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ENGINEERING
THERMODYNAMICS
[FOR THIRD SEMESTER B.E MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING STUDENTS]
COMPILED BY
BIBIN.C
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GUMMIDIPOONDI TALUK
TIRUVALLUR DIST
ME 6301 - ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
37. when there is uniform pressure at all points of the system, then it is said to be
in .........
Ans: Mechanical equilibrium
38. When a system wiII be in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium?
A system is said to exist in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium, when no change in
any microscopic property is registered, if the system is isolated from the surroundings.
62.What is the work done in a closed system in terms pressure and volume?
Workdone = Pdv.
63. Work done by a system is.............
Ans: Positive.
64. Work done on a system is ...............
Ans: Negative
65. Heat supplied to the system is......................
Ans: Positive.
Mathematically,
94. What is the difference between steady flow and non – flow process?
During the steady flow process the rate of flow of mass and energy across the
boundary remains constant.
The two types of properties are intensive property and extensive property.
Example: Volume, energy. If the mass is increased, the values of the extensive
properties also increase.
101. If in the equation PVn = C, the value of n =∞ then the process is called _______
Constant Volume process
102. The polytropic index (n) is given by ________
n = ln (P2/P1)/ ln (V1/V2)
103. Prove that for an isolated system, there is no change in internal energy.
In isolated system there is no interaction between the system and the surroundings.
There is no mass transfer and energy transfer.
According to first law of thermodynamics as
dQ = dU + dW;
dU = dQ - dW;
dQ = 0,
dW = 0,
Therefore dU = 0 by integrating the above equation U = constant, therefore the
internal energy is constant for isolated system.
It states that heat can flow from hot body to cold without any external aid but heat
cannot flow from cold body to hot body without any external aid.
OR
It is impossible for a self-acting machine working in a cyclic process, to transfer heat
from a body at lower temperature to a body at a higher temperature without the aid of an
external agency.
i. In all reversible engine operating between the two given thermal reservoirs
with fixed temperature, have the same efficiency.
ii. The efficiency of any reversible heat engine operating between two
reservoirs is independent of the nature of the working fluid and depends
only on the temperature of the reservoirs.
11. Write the expression for COP of a heat pump and a refrigerator?
T2
COP of heat pump (COP) HP =
T2 T1
T1
COP of Refrigerator (COP) REF =
T2 T1
14. Name two alternative methods by which the efficiency of a Carnot cycle can be
increased.
i. Efficiency can be increased as the higher temperature T2 increases.
ii. Efficiency can be increased as the lower temperature T1 decreases.
For all the heat engines there will be a heat loss between system and surroundings.
Therefore we can’t convert all the heat input into useful work.
Source is a thermal reservoir, which supplies heat to the system and sink is a
thermal reservoir, which takes the heat from the system.
28. In vapour compression cycle the condition of refrigerant is dry saturated vapour
________
Ans: Before entering the compressor
29. Define the unit for refrigeration
Unit of refrigeration is expressed in terms of tonne of refrigeration (TR). A tonne of
refrigeration is defined as the quantity of heat required to be removed form one tonne of
water at 0oC to convert into ice at 0oC in 24 hours.
8. Explain the term critical point, critical temperature and critical pressure.
In the T-S diagram the region left of the waterline, the water exists as liquid. In right
of the dry steam line, the water exists as a super heated steam. In between water and dry
steam line the water exists as a wet steam. At a particular point, the water is directly
converted into dry steam without formation of wet steam. The point is called critical point.
The critical temperature is the temperature above which a substance cannot exist as a
liquid; the critical temperature of water is 374.150 C. The corresponding pressure is called
critical pressure.
If S>Sg then super heated steam, S= Sg then dry steam and S< Sg then wet steam.
13. What are the assumptions made on the analysis of ideal Rankine cycle?
i. Each component of the working fluid is internally reversible.
ii. All processes of the working fluid are internally reversible.
iii. The pump and turbine operate adiabatically.
iv. Potential and kinetic energy affects are neglected.
v. Condensate leaves the condenser as saturated liquid.
14. What are the various methods used to improve the efficiency of Rankine cycle?
i. Increase the boiler pressure (or) Temperature
ii. Decrease the condenser pressure
iii. Increase the temperature of steam at superheated condition
iv. Reheating the steam
v. Adopting regeneration of steam
17. What is the effect of reheating the steam on the specific output and the cycle
efficiency?
