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(Course 3: Learning and Teaching)
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1
myF - 1 fw;wy; ,ay;Gfs;
Nehf;fq;fs;
s;
-f<k!nzG!LcUXl<!kVuibqz<?!gx<Ohii<,
fw;wy; nghUs;
1. gbg;G> fw;wy; vd;gJ mDgtk; my;yJ fw;gpj;jy; %yk; ngw;w
mwptpidAk;> jpwd;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ.
2. Gjpa gbg;G my;yJ mwpit Nkk;gLj;Jj;jiyAk; gbg;gjd; %yk;
Gj;JapiuAk; cz;lhf;FfpwJ.
3. mwpthh;e;j gad;ghl;bd; ve;jj;JiwfspYk; jpl;lkplg;gl;l gbg;ghy;
ngwg;gl;l mwpT
4. eilKiwgapw;rp kw;Wk; mDgtj;jpd; %yk; elj;ijia khw;wpaikj;jy;
5. Raf;fw;wiy mstpl KbahJ> Mdhy; mjd; KbTfis mwpayhk;
6. fw;wy; xU jdpg;gl;l jOtypd; Kf;fpaj;JtkhFk;.
7. gbg;G> gapw;r;rpia fw;gpj;jy; %yk; mwpitg; ngWtjw;fhd xU
nray;ghL
8. mwpT kw;Wk; jpwd;fs;> fw;wypy; ,Ue;J ngw;wJ.
fw;wy; tiuaiw
2
mwpTiufshNyh>”Mrphpauhf” ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w mtrpak; ,y;iy –
Md;n[yh rpq;fps;
2) fhyg;Nghf;fpy; xU egh; elj;ij my;yJ kdg;Nghf;fpy; fw;wy; vd;gJ
xg;gPl;lstpy; epue;ju khw;wkhFk; - rpd;];bq; rpd; rhq;
rhq
3) gy;NtW Jhz;Ljy;fSf;F Gjpa gjpy;fis ngWtJ – Vhpf; gpshf;gu;d;
4) fw;wy; mDgtq;fs>; ek;ikr;Rw;wpAs;s cyfpd; tsh;r;rpiaAk; Gjpa
GhpjiyAk;; nfhz;Ls;sJ – fphp];b nkf;uj;
5) fw;wy; xU elj;ij khw;wkhFk; - gupfhg;G gd;[;NghHd;
ghHd
6) fw;wy; vd;gJ xU nray; ,J epiyahdJ my;y xU egH Gjpa
jfty;fiy ngWtij epWj;Jtjpy;iy ,J mtHfSila kdjpy; RW
RWg;igAk; ftdj;ijAk; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ Mdhy; mth;fisr;Rw;wpAs;s
cyfk; K*tJk; czh;r;rp Kidg;Gilajhf cs;sJ – ntNuhdpfh
maf;Nfhgh];
7) ekf;F toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fis ngWtjw;Fk;> gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ek;
tho;ehs; K*tJk; fw;wy; Njitg;gLfpwJ. Mir ,Uf;Fk; tiu
fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; jpwd; Kbtpy;yhjJ> fw;wy; kl;LNk ntw;wpfukhf
gad;gLj;jg;gLj;jp kw;Wk; Guhpe;J nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ – jhk]; Nfhuy;];
8) elj;ij Nkk;ghl;bidAk; ntspg;Gw xUq;fpizg;igAk; xUq;fpizj;J
mwptNj fw;wy; MFk; - mgprhngHl;
9) rpe;jid my;yJ gpw czHr;rpfspy; J}z;Ljy; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; xU
khw;wk;; - ];nfhl;kpy;yH
10)
10) mDgtj;jpypUe;J tUk; mDgtj;jpd; xg;gPl;lstpy; fw;wy; vd;gJ
epue;jukhd khw;wkhFk; - ];Bgd; gP nfsd;
2. fw;wypd; $Wfs;
1. NeHfhzy;
xUntUf;nfhUtH fUj;Jf;fisAk; Ez;zwpTj;jpwidAk; gfpHe;J
nfhs;tjw;fhf NeHfhziy fw;wy; Nkw;f;nfhs;fpwJ.
jdpg;gl;l nghWg;
nghWg;G
3
3. FO nrayhf;fk;
FOthdJ vt;thW fy;tp rhHe;j nghUl;fs; my;yJ
nray;jpwd;fspypUe;J xJq;fpr; nray;gLfpwJ vd;gij Fwpf;fpwJ..
4. NeHkiwahd xw;Wik:
NeHkiwahf xUnthUf;nfhUtH rhHe;jpUj;jy; FOtpd; cWg;gpdHfs;
kj;jpapy; xw;Wik czHTld; ehk; xd;whf %o;fNtz;Lk; my;yJ
ePe;j Ntz;Lk;
5. jpwd;
khztHfspd; ,ay;ghd jpwid ve;jnthU Nehf;fj;jpw;fhfTk;
ntw;wpfukhd tha;g;ig MidapLk; jq;fs; nrhe;j gad;ghl;ilAk;>
gad;ghl;bw;fhd jftiyAk; GHpe;Jnfhs;Sk; jpwid jPHkhdpf;fpwJ.
6. jFjp
7. MHtk;
xU tOthd KiwaPL my;yJ <Hg;G fhuzkhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
eltbf;iffspy; fw;wtHfs; NtWgLfpwhHfs;. mjpf ngUSila NkYk;
vspikahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba nfhLf;fg;gl;l ghlq;fis fw;NghH
jq;fspd; czHr;rpfspd; ntspg;ghl;bid ntspg;gLj;JthHfs;.
