∫
0
9 + 16sin 2 x
dx (ii) ∫
0
sin 4 x + cos 4 x
dx (iii) ∫0 cos2 x + 4 sin 2 x dx.
2x
∫ ( cos x )
π /2 1 1 2
∫ sin φ cos5 φ dφ ∫ sin −1 −1
74. (i) (ii) dx (iii) dx.
0 0 1 + x2 0
a
x4 (π / 2 )
1/ 3
π /2 1 + cos x π /2 cos θ dθ
75. ∫
0 a −x2 2
dx 76. (i) ∫
0
θ 5 sin θ 3 dθ (ii) ∫π (1 − cos x )
/3 5/ 2
dx (iii) ∫π /4
 θ θ
3
 cos + sin 
 2 2
π /2 π /2 π /2
cos x cos x cos x
77. (i) ∫
0 ( 3cos x + sin x )
dx (ii) ∫
0
1 + cos x + sin x
dx (iii) ∫
0 x x
3
dx
 cos + sin 
 2 2
tan 3 x
x ( tan −1 x ) dx
a x π /4 1 2
78. (i) ∫ 0
sin −1
a+x
dx (ii) ∫
0 1 + cos 2 x
dx (iii) ∫
0
∫ ( 3x + 2 x + 1) dx =11, find a .
2
79. If
1
3/ 2 3/ 2
*80. Evaluate : (i) ∫ 0
x cos π x dx (ii) ∫
−1
x sin π x dx
b b 2
*81. If ∫ a
x 3 dx = 0 and ∫ a
x 2 dx = , then find the values of a and b .
3
a π /2 a +1
∫ ∫ sin ∫ x dx.
3
*82. If x dx = 2a x dx, find the value of
0 0 a
π /2 a +1
3 2
a
*83. If ∫0 x x dx = 5 a ∫
0
sin 3 x dx, find the value of ∫ x dx.
0
∫ (x + 2 ) dx = ∫ ( x 2 + 2 ) dx + ∫ ( x 2 + 2 ) dx ∫ (e + 1) dx = ∫ e x dx + ∫ 1.dx
2 1 2 1 1 1
2
*84. Verify that: (i) (ii) x
0 0 1 0 0 0
π /4
π /2 5 π /2 4 1
*85. Show that ∫ sin 6 θ dθ =
6 ∫0
sin dθ . *86. If I n = ∫ tan x dx, prove that I n + I n + 2 =
n
0
0
n +1
π /4
1 1 1 1
*87. If I n = ∫ tan x dx, show that , , , ,....... form an A.P. find the common
n
0
I 2 + I 4 I3 + I5 I 4 + I 6 I5 + I 7
difference of this progression.
π /4 π 1 1
∫ log (1 + tan θ ) dθ = ∫ x (1 − x ) dx = ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
n
*88. Show that: (i) log 2 (ii)
0 8 0
b f ( x) b−a
*89. If f ( x ) is continuous on ( a, b ) show that ∫ f ( x ) + f ( a + b − x ) dx = .
a 2
tan x cot x
t 1
*90. Prove that ∫1/ e 1 + t 2 dt + 1/∫e (1 + t 2 ) dt = 1 for all x for which tan x and cot x are defined.
π /2
*91. Prove that ∫ log tan x + cot x dx = π
0
log e 2 .
π /2 1
1 
*92. Prove that: (i) ∫
0
sin 2 x log tan x dx = 0 (ii) ∫ log  − 1 dx = 0
0 x 
1
∫ e ( x − 1)
n
*93. Determine a positive integer n ≤ 5 such that x
dx = 16 − 6e.
0
th
JEE (MAIN & ADV.), MEDICAL + BOARD, NDA, X & IX
Enjoys unparalleled reputation for best results
in terms of percentage selection
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SOLUTION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL (BOARD LEVEL, XII)

4 b
1. (i) Let I = ∫ 2 x dx . Comparing I with
0 ∫a f ( x ) dx , we get a = 0, b = 4, f ( x) = 2 x .
b−a 4−0 4
Also, let h = = = ⇒ nh = 4 , n ∈ N
n n n
b
As we know that ∫ f ( x) dx = lim h [ f (a) + f (a + h) + f (a + 2h) + ........ + f (a + (n − 1))h]
a
h →0
∴ I = lim h [ f (a ) + f (a + h) + f (a + 2h) + ..... + f (a + (n − 1)h)]

h →0
= lim h [ f (0) + f (0 + h) + f (0 + 2h) + ..... + f (0 + (n − 1)h)]

h→0
= lim h[2(0) + 2(h) + 2(2h) + ..... + 2(n − 1)h] = lim 2h 2 [1 + 2 + ...... + (n − 1)]
h→0 h→0
 (n − 1)(n − 1 + 1) 
= lim  2h 2 .  = lim[( nh − h)(nh)] = lim[(4 − h)4] = (4 − 0)4 =16
h →0
 2 h →0 h →0
2 b
(ii) Let I = ∫ x dx . Comparing I with
1 ∫a f ( x ) dx , we get a = 1, b = 2, f ( x) = x .
b − a 2 −1 1
Also, let h = = = ⇒ nh = 1 , n ∈ N
n n n
b
a
h →0

h →0
= lim h [ f (1) + f (1 + h) + f (1 + 2h) + ..... + f (1 + (n − 1)h)]

h→0
= lim h [1 + (1 + h) + (1 + 2h) + .....(1 + (n − 1)h)]

h →0
 (n − 1)(n − 1 + 1) 
= lim h [ n + h(1 + 2 + ..... + (n − 1)) ] = lim h  n + h. 
h →0 h →0
 2
 (nh − h)(nh)   (1 − h)(1)  1 3
= lim  nh +  = lim 1 +  =1 + = .
h →0
 2 h →0 2  2 2
3 b
(iii) Let I = ∫
0
( x + 4 ) dx . Comparing I with ∫a f ( x ) dx , we get a = 0, b = 3, f ( x) = x + 4 .
b −a 3−0 3
Also, let h = = = ⇒ nh = 3 , n ∈ N
n n n
b
a
h →0

h →0
= lim h [ f (0) + f (h) + f (2h) + ..... + f ((n − 1)h)]

h→0
= lim h [(0 + 4) + (h + 4) + (2h + 4) + ...... + ((n − 1)h + 4)]

h→0
th
 (n − 1)(n − 1 + 1) 
= lim h [h(1 + 2 + ..... + (n − 1)) + 4n)] = lim h  h. + 4n 
h→0 h →0
 2 
 (nh − h)(nh)   (3 − h)(3)  (3 − 0)3 33
= lim  + 4nh  = lim  + 4(3)  = + 12 = .
h →0
 2  h →0 2  2 2
7 b
(iv) Let I = ∫ ( 5 x − 9 ) dx . Comparing I with ∫a f ( x ) dx , we get a = 2, b = 7, f ( x) = 5 x − 9 .
2
b−a 7−2 5
Also, let h = = = ⇒ nh = 5 , n ∈ N
n n n
b
a
h →0

h →0
= lim h [ f (2) + f (2 + h) + f (2 + 2h) + ..... + f (2 + (n − 1)h)]

h→0
= lim h  {5(2) − 9)} + {5(2 + h) − 9} + {5(2 + 2h) − 9} + ..... + {5(2 + (n − 1)h) − 9}
h→0
 (n − 1)(n − 1 + 1) 
= lim h 10n + 5h {1 + 2 + ..... + (n − 1)} − 9n  = lim h  n + 5h. 
h →0 h →0
 2
 5(nh − h)(nh)   5(5 − h)(5)  5(5 − 0)5
= lim  nh +  = lim 5 +  =5+ = 67.5
h →0
 2 h →0 2  2
2 b
2. (i) Let I = ∫ ( x + 4 ) dx, comparing I with ∫ f ( x ) dx we get, f ( x) = x + 4, a = 0, b = 2
0 a
b−a 2−0 2
Also, let h = = = ⇒ nh = 2 , n ∈ N
n n n
b
a
h →0
∴ I = lim h [ f (0) + f (0 + h) + f (0 + 2h) + ..... + f (0 + (n − 1))h]

h→0
= lim h [(0 + 4) + (h + 4) + (2h + 4) + ...... + ((n − 1)h + 4)]

h→0
 n(n − 1) 
= lim h [4n + h{1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + (n − 1)}] = lim h  4n + h
h→0 h →0
 2 
 (nh)(nh − h)   2(2 − h) 
= lim  4nh +  = lim  4 × 2 + = 8 + (2 − 0) =10
h →0
 2 h →0 2 
3 b
(ii) Let I = ∫ ( 2 x + 3) dx , comparing I with ∫ f ( x ) dx we get, f ( x) = 2 x + 3, a = 1, b = 3
1 a
b − a 3 −1 2
Also, let h = = = ⇒ nh = 2 , n ∈ N
n n n
b
a
h →0
∴ I = lim h [ f (1) + f (1 + h) + f (1 + 2h) + ............. + f {1 + (n − 1)}h]

h →0
= lim h [5 + (5 + 2h) + (5 + 4h) + ........... + {5 + 2(n − 1)h}] [∵ f (1) = 5, f (1 + h) = 5 + 2h etc.]

h →0
= lim h [5n + {2h + 4h + ........... + 2(n − 1)h}] = lim h [5n + 2{1 + 2 + 3 + ......... + (n − 1)}h]
h→0 h →0
th
 n(n − 1) 
= lim h 5n + 2. .h  = lim [5nh + nh(nh − h)] = lim [10 + 2(2 − h)] = 14
h→0
 2  h →0 h →0
4 b
(iii) Let I = ∫ ( 2 x − 1) dx , comparing I with ∫ f ( x ) dx we get, f ( x) = 2 x − 1, a = 2, b = 4
2 a
b−a 4−2 2
Also, let h = = = ⇒ nh = 2 , n ∈ N
n n n
b
a
h →0
∴ I = lim h [ f (2) + f (2 + h) + f (2 + 2h) + ............. + f {2 + (n − 1)}h]

h →0
= lim h [{2(2) − 1} + {2(2 + h) − 1} + {2(2 + 2h) − 1} + ............. + [2{2 + (n − 1)h} − 1]]

h→0
= lim h [3 + (3 + 2h) + (3 + 4h) + (3 + 6h) + .......... + (3 + 2(n − 1)h)]

h →0
 n(n − 1) 
= lim h [3n + 2h(1 + 2 + 3 + ........... + (n − 1))] = lim h 3n + 2h.
h→0 h →0
 2 
= lim [3nh + nh(nh − h) ] = lim [3 × 2 + 2(2 − h)] = 6 + 2(2 − 0) = 10
h →0 h →0
(i) Let I = ∫ ( x 2 + 2 ) dx , here, a = 0, b = 2, f ( x ) = x 2 + 2 and nh = b − a = 2 − 0 = 2

2
3.
0
b
As we know that ∫ f ( x ) dx = lim h  f ( a ) + f ( a + h ) + f ( a + 2h ) + ....... + f ( a + ( n − 1) h )
a
x →0
∴ I = lim h  f ( a ) + f ( a + h ) + f ( a + 2h ) + ....... + f ( a + ( n − 1) h ) 
h →0
= lim h  f ( 0 ) + f ( 0 + h ) + f ( 0 + 2h ) + ....... + f ( 0 + ( n − 1) h ) 
h →0
= lim h  2 + ( h 2 + 2 ) + ( 4h 2 + 2 ) + ........ + {( n − 1) h 2 + 2}

h→0
 ( n − 1)( n − 1 + 1) ( 2 ( n − 1) + 1) 
h →0  { }
= lim h  h 2 12 + 2 2 + 32 + ......... + ( n − 1) + 2n  = lim h  h 2
2
 h →0  6
+ 2n 


 ( n − 1) n ( 2n − 1)   ( nh − h ) nh ( 2nh − h ) 
= lim h  h2 + 2n  = lim  + 2nh 
h→0
 6  h →0  6 
 ( 2 − h) 2 ( 2 ( 2) − h)  ( 2 − 0) 2 ( 2 ( 2) − 0) 8 20
= lim  + 2 ( 2) = + 2 ( 2) = + 4 =
h →0
 6  6 3 3
(ii) Let I = ∫ ( x 2 − x ) dx Here, a = 1, b = 4, f ( x ) = x 2 − x and nh = b − a = 4 − 0 = 4 , n ∈ N

4
1
b
a
x →0
h →0
= lim h  f (1) + f (1 + h ) + f (1 + 2h ) + ....... + f (1 + ( n − 1) h ) 

h→0
h→0  (2
) (2
) {
= lim h (12 − 1) + (1 + h ) − (1 + h ) + . (1 + 2h ) − (1 + 2h ) + ....... + (1 + ( n − 1) h ) − (1 + ( n − 1) h ) 
2
 }
h→0  {
= lim h 0 + ( h 2 + h ) + ( 4h 2 + 2h ) + ........ + ( n − 1) h 2 + ( n − 1) h 
2
 }
th
h →0  ( 2
)
= lim h  h 2 12 + 22 + 32 + ......... + ( n − 1) + h (1 + 2 + 3 + ...... + ( n − 1) ) 

 h3 ( n − 1) n ( 2n − 1) h 2 ( n − 1) n   ( nh − h ) nh ( 2nh − h ) ( nh − h ) nh 
= lim  +  = lim  + 
h →0
 6 2 
h →0
 6 2 
 (3 − h) 3( 6 − h ) (3 − h ) 3  (3 − 0) 3(3 − 0) (3 − 0) 3 9 27
= lim  +  = + =9 + =
h→0
 6 2  6 2 2 2
β
(iii) Let I = ∫ x 2 dx , here a = α , b = β , f ( x ) = x 2 and nh = b − a = β − α , n ∈ N
α
b
a
x →0
h →0
= lim h α 2 + (α + h ) + (α + 2h ) + ............. + (α + ( n − 1) h ) 
2 2 2
h →0  
h →0  ( )
= lim h α 2 + (α 2 + 2α h + h 2 ) + α 2 + 2α .2h + ( 2h ) + ............. + α 2 + 2α ( n − 1) h + ( n − 1) h 2 
2 2
h →0  (
= lim h  nα 2 + 2α h (1 + 2 + ........ + ( n − 1) ) + h 2 12 + 22 + 32 + .......... + ( n − 1) 
2
 )

= lim h  nα 2 + 2α h
( n − 1) n + h 2 ( n − 1) n ( 2n − 1) 

h →0
 2 6 

= lim  nhα 2 + α ( nh − h )( nh ) +
( nh − h ) nh ( 2nh − h ) 

h →0
 6 

= lim ( β − α ) α 2 + α ( ( β − α ) − h ) ( β − α ) +
(( β − α ) − h ) ( β − α ) ( 2 ( β − α ) − h ) 

h →0
 6 
=
( β −α )  2 2
3α + 3α ( β − α ) + ( β − α ) = ( β −α ) 2 2
α + αβ + β  =
( β 3 −α3 )
3   3 3
3
(iv)Let I = ∫ x 3 dx , here a = 2, b = 3, f ( x ) = x 3 and nh = b − a = 3 − 2 = 1 , n ∈ N
2
b
a
x →0
h →0
= lim h  23 + ( 2 + h ) + ( 2 + 2h ) + ............. + ( 2 + ( n − 1) h ) 
3 3 3
h →0  
(
8 + ( 8 + 3.22 h + 3.2.h 2 + h3 ) + 8 + 3.22.2h + 3.2. ( 2h ) 2 + ( 2h )3 + .........
  )
= lim h 
h →0
(
.... + 8 + 3.2 . ( n − 1) h + 3.2. ( n − 1) ( h ) + ( ( n − 1) h )
2 2 2 3
) 

(
8n + 12h (1 + 2 + 3 + ........ + ( n − 1) ) + 6h 2 12 + 22 + 32 + .......... + ( n − 1)2
= lim h 
)
h→0  3 3 3 3
(
 + h 1 + 2 + 3 + .......... + ( n − 1)
3
) 

2
 ( n − 1) n 
2 ( n − 1) n ( 2n − 1) 3  ( n − 1) n 
= lim h 8n + 12h. + 6h +h   
h→0
 2 6  2  
th
2 2

= lim 8nh + 6 ( nh − h )( nh ) + ( nh − h )( nh )( 2nh − h ) +
( nh − h ) ( nh ) 

h→0
 4 
2 2

= lim 8 (1) + 6 (1 − h )(1) + (1 − h )(1)( 2.1 − h ) +
(1 − h ) (1) 

h→0
 4 
2
= 8 + 6 (1 − 0 ) + (1 − 0 )( 2 − 0 ) +
(1 − 0 ) = 8+6+2+
1 65
=
4 4 4
2
4. (i) Let I = ∫ ( x 2 + x ) dx , here, a = 0, b = 2 , f ( x ) = x 2 + x and nh = b − a = 2 − 0 = 2
0
b
a
h →0
∴ I = lim h  f ( 0 ) + f ( 0 + h ) + f ( 0 + 2h ) + ....... + f ( 0 + ( n − 1) h ) 
h →0
h→0  {
= lim h 0 + ( h 2 + h ) + ( 4h 2 + 2h ) + ........ + ( n − 1) h 2 + ( n − 1) h 
2
 }
h→0  { (
= lim h  h 2 12 + 22 + 3 + ......... + ( n − 1) )} + h {1 + 2 + 3 + ...... + ( n − 1)}
2 2

 ( n − 1) n ( 2n − 1) 2 ( n − 1) n   ( nh − h ) nh ( 2nh − h ) ( nh − h ) nh 
= lim h  h + h  = lim  + 
h→0
 6 2  h→0
 6 2 
 ( 2 − h) 2 ( 4 − h) ( 2 − h) 2  8 14
= lim  +  = +2=
h →0
 6 2  3 3
3
(ii) Let I = ∫ ( x 2 + x ) dx , here, f ( x ) = ( x 2 + x), a = 1, b = 3 and nh = b − a = 3 − 1 = 2
1
b
a
x →0
∴ I = lim h  f (1) + f (1 + h ) + f (1 + 2h ) + ....... + f (1 + ( n − 1) h ) 

h→0
h→0   { 2
} {
2
 }
= lim h (12 + 1) + (1 + h ) + (1 + h ) + (1 + 2h ) + (1 + 2h ) + ..... + {1 + ( n − 1) h} + {1 + ( n − 1) h} 
2
 
= lim h {2n + h (1 + 2 )} + 3h {1 + 2 + 3 + ...... + ( n − 1)}

2
2 2 2
+ 32 + ......... + ( n − 1)
h→0 
 ( n − 1) n ( 2n − 1) + 3h. ( n − 1) n  = lim  2nh + ( nh − h ) nh ( 2nh − h ) + 3 .nh nh − h 
= lim h  2n + h 2 .   ( )
h →0
 6 2  h→0  6 2 
 (2 − h) 2(4 − h) 3  8 8 38
= lim  4 + + .2 ( 2 − h )  4 + + 6 = 10 + =
h →0
 6 2  3 3 3
3
(iii) Let I = ∫ ( 3 x 2 + 2 x + 1) dx , here a = 1, b = 3, f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 2 x + 1 and nh = b − a = 3 − 1 = 2
1
b
a
x →0
∴ I = lim h  f (1) + f (1 + h ) + f (1 + 2h ) + ....... + f (1 + ( n − 1) h ) 

h→0
th
h →0  { 2 2
} {
= lim h (3 + 2 + 1) + 3 (1 + h ) + 2 (1 + h ) + 1 + 3 (1 + 2h ) + 2 (1 + 2h ) + 1 + ...... }
{
... .. + 3 (1 + ( n − 1) h ) + 2 (1 + ( n − 1) h ) + 1 
2
 }
h→0  { 2
}
= lim h 3n + 3 12 + 2 2 + 32 + ........ + ( n − 1) h 2 + 6h {1 + 2 + 3 + ...... + ( n − 1)}
+ 2n + 2 {1 + 2 + ..... + ( n − 1)} h + n 
 ( n − 1) n ( 2n − 1) h 2 + 8h. ( n − 1) n  = lim 6nh + ( nh − h ) nh ( 2nh − h ) + 4nh nh − h 

= lim h 6n + 3.   ( )
h→0
 6 2  h→0  2 
 ( 2 − h ) 2 ( 2 × 2 − h ) + 4 × 2 2 − h  = 6 × 2 + 2 × 4 + 4 2 2 = 12 + 8 + 16 = 36
= lim 6 × 2 + ( ) ( ) ( )
h →0
 2 
4
5. (i) Let I = ∫ e x dx , here a = 0, b = 4, f ( x ) = e x and nh = b − a = 4 − 0 = 4, n ∈ N
0
b
a
x →0
∴ I = lim h  f ( a ) + f ( a + h ) + f ( a + 2h ) + ............. + f ( a + ( n − 1) h ) 
h →0
= lim h  f ( 0 ) + f ( h ) + f ( 2h ) + ................ + f
h→0
( ( n − 1) h )

