CHAPTER 2: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

1 Diagram 2 shows the structure of a pancreatic cell.

Rajah 2 menunjukkan struktur satu sel pankreas.

Diagram 2
Rajah 2

(a) (i) Name organelle Q, R and S

Namakan organel Q, R dan S

Q:…….......................................................................................................................

R:..............................................................................................................................

S:..............................................................................................................................
[3 marks]

(b) Explain why sperm cell contains a lot of organelle S?

Terangkan mengapa sel sperma mengandungi banyak organel S?

………….………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………
[3 marks]
(c) Name two extracellular enzymes that are secreted by the cell.
Namakan dua enzim luar sel yang dirembes oleh sel itu.

1.………...………………………………………………………………………………

2........................................................................................................................................

[2 marks]

(d) Explain what will happen to the production of extracellular enzyme if organelles Q and
R are absent.
Terangkan apa yang akan berlaku kepada penghasilan enzim luar sel jika organel Q
dan R tiada.

…..……….…………………………………………….…………………………………

………………………………………………………...………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks]

(e) State the number of P if this cell undergoes mitosis. Explain your answer.
Nyatakan bilangan P jika sel ini menjalani mitosis. Terangkan jawapan anda.

.……….…………………………………………….……………………………………

.………………………………………………………...…………………………………
[2 marks]
 CHAPTER 3: MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE
PLASMA MEMBRANE
1
Diagram 3.1 shows a plant cell in normal condition, and two conditions of the plant
cell when immersed in different concentrations of sucrose solutions.
Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan satu sel tumbuhan dalam keadaan normal, dan dua keadaan sel
itu apabila direndam di dalam larutan sukrosa berlainan kepekatan

Normal condition
Keadaan normal

Condition X Condition Y
Keadaan X Keadaan Y

Diagram 3.1
Rajah 3.1
(a) (i) Name P, Q and R.
Namakan P, Q dan R.

P : ............………………………………………………………………
Q : ……….……………………………………………………………...
R : ..……………………………………………………………………...
[3 marks]
(a) (ii) State condition Y of the plant cell.
Nyatakan keadaan Y sel tumbuhan itu

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 marks]

(b)
Explain how condition X and condition Y of the plant cell occur.
Terangkan bagaimana keadaan X dan keadaan Y sel tumbuhan itu berlaku.
Condition X :
Keadaan X :

…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………
Condition Y :
Keadaan Y :
…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

[4 marks]

(c)
A chemical substance inhibits the respiration process in the root hair cells of the
plant. Explain the effect to the transport of mineral ions into the root hair cells.
Satu bahan kimia telah merencat proses respirasi di dalam sel-sel rerambut akar
tumbuhan itu. Terangkan kesan ke atas pengangkutan ion mineral ke dalam sel-sel
rerambut akar itu.
……………………….………………………………………....………………

……………………….…………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks]
(d) Diagram 3.2 shows a wilted plant after i t w a s supplied with an excess amount
of fertiliser.
Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan satu tumbuhan layu setelah diberikan baja yang
berlebihan.

Leaf
Daun

Diagram 3.2
Rajah 3.2

Draw a labeled diagram to show the condition of a leaf cell of the plant.
Lukis satu rajah berlabel yang menunjukkan keadaan sel daun bagi tumbuhan itu.

[2 marks]
 CHAPTER 4: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL

1 Diagram 4.1 shows the action of enzyme sucrase on substrate P.

Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan tindakan enzim sukrase ke atas substrat P.

P Q

Sucrase
Sukrase

Diagram 4.1
Rajah 4.1

(a) Name P and Q.

Namakan P dan Q.

P :……………………………………………………………………………………….

Q :…..……….……………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]
(b) (i) The action of enzyme sucrase on substrate P is specific.
Explain this statement.
Tindakan enzim sukrase ke atas substrat P adalah spesifik.
Terangkan pernyataan ini.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]
(ii) Based on diagram 4.1, state two other characteristics of enzyme sucrase.
Berdasarkan rajah 4.1, nyatakan dua ciri enzim sukrase yang lain.

1. ……………..…………………………………………………………………

2. ……………………………………………………………………………….
[2 marks]
(c) When a sliced apple is exposed to air, an enzyme in the apple starts a chemical reaction
which causes the apple to turn brown.
Diagram 4.2 shows the observation made on a sliced apple before and after a treatment
as follows:
Part X : Soaked in an alkali
Part Y : Soaked in distilled water
Apabila sepotong epal didedahkan ke udara, sejenis enzim dalam epal akan
memulakan tindak balas kimia yang menyebabkan epal bertukar perang.
Rajah 4.2 menunjukkan pemerhatian yang dibuat ke atas potongan epal sebelum dan
selepas satu rawatan seperti berikut:
Bahagian X : Direndam di dalam alkali
Bahagian Y : Direndam di dalam air suling

X Y

Diagram 4.2
Rajah 4.2

(i) Based on diagram 1.2, explain your observation.

Berdasarkan rajah 1.2, terangkan pemerhatian anda.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………
[3 marks]
(ii) Explain another treatment to avoid sliced apple from turning brown.
Terangkan satu rawatan lain untuk mengelakkan potongan epal bertukar perang.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………
[3 marks]
 CHAPTER 5: CELL DIVISION

1 Diagram 5 shows nucleus of a parent cell and the nuclei of the daughter cells after a cell
division.
Rajah 5 menunjukkan satu nukleus sel induk dan dua nukleus sel-sel anak selepas
pembahagian sel.

Parent cell
Sel induk

Cell division
Pembahagian sel

Daughter cells
Sel-sel anak

Diagram 5
Rajah 5

(a) Based on Diagram 5,

Berdasarkan Rajah 5,

(i) State the type of cell division.

Nyatakan jenis pembahagian sel yang ditunjukkan.

………………………………………………………….……………………………
[1 mark]

(ii) Give two reasons for your answer in (a)(i).

Berikan dua alasan bagi jawapan anda (a)(i).

1.………….………………………………………………………………………………

2.………………………………………………………………………………………….
[2 marks]
(b) Explain the importance of the process to the living organism.
Terangkan kepentingan proses tersebut terhadap organism hidup.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]

(c) (i) For a plant cell where 2n=4, draw the cell in the box below to show the
chromosomal behaviour during the stage of Metaphase I in meiosis.
Untuk satu sel tumbuhan yang mempunyai 2n=4, lukis sel tersebut dalam kotak di
bawah untuk menunjukkan perlakuan kromosom dalam peringkat Metafasa 1 meiosis.

[2 marks]

(ii) Explain the events during metaphase I which contribute to variation in

organisms.
Terangkan kejadian semasa metafasa I yang menyumbang kepada variasi dalam
organism.

.……….…………………………………………….……………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]

(e) Uncontrolled meiosis leads to production of gametes with an abnormal number of

chromosomes. Name one disease caused by uncontrolled meiosis.
Meiosis tidak terkawal mengakibatkan penghasilan gamet dengan bilangan kromosom
yang tidak normal. Namakan satu penyakit yang disebabkan oleh pembahagian
meiosis yang tidak terkawal.

……………………………………………………………………………………............
[1 mark]
 CHAPTER 6: NUTRITION

Urea

Nutrient Y
Nutrient Y
Nutrient X Synthesis of
Nutrien X plasma membrane
Sintesis membran
plasma
Liver
hati
Nutrient Z

Diagram 6
Rajah 6

Diagram 6 shows the transport of nutrients X, Y and Z to the liver and the body cells.
Rajah 6 menunjukkan pengangkutan nutrein X, Y dan Z ke hati dan sel- sel badan.

a) Name the nutrients:

Namakan nutrien:

X: ………………………………………………

Y: ………………………………………………

Z: ………………………………………………
[3 marks]
b) The small intestine in Diagram 6 has numerous projections.
Draw and label a longitudinal section of one of these projections in the space below.
Usus kecil dalam Rajah 6 banyak unjuran jejari .
Lukis dan labelkan keratan memanjang satu daripada unjuran jejari tersebut dalam
ruang di bawah.