9. kdg;ghd;ik
kdg;ghd;ik vd;gJ xU jdpg;gl;l Kd;Ndhf;F kw;Wk; kdepiyfis
Fwpf;fpwJ. rpy NeHkiw mZFKiw MHtj;ijAk; nghWg;G>
gilg;ghw;wy; kw;Wk; epiyj;jd;ikfisAk; ngw;wpUf;fpwJ.
10.
10. fw;Wf;nfhs;gtH my;yJ khztHfspd; <LghL:
fw;wYf;fhf khztHfis jahHgLj;jtpl;lhy; my;yJ fw;Wf;nfhs;s
,ayhtpl;lhy; fw;wy; vd;gJ elf;fhJ. fw;wy; vd;gJ xU Kf;fpakhd
4
jdpg;gl;l mDgtk;. ,e;j mDgtj;ij xU Fioe;ijf;F Neubahf
ehk; nfhLf;f KbahJ.
11.
11. mDgtk;
#o;epiy fw;wy; Vw;gLj;Jk; mDgtq;fis toq;FfpwJ. ,e;j
#o;epiyfs; gs;sp ghlq;fis my;yJ #o;epiyia tbtikj;J
toq;fpAs;sNjhL MrphpaH mitfis khztHfSf;Fk; fw;wf;nfhs;s
Vw;ghL nra;fpwhH.
12.
12. MrphpaH xU JUg;Gr;rPl;L
fw;wy; nray;ghl;by; MrphpaH xU Kf;fpa eguhf cs;shH. mtH
Foe;ijfSf;F fw;wy; mDgtq;fisAk; xOq;Fglj;JjiyAk; Foe;ij
Nghd;w mDgtq;fis vjpHtpid %yk; fw;Wf;nfhs;sTk; jahH
nra;fpd;whH> Foe;ijfis cUthf;f KbahJ Mdhy; mth;fspd;
mDgtq;fis xUq;fpidj;J xOq;fikf;fyhk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf
trjpfis Vw;ghL nra;jy;> nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; fUtpfis toq;Fjy;>
r%f cwTfis epHtfpj;jy;> Foe;ijfSf;F gzf;fhu> gad;kpf;f
tho;f;ifia toq;Fk; rKjha cwTfis xOq;FgLj;Jjy;.
13.
13. fhyepiy
gs;spapy; fw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd fhyepiy my;yJ Rw;Wr;#oy; xU
Kf;fpakhd mk;rkhFk;. ,tw;iw Jhz;Ljyhy; my;yJ fw;wwpe;J
fw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.
3.fw;
3.fw;wypd; mbg;gil Nfhl;ghLfs;
1. fw;wy; vd;gJ mDgtk; $ba fw;wypd; mbg;gilr; Nfhl;ghLfs;
tsh;r;rp
cz;ikapy; fw;wy; vd;gJ tsh;r;rpapd; tbtk;. ,J jtph;f;f Kbahj
,aw;ifahFk;. tsh;r;rpapd; fhuzpfis fw;gjw;F ,J ,af;fj;ijAk;>
mOj;jj;ij mspf;Fk;. jpdrhp nra;iffshy; Foe;ij kdjstpYk;
clystpYk; tsh;fpwJ. Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fhpk fw;wiy cah;e;j
fy;tpahsh;fs; typAWj;Jfpd;wdh;. ng];lyhrp (Pestalozzi) kuj;jpd;
%yfkhfTk;> GNuhngy; (Froebel) Njhl;lj;jpd; %ykhfTk;> Nkhpl;lh [hd;
[hd;
(Marietta John) NjtjhU fpis %ykhfTk; czh;j;Jfpd;wdh;. vdNt
fw;wy; vd;gJ mDgtk; %ykhf tsh;tJ.
5
kw;wth;fspd; $w;Wfspd;gb “fw;wy; vd;gJ elj;ijapy; xU
Kw;Nghf;fhd khw;wj;ij cUthf;Fk; tifapy; #oYf;F Vw;w
ntw;wpfukhd Kd;dpiyAk;>; xU jdpahspd; gaDs;s khw;wj;jpw;fhd
mLjLj;j Kaw;rpfs;”. fw;wypd; Nehf;fj;jpy; jpl;ltl;lkhd
nghUj;jg;ghL kl;LNk gs;sp fw;wypy; ,lk;ngWk;.
6
xOf;fj;jpy; r%f mikg;Gfshd FLk;gk;> [hjp> $l;lk;> ghlk;> ,dk;
Nghd;w epWtdq;fs; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij ahuhYk; kWf;f KbahJ.
epidtpy;yhjij tpl epidNthL xU FOtpd; kdJ> jdpahspd;
kdij ghjpf;fpwJ.
7
4. fw;wYk; mjd; jhf;fq;fSk;
khztHfspd; gy;NtWgl;l fw;wy; ghzpfis n`d;]pd; gl;baypLfpd;wh;.