= lim h e0 + e1h + e 2 h + ................... + e( )  = lim h 
n −1 h
( )
1 1 − e h n
( )  = lim h (1 − e nh
)
h →0 h →0 1 − eh  h→0 1− e h
 
h (1 − e 4 ) 1 1
= (1 − e4 ) lim = ( e4 − 1) lim h = ( e4 − 1) × = e 4 − 1
h
= lim
h →0 1− e h h →0 1− e h h → 0 e −1 1
h
1
(ii) Let I = ∫ e 2−3 x dx , here a = 0, b = 1, f ( x ) = e 2−3 x and nh = b − a = 1 − 0 = 1, n ∈ N
0
b
a
x →0
∴ I = lim h  f ( a ) + f ( a + h ) + f ( a + 2h ) + ..... + f ( a + ( n − 1) h ) 
h →0
= lim h  f ( 0 ) + f ( h ) + f ( 2h ) + ..... + f
h→0
( ( n − 1) h ) = lim h e
h →0
2
+ e 2−3 h + e 2− 6 h + ..... + e
2 −3( n −1) h


( n −1) 
h 1 + e −3 h + ( e −3h ) + ..... + ( e −3 h )
2
= e2 lim h 1 + e −3h + e −6 h + ..... + e ( )  = e2 lim
−3 n −1 h
h →0 h →0  
( ) (
1 1 − e −3 h n
 )  = e lim h (1 − ( e ) ) = e lim −3 h n
−3 h (
. 1 − e−3nh )
2 2 h
= e2 lim h   −3 h
h →0 1 − e −3h h →0 1− e h →0 1− e
 
= e2 lim
h →0
h
1− e −3 h (
. 1 − e − 3( )
1
) = e (1 − e ( ) ) lim 1 − he
2 −3 1
h→0 −3 h
1  ( e 2 − e −1 ) ( −1)  1 ( e2 − e−1 ) . 1 = ( e2 − e−1 )

= e 2 (1 − e −3 ) lim =   . =
h → 0 1 − e −3 h  −3  e −3h − 1 3 1 3
  lim
h h → 0 −3h
th
1
(iii) Let I = ∫ e x dx , here a = −1, b = 1, f ( x ) = e x and nh = b − a = 1 − ( −1) = 2, n ∈ N
−1
b
a
x →0
h →0
= lim h e−1 + e −1+ h + e−1+ 2 h + ..... + e ( )  = lim he −1 1 + e h + e2 h + e3h + ..... + e( ) 

−1+ n −1 h n −1 h
h →0 h →0
h 1 − ( e ) 
 h n 
1 − e 2 
h 1 − enh  1
= lim = lim   = e lim h h 
h →0 e  1 − e h  h→0 e 1 − e h
 
  h →0
1 − e 
1 − e2 h e2 − 1 1 e 2 − 1 1 e2 − 1
= lim = . = . =
e h→0 1 − e h e eh − 1 e 1 e
lim
h →0 h
b
(iv) Let I = ∫ eλ x dx , here f ( x ) = eλ x . Let nh = b − a, n ∈ N
a
b
a
x →0
h →0
= lim h eλ a + eλ ( a + h ) + eλ ( a + 2 h ) + ..... + e ( )  = lim heλ a 1 + eλ h + e 2 λ h + e3λ h + ..... + e( ) 

λ ( a + n −1 h ) n −1 λ h
h →0 h →0
λa λh λh 2 λh 3 λ h n −1 λa 1(1 − (eλ h ) n ) 
= e lim h 1 + e + (e ) + (e ) + ..... + (e )  = e lim h  λh 
h →0 h →0
 1− e 
λa h(1 − eλ nh ) λa h(1 − eλ ( b − a ) ) 1
= e lim λh
= e lim λh
= eλ a (eλ (b − a ) − 1) lim λ h
h →0 1− e h → 0 1− e h → 0 e −1
×λ
λh
1 1
= (eλb − eλ a ). = (e λ b − e λ a ) .
1.λ λ
2
6. (i) Let I = ∫ e x dx , here a = 0, b = 2, f ( x ) = e x and nh = b − a = 2 − 0 = 2, n ∈ N
0
b
a
x →0
∴ I = lim h  f ( 0 ) + f ( h ) + f ( 2h ) + ....... + f
h →0
( ( n − 1) h )
( )
  e h n − 1 

= lim h e + e + e + ..... + e
0 1h 2h ( n −1) h 
 = lim h e0  h 
h →0 h→0  e − 1 
   
 e nh − 1   e2 − 1  e2 − 1
= lim h  h  = lim   = = e2 − 1
 e −1    e − 1   1
h→0 h → 0 h
  h  
4
(ii) Let I = ∫ ( x + e 2 x ) dx, here a = 0, b = 4, f ( x ) = x + e2 x and nh = b − a = 4 − 0 = 4, n ∈ N
0
th
b
a
x →0
∴ I = lim h  f ( 0 ) + f ( 0 + h ) + f ( 0 + 2h ) + ..... + f ( 0 + ( n − 1) h ) 
h →0
= lim h [1 + (h + e2 h ) + (2h + e 4 h ) + (3h + e6 h ) + ..... + (n − 1)h + e 2( n −1) h )]

h →0
= lim h {h + 2h + 3h + ..... + (n − 1)h} + {1 + e 2 h + e4 h + ..... + e 2( n −1) h }

h →0
 (n − 1)n  e 2 nh − 1    (nh − h)(nh)   h e 2 nh − 1 

= lim h  h + 1 2 h  = lim   + lim  . 
h →0
 2  e − 1   h →0  2  h →0  2h  e 2 h − 1  
 
  2h  
e8 − 1 15 + e8
=8 + =
2 2
1
(iii) Let I = ∫ e3− 2 x dx, here a = 0, b = 1, f ( x ) = e3− 2 x and nh = b − a = 1 − 0 = 1
0
b
a
x →0
∴ I = lim h  f ( 0 ) + f ( h ) + f ( 2h ) + ..... + f (n − 1)h 

h →0
= lim h [e3 + e3− 2 h + e3− 2(2 h ) + ..... + e3− 2( n −1) h )] = lim he3 [1 + e −2 h + e −2(2 h ) + e−2(3h ) ..... + e −2( n −1) h )]
h →0 h →0
 (e −2 nh − 1)  3 e −2 − 1  1  3 −2  1 1 1
= lim he3  −2 h  = e lim −2
×  −  = e (e − 1) ×  −  = − (e1 − e3 ) = (e3 − e1 )
h →0
 e −1  h →0 e h
−1  2   2 2 2
−2 h
b
7. (i) Let I = ∫a
sin x dx . Here f ( x) = sin x and nh = b − a, n ∈ N
b
a
x →0
h →0
= lim h sin a + sin ( a + h ) + sin ( a + 2h ) + ....... + sin ( a + ( n − 1) h ) 

h →0
Now sin a + sin ( a + h ) + sin ( a + 2h ) + ....... + sin ( a + ( n − 1) h )

1  h h h h
=  2sin a sin + 2sin ( a + h ) sin + 2sin ( a + 2h ) sin + ....... + 2sin ( a + ( n − 1) h ) sin 
h
2sin  2 2 2 2
2
1   h  h    h  3h  
=   cos  a −  − cos  a +   +  cos  a +  − cos  a +   + .......
h
2sin   2  2    2  2 
2
   3    1   
........... +  cos  a +  n −  h  − cos  a +  n −  h   
   2    2   
1   h   1   1   h  h 
=  cos  a −  − cos  a +  n −  h   = cos  a − 2  − cos  b − 2  
h
2sin   2   2    2sin h     
2 2
th
  1h  h  h/2   h  h 
∴ I = lim h.  cos  a −  − cos  b −   = lim .lim cos  a − 2  − cos  b − 2  
h →0
2sin
h  2   2   h → 0 sin h / 2 h → 0
    
2
= 1.[cos(a − 0) − cos(b − 0)] = cos a − cos b
b 1 − cos 2 x
b 1 − cos 2 x
(ii) Let I = ∫ a
sin 2 x dx = ∫ a 2
dx , Here f ( x) =
2
and nh = b − a, n ∈ N
b
a
x →0
x →0
1 − cos 2a 1 − cos(2a + 2h) 1 − cos(2a + 2(n − 1)h) 

= lim h  + + ............ + 
x →0
 2 2 2
n 1 
= lim h  − (cos 2a + cos(2a + 2h) + ............ + cos(2a + 2(n − 1)h) 
x →0
2 2 
b − a h 
= lim  − {cos 2a + cos ( 2a + 2h ) + ............ + cos ( 2a + 2(n − 1)h )}
x →0
 2 2 
Now cos 2a + cos(2a + 2h) + ............ + cos(2a + 2(n − 1)h
1
= [ 2 cos 2a sin h + 2 cos(2a + 2h)sin h + ............ + 2 cos(2a + 2(n − 1)h)sin h]
2 sin h
1
= [ (sin(2a + h) − sin(2a − h) + (sin(2a + 3h) − sin(2a + h)) + …..
2 sin h
..... + (sin(2a + (2n − 1))h − sin(2a + (2n − 3)h)) ]
1 1
= [sin(2a + (2n − 1)h) − sin (2a − h)] = [sin(2(a + nh) − h) − sin (2a − h)]
2 sin h 2 sin h
1
= [sin(2b − h) − sin (2a − h)]
2 sin h
b − a h 1 
∴ I = lim  − . {sin(2b − h) − sin(2a − h)}
h →0
 2 2 2sin h 
b−a 1 h b−a 1
= − lim lim[sin (2b − h) − sin(2a − h)] = − .1.[sin (2b − 0) − sin(2a − 0)]
2 4 h →0 sin h h →0 2 4
b − a sin 2b − sin 2a
= −
2 4
3 4− x
8. Let I = ∫ dx …(1)
1
x + 4− x
b b
Using ∫a
f ( x) dx = ∫ f (a + b − x) dx, we get,
a
3 4 − (1 + 3 − x) 3 x
I =∫ dx or I = ∫ dx …(2)
1
1 + 3 − x + 4 − (1 + 3 − x) 1
4− x + x
Adding (1) and (2), we get,
3 4− x + x 3 1
∫ 1.dx = [ x ]
3
2I = ∫ dx = = 3 −1 = 2 ⇒I= (2) = 1
1
x + 4− x 1 1
2
th
9. (i) Let f ( x ) = x sin x. 3 4
Then, f ( − x ) = ( − x ) sin 4 ( − x ) = − x 3 {sin ( − x )} = − x3 ( − sin x ) = − x3 sin 4 x = − f ( x )

3 4 4
π π
4 4
So, f ( x ) is an odd function. Hence, ∫π f ( x ) dx = 0 ⇒ ∫π x
3
sin 4 x dx = 0
− −
4 4
a−x a−x a−x a−x

a a a
(ii) Let I = ∫
−a
a+ x
dx = ∫
−a
×
a+x a−x
dx = ∫
−a a2 − x2
dx
1
a a
x
⇒ I = a∫ dx − ∫ dx
−a a2 − x2 −a a2 − x2
1
a a
x
⇒ I = a I1 − I 2 , where I1 = ∫
−a a2 − x2
dx and I 2 = ∫
−a a2 − x2
dx
1
a
x
Let f ( x ) = and g ( x ) = ∫ .
a2 − x2 −a a2 − x2
1 1 −x −x
Then, f ( − x ) = = = f ( x ) and g ( − x ) = = = −g ( x)
2
a −x 2
a −x2 2
a − (−x)
2
a2 − x2
⇒ f ( x ) is an even function and g ( x ) is an odd function.
a
1 1 π
a a
 x 
∴ I1 =
−a
∫ a2 − x2
dx = 2 ∫
0
2
a −x 2
dx = 2 sin −1  = 2 sin −1 1 − sin −1 0  = 2  − 0  = π
 a 0 2 
a
x
and I 2 = ∫ dx = 0 . Hence, I = aπ − 0 = aπ .
−a a − x2
2
π
ecos x
10. Let I = ∫ cos x − cos x
dx …(i)
0
e + e
ecos(π − x )
π π
e − cos x
⇒ I = ∫ cos (π − x ) − cos(π − x ) dx = ∫ − cos x cos x dx …(ii)
0 e +e 0
e +e
π
π
Adding (i) and (ii) we get, 2 I = ∫ 1 dx = π ⇒ I =
0
2
2π
1
11. Let I = ∫ 1+ e
0
sin x
dx.
π
 1 1   2a a

Then I = ∫ 
1+ e sin x
+ sin ( 2π − x )  dx  ∫
∵ f ( x ) = ∫ { f ( x ) + f ( 2a − x )} dx 
0 e   0 0 
π π π
 1 1   1 esin x 
1dx = [ x ]0 = π
π
= ∫
0
1+ e sin x
+
1+ e − sin x 

dx = ∫
0

1+ e sin x
+ sin x 
1+ e 
dx = ∫
0
π /2
1
12. Let I =
−
∫
π /2
1 + esin x
dx.
π /2
 1 1   a a

Then, I= ∫  sin x
+  dx
1 + e − sin x 
 ∫ ( )
∵ f x dx = ∫0 { f ( x ) + f ( − x )} dx 
0 1 + e  −a 
th
π /2 π /2 π /2
 1 esin x  1 + esin x π
1 dx = [ x ]0 =
π /2
⇒ I= ∫
0

1 + e
sin x
+ sin x 
1+ e 
dx = ∫
0
1+ e sin x
dx = ∫
0
2
π /2 sin x
13. (i) Let I = ∫ dx …(1)
0 sin x + cos x
a a
Using ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( a − x ) dx , we get
0 0
π 
sin  − x 
2
π /2
 π /2 cos x
I =∫ dx = ∫ dx
0 π  π  0 cos x + sin x
sin  − x  + cos  − x 
2  2 
π /2 cos x
∴ I =∫ dx …(2)
0 cos x + sin x
π /2 sin x + cos x π /2 π 1π  π
1. dx = [ x ]0
π /2
2I = ∫ dx = ∫ = ⇒ I=  =
0 cos x + sin x 0 2 2 2  4
π /2 1 π /2 1 π /2 cos x
(ii) ∫
0 1 + tan x
dx = ∫ 0 sin x
dx = ∫ 0 sin x + cos x
dx …(1)
1+
cos x
π 
cos  − x 
π /2 π /2
2  sin x
Also, I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx I …(2)
0 sin 
π  π  sin x + cos x
 − x  + cos  − x 
0
2  2 
π /2 sin x + cos x π /2 π 1π  π
1. dx = [ x ]0
π /2
2I = ∫ dx = ∫ = ⇒ I=  =
0 cos x + sin x 0 2 2 2  4
π /2 1 π /2 1 π /2 sin x
(iii) ∫ 0 1 + cot x
dx = ∫ 0 cos x
dx = ∫ 0 sin x + cos x
dx …(1)
1+
sin x
π 
sin  − x 
π /2
2  π /2 cos x
Then, I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
0 π  π  0 cos x + sin x
sin  − x  + cos  − x 
2  2 
π /2 cos x
∴ I =∫ dx …(2)
0 cos x + sin x
π /2 sin x + cos x π /2 π 1π  π
1. dx = [ x ]0
π /2
2I = ∫ dx = ∫ = ⇒ I=  =
0 cos x + sin x 0 2 2 2  4
π /2 sin x
14. (i) Let I = ∫ dx …(1)
0
sin x + cos x
a a
Using ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( a − x ) dx , we get,
0 0
th
π 
sin  − x 
π /2 2  π /2 cos x
I =∫ dx = ∫ dx
0
π  π  0
cos x + sin x
sin  − x  + cos  − x 
2  2 
π /2 cos x
∴ I =∫ dx …(2)
0
cos x + sin x
π /2 sin x + cos x π /2 π 1π  π
1. dx = [ x ]0
π /2
2I = ∫
0
cos x + sin x
dx = ∫0
=
2
⇒ I =  =
2 2  4
π /2 1 π /2 1 π /2 cos x
(ii) ∫
0
1 + tan x
dx = ∫
0
sin x
dx = ∫0
cos x + sin x
dx …(1)
1+
cos x
π 
π /2 cos  − x  π /2
2  sin x
Also, I = ∫
0 π  π 
dx = ∫
0 sin x + cos x
dx …(2)
cos  − x  + sin  − x 
2  2 
π /2 sin x + cos x π /2 π 1π  π
1. dx = [ x ]0
π /2
2I = ∫
0
cos x + sin x
dx = ∫0
=
2
⇒ I =  =
2 2  4
π /2 tan x π /2 sin x / cos x π /2 sin x

(iii) ∫ dx = ∫ dx = ∫ dx …(1)
0
1 + tan x 0
1+ ( sin x / cos x ) 0
cos x + sin x
π 
sin  − x 
π /2 2  π /2 cos x
Then, I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
0
π  π  0
cos x + sin x
sin  − x  + cos  − x 
2  2 
π /2 cos x
∴ I =∫ dx …(2)
0
cos x + sin x
π /2 sin x + cos x π /2 π 1π  π
1. dx = [ x ]0
π /2
2I = ∫ dx = ∫ = ⇒ I =  =
0
cos x + sin x 0 2 2 2  4
π
sin 2 x 2
15. (i) Let I = ∫ dx ….(1)
0 (
sin x + cos x )
π π  π π
sin 2  − x  2
2
2 
2
cos x 2
cos 2 x
⇒ I=∫ dx = ∫ dx = ∫ dx …(2)
  π   π   ( cos x + sin x ) ( sin x + cos x )
sin  2 − x  + cos  2 − x  
0 0 0
    
th
π π π
2 2 2 2 2
cos x sin x 1
Adding (1) and (2), we get 2 I = ∫ dx + ∫ dx = ∫ dx
0 ( cos x + sin x ) 0 ( sin x + cos x ) 0
sin x + cos x
π π x
2 2 sec2  
dx 2
= ∫ x 2  x 
=∫
0  2 x  x 
dx
 2 tan  2  1 − tan  2   1 − tan  2  + 2 tan  2  
0
   +       
1 + tan 2   1 + tan 2  x  
x
    
2  2 
x x π
Put tan = t ⇒ sec2 dx = 2 dt . When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = , t = 1 .
2 2 2
1
1  2 + t −1 
1 1 1
dt dt dt
∴ 2 I = 2∫ = 2∫ = 2∫ =2⋅ log 
0 (1 − t + 2t ) ( 2 ) − ( t −1)
2 2
0 2 − ( t − 1)
2
0
2
2  2 − t + 1  0
  2 − 1   ( 2 − 1) ( 2 − 1) 
1 1 1
( )
2
= 0 − log    = − log  × =− log 2 −1
2   2 + 1   2  ( 2 + 1) ( 2 − 1)  2
 
− 2 1
⇒ 2 I = − 2 log ( 2 −1 ) ⇒I =
2
log ( )
2 − 1 Hence, I = −
2
log ( )
2 −1
π
x
(ii) Let I = ∫ dx …(1)
0 (1 + sin x )
⇒ I =∫
π
(π − x ) dx = π π − x dx
0
1 + sin (π − x ) ∫0 (1 + sin x ) …(2)
Adding (1) and (2), we get, 2 I = π ∫

π
dx
π
dx = π ∫
1
×
(1 − sin x ) dx
0 (
0
1 + sin x 1 + sin x ) (1 − sin x )
π
 1 − sin x  π π

⇒ 2I = π ∫   dx = π  ∫ sec 2
x dx − ∫0 sec x tan x dx 
0
cos 2 x  0 
=π {[ tan x] π
0
π
}
− [sec x ]0 = π {( tan π − tan 0 ) − ( sec π − sec 0 )} = 2π . Hence I = π .
π
x tan x
(iii) Let I = ∫ dx …(1)
0 (
sec x + tan x )
⇒ I =∫
π
(π − x ) tan ( π − x ) dx = π (π − x ) tan x dx
0 (
sec ( π − x ) + tan (π − x ) ) ∫0 ( sec x + tan x ) …(2)
π
tan x tan x ( sec x − tan x )
π
Adding (1) and (2) we get, 2 I = π ∫ dx = π ∫
0 (
sec x + tan x ) 0 ( sec2 x − tan 2 x )
π π
  π