[2 marks]

c) (i) State the process that occurs in the projection drawn in (b).
Nyatakan proses yang berlaku dalam unjuran jejari yang dilukis dalam (b)

………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]

(ii) State one characteristic of the projections drawn in (b) that will help the
process in (c)(i) to function efficiently.
Nyatakan satu ciri unjuran jejari yang dilukis dalam (b) yang
membantu proses dalam (c)(i) untuk berfungsi dengan cekap.

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................
[1 mark]

d) Excess nutrient Y cannot be stored in the body and are broken down in the liver by one
process. Name the process.
Lebihan nutrien Y tidak boleh disimpan dalam badan dan dipecahkan dalam hati oleh
satu proses. Namakan proses tersebut.

………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]
e) Nutrient Z is absorbed through a different circulatory system compared to nutrient X and
nutrient Y.
Nutrien Z diserap oleh sistem peredaran yang berbeza dari nutrien X dan Y

(i) Name the circulatory system involved in transporting nutrient X and nutrient Y.
Namakan sistem peredaran yang terlibat dalam pengangkutan nutrien X dan Y.

……………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]

(ii) Describe how nutrient Z is drained back into the circulatory system which is named
in (d)(i).
Huraikan bagaimana nutrient Z masuk semula ke dalam sistem peredaran yang
dinyatakan dalam (d)(i).

......................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

[3 marks]
 CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION

1 Diagram 7 (a) shows two individuals P and Q in two different situations. P is in a vigorous
activity while Q is at rest. Processors of R and S occur in a human muscle cell.
Rajah 7 (a) menunjukkan dua individu P dan Q dalam dua situasi yang berbeza. P sedang
melakukan satu aktiviti cergas manakala Q berada dalam keadaan rehat. Proses R dan S
berlaku dalam satu sel otot manusia.

Diagram 7 (a)
Rajah 7 (a)

(a) (i) Base on Diagram 7 (a), name the processes:

Berdasarkan Rajah 7 (a) , namakan proses:

Process R /Proses R : …………………………………………………………

Process S / Proses S: ………………………………………………………….

[2 marks]
(b) Write the equation of process S.
Tuliskan persamaan bagi proses S.

……………………………………………………………………………………………….
[2 marks]

(c) Explain two differences between process R and process S.

Terangkan dua perbezaan antara proses R dan S.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
[2 marks]

(d) Diagram 7 (b) i shows fish respiratory structure and Diagram 7 (b) ii shows mammal
respiratory structure.
Rajah 7 (b) i menunjukkan struktur pernafasan ikan dan Rajah 7 (b) ii menunjukkan
struktur pernafasan mamalia.

Diagram 7 (b) i Diagram 7 (b) ii

Rajah 7 (b) i Rajah 7 (b) ii

(i) What is X?
Apakah X?

……………………………………………………………………………

[1 mark]
(ii) State two characteristics of X, which makes it a good respiratory structure for
fish.
Nyatakan dua ciri struktur X yang menjadikan ia struktur pernafasan yang
baik bagi ikan.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]

Explain three adaptations for structures shows in Diagram 7 (b) ii to carry out its
function efficiently.
Terangkan tiga adaptasi yang terdapat pada struktur yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah
7 (b) ii dalam menjalankan fungsinya dengan cekap.

………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………..

[3marks]
 CHAPTER 8: DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM

1 Diagram 8 shows an incomplete nitrogen cycle.

Rajah 8 menunjukkan satu kitaran nitrogen yang tidak lengkap.

Diagram 8
Rajah 8

a. Name compounds J, K and L.

Namakan sebatian J, K dan L.
J : …………………………………..
K: …………………………………..
L : …………………………………..
[3 marks]
b. Name organism X and Y.
Namakan organism X dan Y.
X : …………………………………..
Y : …………………………………..
[2 marks]

c. State two microorganisms that can assimilate atmospheric nitrogen into compound J.
Nyatakan dua mikroorganisma yang boleh mengasimilasi nitrogen di udara menjadi
sebatian J.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]

d. Explain briefly how nitrogen in animals can be converted to compound J.

Terangkan secara ringkas bagaimana nitrogen dalam haiwan boleh ditukarkan kepada
sebatian J.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]

e. Name organism Z and explain briefly how it balances the cycle.

Namakan organism Z dan terangkan secara ringkas bagaimana ia menyeimbangkan
kitaran ini.
Organisma Z : …………………………………………………………………………...
Organisma Z
Explanation : …………………………………………………………………………....
Penerangan
[3 marks]
 CHAPTER 9: ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM

Sunlight
Cahaya Matahari

Substances X
Bahan X

P Q

Diagram 9.1: Human activities that cause bad effect to environment.

Rajah 9.1: Aktiviti-aktiviti manusia yang menjejaskan alam sekitar
(a) State two substances X.
Namakan dua bahan X.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]

(b) What is the phenomenon that occurs as a result of substance X.

Apakah fenomena yang berlaku diakibatkan oleh bahan X.

…………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(c) Explain how phenomenon in (b) can occur.

Terangkan bagaimana fenomena di (b) berlaku.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………………………
[3 marks]

(d) State two implications of phenomenon in (b) on the environment.

Nyatakan dua kesan fenomena di (b) ke atas alam sekitar.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks]
(e) State the steps that should be taken to reduce phenomenon in (b).
Nyatakan langkah-langkah kawalan untuk mengurangkan phenomenom in (b).

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]
2
Forest area Vegetable farm Residential area Industries area
Kawasan hutan Kebun sayuran Kawasan perumahan Kawasan Industri

Zone U
Zone R
Zone T
Direction of river
flow Zone S
Arah aliran
sungai
A.

Diagram 9.2
Rajah 9.2
Diagram 9.2 shows the flow of river at Pasir Gudang. An experiment is carried out to study
the water pollution among zone R, S, T and U.
Rajah 9.2 menunjukkan sebatang sungai yang mengalir melalui kawasan di Pasir Gudang.
Satu kajian pencemaran air telah dijalankan di zon R, S, T dan U.

Table 9.3 shows the results of an experiment

Jadual 9.3 menunjukkan keputusan kajian tersebut.

Zone B.O.D value Level

Zon Nilai B.O.D Level
R Very Low / Sangat Rendah 2
S Low / Rendah 6
T Very high / Sangat Tinggi 20
U Medium / Sederhana 10

Table 9.3
Jadual 9.3

(a) (i) Give the meaning of B.O.D

Berikan maksud B.O.D

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
 (ii) State the relationship between B.O.D value with the level of water pollution.
Nyatakan hubungan antara nilai B.O.D dengan tahap pencemaran air sungai.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(b) (i) From Table 9.3, the river water in which zone is the most polluted?
Daripada Jadual 9.3, air sungai di zon manakah yang paling tercemar?

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(ii) Name two types of pollutant which discharged into the river in zone you state in
(b)(i).
Namakan dua bahan yang menyebabkan air sungai paling tercemar di zon yang
anda nyatakan di (b)(i).

…..…………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(iii) Describe the changes in the population of bacteria in zone that you state in (b)(i)
which most polluted.
Huraikan perubahan populasi bacteria dalam zon yang anda nyatakan di (b)(i)
mempunyai air sungai yang paling tercemar.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

[3 marks]
(c) State two methods to reduce river pollution.
Nyatakan dua cara untuk mengurangkan pencemaran air.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….
[2 marks]

(d) In your opinion, does this river water suitable to be used by villagers as their water
source? Explain.
Pada pendapat anda, adakah air sungai ini sesuai digunakan oleh penduduk sebagai
sumber air di rumah? Berikan penjelasan anda.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………
[3 marks]
CHAPTER 3: MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Question 1
Soalan 1

Membran plasma adalah membran separa telap yang hanya membenarkan air dan zat terlarut
tertentu melaluinya.
Satu eksperimen telah dijalankan untuk menyiasat kesan kepekatan larutan garam ke atas
pergerakan molekul air merentasi membran separa telap.
Plasma membrane is semi-permeable membrane that allows water molecule and certain
solute to move across the membrane freely. An experiment was carried out to investigate the
effect of concentration of salt solution on the movement of water molecules across a semi-
permeable membrane.