Nfl;NghUf;Fk; fw;wtHfSf;Fk; ,ilNa NeHfhzy;> tpthjk;> FO tpthjj;jpd;
gq;F> tha;top mwpf;iffs; kw;Wk; vOjg;gl;l nghUs; epiwe;j ciuahly;fs;
,itfs; midj;Jk; Nfl;ly;top fw;NghUf;Fk;
k. ghH;j;J fw;NghUf;
ghUf;F fzpdp
tiuglq;fs;> tiuglq;fs;> tpsf;fg;glq;fs;> fhHlLPz;fs;> Rtnuhl;bfs; Nghd;w
mjpfkhd glq;fs; ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ. Gyd; cWg;Gfshy; fw;NghUf;F gbj;j
nray;ghLfshf glk;tiujy;> gyif tpisahl;Lf;fs; kw;Wk; khjphpfs;
Mfpatw;iw nfhz;Ls;sd. ciog;gpd; %yk; fw;NghUf;
ghUf;fhd ghpe;Jiufs; KO
cliyAk; cs;slf;fpa tpisahl;Lf;fs;> ,aq;Ffpd;w ,af;f eltbf;iffs;>
ghpNrhjidia cUthf;Fjy;> khjphpfis cUthf;Fjy;. cyfshtpa fw;NghH
FO thrpg;G> gjpTGj;jfq;fs;> fij vOJjy;> fzdp epuy;fs;. gFg;gha;e;J
fw;NghH njhlHr;rpahd topKiwfspy; toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fs;> MrphpaH ,af;fpa
njspthd ,yf;Ffs; kw;Wk; NjitfshFk;.
8
nghUSzHe;J fw;g;gJ vd;gJ Vw;fdNt $wg;gl;l gjpiy rhHe;Nj
,Uf;Fk;> Mdhy; nghUSzHe;J fw;gJ xUthpd; gpur;ridia ftdhf
jpwdha;e;J> gpur;ridf;fhd rhpahd jPHit fhz;gJ. nghUs; czuhky;
fw;g;gtH fpspg;gps;isia Nghy; fw;Wnfhz;lijNa jpUk;g jpUk;g $WtH>
Mdhy;> nghUSzHe;J fw;g;gtH ve;j xU gpur;ridiaAk; jpwe;j kdJld;
jpwDld; Muha;e;J xt;nthU KiwAk; rpy Gjpa jPHit nfhz;LtUtH.
nghUSzuhky; fw;g;gtH fw;wijNa mg;gbNa jpUk;g $WgtH Mdhy;
nghUSzHe;J fw;gtH GJikia jUgtH.
nghUSzHe;
nghUSzHe;J fw;wy; nghUSzuhf;fw;wypd; NtWghL
ntspaPL>cs;sPL ntspaPL<my;yJ=cs;sPL
jd;dpr;irahd tpisahl;L
jpl;lkpl;l> NjitAila tpisahl;L
tprhuizAk;> NjlYk;
epfo;TfSk;> tho;f;if mDgtq;fs;
ftdkhf fw;wy; kw;Wk; fw;gpj;jy;.
nray;fw;wypd; nfhs;iffs;
10
3. mHj;jKs;s fw;gpj;jy; tpsf;fq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjd;
tjd; %yk; xUthpd;
Rafw;wy; (m) rf MrphpaHfSf;F cjTfpwJ.
nkhopfisg; Ngr gapw;rp vLj;jhy;> khztHfs; mk;nkhopfspd;
xOq;Ffis Ngr fw;Wf;nfhs;tH. xU gjpiy njspthf cr;rhpg;gJk;
cz;ik> Nahrid fw;wypd; Ghpjypd; epiyfs; ,itaidj;jpYk;
nfhs;iffs; xU gFjpfshf <Lgl;Ls;sd.
11.
11. ey;y gapw;rpahdJ khztHfs; kw;Wk; MrphpaHfSf;fpilNa njhlHgfis
Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.
11
13. ey;y gapw;rpahdJ fw;wypy;
ypy; njhopy; El;gq;fis gad;gLj;JfpwJ.
fw;wy; vd;gJ fw;Nghhpd; tpisahl;L my;y. tFg;giwapy;
cl;fhHe;J nfhz;L khztHfs; mjpfk; fw;Wf;nfhz;Lk;> Kd;Ndw;ghLfspy;
jahH nra;j xg;gilg;Gfis kdg;ghlk; nra;J> me;j gjpy;fis
ntspg;gLj;JtjhFk;.
vd;d fw;whHfNsh> mijg;gw;wp NgrTk;> gpujpgypg;Gld; vOjTk;>
gioa mDgtq;fis njhlHGgLj;jTk;> md;whl tho;tpy; mij
cgNahfpg;gJk; fw;wyhFk;. jq;fis xU gFjpahf fw;Wf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. njhopy;El;gq;fspd; tuk;ghdJ nray;topf; fw;wiy
Cf;Ftpg;gJ kfj;jhd nrayhFk;. %d;W gphpTfspd;fPo; mspj;Jk; tpOk;:
nray;top fw;wypd; Mjhuq;fSk;> fUtpfSk;> jhkjkhd Neuj;jpd;
ghpkhw;wk;> kw;Wk; ep[Neuj;jpd; ciuahly;. ,itaidj;Jk; ,d;iwa
fhyfl;lj;jpy; cyf cw;gj;jpf;F Mjhukhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. vdNt>
nkd;nghUs; kw;w NjitfSf;fhf tsHe;jJ. Mdhy; jw;nghOJ mJ
topfhl;LjYf;fhf gad;gLfpwJ.
14.
14. ey;y gapw;rpahdJ cldb fUj;ij jUk;.
15.
15. gzpf;fhd Neuj;ij typAWj;JfpwJ.
16.
16. ey;y gapw;rp caHe;j vjpHg;ghHgpd; njhlHghFk;
17.
17. gy;NtW jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; fw;wypd; topfis ey;y gapw;rp kjpf;Fk;.
7/!osbz<
7/!osbz<kqxe<!gx<xzqe<!okipqz<Fm<hr<gt<!