= π  ∫ sec x ⋅ tan x − ∫ tan x dx  = π [ sec x ]0 − ∫ ( sec 2 x − 1) dx 
2 π
0 0   0 
π 
= π  −2 − [ tan x ]0 + [ x ]0  = π (π − 2 ) . Hence, I = π  − 1 .
π π
  2 
π
2 x (1 + sin x ) π
2x
π
2 x sin x
16. Let I = ∫
−π
1 + cos 2 x
dx ⇒I = ∫−π 1 + cos2 x dx + −∫π 1 + cos2 x dx
th
π π
2x 2 x sin x
⇒ I = I1 + I 2 , where I1 = ∫ 2
dx and I 2 = ∫ dx
−π
1 + cos x −π
1 + cos 2 x
2x 2 x sin x
Since, f ( x ) = 2
is odd function and is an even function.
1 + cos x 1 + cos 2 x
π π
2 x sin x x sin x
∴ I1 = 0 and I 2 = 2 ∫ 2
dx = 4 ∫ dx …(i)
0
1 + cos x 0
1 + cos 2 x
Then I 2 = 4∫
( π − x ) sin (π − x )
π π
dx = 4 ∫
(π − x ) sin x dx …(ii)
0
1 + cos (π − x )
2
0
1 + cos 2 x
π
1
Adding (i) and (ii) we get, 2 I 2 = 4π ∫ sin x dx
0
1 + cos 2 x
Put t = cos x ⇒ dt = − sin x dx
When x = 0, t = cos 0 = 1 and when x = π , t = cos π = −1
−1
1 −1  −π π 
∴ 2 I 2 = −4π ∫ 2
dt = −4π  tan −1 t  = −4π  −  = 2π 2 ⇒ I 2 = π 2 . Hence, I = 0 + π 2 = π 2
1
1+ t 1
 4 4
π /2 sin n x
17. (i) Let I = ∫ dx …(1)
0 sin n x + cos n x
a a
0 0
π 
sin n  − x 
π /2
2  π /2 cos n x
I =∫ dx = ∫ dx
n π  n π  cos n x + sin n x
0 0
sin  − x  + cos  − x 
2  2 
π /2 cos n x
∴ I =∫ dx …(2)
0 cos n x + sin n x
π /2 sin n x + cos n x π /2 π 1π  π
Adding (1) and (2), we get, 2 I = ∫
0 cos n x + sin n x
dx = ∫ 0
1. dx =
2
⇒ I=  =
2 2  4
π /2 cos3 x
(ii) Let I = ∫ dx …(1)
0 sin 3 x + cos3 x
a a
0 0
π 
cos3  − x 
π /2
2  π /2 sin 3 x
I =∫ dx = ∫ dx
3π  3 π  cos3 x + sin 3 x
0 0
sin  − x  + cos  − x 
2  2 
π /2 sin 3 x
∴ I =∫ dx …(2)
0 cos3 x + sin 3 x
π /2 sin 3 x + cos3 x π /2 π 1π  π
Adding (1) and (2), we get, 2 I = ∫ dx = ∫ 1. dx = ⇒ I =  =
0 cos3 x + sin 3 x 0 2 2 2  4
π /3 1
(iii) Let I = ∫ dx
π /6
1 + tan x
th
π /3 1 π /3 cos x
⇒ I =∫ dx = ∫π dx …(1)
π /6
sin x /6
cos x + sin x
1+
cos x
b b
Using ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( a + b − x ) dx , we get,
a a
π 
cos  − x 
π /3 2  π /3 sin x
I =∫ dx = ∫π dx …(2)
π /6
π  π  /6
sin x + cos x
cos  − x  + sin  − x 
2  2 
π /3 cos x + sin x π /3 π π π 1π  π
1. dx = [ x ]π / 6 =
π /3
2I = ∫ dx = ∫π − = ⇒I=  = .
π /6
cos x + sin x /6 3 6 6 2  6  12
π π π π
4 x+ 4 4
4 dx. Then, I = x π 1
18. Let I = ∫π 2 − cos 2 x ∫
−π 2 − cos 2 x
dx +
4 ∫π 2 − cos 2 x dx
−
−
4 4 4
π  x 
π 4
1 ∵ 2 − cos 2 x is an odd function 
2 ∫ 2 − cos 2 x
⇒ I = 0+ dx  
 and 1
0
is an even function 
 2 − cos 2 x 
π π
2
π 4
1 + tan x π 4 sec2 x
2 ∫0 1 + 3 tan 2 x 2 ∫0 1 + 3 tan x
⇒ I= dx = dx
( )
2
Put t = 3 tan x ⇒ dt = 3 sec 2 x dx

π π
When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = , t = 3 tan = 3
4 4
3 2
π π π  −1 π π π
dt
( )
3
∴ I= ∫ = 
 tan −1
t 
 = tan 3 − tan ( 0 )  =
−1
× =
2 3  2 3 3 6 3
2
2 3 0 1+ t 2 3 0
π
19. Let I = ∫ log (1 + cos x ) dx …(1)
0
π
 a a

= ∫ log 1 + cos (π − x )  dx ∵∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( a − x ) dx 
0  0 0 
π
⇒ I = ∫ log (1 − cos x ) dx …(2)
0
Adding (1) and (2) we get,

π π π
2 I = ∫ {log (1 + cos x ) + log (1 − cos x )} dx ⇒ 2 I = ∫ log sin 2 x dx = 2 ∫ log sin x dx
0 0 0
π /2
∵ log sin x = log sin (π − x ) 
 
⇒ I =2 ∫ log sin x dx 
2a a

0 and ∫ f ( x ) dx = 2 ∫ f ( x ) dx, if f ( 2a − x ) = f ( x ) 
 0 0 
th
π /2
π  π 
⇒ I = 2×− log e 2 ∵ ∫ log sin x dx = − log e 2 
2  0 2 
⇒ I = −π log e 2
π /2
20. Let I = ∫ log sin x dx. …(i)
0
π /2 π  π /2
∴I =∫ log sin  − x  dx = ∫ log cos x dx …(ii)
0
2  0
π /2 1 π /2  sin 2 x 
Adding (i) and (ii), we get, 2 I = ∫ ( log sin x + log cos x ) dx ⇒I = ∫ log   dx
0 2 0  2 
π
Put z = 2 x ⇒ dz = 2dx . When x = ⇒ z = π and when x = 0 ⇒ z = 0
2
1 π  sin z  dz 1 π  sin z 
∴I =
2 ∫0
log   = ∫0 log 
 2  2 4  2 
 dz
1 π /2  sin z  ∵ 2a
f ( x ) dx = 2 ∫ f ( x ) dx if f ( 2a − x ) = f ( x ) 
a
= ⋅ 2 ∫ log   dz ∫
4 0  2   0 0 
1 π /2 1 π /2 1 1
log sin z dz − ∫ log 2 dz = I − ( log 2 ) [ z ]0
π /2
= ∫
2 0 2 0 2 2
1 1  π  1 π 1 π π
= I −  log 2   − 0  = I − log 2 ⇒ I = − log 2 ⇒ I = − log 2
2 2  2  2 4 2 4 2
π
2
x
21. (i) Let I = ∫ dx …(1)
0 ( sin x + cos x )
π π  π π 
2 − x 2  − x
2 2
⇒ I=∫  dx = ∫   dx …(2)
0 (
 π    π   sin x + cos x )
0
sin   − x  + cos   − x 
 2    2  
π π π x
2 2 sec 2  
2
π dx π dx π 2
2 ∫ ( sin x + cos x ) 2 ∫ 
2I = = ⇒I= ∫ dx
 x 2  x  40 2 x x
0 0
 2 tan  2  1 − tan  2   1 − tan   + 2 tan  
  +   2 2

1 + tan 2   1 + tan 2  x  
x
    
2  2 
x 1 x π
Put t = tan ⇒ dt = sec 2 dx . When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = , t = 1
2 2 2 2
1
1  2 + ( t − 1) 
1 1
π
2 dt π dt π
∴ I= ∫ = ∫ = ⋅ log 
2 − ( t − 1) 
( )
2
4 0 1 − t + 2t 2 0  2
2 − ( t − 1)
2 2 2 2 
  0
π   2  2 − 1  π   2 + 1  π  2 +1
= log   − log    =  0 + log    . Hence, I = log   .
4 2   2   2 + 1   4 2 
  2 − 1   4 2  2 − 1 
π
x sin x
(ii) Let I = ∫ dx …(1)
0
1 + cos 2 x
th
π
⇒ I =∫
(π − x ) sin (π − x ) dx = π (π − x ) sin xdx
0
1 + cos 2 (π − x ) ∫0 1 + cos2 x …(2)
Adding (1) and (2) we get, 2 I = ∫

π
( x + π − x ) sin x dx = π π sin x π π
sin x
0
1 + cos x 2 ∫0 1 + cos2 x dx ⇒I =
2 ∫ 1 + cos
0
2
x
dx
Put cos x = t ⇒ − sin x dx = dt

Also, when x = 0 ⇒ t = cos 0 = 1 and when x = π ⇒ t = cos π = −1
−1 −1
− dtπ π 1 π −1
∴ I= ∫ 2
=− ∫ 2
dt = −  tan −1 t 
2 1 1+ t 2 1 1+ t 2 1
π π  π π  −π  −π  π 2 π2
= −  tan ( −1) − tan (1)  = −  − −  =
 −1 −1
 ⋅ = . Hence, I = .
2 2  4 4 2  2  4 4
π
2
sin x − cos x
22. (i) Let I = ∫ dx …(i)
0
1 + sin x cos x
π π π  π
sin  − x  − cos  − x 
2 2
2  2  dx = cos x − sin x
⇒ I=∫ ∫ dx …(ii)
0 1 + sin 
π  π  1 + cos x + sin x
 − x  cos  − x 
0
2  2 
π π
2 2
sin x − cos x cos x − sin x
By adding (i) and (ii) we get, 2 I = ∫ dx + ∫ dx
0
1 + sin x cos x 0
1 + sin x cos x
π /2 π /2
 sin x − cos x cos x − sin x  sin x − cos x + cos x − sin x
⇒ 2I = ∫
0
 + 
 1 + sin x cos x 1 + sin x cos x 
dx = ∫
0
1 + sin x cos x
dx = 0 ⇒I =0
π /2
(ii) Let I = ∫ ( 2 log sin x − log sin 2 x ) dx
0
π /2 π /2 π /2 π /2
⇒I = ∫ {2 log sin x − log ( 2sin x cos x )} dx = ∫ log sin x dx − log 2 ∫ 1 dx − ∫ log cos x dx
0 0 0 0
π /2 π /2 π /2
π 
= ∫ log sin x dx − ( log 2 ) ∫ 1 dx − ∫ log cos  2 − x  dx
0 0 0
π /2 π /2
π  π
log sin x dx − ( log 2 ) [ x ]0 −
π /2
= ∫
0
∫ log sin x dx = − ( log 2 )  2 − 0  = − 2 log 2
0
1 1
 1   −1 1 
23. Let I = ∫ cot −1
(1 − x + x ) dx . Then, I = ∫ tan
2 −1
  dx
−1
∵cot x = tan x 
0 0 1 − x (1 − x ) 
1
 x + (1 − x )  1 1 1
= ∫ tan −1   dx = ∫ { tan −1
x + tan −1
( )}
1 − x dx = ∫ tan −1
x dx + ∫ tan −1 (1 − x ) dx
0 1 − x (1 − x )  0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1
= ∫ tan x dx + ∫ tan −1 −1
{1 − (1 − x )} dx = ∫ tan −1
x dx + ∫ tan x dx = 2 ∫ tan −1 x dx
−1
0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1
1 x 1 2x
= 2 ∫ tan −1 x.1dx = 2  x tan −1 x  − 2 ∫ 2
dx = 2 
 x tan −1
x 
 −∫ dx
0
0 1+ x 0
0 1+ x2 0
th
1 π  π
= 2  x tan −1 x  − log (1 + x 2 )  = 2  − 0  − ( log 2 − log1) = − log 2
1
0 0
4  2
π
x
24. We have, I = ∫ dx …(i)
0
a − cos x + b 2 sin 2 x
2 2
π
(π − x )  a a

⇒ I =∫ 2 dx ∵ ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( a − x ) dx 
0
a cos (π − x ) + b 2 sin 2 x (π − x )
2
 0 0 
π
π −x
⇒ I =∫ dx …(ii)
0
a cos x + b 2 sin 2 x
2 2
π
x +π − x
Adding (i) and (ii) we get, 2 I = ∫ dx
0
a cos 2 x + b 2 sin 2 x
2
π π /2
1 1
⇒ 2I = π ∫ 2 dx = 2π ∫ dx
0
2
0
2 2
π /2 2
sec x
= 2π ∫
0
a + b 2 tan 2 x
2
dx [Dividing numerator and denominator by cos 2 x ]
π /2
sec 2 x
⇒ I =π ∫0
a 2 + b 2 tan 2 x
dx
Put tan x = t ⇒ sec 2 x dx = dt

π π
When x = 0 ⇒ t = tan 0 = 0 and when x = ⇒ t = tan →∞
2 2
∞ ∞ ∞
dt π dt π1  −1  t  
∴ I =π∫ 2 2 2
= 2 ∫0 ( a / b )2 + t 2 = b2 × ( a / b )  tan  a / b  
0
a +b t b
0
∞ 2
π  bt   π π π  π
⇒ I=
ab 
tan   =
 a   0 ab
( tan −1
−1
∞ − tan −1
0 ) ab  2  2 ab
= − 0 =
π
2
x sin x cos x
25. Let I = ∫ 4 4
dx. …(1)
0
sin x + cos x
π  π
π  π  π π 
 − x  sin  − x  cos  − x 
2 2  − x  sin x cos x
2  2 2 dx =  2
Then, I = ∫  
∫
 dx …(2)
4 π  4 π  sin x + cos 4 x
4
0 sin  − x  + cos  − x  0
2  2 
π
2
π sin x cos x
2 ∫ sin
Adding (1) and (2), we get, 2 I = 4
dx
0
x + cos 4 x
π
π tan x sec 2 x dx
2
2 ∫0 1 + tan 4 x
= dx [Dividing numerator and denominator by cos 4 x ]
π π
2
2
π 2 tan x sec x π 2
2 tan x sec 2 x
d ( tan 2 x )
4 ∫ 1+ 4 ∫ 1+
= dx =
( tan x ) ( tan x )
2 2 2 2
0 0
th
π
Put t = tan 2 x ⇒ dt = 2 tan x sec2 x dx . When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = , t →∞.
2
∞
1 π π ∞ π π π  π2
∴ 2I = ∫ −1 −1 −1
dt =  tan t  =  tan ∞ − tan 0  =  − 0  ⇒ I =
4 0 1+ t2 4 0 4 4 2  16
π x
26. (i) Let I = ∫ dx. …(1)
0 1 + cos α sin x
a a
Using ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( a − x ) dx, we get
0 0
I =∫
π π −x
dx ⇒ I = ∫
π (π − x ) dx …(2)
0 1 + cos α sin (π − x ) 0 1 + cos α sin x
π π dx π 1
Adding (1) and (2), we get, 2 I = ∫ dx = π ∫ dx
0 1 + cos α sin x 0 1 + cos α sin x
π π dx π π /2 1 ∵ f ( 2a − x ) = f ( x ) 
 
2 ∫0
∴ I= = ⋅ 2∫ 2a a
1 + cos α sin x 2 0 1 + cos α sin x ⇒ ∫ f ( x ) dx = 2 ∫ f ( x ) dx 
 0 0 
1
sec2 x
= π∫
π /2
=π∫
dx π /2
dx 2
0 1 0 2 1 1
2 tan x 1 + tan x + 2 cos α tan x
1 + cos α 2 2 2
1
1 + tan 2 x
2
x x π
Put z = tan   ⇒ sec 2 dx = 2 dz . When x = 0, z = 0 and when x = , z = 1
2 2 2
1 2dz 1 dz
∴ I = π∫ = 2π ∫
( )
0 1 + z 2 + 2 cos α z
( )
0 1 + z 2 + 2 cos α z
Again put t = z + cos α ⇒ dt = dz . When z = 0, t = cos α and when z = 1, t = 1 + cos α

1+ cos α dt
∴ I = 2π ∫ ∵ 1 = sin 2 α + cos 2 α 
cos α t + sin 2 α
2
1+ cos α
2π  −1 t  2π  −1  1 + cos α  −1  cos α  
=
sin α  tan sin α  =
sin α  tan  sin α  − tan  sin α  
   
cosα 
2π  −1  α  2π  −1   π α   −1  π  
=  tan  cot  − tan −1
( cot α ) =
 sin α  tan  tan  −   − tan  tan  − α  
sin α   2     2 2   2  
2π  π α   π  2π α πα
=
sin α  2 − 2  −  2 − α   = sin α ⋅ 2 = sin α
   
π 
x sin ( 2 x ) sin  cos x 
(ii) Let I = ∫
π
2 dx …(1)
0 2x − π
 π  π 
( π − x ) sin 2 (π − x ) sin  cos (π − x )  ( π − x )( − sin 2 x ) sin  ( − cos x ) 
∴ I =∫
π
2  dx = π 2 dx
0 2 (π − x ) − π ∫0 π − 2x
th
 π  π 
( π − x )( − sin 2 x ) − sin  cos x   ( x − π ) sin 2 x sin  cos x 
π  2  π 2 dx
= ∫ dx = ∫ …(2)
0 − ( 2x − π ) 0 2x − π
π
( 2 x − π ) sin 2 x sin  
cos x 
π
2  dx 1 π π 
2I = ∫ ⇒ I= ⋅ 2 ∫ sin x cos x sin  cos x  dx
0 2x − π 2 0
2 
Put z = cos x ⇒ dz = − sin x dx
When x = 0, z = cos 0 = 1 and when x = π , z = cos π = −1
−1 π  1 π  1 π   π  
∴ I = − ∫ z sin  z  dz = ∫ z sin  z  dz = 2 ∫ z sin  z  dz ∵ z sin  2 z  is even 
1
2  −1
2  0
2     
1
  π  2  1 π  2 
= 2   z − cos  z    − ∫ − cos  z  ⋅ dz 
   2  π 0 0 2  π 
1
 2  π  2  8  π  8
= 2 0 − 0 + sin  z ⋅   = 2 sin 2 − sin 0  = π 2
 π 2  π  0  π
e
 − log e x, if 1/ e < x < 1
27. Let I = ∫
1/ e
log e x dx . We know that log e x = 
log e x, if 1 < x < e
e 1 e e e
∴ I= ∫
1/ e
log e x dx = ∫ − log
1/ e
e x + ∫ log e x dx = − ∫ log e x dx + ∫ log e x dx
1 1/ e 1
1
= −  x ( log e x − 1) 1/ e +  x ( log e x − 1) 1 ∵ log e x dx = x ( log e x − 1) 
e
 ∫ 
 1   2 2
= − 1( 0 − 1) − ( −1 − 1)  + e (1 − 1) − 1( 0 − 1)  = −  −1 +  + [ 0 + 1] = 2 −
 e   e e
3 1 2 3 1 2 3
28. (i) Let I = ∫ [ x ] dx = ∫ [ x ] dx + ∫ [ x ] dx + ∫ [ x ] dx = ∫ 0 dx + ∫ 1. dx + ∫ 2. dx
0 0 1 2 0 1 2
= 0 + [ x ]1 + [ 2 x ]2 = ( 2 − 1) + ( 6 − 4 ) = 3
2 3
2 1 2 3 2
(ii) Let I = ∫  x 2  dx = ∫  x 2  dx + ∫  x 2  dx + ∫  x 2  dx + ∫  x
2
 dx
0 0 1 2 3
1 2 3 2
2 dx + ∫ 3 dx = 0 + [ x ]1 + 2 [ x ] 2 + 3 [ x ]
2 3 2
= ∫ 0 dx + ∫ 1.dx + ∫ 3
0 1 2 3
= 0+ ( 2 −1 + 2 ) ( 3− 2 +3 2− 3 ) ( ) = 2 −1 + 2 3 − 2 2 + 6 − 3 3 = 5 − 2 − 3
1.5 1 2 1.5
∫  x  dx = ∫  x  dx + ∫  x ∫  x
2 2 2 2
(iii) Let I =  dx +  dx
0 0 1 2
1 2 1.5
= ∫ 0 dx + ∫ 1.dx + ∫ 2 dx = 0 + [ x ]1 + 2 [ x ]
2 1.5
2
= 0+ ( ) ( )
2 − 1 + 2 1.5 − 2 = 2 − 2
0 1 2
2
29. Let I = ∫ [3x ] dx. We observe that when
1
x ∈[1, 2] , 3x ∈[3, 6] .
th
4/3 5/3 6/3 4/3 5/3 2
∴I= ∫ [3x ] dx + ∫ [3x ] dx + ∫ [3 x ] dx
1 4/3 5/3
= ∫ 1
3 dx + ∫
4/3
4 dx +
5/3
∫ 5 dx
4  5 4  5 4 5
= 3 [ x ]1 + 4 [ x ]4 / 3 + 5 [ x ]5/ 3 = 3  − 1 + 4  −  + 5  2 −  = 1 + + = 4
4/3 5/3 2
3  3 3  3 3 3
1 0 1
30. Let ∫ ( x − [ x ]) dx =
−1
∫ ( x − [ x ]) dx + ∫ ( x − [ x ]) dx
−1 0
1 0
0  ( x + 1)2 
1
 x2  1 1
= ∫ ( x + 1) dx + ∫ ( x − 0 ) dx =   +   = + =1
−1 0  2  −1  2  0 2 2
4 2 4 2 4
∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ ( 3x + 4 ) dx + ∫ ( 9 x − 2 ) dx
2
31. (i) We have
0 0 2 0 2
 3x3
2
  9 x2 
4
 9. ( 4 ) 2   9. ( 2 )2 
=  + 4x +  − 2 x  = ( 2 + 4.2 ) − 0  + 
 3
 − 2⋅ 4 −  − 2 ⋅ 2 
 3 0  2 2  2  
  2