Langkah-langkah berikut telah dijalankan :

The following steps were carried out:

Langkah 1
Step 1

4 bikar dilabelkan A hingga D. Bikar-bikar tersebut masing-masing diisikan dengan 250 ml

larutan berikut:
4 beakers ara labeled A to D. The beakers are filled with 250 ml of the following solutions
respectively:

Bikar Kepekatan larutan garam

Beaker Concentration of salt solution, %
A 5
B 15
C 30
D 45
Langkah 2
Step 2

Jisim awal setiap telur asin ditimbang dan direkodkan.

Initial mass of the salty egg is weighed and recorded.

Langkah 3
Step 3

Telur-telur asin yang mempunyai jisim yang sama itu masing-masing direndam dalam bikar
A, B, C dan D selama satu jam.
Salty egg with the same mass is immersed in beaker A, B, C and D for one hour.

Langkah 4
Step 4

Jisim akhir setiap telur asin ditimbang dan direkodkan.

Final mass of the salty egg is weighed and recorded.

Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan jisim awal telur asin untuk setiap kepekatan garam yang berbeza.
Diagram 1.1 shows the initial mass of salty egg in different salt solution.

Rajah 1.1
Diagram 1.1

Jisim awal = ..............................g

Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan kaedah yang telah digunakan oleh pelajar itu.
Diagram 1.2 shows the method used by the student in the experiment.

Rajah 1.2
Diagram 1.2

Jadual 1 menunjukkan keputusan jisim akhir telur asin selepas satu larutan garam yang
berlainan kepekatan.
Table 1 shows the result of the final mass of salty egg after immersed for one hour in different
concentration of salt solution
Bikar Kepekatan larutan Jisim akhir telur asin selepas satu jam direndam
Beaker garam, % dalam larutan garam
Concentration of salt Final mass of salty egg after hour immersed in salt
solution, % solution
A 5

B 15
 C 30

D 45

Jadual 1
Table 1

(a) Rekodkan jisim akhir telur asin selepas direndam dalam larutan garam selama 1 jam
dalam ruang yang disediakan dalam Jadual 1.
Record the final mass of salty egg after immersed in salt solution for one hour in the
provided in Table 1.

[3 markah]
(b) i) Berdasarkan Jadual 1, nyatakan dua pemerhatian yang berbeza.
Based on Table 1, state two different observations.
Pemerhatian 1 :
Observation 1 :

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

Pemerhatian 2 :
Observation 2

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

[3 markah]

(ii) Nyatakan inferens yang sepadan dengan pemerhatian di 1(b)(i).

State the inferences which correspond to the observations in 1(b)(i).

Inferens daripada pemerhatian 1:

Inference from observation 1 :

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

Inferens daripada pemerhatian 2 :

Inference from observation 2 :
............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................
[3 markah]
(c) Lengkapkan Jadual 1 berdasarkan eksperimen ini.
Complete Table 1 based on this experiment.

Pembolehubah Cara mengendali

pembolehubah
Variable
Method to handle the variable

Pembolehubah dimanipulasi
Manipulated variable
…………………………………………
………………………………………

…..………………………………........
….…………………….………………

…………………………………………
………………………………………..

Pembolehubah bergerak balas

Responding variable

……………………………………….. ……………………………………......

……………………………………….. ………………………………………

……………………………………….. ………………………………………

Pembolehubah dimalarkan
Constant variable
………………………………………... ……………………………………......

………………………………………... ………………………………………

……………………………………… ………………………………………

Table 2
Jadual 2 [3 markah]
(d) Nyatakan hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini.
State the hypothesis for this experiment.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

[3 markah]

(e) (i) Bina satu jadual dan rekodkan semua data yang dikumpulkan dalam eksperimen
ini. Jadual anda hendaklah mengandungi tajuk-tajuk berikut:
Construct a table and record all the data collected in this experiment. Your table
should have the following titles:
 Kepekatan larutan garam
Concentration of salt solution
 Jisim awal telur asin
Initial mass of salty egg
 Jisim akhir telur asin
Final mass of salty egg
 Perbezaan jisim
Difference in mass
 Peratus perubahan jisim
Percentage change in mass

[3 markah]
 (ii) Guna kertas graf yang disediakan untuk menjawab soalan ini. Menggunakan
data di 1 (e) (i), lukis satu graf peratus perubahan jisim telur asin melawan
kepekatan larutan garam.
Use the graph paper provided to answer this question. Using the data in 1(e) (i),
draw a graph to show the percentage change in mass of salty egg in different
concentration of salt solution.
[3 markah]

(f) Berdasarkan graf di 1 (e) (ii), terangkan hubungan antara kepekatan larutan garam
dengan perubahan jisim telur asin.
Based on the graph in 1(e) (ii), explain the relationship between the concentration of
salt solution with the change in mass of salty egg.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
[3 markah]

(g) Berdasarkan keputusan eksperimen ini, nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi osmosis.
Based on the result of this experiment, state the operational definition for osmosis.

…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
[3 markah]

(h) Berdasarkan graf di 1 (e) (ii), ramalkan kepekatan larutan garam yang isotonik
terhadap kepekatan zat terlarut dalam telur asin. Terangkan ramalan anda.
Based on the graph in 1(e) (ii), predict the concentration of salt solution that is isotonic
to the fluid inside the salty egg. Explain your prediction.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
[3 markah]
(i) Setiap vilus mempunyai jaringan kapilari darah dan salur limfa yang disebut
lakteal. Penyerapan nutrien berlaku di vilus.
Each villus has a network of blood capillaries and lymphatic vessel called a lacteal.
Nutrient absorption occurs in the villus.

Glukosa Vitamin D Asid lemak

Glucose Vitamin D Fatty acids

Vitamin B Gliserol Asid amino

Vitamin B Glycerol Amino acids

Kelaskan senarai nutrien di atas berdasarkan penyerapan nutrien yang belaku dalam
vilus dalam Jadual 3.
Classify the list of nutrient above based on the absorption of nutrient in the villus in
Table 3.

Kapilari darah Lakteal

Blood capillary Lacteal

Jadual 3
Table 3 [ 3 markah]
Graf peratus perubahan jisim telur asin melawan kepekatan larutan garam
Graph of the percentage change in mass of salty egg against the concentration of salt
solution.
Question 2
Soalan 2

Starch and protein contained in food are large molecules. Large molecules cannot be
absorbed by the villi of the small intestine. Glucose and amino acids are small
molecules which can diffuse into the villi.

Based on the information above, plan a laboratory experiment to show that small
molecules are able to diffuse across a semipermeable membrane but large molecules
cannot.

The planning of your experiment must include the following aspects:

Kanji dan protein yang terkandung ‹dalam makanan merupakan molekul besar.
Molekul besar tidak boleh diserap oleh vilus usus kecil. Glukosa dan asid amino
adalah molekul kecil yang boleh meresap ke dalam vilus.

Berdasarkan maklumat di atas, rancang satu eksperimen dalam makmal untuk

menunjukkan bahawa molekul kecil boleh meresap merentasi membran separa telap
tetapi molekul besar tidak boleh.

Perancangan eksperimen anda hendaklah meliputi aspek-aspek berikut:

• Problem statement
Penyataan masalah
• Hypothesis
hipotesis
• Variables
Pembolehubah
• List of apparatus and materials
Senarai radas dan bahan
• Procedure of experiment
Prosedur eksperimen
• Presentation of data
Persembahan data
[ 17 marks]
CHAPTER 4: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL

Question 1
Soalan 1

An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of pH values on the hydrolysis of
starch by amylase enzyme. Several buffer solutions with different pH values were
prepared.
Satu eksperimen telah dijalankan untuk mengkaji kesan nilai pH ke atas hidrolisis kanji
oleh enzim amilase. Beberapa larutan penimbal dengan nilai pH yang berbeza disediakan.
The following steps were carried out.
Langkah-langkah berikut telah dijalankan.
Step 1
3 ml of 1% amylase solution was placed into a boiling tube containing 6 ml of buffer
solution at pH 6.
Langkah 1
3 ml 1% larutan amilase telah dimasukkan ke dalam tabung didih yang mengandungi 6 ml
larutan penimbal pada pH 6.