2/ li{uIgt<! -jmOb! fqjeUgjt! hgqIkz< hgqIkz;! yk<k! ubKjmb!
li{uIgt<! kr<gtqjmOb! uqeig<gjt! Ogm<gqxiIgt<! hqxG! kr<gt<!
w{<{r<gjt! sg! li{uIgTme<! hgqIf<K! ogit<gqxiIgt</! hqe<H!
nux<xqx<gie!hkqz<gjt!sqf<kqg<gqe<xei</!
2. fjhghj;jpukhf nray;gLjy;
xt;nthU khztDk; xU jdp fhjhghj;jpukhfNt khwp ebj;J ghlg;
nghUs;fis vspjhf fw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.
5.fye;Jiuahly;:
xU ntw;wpfukhd tpthjk; rhpahd Nfs;tpfs; cUthtjhy;
mikfpwJ. cah;rpe;jid cUthf;ff;$ba tpdhf;fis Nfl;gjw;F
tpthjj;jpy; toptif nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
6.cz;
cz;ikahd jfty;fis gad;gLj;jp gpur;ridfSf;F jPh;T fhzy;.
khzth;fs; cz;ikahd gytifahd jfty;fis gad;gLj;jp
ve;jnthU gpur;ridfSf;Fk; jPh;T fhz;ghh;fs;
7.tpisahl;L topf; fw;wy;:
khzth;fSf;fpilNa Nghl;b> gapw;rp %yk; fw;wiy tsh;jj
; y;.
my;yJ fzpzptopj; J}z;Ljy; %ykhfTk; fw;wy; nray;ghLfis
mjpfg;gLj;jyhk;.
6. nray;topf;fw;wYk; mjd; jhf;fKk;
nray; topf;fw;wy; El;gj;jpd; Nehf;fkhdJ khzth;fs; vspikahf fw;f
cjTfpwJ. ,e;j fw;wyhdJ tof;fkhd tFg;giwapd; nray;ghLfSf;F ghjpg;G
,d;wp ,Uf;Fk;. NkYk; nray;topf; fw;wy; gapw;rp %yk; khzth;fspd;
Ghpe;Jnfhs;Sk; jpwd;fisAk; kw;Wk; ghlg;nghUs; gw;wpa mwpitAk; Mrphpah;
gpd;D}l;lkhf ngWfpwhh;.
2/ yV!fqlqm!gigqkl<!
13
okipqz<Fm<hliGl</! li{ui<gjt! yV! ouXl<! gigqkk<jk! wMg<g! osiz<z!
Ou{<Ml<?! Ogt<uqjb! Ogm<gOu{<Ml<! hqxG! yV! fqlqml<! hkqZg<G! Ofvl<!
kvOu{<Ml</! wMk<Kg<gim<mig! sqz! likqiq! Og<tuqgtie! “nxquqbz<! d{<jl!
we<xiz<! we<e@”! “yV! Oukqbqbz<! wkqi<uqje! we<xiz<! we<e@”! lx<Xl<! hz/!
lx<oxiV! fz<z! hbeie! yV! fqlqm! gigqk! Ogt<uq! we<hK! -e<jxb! uGh<hqe<!
ohiVtqz<! Lg<gqb! Ht<tq! wK@! -K! dr<gt<! li{ui<gt<! osbz<upq! ohiVtqz<!
gi{h<hm<mii<gt<!we<hjks<!osiz<zquqMl</!
3/ d{i<s<sqgvlie!hkqz<!!
4/ kqesiq!fiOtM!
kqesiq!fiOtM!
!! -K! &e<X! okipqz<Fm<hr<gtqe<! gzjubiGl<?! lx<Xl<! himohiVjth<!
hx<xqb! Np<f<k! uquikl<! lx<Xl<! wkqi<uqjejb! nElkqg<Gl</! Yi<! Nsqiqbi<!
uGh<H!Oujzbqz<! li{ui<gt<! fiOtM! dt<tQMgt<! nz<zK!uQmM < himligUl<!
ntqk<kz<! Ou{<Ml</! -f<k! n[GLjxbqe<! kQjl! we<eoue<xiz<! yV! fqlqm!
gigqkk<kqz<! dmec! hqe<E~m<ml<! gqjmg<giK/! Nsqiqbi<! gceie! Ogt<uqgjt!
Ogm<gOu{<Ml<! nju?! “kQi<liel<! we<hK! siqbi”! nz<zK! leqkeqe<! Skf<kqv!
Njsbi@! dr<gtK! uqjmjb! uquiqg<g/! himh<ohiVt<! sii<f<k! kjzh<Hgjt!
Dmgk<kqZl<! lx<Xl<! nxquqbz<! sii<f<k! nxqg<jggjt! uquikqh<hKl<!
li{ui<gt<!g{<mxqbOu{<cb!ye<xiGl</!njubiue!dzg!ouh<hlblikz<?!
YOsie<!nMg<G!lx<Xl<!hz!
5/ uqeic!uqeiju!hck<kz<!
6/ uqtg<gr<gtqe<!-jmfqXk<kl<!!
14
7/ Ogt<uqgTl<!hkqz<gTl<!
8/ sig<vcg<!Ljx!!
Ljx!!
uvzix<xqz<! hqvhzie!-h<ohbjv!wMk<Kg<ogi{<M?!-k<okipqz<Fm<hk<jk!
upqgim<Mhui<! =Mhim<Mme<! “Osikqk<K”! himOujtbqz<! li{ui<gtqml<!
Ogt<uqOgm<hke<! &zl<! Osikqg<gzil</!ohiKuig!upqgim<Mhui<! yV!Gxqh<hqm<m!