 
4
= ( 8 + 8 ) + 9.8 − 8 − ( 9.2 − 4 )  = 16 + 64 − 14 = 66 . Hence, ∫ f ( x ) dx = 66
0
 3
 − ( 5 x − 3 ) , when 5 x − 3 < 0, i.e., x <
5
(ii) We know that 5 x − 3 = 
5 x − 3, 3
when 5 x − 3 ≥ 0, i.e., x ≥
 5
1 3/ 5 1 3/ 5 1
∴ ∫ 5 x − 3 dx = ∫
0 0
5 x − 3 dx + ∫
3/ 5
5 x − 3 dx = ∫ − ( 5 x − 3) dx + ∫ ( 5x − 3)dx
0 3/ 5
3
1
 5x2   5x2  5
 9 9   5   9 9   9  1 9  13
= 3 x −  + − 3 x  =  −  +  − 3  −  −   = + − +  =
 2 0  2  3  5 10    2   10 5   10  2 10  10
5
 π
cos x, when 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
(iii) We know that cos x = 
− cos x, when π ≤ x ≤ π
 2
π π /2 π π /2 π
∴ ∫
0
cos x dx = ∫
0
cos x dx + ∫
π /2
cos x dx = ∫
0
cos x dx + ∫ ( − cos x ) dx
π /2
= [sin x ]0 − [sin x ]π / 2 = (1 − 0 ) − ( 0 − 1) = 2
π /2 π
sin x, when 0 ≤ x ≤ π
(iv) We know that sin x = 
− sin x, when π ≤ x ≤ 2π
2π π 2π π 2π
∴ ∫0
sin x dx = ∫ sin x dx +
0
∫
π
sin x dx = ∫ sin x dx +
0
∫ ( − sin x ) dx
π
= − [ cos x ]0 + [ cos x ]π = − ( −1 − 1) + (1 − ( −1) ) = 2 + 2 = 4

π 2π
1 0 1 0 1
32. (i) ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ (1 − 2 x ) dx + ∫ (1 + 2 x ) dx
−1 −1 0 −1 0
th
0 2 1
=  x − x 2  +  x + x  = {0 − ( −1 − 1)} + {(1 + 1) − 0} = 2 + 2 = 4
−1 0
9
sin x, 0≤ x ≤π /2

(ii) Let I = ∫ f ( x ) dx . Given, f ( x ) = 1, π /2≤ x ≤3
0  x −3
e , 3≤ x ≤9
∴ ∫0
9
f ( x ) dx = ∫
0
π /2
f ( x ) dx + ∫
9
π /2
f ( x ) dx = ∫
π /2
0
f ( x ) dx + (∫
π /2
3 9
f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx
3 )
π /2 3 9 9
sin x dx + ∫ 1.dx + ∫ e x −3 dx = [ − cos x ]0 + [ x ] π / 2 + e x −3 
π /2 3
= ∫
0 π /2 3 3
 π   π π π
=  − cos + cos 0  +  3 −  + ( e6 − e0 ) = 0 + 1 + 3 − + e6 − 1 = e6 − + 3.
 2   2 2 2
4
33. (i) Let I = ∫ x + 1 dx. Now, x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = −1
−4
So, x + 1 ≤ 0 on [ −4, −1] and x + 1 ≥ 0 on [ −1, 4]

−1 4 −1 4
∴I =∫ x + 1 dx + ∫ x + 1dx = ∫ − ( x + 1) dx + ∫ ( x + 1) dx
−4 −1 −4 −1
−1 4
 ( x + 1)   ( x + 1)2  1 1
= −  +  = − ( 0 − 9 ) + ( 25 − 0 ) = 17
 2  −4  2  −1 2 2
3
(ii) Let I = ∫ x − 2 dx . Now, x − 2 = 0 ⇒ x=2
0
So, x − 2 ≤ 0 on [ 0, 2] and x − 2 ≥ 0 on [ 2,3]

2 3 2 3 2 3
∴ I = ∫ x − 2 dx + ∫ x − 2 dx = ∫ ( 2 − x ) dx + ∫ ( x − 2 ) dx = ∫ ( 2 − x ) dx + ∫ ( x − 2 ) dx
0 2 0 2 0 2
2 3
 ( 2 − x )2   ( x − 2 ) 2  1 1 5
=   +  = − ( 0 − 4 ) + (1 − 0 ) =
 −2  0  2  2 2 2 2
1 1
(iii) Let I = ∫ 2 x − 1 dx. 2 x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x =
1/ 4 2
1 1 1 
So, 2 x − 1 ≤ 0 on  ,  and 2 x − 1 ≥ 0 on  ,1
4 2 2 
1/ 2 1 1/ 2 1
∴I =∫ 2 x − 1 dx + ∫ 2 x − 1 dx = ∫  − ( 2 x − 1)  dx + ∫ ( 2 x − 1) dx
1/ 4 1/ 2 1/ 4 1/ 2
1/ 2 1
 ( 2 x − 1) 2   ( 2 x − 1)2  1 1 1 5
= −  +  = −  0 −  + (1 − 0 ) =
 4 1/ 4  4 1/ 2 4 4 4 16
3 3 3 3 3
34. (i) ∫ f ( x ) dx, = ∫ ( x + x − 1 + x − 2 ) dx = ∫
0 0 0
x dx + ∫ x − 1 dx + ∫ x − 2 dx
0 0
= ∫
0
3
x dx + ( ∫ x −1 dx + ∫
1
0 1
3
x − 1 dx + ) (∫ 2
0
x − 2 dx + ∫ x − 2 dx
3
2 )
[∵ x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1, x − 2 = 0, ⇒ x = 2]
3 1 3 2 3
= ∫ x dx + ∫ (1 − x ) dx + ∫ ( x − 1) dx + ∫ ( 2 − x ) dx + ∫ ( x − 2 ) dx
0 0 1 0 2
∵ x ≥ on [ 0, 3] , x − 1 ≤ 0 on [ 0,1] , x − 1 ≥ 0 on [1,3] , x − 2 ≤ 0 on [ 0, 2] , x − 2 ≥ 0 on [ 2, 3]
th
3 1 3 2 3
 x2   x2   x2   x2   x2 
=   +  x −  +  − x  + 2 x −  +  − 2 x 
 2 0  2 0  2 1  2 0  2 2
9  1 9 1  9  9 1 9  19
= + 1 −  +  − 3 − + 1 + [ 4 − 2] +  − 6 − 2 + 4  =  + + 4 − 2 + 2 + − 4  =
2  2 2 2  2  2 2 2  2
5 5 5 5 5
(ii) ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ ( x − 2 + x − 3 + x − 4 ) dx = ∫
2 2 2
x − 2 dx + ∫ x − 4 dx + ∫ x − 4 dx
2 2
= ∫2
5
x − 2 dx + (∫
2
3 5
x − 3 dx + ∫ x − 3 dx +
3 ) (∫ 2
4 5
x − 4 dx + ∫ x − 4 dx
4 )
[∵ x − 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 2, x − 3 = 0 ⇒ x = 3, x − 4 = 0 ⇒ x = 4]
5 3 5 4 5
= ∫2 ( x − 2 ) dx + ∫2 ( 3 − x ) dx + ∫3 ( x − 3) dx + ∫2 ( 4 − x ) dx + ∫4 ( x − 4 ) dx
∵ x − 2 ≥ 0 on 2, 5 , x − 3 ≤ 0 on [ 2,3] , x − 3 ≥ 0 on 3,5 , x − 4 ≤ 0 on [ 2, 4] , x − 4 ≥ 0 on 4, 5 
5 3 5 4 5
 ( x − 2 )2   ( 3 − x )2   ( x − 3)2   ( 4 − x )2   ( x − 4 ) 2 
=   +  +  +  + 
 2  2  −2  2  2  3  −2  2  2  4
1 1 1 1 1 9 1 1
= ( 9 − 0 ) − ( 0 − 1) + ( 4 − 0 ) − ( 0 − 4 ) + (1 − 0 ) = + + 2 + 2 + = 9.5
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
35. (i) Let I = ∫ x 2 + 2 x − 3 dx.
0
Now, x 2 + 2 x − 3 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 3)( x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = −3, 1 ; −3 ∉[ 0, 2] and 1 ∉[ 0, 2]
For 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x 2 + 2 x − 3 = x + 3 x − 1 = ( x + 3) ( −1( x − 1) ) = − x 2 − 2 x + 3
and for 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, x 2 + 2 x − 3 = x + 3 x − 1 = ( x + 3)( x − 1) = x 2 + 2 x − 3
∴ I = ∫ x 2 + 2 x − 3 dx + ∫ x 2 + 2 x − 3 dx = ∫ ( − x 2 − 2 x + 3) dx + ∫ ( x 2 + 2 x − 3) dx
1 2 1 2
0 1 0 1
1 2
 x3   x3   1    8  1 
= − − x 2 + 3x  +  + x 2 − 3x  =  − 3 − 1 + 3  − 0  +  3 + 4 − 6  −  3 + 1 − 3  
 3 0  3 1       
5  2 5  12
= + + = =4
3  3 3  3
2
(ii) Let I = ∫ x3 − x dx.
−1
Now, x − x = 0 ⇒ x ( x − 1)( x + 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 1, − 1 ⇒ x = −1, 0, 1

3
For −1 ≤ x ≤ 0, x3 − x = x ( x − 1)( x + 1) = − x ( − ( x − 1) ) ( x + 1) = x3 − x
For 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x3 − x = x ( x − 1)( x + 1) = x ( − ( x − 1)( x + 1) ) = − ( x3 − x )
and for 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, x3 − x = x ( x − 1( x + 1) ) = x ( x − 1)( x + 1) = x3 − x

0 1 2
∴ I = ∫ x3 − x dx + ∫ x 3 − x dx + ∫ x3 − x dx
−1 0 1
0 1 2
 x4 x2   x4 x2   x4 x2 
∫ (x − x ) dx − ∫ ( x − x ) dx + ∫ ( )  4 2   4 − 2  + 4 − 2 
0 1 2
3 3 3
= x − x dx = − −
−1 0 1
  −1  0  1
  1 1    1 1    16 4   1 1   1 1 1 11
= 0 −  −   −  −  + 0  +  −  −  −   = + + 2 + =
  4 2    4 2    4 2   4 2   4 4 4 4
th
π π /2 π
36. (i) Let I = ∫ 0
cos x dx = ∫
0
cos x dx + ∫
π /2
cos x dx [∵ cos x = 0 ⇒ x = π / 2]
π /2 π π /2 π
= ∫0
cos x dx + ∫
π /2
( − cos x ) dx = ∫0 cos x dx − ∫ cos x dx
π /2
∵ cos x ≥ 0 on [ 0, π / 2] and cos x ≤ 0 on {π / 2, π }
 π   π
= [sin x ]0 − [sin x ]π / 2 =  sin − sin 0  −  sin π − sin  = (1 − 0 ) − ( 0 − 1) = 2
π /2 π
 2   2
π /2 0 π /2
(ii) Let I = ∫π − /2
sin x dx = ∫
−π / 2
sin x dx + ∫
0
sin x dx [∵sin x = 0 ⇒ x = 0]
0 π /2
sin x dx = [ cos x ]−π / 2 + [ − cos x ]0
0 π /2
= ∫−π / 2 ( − sin x ) dx + ∫0
∵ sin x ≤ 0 on [ −π / 2, 0] and sin x ≥ 0 on [ 0, π / 2]
  π   π 
= cos 0 − cos  −   − cos − cos 0  = (1 − 0 ) − ( 0 − 1) = 1 + 1 = 2
  2   2 
π /2
(iii) Let I = ∫
−π / 2
( sin x − cos x ) dx
0 π /2
∴ I =∫
−π / 2
( sin x − cos x ) dx + ∫ ( sin x − cos x ) dx 0
= ∫π
0
− /2 (sin ( − x ) − cos ( − x ) dx + ∫ 0
π /2
( sin x − cos x ) dx )
0 π /2
∫ π ( − sin x − cos x ) dx + ∫ ( sin x − cos x ) dx = [cos x − sin x ] π + [ − cos x − sin x ]0
0 π /2
= − /2
− /2 0
   π  π     π π 
= ( cos 0 − sin 0 ) − cos  −  − sin  −   +  − cos − sin  − ( − cos 0 − sin 0 ) 
   2  2     2 2 
= (1 − 0 ) − ( 0 + 1)  + ( 0 − 1) − ( −1 − 0 )  = 0
5
 x − 2 when x − 2 ≥ 0 i.e., x ≥ 2
37. (i) Let I = ∫
−5
x − 2 dx . Clearly, x − 2 = 
− ( x − 2 ) when x − 2 < 0 i.e., x < 2
2 5 2 5
∴ I = ∫
−5
x − 2 dx + ∫ x − 2 dx =
2
∫ − ( x − 2 ) dx + ∫ ( x − 2 ) dx
−5 2
2 5
 x2   x2    25    25 
=  2 x −  +  − 2 x  =  4 − 2 −  −10 −   +  − 10 − ( 2 − 4 ) 
 2  −5  2 2   2   2 
 45   5 
=  2 +  +  + 2  = 29
 2  2 
1
x when x ≥ 0
(ii) Let I = ∫ e dx . Clearly, x = 
x
−1 −x when x < 0

0 1 0 1
∫ e dx + ∫ e dx =  −e  −1 + e  0 = ( −1 + e ) + ( e − 1) = 2e − 2
0 1
∫ e dx + ∫ e dx =
−x −x 1 1
∴ I =
x x x x
−1 0 −1 0
4
(iii) Let I = ∫(
1
x − 1 + x − 2 + x − 3 ) dx . Also, let f ( x) = x − 1 + x − 2 + x − 3
th
( x − 1) − ( x − 2 ) − ( x − 3) , if 1 ≤ x < 2  − x + 4, if 1 ≤ x < 2
 
∴ f ( x) = ( x − 1) + ( x − 2 ) − ( x − 3) , if 2 ≤ x < 3 ⇒ f ( x) =  x , if 2 ≤ x < 3
  3x − 6, if x ≥ 3
( x − 1) + ( x − 2 ) + ( x − 3) , if x ≥ 3 
4 2 3 4 2 3 4
∴ I = ∫
1
f ( x) dx = ∫
1
f ( x) dx + ∫2
f ( x) dx + ∫
3
f ( x) dx = ∫ (− x + 4) dx +
1
∫ x dx + ∫ (3x − 6) dx
2 3
2 3 4
 x2   x 2   3x 2    1   9 4    27 
= − + 4x +   +  − 6 x  = ( −2 + 8 ) −  − + 4   +  −  + ( 24 − 24 ) −  − 18  
 2 1  2  2  2 3   2   2 2    2 
7 5 9 19
= 6− + + =
2 2 2 2
π /4 π /4
38. Let I = ∫
0
1 + sin 2 x dx = ∫ 0
sin 2 x + cos 2 x + 2sin x cos x dx
π /4
∫ ( cos x + sin x ) dx = [sin x − cos x ]

π /4
= 0
0
 π π  1 1 
=  sin − cos  − ( sin 0 − cos 0 ) =  −  − ( 0 − 1) = 1
 4 4  2 2
π /2 π /2 π /2
2
39. Let I =
π
∫/4
1 − sin 2 x dx =
π
∫
/4
cos 2 x + sin 2 x − 2sin x cos x dx = ∫π ( cos x − sin x ) dx
/4
 π π 
π /2
 ∵cos x < sin x for < x < 
= ∫ ( sin x − cos x ) dx 
4 2

π /4
∴cos x − sin x < 0 ⇒ cos x − sin x = − ( cos x − sin x ) 
= [ − cos x − sin x ]π /4
π /2
 π  π   π   π    −2 
= − cos   − sin   − − cos   − sin    = ( 0 − 1) −   = 2 −1
 2 2  4  4    2
π /2 π /2 π /2
40. Let I = ∫
0
1 − cos 2 x dx = ∫ 2sin 2 x dx = 2 ∫ sin x dx
0
  π  
2 [ − cos x ]0 = 2  − cos    − ( − cos 0 )  = 2 ( 0 + 1) = 2
π /2
=
  2  
1
1 1 1
41. (i) Let I = ∫0 2 x − 3 2 
dx =  log 2 x − 3 
0
1 1 1 1
= log −1 − log −3  = [ log1 − log 3] = [ 0 − log 3] = − log 3
2 2 2 2
1
1
1
1  ( 5 x + 3)1/ 2  2
(ii) Let I = ∫ 5x + 3
−1/2
dx = ∫ ( 5 x + 3) dx =  2.
 5
 =
 5
( 8− 3 )
0 0
0
−1
1 −1
(iii) Let I =
−4
∫ x dx = log x  −4
= log −1 − log −4  = log1 − log 4 = 0 − log 4 = − log 4
π π
4 4
 π π  π
(iv) Let I = ∫ tan 2 x dx = ∫ ( sec2 x − 1)dx = [ tan x − x ]0
π /4
=  tan −  − ( tan 0 − 0 ) = 1 − 
0 0  4 4  4
th
1 1
1 1+ x − x
42. (i) Let I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
0 1+ x + x 0 ( )(
1+ x + x 1+ x − x )
1 1
2 3
2 3
 2 3
2 3  2 3
2 3
=∫ ( ) 3 0  3 3  3 3

1 + x − x dx =  (1 + x ) 2 − ( x ) 2  =  (1 + 1) 2 − (1) 2  −  (1 + 0 ) 2 − ( 0 ) 2 
3 
0
2  32  2 2 4
=  2 − 1 − [1 − 0] =  2 2 − 2 =  2 − 1
3  3 3 3
π π π
2
12 1  sin 2 x  2 1   π sin π   π
(ii) Let I = ∫ cos x dx = ∫ (1 + cos 2 x ) dx =  x +  − {0 + 0} =
2
 =  +
0
20 2 2 0 2  2 2   4
π
π /2 2
cos 3 x + 3cos x
(iii) Let I = ∫
0
cos3 x dx = ∫
0
4
dx ∵ cos 3 x = 4 cos3 x − 3cos x 
π π
12 1  sin 3 x 2
= ∫ ( cos 3 x + 3cos x ) dx =  + 3sin x 
40 4 3 0
 3π  
 sin
1
= 
 2 + 3sin π −  sin 0 + 3sin 0   = 1  − 1 + 3  − ( 0 + 0 )  = 2

      3
4  3 2  3   4  3  
  
π π π
2
12 12
(iv)Let I = ∫ sin 4 x dx = ∫ ( 2 sin 2 x ) dx = ∫ (1 − cos 2 x ) dx
2 2
0
40 40
π π
2
1 1 2 1 + cos 4 x 
=
40∫ (1 − 2 cos 2 x + cos 2
2 x ) dx = ∫
4 0
1 − 2 cos 2 x +
2
 dx

π π
12 1 4 sin 4 x  2
= ∫ ( 3 − 4 cos 2 x + cos 4 x ) dx = 3 x − sin 2 x +
80 8 2 4  0
1   3π 1   1  3π  3π
=   − 2sin π + sin 2π  − {0 − 0 + 0} =  − 0 + 0  =
8  2 4   8 2  16
π π
4
14
(i) Let I = ∫ sin 2 x sin 3 xdx = ( cos x − cos 5 x ) dx ∵ 2 sin A sin B = cos ( A − B ) − cos ( A + B ) 
2 ∫0
43.
0
π
1 sin 5 x  4 1  π 1  5π  
= sin x − =  sin − sin   − 0 
2 5  0 2  4 5  4  
1  1 1  1  1 6 3 2
=  +    =  = .
2  2 5  2   2 2  5  10
π π π
4 4 4
2
(ii) Let I = ∫ 1 − sin 2 x dx = ∫ sin 2 x + cos 2 x − 2 sin x cos x dx = ∫ ( cos x − sin x ) dx
0 0 0
th
π
4
 π 
= ∫ ( cos x − sin x ) dx
0
∵0 < x < 4 ∴ cos x > sin x ⇒ cos x − sin x > 0 
π /4  π π  1 1  2
= [sin x + cos x ]0 =  sin + cos  − ( sin 0 + cos 0 ) =  +  − ( 0 + 1) = −1 = 2 −1
 4 4  2 2 2
π π π
2 2
1 1 12
(iii) Let I = ∫π 1 − cos 2 x π∫ 2 sin 2 x
dx = dx = ∫
2π
cosec2 x dx
4 4 4
1 1 π π 1 1
[ − cot x ]π / 4 =  − cot + cot  = [ 0 + 1] =
π /2
=
2 2 2 4 2 2
π π
4 π /4 4
∫ ( tan x + cot 2 x + 2 ) dx = ∫ ( sec 2 x ) + ( cosec2 x )  dx

2
∫ ( tan x + cot x )
2
(iv) Let I = dx =
π π /3 π
3 5
 π π  π π    1   −2
= [ tan x − cot x ]π / 3 =  tan − cot  −  tan − cot   = (1 − 1) −  3 −
π /4
4 4  3 3    =
  3  3
2
x+2 x+2 A B
44. (i) Let I = ∫ dx . Now, = + ⇒ x + 2 = A ( x + 3) + Bx
1
x ( x + 3) x ( x + 3) x x + 3
2 1
Put x = 0, 2 = A × 3 ⇒ A= ; Put x = −3, − 1 = −3B ⇒ B=
3 3
2
2
 2 1  2 1 
Hence, I = ∫  + = log + log + 3
 3 x 3 ( x + 3)  dx  3 x
3
x 
1  1
2 1 2 1 5 1 5
= ( log 2 − 0 ) + {log ( 5) − log ( 4 )} = log 2 + log = 2 log 2 + log 
3 3 3 3 4 3 4
1   5  1
= log  4 ×   = log 5
3  4  3
1 1 1
(ii) Let I = ∫ x e x dx =  x e x  − ∫ 1 e x dx = (1e1 − 0 ) − ∫ e x dx = e − ( e1 − e0 ) = e − e + 1 = 1.
1
0
0 0 0
1
2
∫ x e dx, Substitute x = t ⇒ 2 x dx = dt;