Step 2
4 drops of iodine solution was placed into each groove on a white tile.
Langkah 2
4 titis larutan iodin diletakkan ke dalam setiap lekuk pada suatu jubin putih.

Step 3
4 ml of 1% starch solution was added into the boiling tube and the stopwatch is started
immediately.
Langkah 3
4 ml 1% larutan kanji ditambah ke dalam tabung didih itu dan jam randik dimulakan
dengan segera.

Step 4
Every 2 minutes, a drop of the mixture from the boiling tube was dropped into a new
groove of iodine solution on the white tile by using a clean dropper.Langkah 4
Setiap 2 minit, satu titik larutan campuran daripada tabung didih itu dititiskan ke atas
lekuk baru yang mengandungi larutan iodin pada jubin putih itu dengan menggunakan
penitis yang bersih.

Step 5
The time taken for the iodine solution to remain yellow is recorded.
Langkah 5
Masa diambil untuk larutan iodine itu kekal kuning direkodkan.

Step 6
Steps 1- 5 are repeated using buffer solutions at pH 5, 7, 8, 9.
Langkah 6
Langkah 1 – 5 diulang dengan menggunakan larutan penimbal pada pH 5, 7, 8, 9.

Diagram 1 shows the materials and the apparatus used in this experiment for different pH
values of buffer solutions.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan bahan dan radas yang digunakan dalam eksperimen ini untuk
larutan penimbal pada nilai pH yang berbeza.

Diagram 1
Rajah 1
Diagram 2 shows the observation for the experiment using buffer solution at pH 6 after 6
minutes.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan pemerhatian bagi eksperimen yang menggunakan larutan penimbal
pada pH 6 selepas 6 minit.

Diagram 2
Rajah 2
Table 1 shows the results of this experiment.
Jadual 1 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen ini.

Time taken for iodine

OBSERVATION
pH of buffer solution to remain
PEMERHATIAN
solution yellow (min)
pH larutan Masa diambil untuk
End of experiment
penimbal larutan iodine kekal
Akhir eksperimen
kuning (min)

………. minutes
5
minit

………. minutes
6
minit

………. minutes
7
minit

………. minutes
8
minit

………. minutes
9
minit
(a) Record the time taken for the iodine solution to remain yellow in Table 1.
Rekod masa yang diambil untuk larutan iodin kekal kuning di dalam Jadual 1.
[3 marks]

(b) (i) State two different observations made from Table 1.

Nyataka dua pemerhatian yang berbeza yang dibuat daripada Jadual 1.
Observation 1:
Pemerhatian 1 :

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

Observation 2:
Pemerhatian 2:

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………
[3 marks]

(ii) State the inferences from the observations in 1(b)(i).

Nyatakan inferens daripada pemerhatian di 1 (b)(i).
Inference from observation 1:
Inferens daripada pemerhatian 1:

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

Inference from observation 2:

Inferens daripada pemerhatian 2:

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………
[3 marks]
(c) Complete Table 2 based on this experiment.
Lengkapkan Jadual 2 berdasarkan eksperimen ini.
Variables Method to handle the variable
Pemboleh ubah Cara mengendali pemboleh ubah
Manipulated variable
Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan …………………………………………

………………………………………… …………………………………………

………………………………………… …………………………………………

………………………………………… …………………………………………
Responding variable
Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas …………………………………………

………………………………………… …………………………………………

………………………………………… …………………………………………

………………………………………… …………………………………………
Constant variable
Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan …………………………………………

………………………………………… …………………………………………

………………………………………… …………………………………………

………………………………………… …………………………………………
[3 marks]

(d) State the hypothesis for this experiment.

Nyatakan hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini.

….………………………………………………………………………………………

….………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………….
[3 marks]
(e) (i) Construct a table and record all the data collected in this experiment.
Your table should have the following titles:
Bina satu jadual dan rekodkan semua data yang dikumpul dalam eksperimen ini.
Jadual anda hendaklah mengandungi tajuk-tajuk berikut:
 pH
pH
 Time taken for iodine solution to remain yellow
Masa diambil untuk larutan iodin kekal kuning
 Rate of amylase activity on starch
Kadar aktiviti amylase terhadap kanji

Rate of amylase activity = 1

Time taken for iodine solution to remain yellow
Kadar aktiviti amilase = 1
Masa diambil untuk larutan iodine kekal kuning

[3 marks]

(ii) Using the data 1(e)(i), draw a graph of the rate of amylase activity on starch
against the pH values of the mixture solution.
Menggunakan data 1(e)(i), lukis graf kadar aktviti amilase ke atas kanji melawan
nilai pH bagi larutan campuran.
[3 marks]
(f) Based on the graph in 1(e)(ii), explain the relationship between the rate of amylase
activity on starch and the pH values of the mixture solution.
Berdasarkan graf di 1(e)(ii), terangkan hubungan antara kadar aktiviti amilase dan
nilai pH larutan campuran.

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….
[3 marks]

(g) State the operational definition for the hydrolysis of starch by amylase enzyme.
Nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi hidrolisis kanji oleh enzim amilase.

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….
[3 marks]

(h) This experiment is repeated using buffer solution at pH 7 in water bath at 20°C.
Predict the outcome of this experiment.
Explain your prediction.
Eksperimen ini diulang dengan menggunakan larutan penimbal pada pH 7 dalam
kukus air pada suhu 20°C.
Ramalkan hasil eksperimen ini.
Terangkan ramalan anda.

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….
[3 marks]
(i) Classify the following materials and apparatus that used in this experiment into
manipulated variables, responding variables and constant variables
Kelaskan bahan dan radas yang digunakan dalam eksperimen ini kepada pemboleh
ubah dimanipulasikan, pemboleh ubah bergerak balas dan pemboleh ubah
dimalarkan.

Boiling tube Iodine solution Thermometer

Tabung didih Larutan iodine Termometer

Stopwatch Amylase solution Buffer solution

Jam randik Larutan amilase Larutan penimbal

Variables Material Apparatus

Pemboleh ubah Bahan Radas
Manipulated
Dimanipulasikan
Responding
Bergerak balas
Constant
Dimalarkan

[3 marks]
Question 2
Soalan 2

Situation 1
Salmah uses warm water to wash her clothes using liquid which contains added enzyme.
The cleaning is more effective.
Situasi 1
Salmah menggunakan air suam untuk membasuh pakaian menggunakan cecair pencuci
yang mengandungi enzim tambahan. Cuciannya adalah lebih berkesan.

Situation 2
Using the same washing liquid as in situation 1, Mary uses cold water to wash her clothes.
The cleaning is less effective.
Situasi 2
Menggunakan cecair pencuci yang sama di situasi 1, Mary menggunakan air sejuk untuk
membasuh pakaian. Cuciannya adalah kurang berkesan.

Based on both situations, design a laboratory experiment to study the effect of the
temperature on the rate of enzyme reaction.
Berdasarkan kedua-dua situasi itu, reka bentuk satu eksperimen makmal untuk mengkaji
kesan suhu ke atas kadar tindak balas enzim.
The planning of your experiment must include the following aspects:
Perancangan eksperimen anda hendaklah meliputi aspek berikut:

 Problem statement
Pernyataan masalah

 Hypothesis
Hipotesis

 Variables
Pemboleh ubah

 List of apparatus and materials

Senarai bahan dan radas

 Procedure of experiment
Prosedur eksperimen

 Presentation of data
Persembahan data
[17 marks]
 CHAPTER 6: NUTRITION

Question 1
Soalan 1

Energy value or calorific value is the quantity of heat produced when one gram of food is
completely oxidized or burnt down. This heat energy is then absorbed by the water in the boiling
tube. Hence, the energy content in food varies among food samples according to their classes of
food.
Nilai tenaga atau nilai kalori adalah kuantiti haba yang dihasilkan apabila satu gram makanan
dioksidakan dengan lengkap atau dibakar. Tenaga haba ini seterusnya diserap oleh air di dalam
tabung didih. Justeru itu, kandungan tenaga dalam pelbagai sampel makanan adalah berbeza-
beza berdasarkan kelas-kelas makanan.