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<LgLj;jpf;nfhs;Sk; #o;epiyia cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy; khzth;fs;
jhdhfNt cs;shh;e;j Mjhuq;fisAk; kw;Wk; cs;shh;e;j czh;it
xOq;FKiwahf;Fth;. Muk;g epiy fw;wypNy khzth;fSf;F MjuT mspf;Fk;
#oiy cUthf;FtNj Mrphpah;fspd; Kf;fpa gzpahFk;.
Mrphpa-
Mrphpa-khzt cwT
nghUs;:-
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nray;Kiwapy; Mrphpah;fs; khzth;fSf;fpilNa cs;s
fy;tp cwthFk;.
Mrphpa khzt cwit guhkhpg;gjw;fhd Njit
Njit::-
Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; ,sk; gUtj;jpdhpd; kd MNuhf;fpaj;ij
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F khzt Mrphpah; cwT kpf Kf;fpak;. Foe;ijfs; Vwj;jho 5
Kjy; 7 kzp Neuk; xU ehisf;Fk; 10 khjq;fs; xU tUlj;jpw;Fk; MrphpaNuhL
nrytpLfpd;wdh;. ehk; midtUk; gs;spf;F nrd;wpUg;Nghk;. ekf;F gpbj;jkhd
mjpf Mrphpah;fs; ,Ue;jpUg;ghh;fs;. Mrphpah;fSld; khzth;fsJ cwit
Nkk;gLj;JtJ ,d;wpaikahjJ. Neh;kiwahd cwT khzth;fspd; fy;tp r%f
tsh;r;rpf;F ePbj;j jhf;fj;ij cUthf;Fk;.
ghb];bf;> ]fhg;]; & tpy;rd; ,th;fs; Mrphpa khzt cwit
Neh;kiwahf ntspg;gLj;jp Mrphpah;fs; rhl;rpakhzth;fs;> ,th;fsJ mwpf;if
Fiwthd Kuz;ghL> cah;e;j neUq;fpa cwT kw;Wk; MjuT ,jDld; rpwpa
rhh;ig khzth;fSf;F fhl;bdh;. ,jdhy; khzth;fs; r%f jpwd;fspy; gq;F
kw;Wk; fy;tp nray;jpwd;fis epiyepWj;jpdh;. fy;tp nray;jpwd;fspy;
nefpo;r;rpia khzth;fspilNa tsh;j;jdh.; khzth;fspd; rhjidfis ntspNa
nfhz;L tUtNj njhopy;rhh;e;j Mrphpah;fspd; flikahFk;. xU khztid
Kl;lhs; vd;W miog;gNj Kl;lhs;jdk;jhd;. xU lrd; Foe;ijfis vd;dplk;
xg;gilj;jhy;> ehd; mth;fspy; xUtid nghwpahsuhfTk;> xUtid
kUj;JtuhfTk;> xUtid jr;rdhfTk;> ,d;ndhUtid nusbahfTk;
cUthf;FNtd; vd;W rpf;kz;l; gpuha;L $wpdhh;. ,jpypUe;J ehk; njhpe;J
nfhs;tJ khzth;fspd; kdtsh;r;rp vd;gJ Mrphpah;fs; mspf;Fk; rkr;rPuhd
Mf;fg;G+h;t mwpit rhh;e;jjhFk;. ,jpy; Mrphpah;fs; khzth; ,ilNaahd cwT
rhpahd topapy; tYg;ngWfpwJ.
Mrphpah;fspd; <LghL kw;Wk; fUj;J ghpkhw;wj;jpd; ,d;wpaikahik
gph;r; kw;Wk; Nybd; $w;Wg;gb> ve;j Mrphpah;fs; khzth;fsplk; neUq;fpa
njhlh;G nfhz;ldNuh. me;j Mrphpah;fspd; khzth;fs; gs;spia xJf;Ftij
tpUk;gkhl;lhh;fs;> Rakhf ,af;Fgth;fshfTk;> mjpf MjuTilath;fshfTk;
kw;Wk; fw;wypy; mjpf <LghLs;sjhfTk; ,Ug;gh;. khzt MrphpaupilNa ey;y
njhlh;G ,Ue;jhy;> tFg;giwapy; mJ ey;y R+oiy cUthf;Fk;. khzth;fspd;
82
czh;r;rpapd; kjpg;ig Mrphpah;fs; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; khzth;fs;
,d Nkhjy; fhzhj midj;J tsh;r;rpAila mk;rq;fis nfhz;lth; Mthh;;.
gs;spfis Nghy khzth;fis cUthf;fpdhy;> mth;fs; Kf;fpa r%f
eyd;fshd el;G> r%f ez;gh;fspd; khpahijia rk;ghjpj;jy; r%f jpwd;fis
fw;wy;. ,J khzth;fSf;F ey;y fy;tp gjpTfs; nray;jpwd;fshf cjTk;.
tFg;giw R+o;epiyfspy; vOr;rpAld; khzth;fs; Mf;fG+h;tkhd fUj;ij ghpkhw
Mrphpa khzt cwT Mrphpah;fshy; tYthd jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;;wJ.
tFg;giw Nkyhz;
Nkyhz;ikapy; csg;gFg;gha;tpd; mZFKiw
csg;gFg;gha;tpd; Nehf;fkhdJ Mrphpa khzt cwit ,uz;L
nrhw;$Wfshf gphpf;fTk;: fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; milahsk;> fl;Lg;ghL vd;gJ
MrphpaH khzth;fspilNa elg;gij Mrphpah;fs; jPh;khdpg;gJ. mNjrkak;
milahsk; vd;gJ Mrphpa khzth;fSf;fhd ey;ypzf;fj;jjpw;F vjpuhd Nkhjy;.