2
(iii) x
When x = 0, t = 02 = 0 and when x = 1, t = 12 = 1

1
1  1 1 1
= ∫ et  dt  = et  = ( et − e0 ) = ( e − 1)
1
0 2  2 0 2 2
π dx π 1 1 − sin x π 1 sin x 
45. (i) Let I = ∫ ∴I = ∫ . dx = ∫  2
− 2  dx
0 1 + sin x 0 1 + sin x 1 − sin x 0
 cos x cos x 
∫ ( sec x − tan x sec x ) dx = [ tan x − sec x ]0

π π
2
=
0
= ( tan π − sec π ) − ( tan 0 − sec 0 ) = ( 0 − ( −1) ) − ( 0 − 1) = 2

2 5x2
(ii) Let I = ∫ dx. The integrand is not a proper fraction.
1 x2 + 4x + 3
th
2
5x 20 x + 15
So by long division, we get, 2 =5− 2 ….(1)
x + 4x + 3 x + 4x + 3
Also, 2
20 x + 15
=
20 x + 15
=
( −5 ) + −45 = −5 + 45
x + 4 x + 3 ( x + 1)( x + 3 ) ( x + 1)( 2 ) ( −2 )( x + 3) 2 ( x + 1) 2 ( x + 3)
5x2  −5 45   5 45 
Hence 2 = 5 −  +  =  5 + − 
x + 4x + 3  2 ( x + 1) 2 ( x + 3)   2 ( x + 1) 2 ( x + 3) 
2
2 5 45   5 
∴ I = ∫ 5 + −  dx =  5 x + log x + 1 − 45log x + 3 
1  2 ( x + 1) 2 ( x + 3)  2
 1
 5 45   5 45 
= 10 + log 3 − log 5  −  5 + log 2 − log 4 
 2 2   2 2 
5 45 5 3 45 5
= 5 + ( log 3 − log 2 ) − ( log 5 − log 4 ) = 5 + log − log
2 2 2 2 2 4
4 4
1 1
46. (i) Let I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
( 2)
2 2
0 x + 2x + 3 0
( x + 1)
2
+
4
  4
( 2)
2
= log x + 1 + ( x + 1)
2
+ = log x + 1 + x 2 + 2 x + 3 
   0
 0 
5+3 3 
( ) (
= log 5 + 16 + 8 + 3 − log 1 + 3 = log 5 + 3 3 − log 1 + 3 = log  )  ( ) ( )
 1+ 3 
1 1 1
a a a
(ii) Let I = ∫ ax − x 2
dx = ∫  a2 a2 
dx = ∫ 2 2
dx
0 0
−  x 2 − ax + − 
0 a  a
4 4   −x − 
 2  2
a
  a 
 −1  x − 2  
a
 −1  2 x − a   π 
= sin    = sin    = sin −1 1 − sin −1 ( −1) = 2sin −1 (1) = 2   = π
 
a  
  a 0 2
  2   0
π /2 π /2 π /2
  cos 2 x    cos 2 x 
∫ x sin 2 x dx =  x 2  − ∫ 2 x  −
2
47. (i) Let I =  − dx [Integrating by parts]
0   2   0 0
2 
π /2
1π2  π /2 π2   sin 2 x  
π /2
 sin 2 x 
= −  cos π − 0  + ∫ x cos 2 x dx = − ( −1) +  x   − ∫ 1  dx
2 4  0 8   2   0 0  2 
π /2
π2
1 π  1  cos 2 x  π2 1 π2 1 π2 1
= +  sin π − 0  −  − = + [ cos π − cos 0 ] = + ( − 1 − 1) = − .
8 22  2 2  0 8 4 8 4 8 2
2
( )
2
2 2  2 
x 2 − x2
∫ ( 2)
2
− x dx = 
x 
∫ 2 − x 2 dx = 2
(ii) Let I = + sin −1
 2 2 2
0 0
  0
 2 ×0   0× 2   π π
=  + sin −1 (1)  −  + sin −1 ( 0 )  =  0 +  − ( 0 + 0 ) = .
 2   2   2 2
th
2 2 2
1 1 1
(iii) Let I = ∫ ( x − 1)( 2 − x )
1
dx = ∫
1 −2 + 3 x − x 2
dx = ∫
1 −2 − ( x 2 − 3 x )
dx
2
  3 
2 2
  x − 
1 dx 2
= ∫ 9   2 9
dx = ∫ 2 2
= sin −1 
1/ 2

1 1 1  3   
 − 2  −  x − 3x +    − x−     1
4   4 2  2
2 π  π
= sin −1 ( 2 x − 3)  = sin −1 1 − sin ( −1) = −  −  = π .
1 2  2
1/ 2 1/2 1/2
dx 1 1
48. (i) Let I = ∫ x − x2
dx = ∫ 1 1
dx = ∫  2
1/ 4 1/4 
− x2 − x + −  1/4 1  1 
4 4 −  x −  − 
  2  4 
1/2 1/ 2
dx   x − 1/ 2   1/ 2 −1 1 π
∫ = sin −1    = sin ( 2 x − 1) 1/ 4 = 0 + sin
−1
= =
1/4 1  1
2 2
  1/ 2  1/ 4 2 6
  − x − 
2  2
4 4
1 2x 1 4 1 1  17 
dx = log ( x 2 + 1)  = log (17 ) − log ( 5 )  = log  
x
(ii) Let I = ∫ 2
dx = ∫ 2
2
x +1 2 2 x +1 2 2 2 2  5
1 1
2x 1 10 x 1 1 1 1
49. (i) Let I = ∫ 2
dx = ∫ 2 dx = log ( 5 x 2 + 1)  = [ log 6 − log1] = log 6
0
5x + 1 5 0 5x + 1 5 0 5 5
2 2 2
5x + 1 5x 1
(ii) Let I = ∫ dx = ∫0 x 2 + 4 dx + ∫0 x 2 + 4 dx
0
x2 + 4
2 2 2
5 2x 1 5 2 1  x 
= ∫ 2
2 0 x +4
dx + ∫ 2
x +2 2
dx =
2

 log ( x 2
+ 4 ) 
 0
+  tan −1   
2  2 0
0
5 1 5 8 1 π 5 π
= [ log 8 − log 4] +  tan −1 (1) − tan −1 0 = log   +  − 0 = log 2 +
2 2 2 4 24  2 8
3
1 1 A Bx + C
50. Let I = ∫ x ( x + 1) dx and let
1
2
=
x ( x + 1) x + 1
2
+
x2
....(i)
⇒ 1 = Ax 2 + ( Bx + C )( x + 1) ⇒ 1 = ( A + B ) x2 + ( B + C ) x + C …(ii)
Putting x = 0, x = −1 respectively in (ii), we get C = 1 and A = 1
Equating coefficients of x 2 on both the sides of (ii), we get 0 = A + B ⇒ B = − A = −1
Substituting the values of A, B and C in (i), we get,
1 1 −x +1 1 1 x 1 1 1 1 1
= + 2 ⇒ 2 = − 2+ 2 ⇒ = − + 2
x ( x + 1) x + 1
2
x x ( x + 1) x +1 x x x ( x + 1) x + 1 x x
2
3 3
 1 1 1   1
∴ I = ∫ − + 2  dx = log x + 1 − log x − x 
1
x +1 x x  1
 1  4 1  2 2
=  log 4 − log 3 −  − ( log 2 − log1 − 1) = log  − + 1 = log   +
 3  2×3 3  3 3
2 2 2 2
log x 1   1  1 1
51. (i) Let I = ∫1 x 2 dx = ∫1 log x ⋅ x 2 = log x.  − x  1 − ∫1 x  − x  dx [Integrating by parts]
th
2 2
 1  1  1   1 1
=  − log x  −   =  − log 2  + (1 ⋅ log1) −  − 
 x 1  x 1  2   2 1
1 1 1 1 1 e
= − log 2 + = ( − log 2 + 1) = ( − log 2 + log e ) = log  
2 2 2 2 2 2
π /2 π /2
π /2
(ii) Let I = ∫ x sin x dx = [ − x cos x ]0 − ∫ 1⋅ ( − cos x ) dx [Integration by parts]
0 0
π /2 π /2  π π   π 
= [ − x cos x ]0 + [sin x ]0 =  − cos + 0 cos 0  +  sin − sin 0  = 1
 2 2   2 
1 1 1
 πx πx
(iii) Let I = ∫  xe x + sin  dx = ∫ xe dx + ∫ sin
x
dx
0
4  0 0
4
1 1
4 π x 4 π 
=  xe x  − ∫ 1 ⋅ e x dx − cos  = (1 ⋅ e1 − 0.e0 ) − ( e1 − e0 ) −  cos − cos 0 
1
0
0
π 4 0 π 4 
4 1  4 2 2
= ( e − 0 ) − ( e − 1) −  − 1 = 1 + −
π 2  π π
1
  
  1  
1 1 1
  x +  
1 dx dx  2 −1   2  
52. (i) Let I = ∫ 2 dx = ∫ = ∫ =  3 tan  
x + x +1 0  2 1  3 0  1 
2
 3 
2
  3  
0
 x + x + 4  + 4   
   x+  +
2  2 
    2  
     0
1
2  −1  2 x + 1   2  −1  1  2 π π  π
=  tan 
3  3 0
 =  tan
3
( 3 ) − tan −1
  =
 3 
 − =
3 3 6 3 3
(ii) Let I = ∫
1
1− x
1
 1− x
dx = ∫ 
1− x 
1
(1 − x ) 1
dx 1 ( −2 x )
1
0
1+ x 0  1+ x
×  dx =
1 − x 
∫
0 1 − x2
dx = ∫
0 1 − x2
+
2 ∫0 1 − x 2
dx
Put 1 − x 2 = t ⇒ − 2 x dx = dt , also when x = 0, t = 1 and when x = 1, t = 0 , in second part

0 0 0
1 1 1  t1/ 2  π  12  π π
dt = {− sin −1 (1) − sin −1 ( 0 )} + 
1
∴ I = sin x  + ∫
−1
 = + t  = + ( 0 − 1) = − 1
0 21 t 2  1   2  1 2 2
 
  2  1
1 1 1 2 2
1 1 1  1
(iii) Let I = ∫ x (1 − x )dx = ∫ 2
− x + x + − dx = ∫   −  x −  dx
0 0
4 4 0 2  2
1
  1 
x −   x
2
1  1 11  2 x a2 − x2 a2
=   x −  x (1 − x ) +   sin −1   ∵∫ a − x dx =
2 2
+ sin −1 
2  2 22 1  2 2 a 
 
  2   0
1
1 1 
=  ( 2 x − 1) x (1 − x ) + sin −1 ( 2 x − 1) 
4 8 0
1 1  1 1 
=  ( 2 × 1 − 1) 1(1 − 1) + sin −1 ( 2 × 1 − 1)  −  ( 2 × 0 − 1) 0 (1 − 0 ) + sin −1 ( 2× 0 − 1) 
4 8  4 8 
1 1 π   1 π  2π π
=  × 0 + ×  − 0 − ⋅  = =
4 8 2   8 2  16 8
th
log x 1
e
53. (i) Let I = ∫ dx . Put log x = t ⇒ dx = dt
1
x x
1 1
t2  1 1
Also, when x = e, t = log e = 1 and when x = 1, t = 0 . ∴ I = ∫ t dt =   = − 0 =
0  2 0 2 2
1
ex
(ii) Let I = ∫ 2x
dx . Put e x = t ⇒ e x dx = dt
0
1+ e
e
dt π
=  tan −1 ( t )  = tan −1 e − tan −1 1 = tan −1 e −
e
When x = 0, t = 1 and when x = 1, t = e . ∴ I = ∫ 2
1
1+ t 1 4
1
x tan −1 x
(iii) Let I = ∫ 3
dx . Put tan −1 x = θ ⇒ x = tan θ ⇒ dx = sec 2 θ dθ
0
(1 + x ) 2 2
π π
Now, when x = 0, tan θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0 and when x = 1, tan θ = 1 = tan ⇒θ =
4 4
π /4 π /4 π /4
θ tan θ π
∫ θ ⋅ sin θ dθ = [ −θ cos θ ]
/4
∴ I= ∫0
3
sec θ
sec 2 θ dθ =
0
0
− ∫ ( − cosθ ) dθ
0
[Integrating by parts]
 π   1  4 −π
= [ −θ cos θ ]0 + [ sin θ ]0
π /4 π /4
= − − 0 +  − 0 =
 4 2   2  4 2
π /2 π /2
 sin x cos x 
(iv) We have, I = ∫{
0
tan x + cot x dx = } ∫
0

 cos x
+  dx
sin x 
π /2 π /2 π /2
sin + cos x sin + cos x sin + cos x
= ∫ sin x cos x
dx = 2 ∫ 2sin x cos x
dx = 2 ∫ 2
dx
0 0 0 1 − ( sin x − cos x )
Putting ( sin x − cos x ) = t ⇒ ( cos x + sin x ) dx = dt
π
Now when x = 0 , t = −1 and when x = , t =1
2
1
dt 1 π
∴ I = 2∫ = 2 sin −1 t  = 2 sin −1 (1) − sin −1 ( −1)  = 2  2sin −1 (1)  = 2 2. = 2π
−1 1− t 2 −1 2
π /6 π /6 π /6
54. Let I = ∫ ( 2 + 3x 2 ) cos 3x dx = ( 2 + 3x 2 ) sin33x  − ∫ 6x
sin 3 x
3
dx [Integrating by parts]
0 0 0
π /6 π /6
 2 sin 3 x  1
π /6
   − x cos 3 x π /6 π /6 cos 3 x 
= ( 2 + 3 x ) − 2 ∫ x sin 3 x dx =  ( 2 + 3 x ) sin 3 x  − 2  
2
 − ∫ − 3 dx 
 3  0 0 3 0   3 0 0 
π /6
1    − x cos 3 x π /6 1 π /6 
=  ( 2 + 3 x ) sin 3 x  − 2  
2
 + [ sin 3 x ]0 
3 0   3 0 9 
1  π2  π 1    π π  0 cos 0  1  π 
=  2+  sin − ( 2 + 0 ) 0  − 2   − cos  +  + sin − sin 0 
3  12  2 3    18 2 3  9 2 
1  π2    1  2 π
2
2 π2 4 1
=  2+ −
 0 − 2  0 + (1 − 0 )  = +
 3 36 9
− = +
36 9
=
36
( π 2 + 16 )
3  12    9
th
π
2
cos θ
55. (i) Let I = ∫ (1 + sin θ )( 2 + sin θ ) dθ
0
Putting sin θ = t ⇒ cos θ dθ = dt
π π
When θ = 0, t = sin 0 = 0 and when θ = , t = sin =1
2 2
1
1
1
 1  1
 1 1 
∴ I =∫ dt = ∫   dt = ∫  −  dt [By Partial fraction]
0 (1 + t )( 2 + t ) 0  (1 + t ) ( 2 + t ) 
 0 1 + t 2 + t 
1 1
= log (1 + t )  0 − log ( 2 + t )  0 = ( log 2 − log1) − ( log 3 − log 2 )
4
= log 2 − log 3 + log 2 = 2 log 2 − log 3 = log 4 − log 3 = log
3
∞
dx
(ii) Let I = ∫
0 (x 2
+a 2
)( x 2
+ b2 )
1 1 x2 + a2 − ( x2 + b2 ) 1  1 1 
By inspection, = 2 2 = 2 2  2 − 2
(x 2
+ a 2 )( x 2 + b 2 ) ( a − b ) ( x + a )( x + b ) ( a − b )  x + b x + a 2 
2 2 2 2 2
∞ ∞
1  1 1  1 1 −1 x 1 −1 x 
2 ∫ 2  b tan b − a tan a 
∴ I= 2 2
− 2 2 
dx = 2 2
a −b 0  x +b x +a  a −b 0
1  1 −1 1 −1  1 −1 1 −1  
=  b tan ∞ − a tan ∞  −  b tan 0 − a tan 0  
a − b2
2
   
1 1 π 1 π  1 π a −b π
= 2 
⋅ − ⋅ −0 = 2 ⋅   =
2
a − b b 2 a 2  2
a − b 2  ab  2ab ( a + b )
π π
2
1 2
sec 2 x dx
56. (i) Let I = ∫ dx = ∫0 4 tan 2 x + 5 dx [Dividing N r and D r by cos 2 x ]
0
4 sin x + 5 cos 2 x
2
Putting tan x = t ⇒ sec 2 x dx = dt ,

π π
Now, when x = 0, t = tan 0 = 0 and when x = , t = tan =∞
2 2
∞ ∞ ∞
dt 1 1 1 1  −1  t  
∴ I =∫ 2 = ∫ 2
dt = ⋅  tan   
4t + 5 4 0  5  4  5  5  
0 2
   
t +    2  
 2   2      0
∞
1  −1  2t   1 1 π π
=  tan   =  tan −1 ∞ − tan −1 0  = × =
2 5  5  0 2 5 2 5 2 4 5
π π
2
1 2
sec 2 x dx
(ii) Let I = ∫ dx = ∫0 4sec2 x + 9 [Dividing N r and D r by cos 2 x ]
0
4 + 9 cos 2 x
π π π
2
sec2 x dx 2
sec 2 x dx 12 sec2 x dx
= ∫ = ∫0 4 tan 2 x + 13 4 ∫0
=
0 4 ( tan x + 1) + 9
2 2
2
 13 
tan x +  
 4 
π
Put tan x = z ⇒ sec2 xdx = dz when x = 0, z = 0 and when x = ,z = ∞
2
th
∞ ∞
1 dz 1 2  −1 2 z  1 1 π π
∴ I= ∫ 2
= ⋅  tan  =  tan −1 ∞ − tan −1 0  = ⋅ =
40  13  4 13  13  0 2 13 2 13 2 4 13
z2 +  
 4 
π
2
1
(iii) Let I = ∫ dx Taking 2= r sin α and 4 = r cos α
0
2 cos x + 4sin x
1
∴ r 2 = 22 + 42 ⇒ r = 2 5 and tan α =
2
π /2
dx
∴ I= ∫ r ( sin α cos x + cos α sin x )
0
π π
π
12 dx 12 1
= ∫ = ∫ cosec ( x + α ) dx = log {cosec ( x + a ) − cot ( x + α )}  2
r 0 sin ( x + α ) r 0 r 0
1  π  π  
= log cosec  + α  − cot  + α   − log cosec α − cot α 
r  2  2  
 π  π   5 1
 cosec  + α  − cot  + α   +
1
= log  2  2   = 1 log  2 2 
r  cosec α − cot α  2 5  5−2 
   
 
1 5 +1  1 1 2 
= log  
∵tan α = 2 ⇒ sin α = ⇒ cos α = etc.
2 5 2 5 − 2
 ( ) 

 5 5 
1
57. Let x 2 = t ⇒ 2 x dx = dt ⇒ x dx = dt. When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = 1, t = 1.
2
1 1 1
1 − x2 1− t  1  1 1− t 1− t
∴ ∫x
0
1+ x 2
dx = ∫
0
1 + t  2  2 ∫0 1 + t 1 − t
 dt  = × dt
1 1 1 1
1 1− t 1 dt 1 t 1 1 1 t
=
2 ∫
0 1− t2
dt = ∫ − ∫
2 0 1− t2 2 0 1− t2
dt = sin −1 t  − ∫
2 0 2 0 1− t2
dt
1
1 1
sin −1 t  + ∫ (1 − t 2 ) ( −2t ) dt
1 −1/ 2
=
2 0 40
1
1 1  1− t2  1 π  1 π 1
= sin −1 1 − sin −1 0  +   =  − 0  + [ 0 − 1] = −
2 4  1/ 2  22  2 4 2
0
π /2
58. Let I =
π /4
∫ cos 2 x log sin x dx
π /2 π /2
1  1
⇒ I =  ( log sin x ) sin 2 x  − ∫ cot x sin 2 x dx [Integrating by parts]
2 π /4 π / 4 2
π /2 π /2
 1  1  1 1
 ∫ (1 + cos 2 x ) dx
2 π∫/ 4
2
=  0 − log  − cos x dx = log 2 −
 2  2  π / 4 4
th
π /2
1 1  sin 2 x  1 1  π   π 1  1 π 1
= log 2 −  x + = log 2 −  + 0  −  +   = log 2 − +
4 2 2 π / 4 4 2  2   4 2  4 8 4
2π
π x 
59. Let ∫e sin  +  dx
x
0  4 2
2π 2π
 π x   1 π x 
On integrating by parts, we get, I = sin  +  ⋅ e x  − ∫e cos  +  dx
x
  4 2  0 2 0  4 2
2π 2π
 5π 2π π  1  x  π x   1 π x
= sin e − sin  −  e cos  +   + ∫ e x sin  +  dx
 4 4  2   4 2   0 2 0  4 2
 e 2π 1  1   e 2π 1  1   e 2π + 1   e 2π + 1  1
= − −  −  − −  + I  = − − + − I
 2 2  2  2 2  2   2   2 2  4
1 e 2π + 1 5I e 2π + 1 2 2π
⇒ I+
4
I=
2 2
(1 − 2 ) ⇒
4
=−
2 2
⇒I = −
5
( e + 1)
π /2
60. (i) Let I = ∫ x 2 cos 2 x dx . Integrating by parts, we get
0
π /2
  sin 2 x   π /2  sin 2 x  π 2  sin π  π /2
I =  x2 
  2 0
 − ∫0  2 
2 x dx = 
4  2
 − 0 − ∫0 x sin 2 x dx

   cos 2 x  π / 2 π / 2  cos 2 x  
= 0 −  x  −  − ∫ 1.  −  dx 
   2   0 0
 2  
π /2
π  cos π  1 π /2 π  1  1  sin 2 x 
=   − 0 − ∫0 cos 2 x dx =  −  − 
2 2  2 2  2  2  2  0
π 1 π π
=− − [sin π − sin 0] = − + 0 = −
4 4 4 4
π /2
(ii) Let I = ∫
0
x 2 sin 3 x dx . Integrating by parts, we get
π /2
 2  cos 3 x   π /2  cos 3 x  π 2  cos ( 3π / 2 )  2 π /2
I = x  −
 