A group of form 4 students carried out an experiment to determine the energy value for the
following food samples in Diagram 1
Sekumpulan pelajar tingkatan 4 telah menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk menentukan nilai
tenaga untuk sampel-sampel makanan berikut dalam Rajah 1.

Diagram 1
Rajah 1
Diagram 2 shows the apparatus set-up used in this experiment showing the initial water
temperature of 29 o C.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan suatu set radas dan bahan yang digunakan dalam eksperimen ini yang
menunjukkan suhu awal air adalah 29 o C.

Diagram 2 / Rajah 2

The following steps were carried out :

Langkah-langkah berikut telah dijalankan :

Step 1: Small pieces of bread (P) is cut off and mass is weight and recorded using a balance.
Sebahagian kecil roti (P) telah dikerat dan jisimnya ditimbang serta direkodkan
menggunakan penimbang.

Step 2: 20 ml of distilled water was placed into a clean boiling tube by using a measuring
cylinder.
20 ml air suling dimasukkan ke dalam tabung didih yang bersih menggunakan
silinder penyukat.

Step 3: The boiling tube is clamped to a retort stand with thermometer placed in it.
Tabung didih diapit pada kaki retort dengan termometer diletakkan ke dalamnya.

Step 4: The initial temperature of water in the boiling tube were measured and recorded by
using a thermometer.
Jisim awal air di dalam tabung didih diukur dan direkodkan menggunakan
termometer.
Step 5: The bread (P) is attached to a pin and burnt in a labour gas flame
Roti (P) dilekatkan pada pin dan dibakar di dalam api gas labor.

Step 6: When completely burnt, the burnt bread is placed below the boiling tube.
Apabila pembakaran lengkap, roti yang dibakar diletakkan di bawah tabung didih.

Step 7: The water is stirred gently with the thermometer.

Air dikacau secara perlahan menggunakan termometer.

Step 8: The final temperature of water is recorded using the thermometer

Suhu akhir air direkodkan menggunakan termometer.

Step 9: The energy value of bread is calculated using the following formula:
Energy value = 4.2 (Jg -1 oC) x mass of water (g) x temperature increase (oC )
Mass of food sample (g)

Nilai tenaga roti dihitung menggunakan formula berikut:

Nilai tenaga = 4.2 (Jg -1 oC) x jisim air (g) x kenaikan suhu (oC )
Jisim sampel makanan(g)

Step 10: Step 1 until 9 are repeated using anchovy (Q) and cashew nut (R)
Langkah I hingga 9 diulangi menggunakan ikan bilis (Q) dan kacang gajus (R)
Table 1 shows the highest water temperature after the food sample is completely burnt down
Jadual I menunjukkan suhu tertinggi selepas sampel makanan dibakar dengan lengkap.

Type of food sample Mass of food sample Final temperature of Increase in water
Jenis sampel makanan Jisim sampel water temperature
makanan(g) Suhu akhir air(oC ) Pertambahan suhu
air(oC )

P
Bread
Roti 0.6
 35

Q
Anchovy 0.8
Ikan Bilis

R 1.2
Cashew nut
Kacang Gajus

a) Record the increase in water temperature in Table 1

Rekod kenaikan suhu air di dalam Jadual 1.
[3 marks]
b)(i) State two different observations that can be made from Table I.
Nyatakan dua pemerhatian yang berbeza yang boleh dibuat danpada Jadual 1.
Observation 1/ Pemerhatian 1:

.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................

Observation 2/ Pemerhatian 2:

.....................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
[3 marks]

b)(i) State two inferences related to above observations.

Nyatakan dua inferens berkaitan dengan pemerhatian di atas.
Inference from observation 1/ Inferens dari pemerhatian 1:

.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................

Inference from observation 2/ Inferens dari pemerhatian 2:

.....................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
[3 marks]

c) From Diagram 2, list out all the apparatus and materials used in this experiment.
Dari Rajah 2, senaraikan semua radas dan bahan yang digunakan dalam
eksperimen ini.
Apparatus Material
Radas Bahan

Table 2/ Jadual 2
[3 marks]
d) Complete the variables in Table 3 based on this experiment.
Lengkapkan pembolehubah-pembolehubah dalam Jadual 3 berdasarkan eksperimen
ini.
Variables Method to handle the variables
Pembolehubah Cara mengendalikan pembolehubah
Manipulated Variable:
Pembolehubah dimanipulasikan: ………………………………………….
………………………………………… ………………………………………….
………………………………………… ………………………………………….

Responding Variable:
Pembolehubah bergerak balas: ………………………………………….
………………………………………… ………………………………………….
………………………………………… ………………………………………….

Fixed Variable:
Pembolehubah Malar : ………………………………………….
………………………………………… ………………………………………….
………………………………………… ………………………………………….

Table 3 / Jadual 3
[3 marks]

e) State the hypothesis for this experiment.

Nyatakan hipotesis untuk eksperimen ini.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
[3 marks]
f) Construct a table and record all data collected in this experiment.
Bina satu jadual dan rekodkan data yang terkumpul dalam eksperimen ini.

Your table should have the following :

Jadual anda hendaklah mengandungi yang berikut:
 Type of food sample
Jenis sampel makanan
 Mass of food sample
Jisim sampel makanan
 Increase in water temperature
Kenaikan suhu air
 Energy value for each food sample
Nilai tenaga setiap sampel makanan

[3 marks]

g)(i) By using the table in 1(f), draw a bar chart graph on the energy value against the
type of food sample.
Dengan menggunakanJadual di 1(f), lukiskan satu graf carta bar ke atas nilai
tenaga melawan jenis sampel makanan,
[3 marks]
g)(ii) Based on the graph in l(g)(i), state the relationship between the energy value and
the type of food sample.
Explain.
Berdasarkan graf dalam l(g)(ii), nyatakan hubungan di antara nilai tenaga dan
jenis sampel makanan..
Terangkan.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
[3 marks]

h) If the food sample is replaced by S, predict the outcome of the experiment. Explain
your prediction.
Sekiranya sampel makanan digantikan oleh S, ramalkan hasil eksperimen.
Terangkan ramalan anda

.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
[3 marks]

i) Define operationally the Energy Value.

Definisikan secara operasi Nilai Tenaga.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
[3 marks]
Question 2
Soalan 2

Diagram 2 shows two types of fruit. The fruit juices contain vitamin C.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan dua jenis buah-buahan. Jus buah-buahan tersebut mengandungi vitamin
C.

Watermelon/Tembikai Pineapple/Nanas
Diagram 2 / Rajah 2

By using materials and apparatus available in the laboratory, plan an experiment to determine the
concentration of vitamin C in watermelon juice and pineapple juice. The planning of your
experiment must include the following aspects:
Dengan menggunakan bahan dan radas yang terdapat di dalam makmal, rancangkan satu
experimen untuk menentukan kepekatan vitamin C di dalam jus tembikai dan jus nanas.
Perancangan eksperimen anda hendaklah meliputi aspek-aspek berikut:

 Problem statement
Pernyataan masalah

 Hypothesis
Hipotesis

 Variables
Pembolehubah

 List of materials and apparatus

Senarai bahan dan radas

 Experimental procedures
Kaedah eksperimen

 Presentation of data
Persembahan data [17 marks]
 CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION
Question 1
Soalan 1
A group of students carried out an experiment to investigate the effect of running at a different
distance on the content of carbon dioxide in the exhaled air. A boy was asked to run at different
distances at a time which are 100 meters, 400 meters and 800 meters. Immediately after running
for a specific distance, the boy was asked to exhale into a test tube as shown in Diagram 1.1. The
air is analysed immediately for the amount of carbon dioxide produced with a J-tube as shown in
Diagram 1.2. The boy was allowed to rest for 30 minutes before he started running for another
distance.
Sekumpulan pelajar telah menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan larian pada jarak yang
berbeza terhadap kandungan karbon dioksida di dalam udara hembusan. Seorang pelajar lelaki telah
diminta untuk berlari pada jarak yang berbeza iaitu 100 meter, 400 meter dan 800 meter. Sebaik sahaja
beliau selesai berlari pada jarak tertentu, beliau telah diminta untuk menghembus nafas kedalam sebuah
tabung uji seperti yang ditunjukkan pada rajah 1.1. Udara hembusan itu kemudiannya dianalisis untuk
mendapatkan jumlah karbon dioksida yang dihasilkan dengan menggunakan tiub J seperti pada rajah
1.2. Pelajar lelaki itu dibenarkan untuk berehat selama 30 minit sebelum memulakan larian pada jarak
seterusnya.

Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.2

Rajah 1.1 Rajah 1.2
 Diagram 1.3
Rajah 1.3

The following steps were carried out for each activity.

Langkah-langkah berikut telah dijalankan untuk setiap aktiviti.

Step 1 : The short limb of J-tube is dipped into potassium hydroxide solution as shown in
Diagram 1.3.

Langkah 1: Lengan pendek tiub-J ditenggelamkan ke dalam larutan kalium hidroksida

sebagaimana Rajah 1.3.
Step 2: The screw is rotated to withdraw potassium hydroxide to a level close to the short limb
of the J-tube.

Langkah 2: Skrew dilaraskan untuk mendapatkan aras larutan kalium hidrosida supaya
memenuhi lengan pendek tiub-J.

Step 3: Then, immedietly the J-tube is dipped into the exhale air in the test tube and the screw
is rotated to withdraw 10 cm of air from the test tube into the J-tube.

Langkah 3: Tiub-J dengan pantas dimasukkan ke dalam tabung uji udara hembusan dan skrew
di laraskan untuk mendapatkan 10 cm udara daripada tabung uji ke dalam tiub-J.

Step 4: Then step 2 is repeated until the level of potassium hydroxide reaches the collar of
the J-tube as shown in Diagrams 1.4.

Langkah 4: Langkah 2 diulang sehingga aras larutan kalium hidrosida menghampiri leher tiub-J
sepertimana Rajah 1.4.
Step 5: The potassium hydroxide is moved back and forth to maximize the reaction of air
 inside the air column with the reagent for five minute and the length of air column is
mesured and recorded.
Langkah 5: Lautan kalium hidrosida digerak ke depan dan ke belakang untuk tindakbalas
maksima udara dalam turus udara dengan reagen selama lima minit dan aras kolum
turus kemudiaannya di ukur dan direkod

Diagram 1.4 shows the length of air column in the J-tube before treatment using 0.1% potassium
hydroxide solution.
Rajah 1.4 menunjukkan panjang turus udara di dalam Tiub-J sebelum diuji dengan menggunaka 0.1 %
larutan kalium hidroksida.

0.1 %Potassium hydroxide

0.1 % Kalium hidroksida
Ruler / Pembaris

Air column 0.1 %Potassium hydroxide

Turus udara 0.1 % Kalium hidroksida

Diagram 1.4
Rajah 1.4

(a) The following are some of the materials and apparatus used in this experiment.
Di bawah adalah sebahagian daripada bahan dan radas yang
digunakan di dalam eksperimen ini.

Sportsman, J-tube, beaker, 0.1 % potassium hydroxide, water, ruler, test tube,
rubber tube
Ahli sukan, Tiub-J, bikar, 0.1 % kalium hidroksida, air, pembaris, tabung uji,
salur getah
 List all the materials and apparatus used in Table 1.
Dalam Jadual 1, senaraikan semua bahan dan radas yang
digunakan..

Material Apparatus
Bahan Radas

[3 marks]

(b) Table 2 shows the results of this experiment.

Jadual 2 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen ini.

The Length of air column after five minutes treated with Length of
distance potassium hydroxide. air column
Jarak Panjang turus udara selepas lima minit diuji dengan (cm)
kalium hidroksida Panjang

100 meters
cm

400 meters
cm
 800 meters cm

Table 2
Jadual 2

Record the length of air column in the boxes provided in Table 2.

Rekodkan panjang turus udara di dalam petak yang disediakan dalam
Jadual 2.

[3 marks]

(c) (i) State two different observations made from Table 2.

Nyatakan dua pemerhatian yang berbeza yang dibuat daripada Jadual 2.

Observation 1 / Pemerhatian 1

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………

Observation 2 / Pemerhatian 2

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………
[3 marks]
(ii) State the inference which corresponds to the observations in 1 (c)(i)
Nyatakan inferens yang sepadan dengan pemerhatian di 1 (c)(i)

Inference from observation 1 / Inferens daripada pemerhatian 1:

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

Inference from observation 2 / Inferens daripada pemerhatian 2:

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………
[3 marks]
(d) Complete Table 3 based on this experiment.
Lengkapkan Jadual 3 berdasarkan eksperimen ini

Variables Method to handle the variable

Pembolehubah Cara mengendali pembolehubah

Manipulated variable …………………………………………………….

Pembolehubah dimanipulasikan
……………………………………………………..

……………………………………… ……………………………………………………..

……………………………………… ……………………………………………………...

Responding variable …………………………………………………….

Pembolehubah bergerak balas
……………………………………………………..
………………………………………
……………………………………………………..
………………………………………
……………………………………………………...

Controlled variable …………………………………………………….

Pembolehubah dimalarkan
……………………………………………………..
………………………………………
……………………………………………………..
………………………………………
……………………………………………………...

[3 marks]

(e) State the hypothesis for this experiment.

Nyatakan hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

[3 marks]
(f)
i) Construct a table and record all the data collected in this experiment.
Bina satu jadual dan rekodkan semua data yang dikumpulkan dalam eksperimen ini.

Your table should have the following titles:

Jadual anda hendaklah mengandungi tajuk-tajuk berikut

- The distance taken by the boy to run.

Jarak yang diambil oleh pelajar untuk berlari

- The difference in the air column before and after running.

Perubahan panjang turus udara sebelum dan selepas berlarii.

- Percentage of carbon dioxide.

Used formula:

Percentage of carbon dioxide = _Difference in the length of air column X 100

Original length of air column
- Peratus kandungan carbón dioksida

Guna formula:
Peratus karbon dioksida = Perubahan panjang turus udara X 100
Panjang asal turus udara

[3 marks]
 (ii) Use the graph paper provided to answer this part .
Using the data in 1 (f) (i), draw the graph of percentage of carbon dioxide
against the distance taken by the boy to run.
Gunakan kertas graf yang disediakan untuk menjawab ceraian soalan ini.
Menggunakan data di 1 (f)(i), lukis graf peratus kandungan karbon dioksida
melawan jarak yang diambil untuk pelajar itu berlari..
[3 marks]

Based on the graph in 1(f)(ii), explain the relationship between the distance
(g)
taken and the percentage of carbon dioxide released.
Berdasarkan graf di 1 (f)(ii), terangkan hubungan di antara jarak yang diambil
dan peratus karbón dioksida yang dihasilkan .

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[3 marks]

(h) This experiment is repeated at 1500 meters. Predict the percentage of carbon dioxide
released. Explain your prediction.
Eksperimen ini diulang bagi larian 1500 meters. Ramalkan peratus karbon
dioksida yang dihasilkan oleh ahli sukan tersebut.
Terangkan ramalan anda.

………………………………………………………………………………………...............

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

[3 marks]
(i) Based on the result from this experiment, what can you deduce about
expired air?
Berdasarkan keputusan daripada eksperimen ini, apakah yang dapat
dirumuskan tentang udara hembusan?

………………………………………………………………………………………...............

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

[3 marks]
Graph of the percentage of carbon dioxide against the distance taken by the boy
Graf peratus kandungan karbon dioksida melawan jarak yang diambil oleh pelajar
Question 2
Soalan 2

Bread making industry is not new in the food industry in our country. Various types of bread can
be produced by using the correct method of bread making. The presence of yeast in anaerobic
respiration, releases carbon dioxide that allows the dough to expand.