,q;F Mrphpah;fs; ed;ikfis khzth;fSf;F mspf;fpd;wdh;> khzth;fs; mij
thq;fpnfhs;fpd;wdh;. csg;gFg;gha;tpd; cwT Mrphpa khzth;fSf;fpilNa kpf
Kf;fpakhdJ> ,J ed;whf ,Ue;jhy;jhd; fy;tp ghpth;j;jidfSk; ed;whf
mikAk;.
fw;wypy; khzth;fspd; <Lghl;il tsh;f;Fk; cj;jpfs;
khzth;fs; ntw;wpfukhd fw;Nghuha; tUth; vd;gJ fy;tpahsh;fspd;
njspthd ek;gpf;ifahFk;;. ey;y fhuzq;fSf;fhf mjpfgbahd
Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; khzth;fspd; <Lghl;il Ma;T nra;jdh;. gy tifahd
<LghLfs; fz;lhpag;gl;Ls;sd> mit fy;tp> mwpthw;wy;> mwpTrhh; epWtdq;fs;>
czh;r;rp> elj;ij> r%fk; kw;Wk; cstpayhFk;.
fpshf;];ld;(2007) fw;wypd; <Lghl;il Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd cj;jpfis RUf;fkhf
gupe;Jiuf;fpd;wdh;.
nkhop
nray; ghLfs;
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epidg;gij ghpkhWjy;
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milTfs;
“uGh<hjx! Olzi{<jl! we<hK! uGh<hjxbqz<! Nsqiqbi<gt<! Ofi<ljxbie!
uGh<hjx!$pzqz<!hbEt<t!gx<xz<!gx<hqk<kjz!dVuig<GuK”/!
! Ofi<ljxbie! dxUgjt! wf<k! Nsqiqbi<gt<! li{ui<gtqml<! uti<g<gqxii<gOt!
nui<gtqe<! gx<xz<! $p<fqjzjb! wtqkig<GuKl<?! li{ui<gtqe<! uti<s<sqjb!
sf<kqh<hKl<!!gz<<uq!Okjugt<!fqjxf<kkiGl</!
83
Nsqiqb!li{uiqjmObbie!sqz!ofVg<gk<kqx<gie!wMk<Kg<gim<Mgt<;!
yV! dbi<gz<uq! li{ue<! keg<G! gqjmk<k! oux<xqjb! keK! Nsqiqbiqml<!
hgqi<f<K! ogit<gqxie<?! Woee<xiz<! nl<li{uEg<G! okiqBl<! nueK!
oux<xqbqz<!nue<!Nsqiqbi<!d{<jlbie!Ni<ul<!gim<Muii<!we<X/!
g{qkk<kqz<! OhiviMl<! fie<gil<! kv! li{ue<! ohVg<gz<?! uGk<kzqz<! dkuq!
Okjuh<hMl<OhiK!nueK!Nsqiqbjv!fiMgqe<xie</!
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kqxe<gtqz<!hr<gtqg<gqe<xe/!
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Nkvju! li{ui<gTg<G! gim<cei<?! s&g! kqxe<gtqz<! hr<gtqk<kei<?! gz<uq!
osbz<!kqxe<gjt!fqjzfqXk<kqei</!
wf<k! Nsqiqbi<gt<! li{ui<gtqml<! ofVr<gqb! dxU! ogi{<Mt<teOvi/! nf<k!
li{ui<gt<! nxqg<jg! we<e! osiz<gqxK! we<xiz<?! nl<li{ui<gt<! ht<tq!
uVujk!Gjxuig!kuqi<h<hi<?!nkqg!yx<XjlBmEl<?!gx<Ohii<!jlb!gx<xzqz<!
nkqg!=MhiMme<!gx<h<hi</!
g{qk! uGh<jh! gzf<Kogit<Tl<! li{ui<gt<! g{qk! gx<xjz! =MhiOmiM!
gx<g! LcgqxK?!nui<gt<! g{g<Ggjt!kQi<U!gi{<hkqZl<! Hkqb!gVk<Kgjt!
nxqf<Kogit<TkZl<!fz<z!nEhul<!ohXgqe<xei</!
!
Neh;ikahd tFg;giw R+oiy cUthf;FtJ:
khzth;fs; jq;fs; nrhe;j mDgtq;fspy; fw;Fk; NghJ mth;fis fUj;J
kw;W jpwd;fis ,izf;f Njitahd Neuj;ij mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. r%fj;ij
gw;wpa czh;Tfis Vw;gLj;Jk; nray;fis khzth;fsplk; mspj;jhy; mth;fs;
Kd;G njhpe;J nfhz;lJk;> ,g;NghJ fw;f;Fk; Gjpa nghUisAk ,izj;J
ghh;f;f tha;g;G Vw;gLk; mNjNghy rf khzth;fSlDk; Mrphpah;fSlDk; Nrh;e;J
kfpo;r;rpaialth;. r%f kw;Wk; czh;Ts;s Mjuit> cah;ej ;
vjph;ghh;g;GfSldhd fw;wiy cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Mrphpah; khzth;fSf;F> xU ey;y ez;gdhfTk;> Ntjhe;jpahfTk>;
topelj;JgtuhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. khzth;fsplk; cs;s gf;jp> xw;Wikia
mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; Mh;tk; Ntz;Lk;. Mrphpah;fsJ gzp Foe;ijfis fhf;Fk;
gzp mjdhy; mth;fspd; ,skdJ epiwTw;w rpe;jidfNshL jpfo;th;. jq;fsJ
nghWg;gpy; ,Uf;Fk; khzth;fspd; ey;ypzf;fj;ij tsh;g;gjpy; Mrphpah;fspd;
gq;F kpf nghpajhFk;.