3   0
− ∫0  3 
2 x − dx =
4 
 −
3


− 0 +
3 ∫0
x cos 3 x dx
π /2
2    sin 3 x    sin 3 x  
π /2
π2
= ( )  
0 + x  − ∫0  3  dx 

4 3    3   0 
π /2
2 2 π /2 2 π 3π 2 cos 3x 
[ x sin 3x ]0 − ∫0 sin 3x dx =  sin − 0  − −
π /2
=0 +
9 9 9 2 2  9 3  0
2π  2 π /2 π 2  3π 
=  ( −1)  + [ cos 3 x ]0 = − +  cos − cos 0 
9 2  27 9 27  2 
π 2 π 2 3π + 2
= − + ( 0 − 1) = − − =−
9 27 9 27 27
x2 + x
dx = ∫ ( x 2 + x ) ( 2 x + 1) dx
4 4 −1/ 2
61. (i) Let I = ∫
2
2x +1 2
th
1/ 2 1/ 2 4
 2
Integrating by parts, we get, I = ( x + x )
( 2 x + 1)  4 ( 2 x + 1)
 − ∫2 ( 2 x + 1) dx
 1 1
⋅2  ⋅2
 2  2 2
4
4 3/ 2
 ( 2 x + 1)5 / 2 
= ( 20 ) 91/ 2 − ( 6 ) 51/ 2 − ∫ ( 2 x + 1) dx = 60 − 6 5 −  
2
  5 2 
  2   2
1 1
= 60 − 6 5 − 95 / 2 − 55 / 2  = 60 − 6 5 −  243 − 25 5 
5 5
243  243  57
= 60 − 6 5 − + 5 5 =  60 − − 5 = − 5
5  5  5
π /2
cos x
(ii) Let I = ∫ 1 + sin
0
2
x
dx . Put z = sin x ⇒ dz = cos x dx
π π
When x = 0, z = sin 0 = 0 and when x = , z = sin =1
2 2
1
dz 1 π π
∴ I =∫ 2
=  tan −1 ( z )  = tan −1 (1) − tan −1 ( 0 ) = − 0 =
0
1+ z 0 4 4
π π π π
2 2
x 2 (1 + cos 2 x ) 1 2 2
12 2
(i) Let I = ∫ x 2 cos 2 x dx = ∫ 2 ∫0 2 ∫0
62. dx = x dx + x cos 2 x dx
0 0
2
π
 2 3
π π
2

1 x  1   x sin 2 x 
2 2 sin 2 x 
=   + 
2  3 0 2  2  − ∫ 2 x ⋅ 2 dx  [Integrating by parts]
 0 0 
 2π  π
2 sin
3
π 1 π   2
2 − 0 − 1 x sin 2 x dx
= +  
48 2  2  2
 ∫
 20
 
π
3
 2
π 
π 1 π  1   − x cos 2 x  2 2 cos 2 x 
= + ⋅0 −
48 2  8  2   2  + ∫ 2 dx  [Integrating by parts]
0
 0

 −π π 
 cos π
 sin 2 x  2  π
3 3
π 1 2 π π3 π
= −  +  = − + 0 = −
48 2  2  4  0  48 8 48 8
 
π /2 π /2 π /2
1 1
(ii) Let I = ∫ x sin x sin 2 x dx = ∫ x ( 2sin 2 x sin x ) dx = ∫ x ( cos x − cos 3x ) dx
0
2 0
2 0
π /2 π /2
1 1
=
2 ∫
0
x cos x dx −
2 ∫
0
x cos 3 x dx
π
1
π /2
 1   x sin 3 x  2 1 π / 2 
= [ x sin x ]0 −
π /2
∫ sin x dx  −    − ∫ sin 3 x dx  [Integrating by part]
2 0  2   3  0 3 0 

th
π π
1 1  x sin 3 x  2 1  cos 3 x  2
= [ x sin x ]0 + [ cos x ]0  − 
π /2 π /2
−
2  2  3  0 6  3  0
π 3π 
sin
1 π π   π  1  2 2 − 0  − 1 cos 3π − cos 0 
=   sin − 0 + cos − cos 0  −    
2  2 2   2  2  3  18  2
 
1 π 1 π 1 π 4
= ⋅ ⋅1 − + + = −
2 2 2 12 18 3 9
2 2 2
(iii) Let I = ∫ log x dx = ∫ log x dx = ∫ log x ⋅1dx
1 1 1
2
1
= [ x log x ]1 − ∫ ⋅ x dx
2
1
x
= [ 2 log 2 − log 1] − [ x ]1 = ( 2 log 2 − 0 ) − ( 2 − 1) = 2log 2 − 1
2
2 2
 x −1  1 1 
63. (i) Let I = ∫ e x  2  dx = ∫ e x  − 2  dx
1  x  1 x x 
2 2
 1 d  1   1 e2 ∵ e x  f ( x ) + f ' ( x )  dx = e x f ( x ) 
= ∫ e x  +    dx = e x ⋅  =
 ∫ 
−e 
 x dx  x    x 1 2 
1
π π
 1 − sin x   1 sin x 
(ii) Let I = ∫ e x   dx = ∫e
x
1 − cos x − 1 − cos x  dx
π  1 − cos x  π
2 2
 x x
π
 2sin cos  π
1 2 2 dx = 1 2 x x
= ∫ ex  −  ∫e
x
 2 cosec 2 − cot 2  dx
x x
π  2sin 2 2sin 2  π
2  2 2  2
π π
 x 1 x  x d  x 
= − ∫ e x cot − cos ec 2  dx = − ∫ e x cot +  cot  dx
π  2 2 2 π  2 dx  2 
2 2
π π π
 x x  π π π   π2
= − e cot  = −  e cot − e cot  = −  0 − e  = e
2 2
 2 π  2 4  
2
 1 e2 e2 e2
1  1 1
(iii) Let I = ∫ 
 log x
−
( log )
2
dx = ∫e log x
⋅1 dx − ∫
( log )
2
dx
e  x  e x
2
  x  e e2 − x ⋅ dx  e2 dx
=  −
  log x  e ∫e x ( log x )  ∫e ( log x )
 − 2 2
 
2 2
 e2 e 
e
dx
e
dx e2
=  −  ∫
+ 2
− ∫e ( log x )2 2 − e
=
 log e log e  e ( log x )
2
1 1 1 1
 x2  1 x2
(iv) Let I = ∫ x tan x dx = ∫ ( tan x ) ⋅ x dx = ( tan −1 x )  − ∫
−1 −1
2
⋅ dx [Integrating by parts]
0 0  2 0 0 1 + x 2
1
 x2  1 1 x2 + 1 −1 1
1
 1  1 
=  tan −1 x  − ∫ 2 dx =  tan −1 1 − 0  − ∫ 1 − 2  dx.
2 0 2 0 x +1 2  2 0  x + 1
th
1 π 1 π 1 π 1 π π 1
= ⋅ −  x − tan −1 x  = − (1 − tan −1 1) − 0  = − + = −
1
2 4 2 0 8 2 8 2 8 4 2
x
sec 2
64. (i) Let I = ∫
π /2 dx
∴I = ∫
π / 2 dx
=∫
π / 2
2 dx
0 6 − cos x 0
1 − tan 2 x 0
5 + 7 tan 2
x
2 2
2 x
1 + tan
2
x 1 x π π
Put z = tan ⇒ dz = sec 2 dx . When x = , z = tan = 1 and when x = 0 , z = tan 0 = 0
2 2 2 2 4
1
1 2dz 2 1 dz 2 1  −1 z 
∴ I =∫ = ∫ = .  tan 
0 5 + 7z 2
7 5
+ z2 7 5 / 7 5 / 7 0
0

7
2  −1  7   2 7
=  tan  ×1 − tan −1 0  = tan −1
35   5 

 35 5
x
π /2 π /2 π /2
sec2
dx dx 2
(ii) Let I = ∫
7 + 2sin x ∫0
= =∫ dx
0  x  0 2 x
7 + 7 tan + 4 tan
x
 2 tan 2  2 2
7 + 2
x
 1 + tan 2 
 2
x 1 x
Put x = tan ⇒ dz = sec 2 dx
2 2 2
π π
When x = , z = tan = 1 and when x = 0, z = tan 0 = 0
2 4
1 2 dz 2 1 dz 2 1 dz 2 1 dz
∴ I =∫ = ∫ = ∫ = ∫
2
0 7 + 7z + 4z 7 0 z2 + 4 z +1 7 0  2 4 4  4 7 0 2
2  45
 z + z +  + 1 − z+  +
7  7 49  49  7  49
2
Again, put t = z + ⇒ dt = dz
7
2 9 2 2
When z = 1, t = 1 + = and when z = 0, t = 0 + =
7 7 7 7
9/7
2 9 / 7 dt 2 1  −1 t 
∴ I= ∫ = ⋅  tan 
7 2 / 7 45 7 45 / 7  45 / 7  2 / 7
t2 +
49
2  −1 7  9  −1 7  2   2  −1 3 2 
=  tan   − tan   =  tan − tan −1 
3 5 3 57 3 5  7  3 5  5 3 5
π /4 π /4 π /4 π /4 π /4
65. Let I = ∫ tan 3 x dx = ∫ tan 2 x tan x dx = ∫ ( sec2 x − 1) tan x dx = ∫ tan x sec 2 x dx − ∫ tan x dx
0 0 0 0 0
For first integral, put tan x = t ⇒ sec 2 xdx = dt

π
When x = 0, t = 0, and when x = , t =1
4
th
1 π /4 1
t2 
tan x dx =   − [ log sec x ]0
π /4
∴ I = ∫ t dt − ∫
0 0  2 0
1  π 1 1 1 1
=  − 0  − log sec + log sec 0 = − log 2 + log1 = − log 2 = (1 − log 2 )
2  4 2 2 2 2
π /2
sin x
66. (i) Let I = ∫ 1 + cos
0
2
x
dx . Put cos x = t ⇒ − sin x dx = dt
π π
When x = 0 ⇒ t = cos 0 = 1 and when x = ⇒ t = cos =0
2 2
0 0
sin x  − dt  dt 0  π π
∴ I =∫ 2   = − ∫ 2
= −  tan −1 t  =  tan −1 0 − tan −1 1 = − 0 −  =
1
1 + t  sin x  1
1+ t 1
 4 4
π /2
1
(ii) Let I = ∫
0
4 sin x + 5cos 2 x
2
dx
π /2
sec 2 x
⇒ I= ∫
0
4 tan 2 x + 5
dx [Dividing numerator and denominator by cos 2 x ]
Put tan x = t ⇒ sec 2 x dx = dt

π π
When x = 0 ⇒ t = tan 0 = 0 and when x = ⇒ t = tan =∞
2 2
∞
  t 
∞
1 1
∞
1 1   
 tan −1  5  
dt
∴ I =∫ = ∫ dt = ⋅
0
2
4t + 5 4 0 t 2 + 5 / 2
( )
2
4 ( 5/2  )  2 0
∞
1  −1  2t   1 1 π π
⇒ I=  tan   =  tan −1 ∞ − tan −1 0  =
 × =
2 5  5 0 2 5 2 5 2 4 5
π /3 π /3
sin x + cos x sin x + cos x
67. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
π /6 sin 2 x π / 6 1 − ( cos x − sin x )
2
Put t = ( cos x − sin x ) ⇒ − ( sin x + cos x ) dx = dt
π π π 1− 3 π π π 3 −1
When x = ⇒ t = cos − sin = and when x = ⇒ t = cos − sin =
3 3 3 2 6 6 6 2
1− 3
2
1 (1− 3 ) / 2  1− 3 3 − 1
∴ I =− ∫ 1− t 2
dt = − sin −1 t 
( 3 −1) / 2
= − sin −1
2
− sin −1
2 

3 −1 
2
1− 3 3 −1 3 −1
= − sin −1 + sin −1 = 2sin −1
2 2 2
1 5
68. (i) Let I = ∫ x (1 − x ) dx. Put z = 1 − x ⇒ dz = − dx
0
When x = 1, z = 1 − 1 = 0 and when x = 0, z = 1 − 0 = 1
∴ I = ∫ (1 + − z ) z 5 ( − dz ) = ∫ ( z − 1) z 5 dz = ∫ ( z 6 − z 5 ) dz
0 0 0
1 1 1
1
 z7 z6  1 1 1
=  −  = ( 0 − 0) −  −  =
 7 6 0  7 6  42
th
π /2 sin x cos x
(ii) Let I = ∫ 4
dx. Put z = sin 2 x ⇒ dz = 2 sin x cos x dx
0 1 + sin x
π π
When x = , z = sin 2 = 1 and when x = 0, z = sin 2 0 = 0
2 2
1
1 dz  1
1  1 1 π  π
∴I =∫ ⋅ =  tan −1 z  =  tan −1 1 − tan −1 0  =  − 0  =
0 1+ z2 2 2 0 2 24  8
π /2
(iii) Let I = ∫ sin 2 x tan −1 ( sin x ) dx.
0
π /2
∴ I =∫ 2sin x cos x tan −1 ( sin x ) dx . Put z = sin x ⇒ dz = cos x dx
0
π π
When x = , z = sin = 1 and when x = 0, z = sin 0 = 0
2 2
∴ I = ∫ 2 z tan −1 z dz = 2 ∫ ( tan −1 z ) z dz
1 1
0 0
1
 z2  1 z2 
Integrating by parts, we get, I = 2  ( tan z )  − ∫
1
−1
⋅ dz 
  2 0 0 1 + z2 2 

1 1 z2 1 1  π 1
=  z 2 tan −1 z  − ∫ 2
dz = 1. tan −1 1 − 0 − ∫  1 − 2  dz = −  z − tan −1 z 
0 1+ z
0 0
 1+ z  4 0
π π π π
= − (1 − tan −1 1) − ( 0 − 0 )  = −1+ = −1
4 4 4 2
π /2 π /2
tan x sin x cos x
69. Let I = ∫
0
1 + m 2 tan 2 x
dx = ∫
0
cos x + m 2 sin 2 x
2
dx
Note that
d
dx
( cos2 x + m2 sin 2 x ) = 2 cos x ( − sin x ) + m2 ( 2sin x cos x ) = 2 ( m2 − 1) sin x cos x
1
π /2 2 ( m 2 − 1) sin x cos x dx 1 π /2  f ′( x) 
= ∫ = log cos 2 x + m 2 sin 2 x   form 
2 ( m 2 − 1) 0
cos 2 x + m 2 sin 2 x 2 ( m2 − 1)  0
 f ( x) 
1
=
2 ( m − 1)
2 {
log 0 + m 2 − log 1 + 0 }
1 log m log m
=
2 ( m − 1)
2
2
log m − 0 = 2 ( = 2
2 ( m − 1) m − 1
2
. )
5
x 2 + 3x
70. (i) Let I = ∫ dx
1 2x −1
t2 +1 2t dt
Put 2x −1 = t ⇒ 2x −1 = t 2 ⇒ x = ⇒ dx = ⇒ dx = t dt
2 2
When x = 1, t = 2 × 1 − 1 = 1 and when x = 5, t = 2 × 5 − 1 = 9 = 3
2
 t2 +1   t2 +1
3   + 3 t 3
2  2   t + 2t + 1  t + 1  
4 2 2
∴ I= ∫   dt = ∫  + 3   dt
1
t 1  4  2  
3 3 3
t 4 + 2t 2 + 1 + 6t 2 + 6 1 1  t 5 8t 3 
= ∫ dt = ∫ ( t 4 + 8t 2 + 7 ) dt =  + + 7t 
1
4 41 45 3 1
th
5 3
1 3 3 1 8   1  243 1   8 
=  + 8. + 7 × 3 −  + + 7   =  −  +  72 −  + ( 21 − 7 ) 
45 3 5 3   4  5 5   3 
1  242 208  1  726 + 1040 + 210  1976 394
=  + + 14  =  = =
4 5 3  4 15  60 15
π π
π /2 2 2
(ii) Let I = ∫ cos θ sin 3 θ dθ = ∫ cos θ sin 3 θ dθ = ∫ cos θ (1 − cos 2 θ ) sin θ dθ
0 0 0
Put cos θ = t ⇒ − sin θ dθ = dt ⇒ sin θ dθ = − dt

π π
When θ = 0, t = cos 0 = 1 and when θ = , t = cos =0
2 2
0 0 0
 7/2 3/ 2

∴ I = ∫ t (1 − t ) ( −dt ) = ∫ ( t ) dt =  7t / 2 − 3t / 2  = 72 t 7 / 2 1 − 32 t 3/ 2 1
2 5/ 2 1/ 2 0 0
−t
1 1  1
2 2 −2 2 8
= [ 0 − 1] − [0 − 1] = + =
7 3 7 3 21
1/ 2
sin −1 x
71. (i) Let I = ∫ dx . Put sin −1 x = t ⇒ x = sin t ⇒ dx = cos t dt
0 (1 − x ) 2 3/ 2
1 1 π
When x = 0, t = sin −1 ( 0 ) = 0 and when x = , t = sin −1 =
2 2 6
π /6 π /6 π /6
t t cos t dt t cos t
∴ I= ∫ cos t dt = ∫ = ∫ dt
(1 − sin t ) ( cos t )
3/ 2 3/ 2
0
2
0
2
0
cos3 t
π /6 π /6
π π  π /6
t dt = [t tan t ]0 −
π /6
∫ t sec ∫ 1tan t dt
2
= =  tan − 0  − − log cos t  0
0 0 6 6 
π 1  3  π 3
= ⋅ +  log − log1 = + log .
6 3  2  6 3 2
π /2
dx
(ii) Let I = ∫
0
3 + 2 cos x
x x 1 2dt
Put tan = t ⇒ sec 2 ⋅ dx = dt ⇒ dx =
2 2 2 1+ t2
x
2 1 − tan 2
π 2 = 1− t π
When x = 0, t = tan 0 = 0 and when x = , t = tan = 1, also, cos x =
2 4 x 1+ t2
1 + tan 2
2
2 1
1 1 1
1 + t 2 dt dt 1  −1 t 
∴ I =∫ dt = 2 ∫ = 2∫ 2 = 2.  tan 
0
3 + 2.
1 − t 2
0 3 (1 + t 2
) + 2 (1 − t 2
) 0
t + 5 5  5 0
1+ t2
2  −1 1  2 1
=  tan − tan −1 0  = tan −1
5 5  5 5
π
dx x x 1 2 dt
72. (i) Let I = ∫ . Put tan = t ⇒ sec 2 ⋅ dx = dt ⇒ dx =
0
5 + 4 cos x 2 2 2 1+ t2
th
x
1 − tan 2 2
When x = 0, t = tan 0 = 0 and when x → π , t → ∞. Also, cos x = 2 = 1− t
x 1+ t2
1 + tan 2
2
2
∞ ∞ ∞
2 2 dt
∴ I = ∫ 1 + t 2 dt = ∫
dt
1− t 0 5 (1 + t ) + 4 (1 − t )
2 2
= 2 ∫ 2
t +9
0
5+ 4 2
0
1+ t
∞ ∞
1 t 2 t 2 2π  π
= 2  tan −1  =  tan −1  =  tan −1 ( ∞ ) − tan −1 0  =  − 0  =
3 3 0 3  3 0 3 3 2  3
π /2
1
(ii) Let I = ∫
0
5 cos x + 3sin x
dx
x x 1 2dt
Put tan = t ⇒ sec 2 ⋅ dx = dt ⇒ dx = .
2 2 2 1+ t2
π 2t π 1− t2
When x = 0, t = tan 0 = 0 and when x = , t = tan = 1 . Also, sin x = and cos x = .
2 4 1+ t2 1+ t 2
2
1 1 1
1 + t 2 2 dt dt
∴ I =∫ dt = ∫ = 2∫
2
0  1− t   2t 
2
5 − 5t + 6t 0 5 − 5 t 2 −
6 
5 2 
+ 3 2 
0
 t
 1+ t   1+ t   5 
1 1 1
2dt dt 2 dt
= 2∫ 2
= ∫ 2
= = ∫
0  3 9 5 0 34  3  5 0 34  3 2
5 − 5 t −  + − t −  − t − 
 5 5 25  5  25  5 
1
 34 3 
 +t − 
2 1 5 5 1   34 + 2   34 − 3  
= log  = log   − log   
5 34  34 3  34   34 − 2   34 + 3  
2× −t +
5  5 5 
0
=
1