Industri pembuatan roti sememangnya bukan satu perkara baru dalam industri makanan di
negara kita. Pelbagai jenis roti dapat dihasilkan dengan menggunakan kaedah pembuatan roti
yang betul. Kehadiran yis yang berespirasi secara anaerobik dan membebaskan karbon dioksida
menyebabkan doh mengembang.

Based on the above information, plan a laboratory experiment to study the effect of the presence
of yeast in bread making.
Berdasarkan maklumat di atas, rancang satu eksperimen dalam makmal untuk mengkaji kesan
kehadiran yis dalam pembuatan roti.

The planning of your experiment must include the following aspects:

Perancangan eksperimen anda hendaklah meliputi aspek-aspek berikut:

 Problem statement
Penyataan masalah

 Hypothesis
Hipotesis

 Variables
Pembolehubah

 List of apparatus and material

Senarai radas dan bahan

 Experimental procedure or method

Kaedah atau prosedur eksperimen

 Presentation of data
Cara data dipersembahkan

[17 marks]
 CHAPTER 8: DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM

Question 1
Soalan 1

Growth in an organism can be measured by using its height, length, dry mass or wet mass. An
experiment was carried out to study the effect of different amount of fertilizer on the growth of
plants. Rice seedlings are planted in five seedling trays of soil using different amount of
fertilizer. Each tray contains 10 similar rice plants of height 10cm each. All the trays are placed
at the same place and given same amount of water every day for one week. Table 1.1shows the
different amount of fertilizer used in each tray.
Pertumbuhan sesuatu organism boleh diukur dengan menggunakan ketinggian, panjang, jisim
kering atau jisim basahnya. Satu eksperimen telah dijalankan untuk mengkaji kesan kuantiti baja
yang berlainan ke atas pertumbuhan tumbuhan. Anak benih padi ditanam di dalam lima dulang
semaian yang berisi tanah dengan kuantiti baja yang berlainan. Setiap dulang mengandungi 10
anak benih padi yang sama dengan ketinggian 10cm setiap satu. Semua dulang diletakkan di
tempat yang sama dan disiram setiap hari dengan air yang sama banyak. Jadual 1.1
menunjukkan kuantiti baja yang digunakan dalam setiap dulang.

Tray Amount of fertilizer (g)

Dulang Kuantiti baja (g)
A 2
B 4
C 6
D 8
E 10
Table 1.1
Jadual 1.1
Table 1.2 shows the results of the experiment after one week.
Jadual 1.2 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen selepas seminggu.

Tray Amount of fertilizer (g) Dry mass of 10 rice seedlings

Dulang Kuantiti baja (g) Jisim kering 10 anak benih padi
A 2

B 4
C 6

D 8

E 10

Table 1.2
Jadual 1.2
a. Record the tray dry mass of 10 rice seedlings in the boxes provided in Table 1.2
Rekod jisim kering 10 anak benih padi dalam kotak yang disediakan dalam Jadual 1.2
[3 marks / 3 markah]
b. Based on table 1.2, state two observations which can be made on the dry mass of the rice
seedlings in any tray.
Berdasarkan Jadual 1.2, nyatakan dua pemerhatian yang boleh dibuat terhadap jisim
kering anak benih padi dalam mana-mana dulang.

Observation 1 / Pemerhatian 1
…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

Observation 2 / Pemerhatian 2
…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………
[3 marks / 3 markah]

c. State the inference from the observation in 1 (b) (i)

Inference 1 / Inferens 1

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………….

Inference / Inferens 2
…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………
[3 marks / 3 markah]
d. Complete Table 1.3 based on the experiment
Lengkapkan jadual 1.3 berdasarkan eksperimen ini.

Variable Method to handle the variable

Pembolehubah Cara mengendali pembolehubah
Manipulated variable
Pembolehubah dimanipulasi
…………………………….. ……………………………………………………….

…………………………….. ……………………………………………………….

…………………………….. ……………………………………………………….

Responding variable
Pembolehubah bergerakbalas
…………………………….. ……………………………………………………….

…………………………….. ……………………………………………………….

…………………………….. ……………………………………………………….

Constant variable
Pembolehubah dimalarkan

…………………………….. ……………………………………………………….

…………………………….. ……………………………………………………….

…………………………….. ……………………………………………………….

[3 marks / 3 markah]

e. State the hypothesis for this experiment

Nyatakan hipotesis untuk eksperimen ini

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
[3 marks / 3 markah]
f. Construct a table and record all the data collected from Table 1.2. Your table should have
the following titles:
Bina satu jadual dan rekod semua data yang dikumpul daripada Jadual 1.2. jadual anda
hendaklah mengandungi tajuk berikut
 Tray / dulang
 Amount of fertilizer / Kuantiti baja
 Dry mass of 10 rice seedlings / Jisim kering 10 anak benih padi
 Average dry mass of rice seedlings / Purata jisim kering anak benih padi
 Growth rate of rice seedlings / Kadar pertumbuhan anak benih padi

Growth rate = Average dry mass

Days

Kadar pertumbuhan = Purata jisim kering

Hari

[3 marks / 3 markah]

Use the graph paper provided to answer this question.

g. Using the data from 1 (e)(i), draw a graph of growth rate of rice seedlings against the
amount of fertilizer.
Dengan menggunakan data daripada soalan 1 (e)(i), lukiskan satu graf kadar
pertumbuhan anak benih padi melawan kuantiti baja yang digunakan dengan kadar
pertumbuhan anak benih padi. Terangkan jawapan anda.
[3 marks / 3 markah]
h. Based on the result of experiment, sate the operational definition for growth rate.
Berdasarkan keputusan eksperimen, nyatakan operasi secara definisi untuk kadar
pertumbuhan.
……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

[3 marks / 3 markah]

i. Another group of students carried out the same experiment by using 20 rice seedlings in
one tray. Predict the result of this experiment. Explain your prediction.
Sekumpulan pelajar yang lain menjalankan eksperimen yang sama dengan menggunakan
20 anak benih padi dalam satu dulang. Ramalkan keputusan eksperimen. Terangkan
ramalan anda.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

[3 marks / 3 markah]

j. The following list are the variable used in an experiment to study the growth in plants.
Calssify the following variables into manipulated variables and responding variables in
Table 1.4.
Senarai berikut ialah pembolehubah yang digunakan untuk mengkaji pertumbuhan
dalam tumbuhan. Kelaskan pembolehubah berikut kepada pembolehubah
dimanipulasikan dan pembolehubah bergerakbalas dalam Jadual 1.4.

Length of leaves Type of nutrient Volume

Panjang daun Jenis nutrient Isipadu

Temperature Height Duration of watering

Suhu Ketinggian Jangka masa menyiram air

 Manipulated variable Responding variable
Pembolehubah dimanipulasikan Pembolehubah bergerakbalas

[3 marks / 3 markah]

Question 2
Soalan 2

Organisms in an environment compete with each other for the same basic needs for the survival.
The effect of the competition is shown in their growth such as the height, size and dry mass.
Based on the above information, plan a laboratory experiment to study the effect of intraspecific
competition between the seedlings of green pea plants on their growth.
Organism di dalam alam sekitar bersaing antara satu sama lain untuk mendapatkan keperluan
asas yang sama bagi kemandirian masing-masing. Kesan daripada persaingan ini ditunjukkan
melalui pertumbuhannya seperti ketinggian, saiz dan jisim kering.
Berdasarkan daripada maklumat di atas, rancang satu eksperimen di dalam makmal untuk
mengkaji kesan persaingan intraspesifik ke atas pertumbuhan anak benih pokok kacang hijau.

The planning of your experiment must include the following aspects:

Perancangan eksperimen anda hendaklah meliputi aspek-aspek berikut

 Problem statement
Pernyataan masalah
 Hypothesis
Hipotesis
 Variables
Pembolehubah
 List of apparatus and materials
Senarai radas dan bahan
 Experimental procedure
Prosedur eksperimen
 Presentation of data
Persembahan data

[17 marks / 17 markah]

 CHAPTER 9: ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM
Question 1
Soalan 1

Air pollution occurs when there is an increase in numbers of pollutants such as gases,
smoke, dust and dirt in the atmosphere. This condition will affect the safety and health
of living things.