84
Mrphpah; nra;a Ntz;bait:
ait:
jq;fsJ khzth;fis ed;F mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; mth;fsJ
Ez;zwpT> Mh;tk;> kdehl;lk; tpUg;G ntWg;Gfis mwpa Ntz;Lk;.
jq;fsJ khzth;fspd; tsh;r;rpapy; cz;ikahd Mh;tk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
khzth;fspd; kdjpy; gaj;ijtpl khpahijia cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jq;fs; khzth;fspd; epiyf;F ,wq;fp tuNtz;Lk;.
[hjp> ,dk;> kjk;> nfhs;if> ,lk;> jFjp> nkhop kw;Wk; gpwe;j ,lk; ,jpy;
vjpYk; NtWghbd;wp midj;J khzth;fisAk; md;GlDk; ghrj;JlDk;
elj;j Ntz;Lk;.
khzth;fspd; ey;y nray; kw;Wk; cs;shh;j;j kjpg;Gfis tsh;f;Fk;>
r%fk;> cly;hPjpahf> mwpTrhh;e;j khzth;fshf cUthf cjt Ntz;Lk;.
mwptpay; mwpT> Ra ntspg;ghL> moFzh;T> jiyikg;gz;G> rhpahd
fUj;J> rhpahd kdg;ghd;ik khzth;fspy; R+oypy; tsh;jJ
; > Nfs;tp
Nfl;Fk; Mh;tj;ij tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
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ekJ ehl;bd; fyhr;rhu ghuk;ghpak; kw;Wk; Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wikia
nray;gLj;Jk; khzth;fis ghuhl;l Ntz;Lk;.
khzth;fis mth;fs; ghlj;jpy; Mh;tk; fhl;l cUthf;Fjy;> jdJ
ghlj;ij ed;F mwpe;jpUe;jy; kw;Wk;; Gjpa Kiwfis fw;gpj;jypy;
nray;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
NgRtjpy; gzpT kw;Wk; jplkhd nray; Ntz;Lk;.
khzth;fis> ftdj;Jld; ifahz;L mth;fs; kPJ mf;fiu nfhz;lhy;
rpwe;j Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhs;th;.
khzth;fs; gq;fpYs;s ve;j Fw;w nraiyAk; mDkjpf;fNth>
rfpj;Jf;nfhs;sNth $lhJ.
KbTiu:-
KbTiu:-
Neh;ikahd cwTfshy;> khzth;fs; gs;spapYk;> tFg;giwapYk; Fwpg;ghd
ek;gpf;ifapy; kl;Lk; gad;ghl;NlhL nray;gl;L fw;gjpy;iy> mth;fSila
Mrphpah;fs; kw;Wk; ngw;Nwhh;fsplk; cs;shh;e;j ek;gpf;ifapd; kjpg;ig
ngw;Ws;sdh;. Neh;kiwahd cwT vd;gJ kdjpd; Ra nray;ghl;il nfhz;lJ>
,J Neh;ikahd rpe;jidia cUthf;Fk;. Mrphpa khzt cwT
tFg;giwapy; MrphpahplkpUe;J ftdj;ij miltjhFk;> ,J mth;fSf;F Rf>
Jf;fq;fspd; MjhukhFk;. ,e;j kd Cf;fj;jpw;f;Fk; kw;Wk; <Lghl;bw;Fk;
Neh;kiw csg;gFg;gha;T cwtpy; xU Kf;fpa top tFf;Fk;.
85
!
uquikk<kqx<Gl<!sqf<kjeg<Glie!uqeig<gt<!
86
myF 10 fw;gpj;jYk; MrpupaH gzpAk;
Nehf;fq;fs;:-
-f<k!nzG!LcUXl<!kVuibqz<?!gx<Ohii<,
fw;gpj;jYk; MrpupaUk;
MrpupaUk;:-
87
tpsq;f Ntz;Lk;. MrpupaH gzpapy; gy;NtW r%ff; flikAk;> nghWg;GzHTk;
mjpfk; cz;L. khztHfspd; mwpahikia Nghf;fp> mtHfspd; mwpTj;jpwid
tsHf;fTk;> tho;f;iff; fy;tpiaAk; fw;gpj;jNyhL ,izj;J toq;FgtH MrpupaH.
ngw;NwhHf;F gpwF khztHfspd; eydpy; ngUk;gq;fhw;WNthH MrpupaH.
Mrpupaupd; gz;Gfs;:-
NsqvqbVl<!hbqx<sqBl<;!
88
Nbk<kh<hMk<Kgqe<xK/! Ng<gk<kqxje! NsqvqbI! utIk<Kg<! ogit<t! hbqx<sqbieK!
dkUl</! gx<hqk<kzqz<! Hkqb! dk<kqgt<?! gx<hqk<kz<! Ljxgt<?! gVuqgt<?! Hkqb!
okipqz<Fm<hl<! Ohie<xux<jx! hbe<hMk<kq! gx<xz<.gx<hqk<kz<! osbz<! osl<jlBx!
hbqx<sqbieK!upqgim<Ml</!
NsqvqbVg<gie!Ng<gs<osbz<gt<;!