log 
( 34 + 2 )( 34 + 3 
 =
) 1  40 + 5 34 
log 
1  8 + 34 
log 
 = 
34 
 ( 34 − 2 )( 34 − 3 
 ) 34  40 − 5 34  34  8 − 34 
π /4
sin x + cos x
73. (i) Let I = ∫ dx . Put sin x − cos x = t ⇒ ( cos x + sin x ) dx = dt
0
9 + 16sin 2 x
2
and ( sin x − cos x ) = t 2 ⇒ 1 − 2sin x cos x = t 2 ⇒ sin 2 x = 1 − t 2
π
When x = 0, t = −1 and when x = , t =0
4
0
 5 
0 0 0
 +t 
dt dt 1 dt 1 1 4
∴ I= ∫
−1 9 + 16 (1 − t )
2
= ∫−1 25 − 16t 2 = 16 −∫1  5 2 2 = 16 ⋅ 5 log 5 
2.  −t 
  −t 4  4  −1
4
0
1  5 + 4t  1  1 1 1
=  log  =  log1 − log  = log1 − ( log 1 − log 9 )  = log 9.
40  5 − 4t  −1 40  9  40 40
th
π /4
sin x cos x
(ii) Let I = ∫ 0
4
cos x + sin x4
dx. Put sin 2 x = t ⇒ 2 sin x cos x = dt
π π  1
When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = , t = sin 2   =
4 4 2
1
1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
2 1 dt 1 1 dt 1 dt
∴ I= ∫ (1 − t ) 2
+t 2
dt =
2 ∫ 2
= ⋅
2t − 2t + 1 2 2 ∫ 1
=
4 ∫ 1 1
0 0 0 t2 − t + 0 t2 − t + +
2 4 4
1/ 2
  1 
t−
1 1  −1  2  
1/2
1 1 1 π π
 1   = {tan 0 − tan ( −1)} = ⋅ =
dt
= ∫ 2 2
= ⋅  tan −1 −1
4 0  1 1 4 1/ 2    2 2 4 8
t −  +   
  2  
0
 2 2
π /2
cos 2 x
(iii) Let I = ∫
0
cos 2 x + 4sin 2 x
dx,
π /2
sec 2 x dx
= ∫
0
sec2 x + 4 tan 2 x sec2 x
[Divide numerator and denominator by cos 4 x ]
−1
Put tan x = t ⇒ sec 2 x dx = dt . When x = 0, t = 0 and when x → (π / 2 ) , t → ∞
∞ ∞
dt dt
∴ I= ∫0 (1 + t 2 ) + 4t 2 (1 + t 2 ) = ∫0 (1 + t 2 )(1 + 4t 2 )
1 1
Put t 2 = y ∴ =
(1 + t )(1 + 4t ) (1 + y )(1 + 4 y )
2 2
1 A B
Now, let = + ⇒ 1 = A (1 + 4 y ) + B (1 + y )
(1 + y )(1 + 4 y ) 1 + y 1 + 4 y
1 1  1 3 4
Put y = −1 ⇒ 1 = −3A ⇒ A = − and put y = − ⇒ 1 = B 1 −  = B ⇒ B=
3 4  4 4 3
1 −1/ 3 4 / 3
∴ = +
(1 + t )(1 + 4t ) 1 + t 2 1 + 4t 2
2 2
 1 4 
 −3
∞
3  dt = − 1  tan −1 t  ∞ + 4 ⋅ 1
∞
dt
∴ I = ∫ +    ∫
0
2 2
1 + t 1 + 4t  3 0 3 4 0 1 + t2
  4
∞
  
1π  1 1  −1  t   π 2π  π π π
= −  − 0  + ⋅  tan    = − +  − 0  = − + =
3 2  3 1 1
  6 3 2  6 3 6
2   2   0
π /2
74. (i) Let I = ∫ sin φ cos 5 φ dφ
0
sin φ ( cos 2 φ ) sin φ (1 − sin 2 φ ) cos φ dφ

π /2 2 π /2 2
∴ I =∫ cos φ dφ = ∫
0 0
Put z = sin φ ⇒ dz = cos φ dφ .

π π
When φ = , z = sin = 1 and when φ = 0, z = sin 0 = 0
2 2
th
z (1 − z 2 ) dz = ∫ z (1 + z 4 − 2 z 2 ) dz = ∫ (z + z 9 / 2 − 2 z 5/ 2 ) dz
1 2 1 1
∴ I =∫ 1/ 2
0 0 0
1
 2 z 3/ 2 2 z11/ 2 2 z1/ 2   2 3/ 2 2 11/2 4 7/2   2 3/ 2 2 11/ 2 4 7/ 2 
= + − 2.  =  (1) + (1) − (1)  −  ( 0 ) + ( 0 ) − ( 0 ) 
 3 11 7 0  3 11 7  3 11 7 
2 2 4 154 + 42 − 132 64
= + − −0 = =
3 11 7 231 231
1 2x
(ii) Let I = ∫ sin −1 dx.
0 1 + x2
Put x = tan θ ⇒ dx = sec 2 θ dθ
When x = 1 ⇒ tan θ = 1 ⇒ θ = π / 4 and when x = 0 ⇒ tan θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0 .
π /4  2 tan θ  π /4
∴I = ∫ sin −1   ⋅ sec θ dθ = ∫0 sin ( sin 2θ ) sec θ dθ
2 −1 2
2
0
 1 + tan θ 
π /4 π /4 π /4
θ .sec2 θ dθ = 2 [θ tan θ ]0 − ∫ 1.tan θ dθ 
π /4
= ∫0
2θ sec2 θ dθ = 2 ∫
0  0 
π π π /4  π π 
= 2  tan − 0. tan 0 − [ log sec θ ]0  = 2  − 0 − log sec + log sec 0 
4 4  4 4 
π  π π 1 π
= 2  − log 2 + log1 = − 2 log 2 = − 2. log 2 = − log 2
4  2 2 2 2
(iii) Let I = ∫ ( cos −1 x ) dx. Put x = cos θ ⇒ dx = − sin θ dθ

1 2
When x = 1 ⇒ cos θ = 1 ⇒ θ = 0 and when x = 0 ⇒ cos θ = 0 ⇒ θ = π / 2

0 0 0
∴ I = ∫ θ 2 ( − sin θ ) dθ = − ∫ θ 2 sin θ dθ = −  θ 2 ( − cos θ )  − ∫ 2θ ( − cos θ ) dθ 
0
π /2 π /2  π /2 π /2 
2
0 π π 0
cos − 2 [θ sin θ ]π / 2 − ∫ 1.sin θ dθ 
0 0
= θ 2 cos θ  − 2 ∫ θ cos θ dθ = 0 −
π /2 π /2 4 2  π /2 
 π π 0  π
= 0 − 2 0 − sin − [ − cos θ ]π / 2  = 2. .1 − 2 [ cos θ ]π / 2
0
 2 2  2
 π
= π − 2 cos 0 − cos  = π − 2 [1 − 0] = π − 2
 2
x4
a
75. Let I = ∫ dx
0 a2 − x2
Put x = a sin θ . Then, dx = d ( a sin θ ) = a cos θ dθ
π
Also, x = 0 ⇒ a sin θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0 and when x = a ⇒ a sin θ = a ⇒ sin θ = 1 ⇒ θ =
2
4
π /2
( a sin θ ) π /2
∫ a cos θ dθ = a 4 ∫ sin
4
∴ I= 2
θ dθ .
2 2
0 a − a sin θ 0
π /2 π /2 π /2
1 1
∫ ( 2sin θ )
2 2
∫ sin 4 θ dθ = ∫ (1 − cos 2θ )
2
Let I1 = dθ = dθ
0
4 0
4 0
π /2 π /2
1 1  1 + cos 4θ 
∫ (1 − 2 cos 2θ + cos 2θ ) dθ = ∫ 1 − 2 cos 2θ +
2
=  dθ
4 0
4 0
2 
th
π /2 π /2
1 1 4 sin 4θ 
= ∫ ( 3 − 4 cos 2θ + cos 4θ ) dθ = 3θ − sin 2θ +
8 0
8 2 4  0
1   3π 1   1  3π  3π
=   − 2sin π + sin 2π  − {0 − 0 + 0} =  − 0 + 0  =
8  2 4   8 2  16
3π a 4
∴ I = a 4 I1 =
16
1/ 3
(π / 2 )
76. (i) Let I = ∫ θ 5 sin θ 3 dθ . Put z = θ 3 ⇒ dz = 3θ 2 dθ
0
1/ 3
When θ = (π / 2 ) ⇒ z = π / 2 and when θ = 0 ⇒ z = 0
π /2 dz 1 π / 2
∴ I =∫
3 3 ∫0
z sin z = z.sin z dz
0
1 π /2 1 1
 z ( − cos z )  0 − ∫ 1( − cos z ) dz  = − [ z cos z ]0 + [sin z ]0
π /2 π /2 π /2
=

3 0 
 3 3
1 π π  1 π  1 1 1
= −  cos − 0 ( cos 0 )  + sin − sin 0  = − [ 0 − 0] + [1 − 0] =
32 2  3 2  3 3 3
π /2 1 + cos x
(ii) Let I = ∫ 5/ 2
dx.
π /3
(1 − cos x )
π /2 2 cos 2 x / 2 π /2 2 cos x / 2 1 π / 2 cos x / 2
∴ I =∫ dx = ∫ = ∫ dx
( 2sin x / 2)
5/ 2 5
π /3 2 π /3
4 2 sin 5 x / 2 4 π / 3 sin x / 2
x 1 x
Put z = sin∴dz = cos dx
2 2 2
π π 1 π π 1
When x = ⇒ z = sin = and when x = ⇒ z = sin =
2 4 2 3 6 2
1/ 2 1/ 2
1 1/ 2 2 dz 1 1/ 2 −5 1  z −4  1 1 
∴ I= ∫ 5
= ∫ z dz = ⋅  =−  4 
4 1/ 2 z 2 1/ 2 2  −4 1/ 2 8  z 1/ 2
 
 
1 1 1  1 3
=− − = − [ 4 − 16] =
8  1   1  
4 4
8 2
  2 
  2    
π /2 cos θ
(iii) Let I = ∫ 3
dθ .
π /4
 θ θ
 cos + sin 
 2 2
θ θ θ θ
cos 2 − sin 2 cos − sin
π /2
2
2 dθ = π /2
2 2 θ θ
∴ I =∫ 3 ∫π / 4 2
dθ . Put z = cos + sin
π /4
 θ θ  θ θ 2 2
 cos + sin   cos + sin 
 2 2  2 2
1 θ 1 θ 1 θ θ
∴ dz =   − sin  + cos  dθ =  cos − sin  dθ
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
π π π 1 1 π π π
When θ = ⇒ z = cos + sin = + = 2 and when θ = ⇒ z = cos + sin
2 4 4 2 2 4 8 8
th
2 2
2 2 dz 2  z −1  1
∴ I =∫ π π 2
= 2 ∫ π π z −2
dz = 2   = −2  
cos + sin
8 8 z cos + sin
8 8  −1  cos π +sin π  z  cos π +sin π
8 8
8 8
 
 1 1  2
= −2  −  = − 2
2 π π π π
 cos + sin  cos + sin
 8 8 8 8
π /2
cos x
77. (i) Let I = ∫ ( 3cos x + sin x ) dx
0
d
Put cos x = K ( 3cos x + sin x ) + L ( 3cos x + sin x )
dx
⇒ cos x = K ( 3cos x + sin x ) + L ( −3sin x + cos x )
Comparing coefficients of cos x and sin x, we get, 3K + L = 1 and K − 3L = 0
3 1
Solving these two equations we get, K = and L =
10 10
3 1
∴ cos x = ( 3cos x + sin x ) + ( −3sin x + cos x )
10 10
3 1
.2 ( 3cos x + sin x ) + ( −3sin x + cos x ) 3
π /2
3cos x + sin x 1
π /2
−3sin x + cos x
∴ I = ∫ 10 10 dx = ∫ dx + ∫ dx
0
3cos x + sin x 10 0 3cos x + sin x 10 0 3cos x + sin x
π /2 π .2
3 1 −3sin x + cos x 3 1 π /2
[ x ]0 +  log 3cos x + sin x  0
π /2
=
10 ∫ 1⋅ dx +
0
10 ∫
0
3cos x + sin x
dx =
10 10
3 π  1 3π 1
=  − 0  + ( log1 − log 3) = − log 3
10  2  10 20 10
x x
π /2 π /2 π /2 cos 2
− sin 2
cos x cos x 2 2
(ii) Let I = ∫ 1 + cos x + sin x
dx = ∫ (1 + cos x ) + sin x
dx = ∫ 2 x x x
dx
0 0 0 2 cos + 2 sin cos
2 2 2
 2 x
π /2 1 − tan 
 2 x
= ∫ x
dx [Dividing numerator and denominator by cos 2
2
]
0 2 + 2 tan
2
  x  x 
 π / 2  1 − tan  1 + tan   π /2
1  2  2 1  x
= 
2 0 ∫ x
dx = ∫ 1 − tan dx

 2 0  2
1 + tan
 2 

π /2
1 x 1  π π 
=  x + 2 log cos  =   + 2 log cos  − ( 0 + 2 log1) 
2 2 0 2  2 4 
1 π 1  1 π 1  1 π 
=  + 2 log  =  + log  =  − log 2 
22 2 22 2 2  2 
th
2 x x x x
π /2 π / 2 cos − sin 2 π / 2 cos − sin
cos x 2 2 dx = 2 2 dx
(iii) Let I = ∫ 3
dx = ∫ 3 ∫ 2
0  x x 0  x x 0  x x
 cos + sin   cos + sin   cos + sin 
 2 2  2 2  2 2
x x 1 x x  x x
Put cos + sin = t ⇒  − sin + cos  dx = dt ⇒  cos − sin  dx = 2dt
2 2 2 2 2  2 2
π π π 2
Also when x = 0 ⇒ t = cos 0 + sin 0 = 1 and when x = ⇒ t = cos + sin = = 2
2 4 4 2
2 2 2
2 dt 1  1  1 
∴ I= ∫ t 2
= 2 ∫ 2 dt = 2  −  = 2  −
t  t 1
+ 1 = 2 − 2
 2 
( )
0 1
a
x
78. (i) Let I = ∫ sin −1 dx. Put x = a tan 2 θ ⇒ dx = 2a tan θ sec 2 θ dθ
0
a+x
When x = a ⇒ a tan 2 θ = a ⇒ tan 2 θ = 1 ⇒ tan θ = 1 ⇒ θ = π / 4
and when x = 0 ⇒ a tan 2 θ = 0 ⇒ tan 2 θ = 0 ⇒ tan θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0
π /4  a tan 2 θ 
∫
−1
∴ I= sin   ⋅ 2a tan θ sec2 θ dθ
 a + a tan 2 θ 
0  
π /4 π /4
 tan θ 
∫ sin −1   .tan θ sec θ dθ = 2a ∫ sin ( sin θ ) .tan θ sec θ dθ
2 −1 2
= 2a
0  sec θ  0
π /4   tan 2 θ π / 4 π / 4 tan 2 θ 
∫ − ∫ 1.
2
= 2a θ .tan θ sec θ dθ = 2a  θ .  dθ 
0   2 0 0
2 
( sec θ − 1) dθ = a  π4 tan π 

π /4 π /4
− 0  − a [ tan θ − θ ]0
π /4
= a θ tan 2 θ  − a ∫ 2 2
0 0 4 
= a.
π  π π  πa
− a  tan −  − ( tan 0 − 0 )  =
 π  πa
− a 1 −  = −a+
πa πa
= −a =
(π − 2 ) a
4  4 4  4  4 4 4 2 2
π /4 tan 3 x 3
π / 4 tan x 1 π /4
(ii) Let I = ∫ dx. = ∫ 2
dx = ∫ tan 3 x sec2 x dx
0 1 + cos 2 x 0 2 cos x 2 0
Put z = tan x ⇒ dz = sec 2 x dx
π π
When x = ⇒ z = tan = 1 and when x = 0 ⇒ z = tan 0 = 0
4 4
1
1 1 1  z4  1 4 4 1
∴ I = ∫ z 3 dz = ⋅   = (1) − ( 0 )  =
2 0 2  4 0 8   8
2
(iii) Let I = ∫ x ( tan −1 x ) dx = ∫ ( tan −1 x ) x dx
1 1 2
0 0
2 1
 2 x  1 1  x2
Integrating by parts, we get, I = ( tan −1 x )
2  0 ∫0 
−1
 −  2 tan x ⋅  dx
 1 + x2  2
2
2 1 π 2 1 1 1  −1
= ( tan −1 1) ⋅ − 0 − ∫
1 x
2
tan −1
x dx = ⋅ − ∫ 1 −  tan x dx
2 0 1+ x 16 2 0  1 + x 2 
th
1
2  ( tan −1 x )2 
−1 2
π tan x π
− ( tan x ) ⋅1 dx + 
1 1 1

32 ∫0
− tan xdx + ∫
32 ∫0
−1 −1
= dx =
0 1 + x2  2 
 0
π2  1 1  1
−  ( tan −1 x ) x  − ∫ ⋅ x dx  + ( tan −1 1) − ( tan −1 0 ) 
1 2 2
=
 2 
2
32  0 0 1+ x
π2 1 1 2x  1 π
2

= − ( tan 1) .1 − 0 − ∫
−1
2
dx  +  − 0 
32  2 1+ x
0
 2  16 
π2 1 π 1 π2 π2 π 1 π π  1
= − + log (1 + x )  +
 2
 = − + [ log 2 − log1] =  − 1 + log 2
32 4 2 0 32 16 4 2 44  2
a
∫ ( 3x + 2 x + 1) dx = 11 ⇒  x 3 + x 2 + x  = 11⇒ ( a 3 + a 2 + a ) − (1 + 1 + 1) = 11
2 a
79. Given,
1
1
⇒ a 3 + a 2 + a − 3 = 11 ⇒ a 3 + a 2 + a − 14 = 0 ⇒ ( a − 2 ) ( a 2 + 3a + 7 ) = 0
⇒a = 2 ∵ a 2 + 3a + 7 ≠ 0 for any real value of a. 