A group of students conducted an investigation to determine the number of solid

pollutants in the air of different environment. The light microscope is used to help the
students to detertmine the number of solid pollutants.

Pencemaran udara berlaku apabila terdapat penambahan dari segi jumlah bahan
cemar seperti gas, asap, habuk dan kotoran dalam atmosfera. Keadadan ini akan
memberi kesan kepada keselamatan dan kesihatan organisma yang hidup.

Sekumpulan pelajar telah menjalankan satu penyiasatan untuk menentukan jumlah

bilangan bahan cemar pepejal di dalam persekitaran udara bagi tempat yang berbeza.

Cellophane tape with sticky surface

facing upwards

Pita selofan dengan permukaan

melekat menghala ke atas

Light microscope
Mikroskop cahaya
Glass slide / Slaid kaca

Diagram 1 / Rajah 1
 Four sets of glass slides A, B, C, D are prepared. Each of it is put in a particular place
for two days as shown in Table 1. The results are recorded in the table.

Sebanyak empat set slaid kaca A, B, C dan D telah disediakan. Setiap satu daripadanya
diletakkan di tempat yang tertentu selama dua hari seperti ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 1.
Keputusan eksperimen tersebut telah dicatatkan di dalam jadual tersebut.

Glass Loacation of Solid particles as seen under Number of solid particles

slide/ glass slide being light microscope as seen under light
placed microscope.
Slaid kaca (magnify: 10 x 10)
Lokasi slaid (magnify: 10 x 10)
kaca diletakkan Partikel pepejal yang dilihat di
bawah mikroskop cahaya Bilangan partikel pepejal
yang dilihat di bawah
(kuasa pembesaran: 10x10) mikroskop cahaya

(kuasa pembesaran:
10x10)

A Air-conditioned
room

Bilik berhawa
dingin

B Class room

Bilik darjah
C School canteen

Kantin sekolah

D School car park

Tempat meletak
kenderaan di
sekolah

Table 1/ Jadual 1
(a) Complete Table 1 by filling in the number of solid particles shown in the field view
in the light microscope (magnification: 10x 10).
Lengkapkan Jadual 1 dengan mencatatkan bilangan zarah pepejal yang
diperhatikan di dalam medan penglihatan mikroshop cahaya tersebut (kuasa
pembesar: 10x10).

(b) (i) Based on Table 1, state two different observations.

Berdasarkan Jadual 1, nyatakan dua pemerhatian yang berbeza.

Observation 1:
Pemerhatian 1:

……………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………..

Observation 2:
Pemerhatian 2:

…………………………..……………………………………………………………

.…….………………………………………………………………………………

[3 marks]
(ii) State the inference which corresponds to the observations in (b)(i).
Nyatakan inferens yang sepadan dengan pemerhatian di (b)(i).

Inference from observation 1:

Inferens daripada pemerhatian 1:

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

Inference from observation 2 :

Inferens daripada pemerhatian 2:

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………........
[3 marks]
(c) Complete Table 2 based on this experiment.
Lengkapkan Jadual 2 berdasarkan eksperimen ini.

Variables Method to handle the variable

Pembolehubah Cara mengendalikan pembolehubah
Manipulated variable:
Pembolehubah dimanipulasi

…………………………………… …………………………………
…………………………………… ………………………………...
…………………………………… …………………………………

Responding variable:
Pembolehubah bergerak balas

………………………..………….. ……………………………….
…………………………………… …………………………………
………………………………… …………………………………

Constant variable:
Pembolehubah dimalarkan

………………………………… …………………………………
………………………………… ………………………………...
………………………………… …………………………………

Table 2 / Jadual 2

[3 marks]

(d) State the hypothesis for this experiment.

Nyatakan hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini.

………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
[3 marks]
(e) (i) Construct a table and record all the data collected in this experiment.
Your table should have the following titles.
Bina satu jadual dan rekodkan semua data yang dikumpul dalam eksperimen ini.
Jadual anda perlu mengandungi tajuk-tajuk berikut.

 Place where the glass slide is located

Tempat dimana slaid kaca telah diletakkan

 Number of solid particles as seen under light microscope.

(magnification: 10 x 10)
Bilangan partikel pepejal yang dilihat di bawah mikroskop cahaya
(kuasa pembesaran: 10x10)

[3 mark]

(ii) Use the graph paper provided to answer this part of the question.
Using data in 1(e)(i), draw a bar chart to show the relationship between the place
where the glass slide is located and the number of solid particles as seen under light
microscope (magnification: 10 x 10).
Gunakan graf yang diberikan untuk menjawab bahagian ini.
Dengan menggunakan data dalam 1(e)(i), plotkan satu carta bar yang menunjukkan
hubungan antara tempat dimana slaid kaca telah diletakkan dan bilangan partikel
pepejal yang dilihat di bawah mikroskop cahaya (kuasa pembesaran:10x10)

[3 marks]
(f) Based on the bar chart in 1(e)(ii), explain the relationship between relationship
between the place where the glass slide is located and the number of solid particles
as seen under light microscope (magnify: 10 x 10).
Berdasarkan carta bar di 1(e)(ii), terangkan hubungan antara tempat dimana slaid
kaca telah diletakkan dan bilangan partikel pepejal yang dilihat di bawah mikroskop
cahaya (kuasa pembesaran:10x10)

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………….…………………………………….
[3 marks]

(g) State the operational definition for air pollution

Nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi pencemaran udara.

………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………….………………………………………
[3 marks]

(h) This experiment is repeated by placing the glass slide at a contraction area. Predict
the number of solid particles observed under the light microscope
(magnification: 10 x 10). Explain your prediction.
Eksperiment ini diulang dengan meletakkan slaid kaca tersebut di satu kawasan
pembinaan. Ramalkan bilangan zarah pepejal yang dapat diperhatikan di bawah
mikroskop cahaya (kuasa pembesaran: 10x 10). Terangkan ramalan anda.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………….……………………………………
[3 marks]
(i) Another group of students carried out another experiment to determine the level of
water pollution of given water samples. The following list is part of the apparatus
and material used in the experiment.
Sekumpulan pelajar lain telah menjalankan satu eksperiment untuk menentukan
tahap pencemaran air nagi sampel air yang diberikan. Berikut adalah senarai bahan
dan radas yang digunakan di dalam eksperimen ini.

stop watch 0.1% methylene blue solution syringe

jam randik 0.1% larutan metilena biru picagari

reagent bottle water sample from various rivers

botol reagen sampel air dari beberapa sungai

Complete Table 3 by matching each variable with the apparatus and material used in
this experiment.
Lengkapkan Jadual 3 dengan memadankan setiap pembolehubah dengan radas dan
bahan di dalam eksperimen ini.

Variable Apparatus Material

Pembolehubah Radas Bahan

Manipulated
Dimanipulasi

Responding
Bergerak balas

Fixed
Dimalarkan

Table 3 / Jadual 3

[3 marks]
Question 2
Soalan 2

Diagram 2 shows a river running through several areas where there are human activities
going on. These areas have been polluted by the human activities.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan sebatang sungai mengalir melalui beberapa kawasan di mana
aktiviti-aktiviti manusia sedang berlangsung. Kawasan ini telah dicemari oleh aktiviti-
aktiviti manusia ini.

Chemical factory
Station C Kilang Kimia
Stesen C

Station B
Stesen B

Station A
Stesen A

Diagram 2 / Rajah 2

Based on the given information, plan a laboratory experiment to study the effect of
different sources of water from the station A, B and C on the level of water pollution.
Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberi, reka bentuk satu eksperimen makmal untuk
mengkaji kesan sumber air yang berlainan di stesen A, B dan C ke atas tahap
pencemaran air.
The planning of your experiment must include the following aspects:
Perancangan eksperimen anda hendaklah meliputi aspek-aspek berikut:

 Problem statement / Penyataan masalah

 Variables / Pemboleh ubah
 Hypothesis / Hipotesis
 List of materials and apparatus/ Senarai bahan dan radas digunakan
 Procedure / Prosedur
 Presentation of data / Cara data dipersembahkan
[17 marks]