Nsqvqbh<!h{qbqe<!gx<hqk<kz<!kGkqgt<;.!
89
Olx<g{<m! njek<Kl<! yV! sqxf<k! NsqvqbIg<Gk<! Okjubie! okipqz<siIf<k!
gx<hqk<kz<!kGkqgt<!NGl</!
Nsqvqbh<h{qbqe<!uGh<hjx!fqgp<Ugtqe<!Lg<gqbk<!Okjugt<;.!
kqm<mlqMkz<;.!
gm<Mh<him<M!kqxe<;.!
okimIH!ogit<Tkz<;.!
fqIuigk<Kjxg<!gx<hqk<kz<;.!
90
nkOeiM!siIf<Kt<t!hbqx<sqgt<?!uqpig<gt<! Ohim<cgt<! Ohie<xux<xqe<! OhiK!sqxf<K!
fqIugqg<g!Ou{<Ml</!
li{uIgTg<G!Le<
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dkiv{ligUl<?!upqgim<cbigUl<!uqtr<Gkz<;.!
lkqh<hqMkz<;.!
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Nsqvqbh<!h{qbqe<!sqxh<H;.!
!! li{uIgtqe<!wz<zik<!OkjugjtBl<! d{If<K!nux<xqx<Ogx<h!NsqvqbI!ke<!
osbz<gjt! ucujlk<Kg<! ogi{<M! nuIgjt! kqVh<kqbjmbs<! osb<K! uip<jgjb!
d{vs<! osb<Bl<! de<eklie! sqxh<Huib<f<k! h{q! Nsqvqbh<h{q/! li{uIgjt!
91
lgqp<s<sq! njmbs<! osb<K! lelgqp<huI! NsqvqbI/! li{uIgtqe<! wf<k! yV!
oux<xqbieiZl<! ke<oux<xqbig! ogi{<miMhuI/! yu<ouiV! fiTl<! nuIgtqe<!
uip<uqz<! lix<xk<jk! Wx<hMk<Kl<! lix<X! ohx<OxiIgt<! NsqvqbIgOt/! uip<fit<!
LPuKl<! li{uIgTg<gig! gx<Xg<ogi{<M! li{uIgjt! uip<gjgjb! gx<g!
gx<hqg<Gl<! gmjlB{IU! ogi{<muIgt<! Nsqvqbh<h{q! osb<huIgt</!
gx<hjek<kqxjeBl<?! gjzk<kqxjeBl<! Dg<Guqk<K! li{uIgjt! Le<Oex<xh<!
hijkbqz<! ogi{<M! osz<huIgt</! gx<hqk<kzqz<! dt<t! njek<K! suiz<gjtBl<!
wkqIogi{<M! gVl<hzjgbqz<! li{uIgtqe<! geUgjt! wz<zil<! fq\lig! lix<Xl<!
lgk<kie! h{q! Nx<XhuIgt<! Nsqiqbi<gOt/! Woeeqz<! yV! Nsqvqbviz<! lm<MOl! yV!
s&kibk<kqz<! dt<t! lx<x! h{qbitiIgtie! lVk<KuI?! upg<gxqRI?! ohixqbitI?!
Nb<uitI?! giuzitq?! ucujlh<hitI! Ohie<xuIgt<! lm<Ml<! nz<zilz<! hz<OuX!
KjxgtqZl<! sqxf<kuIgtig! ke<! li{uIgjt! dVuig<g! LcBl</! Neiz<! yV!
lVk<Kuviz<! lx<oxiV! lVk<KujvObi?! yV! ohixqbitviz<! lx<oxiV!
ohixqbitjvObi! dVuig<GuK! sik<kqblx<x! givqbl<! NGl</! Neiz<! yV!
Nsqvqbviz<! lm<Ml<! hz! NsqvqbIgjtBl<! dVuig<g! LcBl</! njek<Kjxjb!
OsIf<k! h{qbitIgjt! dVuig<g! yV! Nsqvqbviz<! lm<MOl! LcBl<! we<x! sqxh<H!
uib<f<k!h{q!Nsqvqbh<!h{q!NGl</!
NsqvqbVl<!sLkib!Le<Oex<xLl<;.!
92
Nsqvqbvqe<!gx<xz<.gx<hqk<kz<!dk<kqgt<;.!
i.) osbz<upqg<!gx<xz<!.!gx<hqk<kz<!Ljxgt<?!gVuqgt<?!
ii.) gjk!%Xz<!
iii.) !uqPlg<!gz<uq!
iv.) sqg<gz<gjt!kQIk<kz<!
v.) GPgx<xz<!
vi.) uGh<hjxg<G!!outqObBl<!gx<gs<!osb<kz<!
hqvs<sjegjt!Szhlig!kQIk<kz<!Ohie<x!dk<kqgjt!jgbiTkz<!Ou{<Ml</!
LcUjv!
LcUjv!
uquikk<kqx<Gl<!sqf<kjeg<Glie!uqeig<gt<!
2* Nsqvqbvqe<!h{<Hgjt!hm<cbzqMg!
3* hbqzvr<Ggt<!hx<xq!Gxqh<H!ujvg/!
4* gx<xz<!.!gx<hqk<kzqe<!Ofig<gr<gt<!hx<xq!uqtg<gUl</!
5* Nsqvqbvqe<!kqxe<gjtBl<?!kGkqjbBl<!uqtg<gUl</!
6* NsqvqbVg<Gl<!sLkibk<kqx<Gl<!-jmOb!dt<t!okimIuqjeg<!%Xg/!
&&&&
93