3/ 2
*80. (i) Let I = ∫ x cos π x dx . Put z = π x ⇒ dz = π dx
0
3 3z
When x = , z = and when x = 0, z = 0
2 2
3π /2 z dz 1 3π /2
∴I =∫ cos z = 2 ∫ z cos z dz
0 π π π 0
π
For, 0 ≤ z ≤ ⇒ cos z ≥ 0 ⇒ z cos z ≥ 0 ⇒ z cos z = z cos z
2
π 3π
And for, ≤z≤ ⇒ cos z ≤ 0 ⇒ z cos ≤ 0 ⇒ z cos z = − z cos z
2 2
1  π /2 3π / 2 1 π /2 3π / 2
z cos z dz  = 2  ∫ z cos z dz − ∫ z cos z dz 
π 2  ∫0
∴ I= z cos z dz + ∫
π /2  π  0 π /2 
We know that ∫ z cos z dz = z sin z − ∫ 1.sin z dz = z sin z + cos z + C
1 
2 [
z sin z + cos z ]0 − [ z sin z + cos z ]π / 2 
π /2 3π / 2
∴ I =
π 
1  π   3π π  1  π 3π π  5π − 2
= 2 
+ 0 − 0 − 1 −  − + 0 − − 0  = 2  − 1 + + =
π  2   2 2  π  2 2 2  2π 2
3/ 2
(ii) Let I = ∫
−1
x sin π x dx . Put z = π x ⇒ dz = π dx
3 3π
When x = ⇒ z= and when x = −1 ⇒ z = −π
2 2
3π / 2 z dz 1 3π / 2
∴I =∫ sin z = 2 ∫π z sin z dz
−π π π π −
For −π ≤ z ≤ 0, sin z ≤ 0 ⇒ z sin z ≥ 0 ⇒ z sin z = z sin z

For 0 ≤ z ≤ π , sin z ≥ 0 ⇒ z sin z ≥ 0 ⇒ z sin z = z sin z
3π
and for π ≥ z ≥ , sin z ≤ 0 ⇒ z sin z = − z sin z
2
th
1 0 3π /2 π
∴ I = 2  ∫ z sin z dz + ∫ z sin z dz + ∫ z sin z dz 
π  −π 0 π 
1 0 π 3π / 2 1 π 3π / 2
= 2  ∫ z sin z dz + ∫ z sin z dz − ∫ z sin z dz  = 2  ∫ z sin z dz − ∫ z sin z dz 
π 
 − π 0 π 
 π 
 − π π 
We know that ∫ z sin z dz = z ( − cos z ) − ∫ 1. ( − cos z ) dz = − z cos z + sin z + C
1  1 3π + 1
2 [
− z cos z + sin z ]−π − [ − z cos z + sin z ]π  = 2 {(π + 0 + π − 0 ) − ( 0 − 1 − π − 0 )} =
π 3π / 2
∴ I=
π  π π2
b
x4 b  x4  b4 a4
*81. ∫ x dx = + C But given
3
∫
3
x dx = 0 ⇒   = 0 ⇒ − = 0 ⇒ b4 − a4 = 0 …(1)
4 a
 4 a 4 4
b
x3 b 2  x3  2 b3 a 3 2
and ∫ x dx = + C , also given
2
∫
2
x dx = ⇒   = ⇒ − = ⇒ b3 − a 3 = 2 …(2)
3 a 3  3 a 3 3 3 3
∵ b − a = 0 ⇒ b3 − a 3 ≠ 2 
From (1), ( b − a )( b + a ) ( b + a 2 2
) = 0 ⇒ ( b + a ) = 0 ⇒ b = −a  2 2 
and a + b ≠ 0 
3
From (2), ( −a ) − a 3 = 2 ⇒ − 2a 3 = 2 ⇒ a 3 = −1 ⇒ a = −1.
Also, b = −a = − ( −1) = 1.
a π /2
∫ ∫ sin
3
*82. Given, x dx = 2a x dx …(1)
0 0
2 3/2 a 2 3/2
a
Now, ∫
0
xdx =  x  = a
3 0 3
π /2 π /2 π /2
 3sin x − sin 3 x  1 cos 3x 
∫ sin ∫
3
Also, x dx ⇒   dx =  −3cos x +
0 0  4  4 3  0
 3π  
cos
1  π
  2   1  1   1  1  1  2
=  −3cos   +  −  −3 +   =  0 −  −3 +   =  3 −  =
4  2 3   3  4   3  4  3  3
  
2
a
Hence, from (1), ∫ xdx = 2a   ⇒ a3/ 2 = 2a ⇒ a 3 = 4a 2 ⇒ a 2 ( a − 4 ) = 0 ⇒ a = 0, 4.
0 3
a +1 1 1
 x2  1 1
When a = 0, then the value of ∫ a
x dx = ∫ x dx =   = − 0 =
0  2 0 2 2
a +1 5 5
 x2  25 16 9
and when a = 4, then the value of ∫
a
x dx = ∫ x dx =   =
4
− =
 2 4 2 2 2
a +1
9 1
Hence, ∫ x dx = 2
a
or
2
π /2
3 2
a
∫0 x x dx = 5 a ∫ sin
3
*83. Given, x dx
0
π /2 π /2
a 3  3sin x sin 3x 
⇒ ∫ 0
x 3/ 2 dx = a 2  ∫
5 0 4
dx − ∫
0
4
dx 

∵ sin 3 x = 3sin x − 4 sin 3 x 
th
a π /2 π /2 π /2
 x 5/ 2  3 2  2 3a 2   − cos 3 x  
⇒   = a ∫ 3sin x dx − ∫ sin 3 x dx  ⇒  a 5/ 2 − 0  = 3 ( − cos x ) −  
3   0
 5 / 2  0 20  0 0  5 20  
π /2 π /2
2 2 3a 2  1  2 3  1 
⇒
5
a a=
20  −3cos x + 3 cos 3x  ⇒
5
a =  −3cos x + cos 3x 
20  3 0
0
3a 2   π  1 3π 
⇒ 2a 2 a =  −3  cos 2 − cos 0  + 3  cos 2 − cos 0  
4     
3a 2  1  3a 2  1 
⇒ 2a 2 a =
4  −3 ( −1) + 3 ( −1)  ⇒ 2a 2 a = 3− 
4  3
⇒ 2 a 2 a = 2a 2
⇒ 2a 2 ( a −1 = 0 ) ⇒ a 2 = 0 or a =1 ⇒ a = 0 or a = 1
a +1 1 1
 x 2  12 02 1
When a = 0 , then ∫
0
x dx = ∫ x dx =   = − =
0  2 0 2 2 2
a +1 2 2
 x2  4 1 3
When a = 1, then ∫
a
x dx = ∫ x dx =   = − =
1  2 1 2 2 2
2
 x3  8  20
*84. (i) L.H.S. = ∫ ( x + 2 ) dx =  + 2 x  =  + 4  − ( 0 + 0 ) =
2
2
0
3 0  3  3
1 2
 x3   x3 
∫ (x + 2 ) dx + ∫ ( )  3  +  3 + 2x
1 2
2 2
R.H.S. = x + 2 dx = + 2 x
0 1
 0  1
 1    8  1   7   20 7  20
=  + 2  − ( 0 + 0 )  +   + 4  −  + 2   =  − 0  +  −  =
 3    3  3   3   3 3 3
∴ L.H.S. = R.H.S. Hence, verified.
1
(ii) L.H.S. = ∫ ( e x + 1) dx = e x + x  = e1 + 1 − e0 − 0  = e
1
0
0
1 1
R.H.S. = ∫ e dx + ∫ 1.dx = e x  + [ x ]0 = ( e1 − e0 ) + (1 − 0 ) = e − 1 + 1 = e
x 1 1
0
0 0
∴ L.H.S. = R.H.S. Hence, verified.

π /2 π /2
*85. Let I = ∫ sin 6θ dθ . ∴ I =∫ sin 5 θ .sin θ dθ
0 0
π /2 π /2
Integrating by parts, we get, I = sin 5 θ ( − cos θ )  + 5∫ sin 4θ cos 2 θ dθ
0 0
sin 4 θ (1 − sin 2 θ ) dθ
π /2 π /2
= 0 − 0 + 5∫ sin 4 θ cos 2 θ dθ = 5∫
0 0
π /2 π /2 π /2
= 5∫ sin 4 θ dθ − 5∫ sin 6 θ dθ = 5∫ sin 4 θ dθ − 5I
0 0 0
π /2 5 π /2 4
⇒ 6 I = 5∫
6 ∫0
sin 4 θ dθ ⇒I= sin θ dθ
0
π /4 π /4
∫ ∫ tan
n+2
*86. Given, I n = tan n x ∴I n+ 2 = x
0 0
π /4 π /4
∫ tan ∫ tan
n+2
Now, I n + I n + 2 = n
x dx + x dx
0 0
Office.: 606 , 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968
π /4 π /4 π /4
⇒ I n + I n+2 = ∫ ( tan n x + tan n+2 x ) dx = ∫ tan n x (1 + tan 2 x ) dx = ∫ tan
n
x sec 2 x dx
0 0 0
Put t = tan x ⇒ dt = sec 2 x dx

π π
When x = 0 ⇒ t = tan 0 = 0 and when x = ⇒ t = tan =1
4 4
1 1
 t n +1  1
∴ I n + I n+ 2 = ∫ t dt =  n
 =
0  n + 1 0 n + 1
π /4 π /4
*87. Given, I n = ∫ tan x dx ∴ I n + 2 = ∫ tan n + 2 x dx
n
0 0
1 1 π /4
∴ I n + I n + 2 = ∫ tan x dx + ∫ tan ∫ tan x (1 + tan x ) dx
n+2 2
n
x dx = n
0 0 0
π /4 1
= ∫ tan x sec 2 x dx = ∫ t n dt , where t = tan x
n
0 0
1
 t n + 1 1 1
⇒ I n + I n+ 2 =  = , n = 2, 3, 4, 5..... ⇒ = n + 1, n = 2, 3, 4, 5......
 n + 1 0 n +1 I n + I n+ 2
1 1 1 1
∴ = 3, = 4, = 5, = 6,.......
I2 + I4 I3 + I5 I4 + I6 I5 + I7
Clearly, 3, 4, 5, 6….. is and AP with common difference 1.
1 1 1
Hence, , , ,..... is an A.P. with common difference 1.
I 2 + I 4 I3 + I5 I 4 + I6
π /4 a a
*88. (i) Let I = ∫ log (1 + tan θ ) dθ . Using ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( a − x ) dx, we get,
0 0 0
π /4  π   π /4  1 − tan θ  π /4
I =∫ log  1 + tan  − θ    dθ = ∫ log 1 +  dθ = ∫ log 2 − log (1 + tan θ )  dθ
0
 4   0
 1 + tan θ  0
π /4 π /4 π /4
=∫ log 2dθ − ∫ log (1 + tan θ ) dθ = log 2∫ 1⋅ dθ − I
0 0 0
π  π π
⇒ 2 I = log 2 [θ ]0
π /4
= log 2  − 0  = log 2 ⇒ I = log 2
4  4 8
n a a
1
(ii) Let I = ∫ x (1 − x ) dx. Using ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( a − x ) dx we get,
0
0 0
I = ∫ (1 − x ) (1 − (1 − x ) ) dx = ∫ (1 − x ) x n dx = ∫ ( x n − x n +1 ) dx
1 n 1 1
0 0 0
1
 x n +1 x n + 2   1 1  n + 2 − n −1 1
=  −  = −  − (0 − 0) = = .
 n + 1 n + 2 0  n + 1 n + 2  ( n + 1)( n + 2 ) ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
b f ( x)
*89. Let I = ∫ dx …(1)
a f ( x) + f (a + b − x)
b b
Using ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( a + b − x ) dx, we get,
a a
b f (a + b − x) b f (a + b − x)
I =∫ dx = ∫ dx …(2)
a f ( a + b − x ) + f ( a + b − ( a + b − x )) ( ) ( )
a f a+b− x + f x
f ( x) + f (a + b − x) b−a
dx = ∫ 1 dx = [ x ]a = b − a ⇒ I =
b b
2I = ∫
b
a f ( x) + f (a + b − x) a 2
tan x cot x
t 1
*90. Given ∫ dt + ∫ dt = 1
1/ e (1 + t )
2
1/ e
1+ t 2
tan x cot x
t 1
For L.H.S., let I1 = ∫1/ e 1 + t 2 dt and I 2 = ∫ (1 + t ) dt
1/ e
2
1 1 1
Put t = ⇒ dt = − 2 du in I 2 , also when t = , u = e and when t = cot x, u = tan x
u u e
tan x tan x tan x
u3 1 u t
∴ I2 = ∫
e
1+ u 2
× − 2 du = −
u ∫
e
1+ u2
du ⇒ I2 = − ∫
e
1+ t2
dt [By changing variable]
tan x
 
1/ e 1/ e
t t t
⇒ I2 = −  ∫ dt + ∫ dt  ⇒ I2 = − ∫ dt − I1
 e 1 + t
2
1/ e
1+ t 2
 e
1+ t2
1 1/ e 1   1 + e2  
∴ I1 + I 2 = − log (1 + t 2 )  = − log  2  − log (1 + e 2 ) 
2 e 2  e  
1 1 1
⇒ I1 + I 2 = − log 2  = − × −2 log e = 1 = R.H.S. Hence proved.
2 e  2
π /2 π /2
sin x cos x
*91. Let I = ∫ log tan x + cot x dx = ∫ log cos x + sin x
0 0
dx
π /2 π /2
1  1    π 
= ∫
0
log
sin x cos x
dx = ∫ log  sin x cos x  dx
0
∵ sin x > 0, cos x > 0 for all x ∈  0, 2  
  
π /2 π /2 π /2
=− ∫ log ( sin x cos x ) dx
0
=− ∫ log sin x dx − ∫ log cos x dx
0 0
π   π 
= −  log e 2  −  − log e 2  ⇒ I = π log e 2
2   2 
π
2
*92. (i) Let I = ∫ sin 2 x log tan x dx …..(i)
0
π π
2 2
π  π 
⇒ I = ∫ sin 2  − x  log tan  − x  dx = ∫ sin 2 x.log cot x dx …..(ii)
0 2  2  0
π π
2 2
Adding (i) and (ii), we get, 2 I = ∫ sin 2 x [ log tan x + log cot x ] dx = ∫ sin 2 x log ( tan x ⋅ cot x ) dx
0 0
π
2
⇒ 2 I = ∫ sin 2 x.log1.dx = 0 ⇒I =0
0
1 1
1   1− x 
(ii) I = ∫ log  − 1 dx = ∫ log   dx ….(i)
0 x  0  x 
1
1 − (1 − x )  1
 x 
⇒ I = ∫ log   dx = ∫ log   dx ….(ii)
0  1 − x  0  1 − x 
1 1
 1− x   x 
Adding (i) and (ii), we get: 2 I = ∫ log   + log   dx = ∫ log1.dx = 0 ⇒ I =0
0  x   1 − x  0
1 1 1 1 n −1
*93. Let I n = ∫ e x ( x − 1) dx = ∫ ( x − 1) e x dx = ( x − 1) e x  − ∫ n ( x − 1) e x dx
n n n
0 0  0 0
1
n −1
= 0 − ( −1) e − n ∫ ( x − 1) e x dx = − ( −1) − n I n −1 ⇒ I n = − ( −1) − n I n −1
n 0 n n
…(1)
0
1 1
1
Put n = 1 in (1), we get, I1 = − ( −1) − (1) I 0 = 1 − ∫ e x dx = 1 −  e x  = 1 − e + 1 = 2 − e
0 0
2
Put n = 2 in (1), we get, I 2 = − ( −1) − 2 I1 = −1 − 2 ( 2 − e ) = 2e − 5
3
Put n = 3 in (1), we get, I 3 = − ( −1) − 3I 2 = 1 − 3 ( 2e − 5 ) = 16 − 6e . ∴ n = 3.

Definite Integral

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Definite Integral

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JEE (MAIN & ADV.

), MEDICAL + BOARD, NDA, X & IX

DEFINITE INTEGRAL (BOARD LEVEL, XII)

Evaluate the following using properties of definite integrals (Q.8 to Q.26)

∫ x cos x dx ∫ x sin x sin 2 x dx (iii) ∫ log x dx

SOLUTION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL (BOARD LEVEL, XII)

∴ I = lim h [ f (a ) + f (a + h) + f (a + 2h) + ..... + f (a + (n − 1)h)]

= lim h [ f (0) + f (0 + h) + f (0 + 2h) + ..... + f (0 + (n − 1)h)]

∴ I = lim h [ f (a ) + f (a + h) + f (a + 2h) + ..... + f (a + (n − 1)h)]

= lim h [ f (1) + f (1 + h) + f (1 + 2h) + ..... + f (1 + (n − 1)h)]

= lim h [1 + (1 + h) + (1 + 2h) + .....(1 + (n − 1)h)]

∴ I = lim h [ f (a ) + f (a + h) + f (a + 2h) + ..... + f (a + (n − 1)h)]

= lim h [ f (0) + f (h) + f (2h) + ..... + f ((n − 1)h)]

= lim h [(0 + 4) + (h + 4) + (2h + 4) + ...... + ((n − 1)h + 4)]

∴ I = lim h [ f (a ) + f (a + h) + f (a + 2h) + ..... + f (a + (n − 1)h)]

= lim h [ f (2) + f (2 + h) + f (2 + 2h) + ..... + f (2 + (n − 1)h)]

∴ I = lim h [ f (0) + f (0 + h) + f (0 + 2h) + ..... + f (0 + (n − 1))h]

= lim h [(0 + 4) + (h + 4) + (2h + 4) + ...... + ((n − 1)h + 4)]

∴ I = lim h [ f (1) + f (1 + h) + f (1 + 2h) + ............. + f {1 + (n − 1)}h]

= lim h [5 + (5 + 2h) + (5 + 4h) + ........... + {5 + 2(n − 1)h}] [∵ f (1) = 5, f (1 + h) = 5 + 2h etc.]

∴ I = lim h [ f (2) + f (2 + h) + f (2 + 2h) + ............. + f {2 + (n − 1)}h]

= lim h [{2(2) − 1} + {2(2 + h) − 1} + {2(2 + 2h) − 1} + ............. + [2{2 + (n − 1)h} − 1]]

= lim h [3 + (3 + 2h) + (3 + 4h) + (3 + 6h) + .......... + (3 + 2(n − 1)h)]

(i) Let I = ∫ ( x 2 + 2 ) dx , here, a = 0, b = 2, f ( x ) = x 2 + 2 and nh = b − a = 2 − 0 = 2

= lim h  2 + ( h 2 + 2 ) + ( 4h 2 + 2 ) + ........ + {( n − 1) h 2 + 2}

(ii) Let I = ∫ ( x 2 − x ) dx Here, a = 1, b = 4, f ( x ) = x 2 − x and nh = b − a = 4 − 0 = 4 , n ∈ N

= lim h  f (1) + f (1 + h ) + f (1 + 2h ) + ....... + f (1 + ( n − 1) h ) 

∴ I = lim h  f (1) + f (1 + h ) + f (1 + 2h ) + ....... + f (1 + ( n − 1) h ) 

= lim h {2n + h (1 + 2 )} + 3h {1 + 2 + 3 + ...... + ( n − 1)}

∴ I = lim h  f (1) + f (1 + h ) + f (1 + 2h ) + ....... + f (1 + ( n − 1) h ) 

 ( n − 1) n ( 2n − 1) h 2 + 8h. ( n − 1) n  = lim 6nh + ( nh − h ) nh ( 2nh − h ) + 4nh nh − h 

1  ( e 2 − e −1 ) ( −1)  1 ( e2 − e−1 ) . 1 = ( e2 − e−1 )

= lim h e−1 + e −1+ h + e−1+ 2 h + ..... + e ( )  = lim he −1 1 + e h + e2 h + e3h + ..... + e( ) 

= lim h eλ a + eλ ( a + h ) + eλ ( a + 2 h ) + ..... + e ( )  = lim heλ a 1 + eλ h + e 2 λ h + e3λ h + ..... + e( ) 

= lim h [1 + (h + e2 h ) + (2h + e 4 h ) + (3h + e6 h ) + ..... + (n − 1)h + e 2( n −1) h )]

= lim h {h + 2h + 3h + ..... + (n − 1)h} + {1 + e 2 h + e4 h + ..... + e 2( n −1) h }

 (n − 1)n  e 2 nh − 1    (nh − h)(nh)   h e 2 nh − 1 

∴ I = lim h  f ( 0 ) + f ( h ) + f ( 2h ) + ..... + f (n − 1)h 

= lim h sin a + sin ( a + h ) + sin ( a + 2h ) + ....... + sin ( a + ( n − 1) h ) 

Now sin a + sin ( a + h ) + sin ( a + 2h ) + ....... + sin ( a + ( n − 1) h )

1 − cos 2a 1 − cos(2a + 2h) 1 − cos(2a + 2(n − 1)h) 

Then, f ( − x ) = ( − x ) sin 4 ( − x ) = − x 3 {sin ( − x )} = − x3 ( − sin x ) = − x3 sin 4 x = − f ( x )

a−x a−x a−x a−x

π /2 tan x π /2 sin x / cos x π /2 sin x

Adding (1) and (2), we get, 2 I = π ∫

Put t = 3 tan x ⇒ dt = 3 sec 2 x dx

Adding (1) and (2) we get,

Adding (1) and (2) we get, 2 I = ∫

Put cos x = t ⇒ − sin x dx = dt

Put tan x = t ⇒ sec 2 x dx = dt

Again put t = z + cos α ⇒ dt = dz . When z = 0, t = cos α and when z = 1, t = 1 + cos α

= − [ cos x ]0 + [ cos x ]π = − ( −1 − 1) + (1 − ( −1) ) = 2 + 2 = 4

So, x + 1 ≤ 0 on [ −4, −1] and x + 1 ≥ 0 on [ −1, 4]

So, x − 2 ≤ 0 on [ 0, 2] and x − 2 ≥ 0 on [ 2,3]

∵ x ≥ on [ 0, 3] , x − 1 ≤ 0 on [ 0,1] , x − 1 ≥ 0 on [1,3] , x − 2 ≤ 0 on [ 0, 2] , x − 2 ≥ 0 on [ 2, 3]

Now, x 2 + 2 x − 3 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 3)( x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = −3, 1 ; −3 ∉[ 0, 2] and 1 ∉[ 0, 2]

and for 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, x 2 + 2 x − 3 = x + 3 x − 1 = ( x + 3)( x − 1) = x 2 + 2 x − 3

Now, x − x = 0 ⇒ x ( x − 1)( x + 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 1, − 1 ⇒ x = −1, 0, 1

For 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x3 − x = x ( x − 1)( x + 1) = x ( − ( x − 1)( x + 1) ) = − ( x3 − x )

and for 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, x3 − x = x ( x − 1( x + 1) ) = x ( x − 1)( x + 1) = x3 − x

∵ cos x ≥ 0 on [ 0, π / 2] and cos x ≤ 0 on {π / 2, π }

−1 −x when x < 0

∫ ( cos x + sin x ) dx = [sin x − cos x ]