The specific output and the cycle efficiency are increased due to reheating the steam in
vapour power cycles.
22. Name the different components in steam power plant working on Rankine cycle.
Boiler, Turbine, Cooling Tower or Condenser and Pump.
23. What is meant by work ratio? What is the importance of work ratio in vapour cycles?
Work ratio is defined as the ration of network transfer to the positive work transfer.
Work ratio affects the actual cycle efficiency. Comparing two cycles with the same
ideal efficiency, the cycle having lower work ratio would have smaller actual efficiency.
Higher work ratio, smaller the plant size.
26. Why reheat cycle is not used for low boiler pressure?
At low boiler pressure the reheat cycle efficiency may be less than the Rankine cycle
efficiency. This may be due to the lower temperature during heating.
27. What are the advantages of vapour power cycles over gas power cycle?
i. The isothermal heat transfer is possible in condenser and evaporator
ii. The work ratio is high compared to the gas power cycle.
28. Why carnot cycle cannot be realised in practice for vapour power cycles?
The main difficulty to attain the cycle in practice is that isothermal condensation is
stopped before it reaches to saturated liquid condition. Therefore the compressor has to
deal with a non-homogeneous mixture of water and steam. Because of the large specific
volume of liquid vapour mixture before compression, the compressor size and work input
have to be large. The higher power requirement reduces the plant efficiency as well as
work ratio.
32. Mention the improvements made to increase the ideal efficiency of Rankine cycle.
i. Lowering the condenser pressure.
ii. Superheated steam is supplied to the turbine.
iii. Increasing the boiler pressure to certain limit.
iv. Implementing reheat and regeneration in the cycle.
33. What are the effects of condenser pressure on the Rankine Cycle?
By lowering the condenser pressure, we can increase the cycle efficiency. The main
disadvantage is lowering the back pressure increase the wetness of steam. Isentropic
compression of a very wet vapour is very difficult.
34. Why reheat cycle is not used for low boiler pressure?
At the low reheat pressure the heat cycle efficiency may be less than the Rankine
cycle efficiency. Since the average temperature during heating will then be low.
The total pressure exerted in a closed vessel containing a number of gases is equal
to the sum of the pressures of each gas and the volume of each gas equal to the volume of
the vessel.
12. Explain the construction and give the use of generalized compressibility chart.
The general compressibility chart is plotted with Z versus P r for various values of
Tr . This is constructed by plotting the known data of one of mole gases and can be used
for any gas. This chart gives best results for the regions well removed from the critical
state for all gases.
15. How does the Vander Waal's equation differ from the ideal gas equation of state?
1. Define psychrometry.
The science which deals with the study of behaviour of moist air (mixture of dry air
and water vapour) is known as psychrometry.
OBJECTIVES:
Heat Reservoir, source and sink. Heat Engine, Refrigerator, Heat pump. Statements of second
law and its corollaries. Carnot cycle Reversed Carnot cycle, Performance. Clausius inequality.
Concept of entropy, T-s diagram, Tds Equations, entropy change for - pure substance, ideal gases
- different processes, principle of increase in entropy. Applications of II Law. High and low
grade energy. Available and non-available energy of a source and finite body. Energy and
irreversibility. Expressions for the energy of a closed system and open systems. Energy balance
and entropy generation. Irreversibility. I and II law Efficiency.
Formation of steam and its thermodynamic properties, p-v, p-T, T-v, T-s, h-s diagrams. p-v-T
surface. Use of Steam Table and Mollier Chart. Determination of dryness fraction. Application
of I and II law for pure substances. Ideal and actual Rankine cycles, Cycle Improvement
Methods - Reheat and Regenerative cycles, Economiser, preheater, Binary and Combined cycles.
Properties of Ideal gas- Ideal and real gas comparison- Equations of state for ideal and real
gases- Reduced properties-.Compressibility factor-.Principle of Corresponding states. -
Generalised Compressibility Chart and its use-. Maxwell relations, Tds Equations, Difference
and ratio of heatcapacities, Energy equation, Joule-Thomson Coefficient, Clausius Clapeyron
equation, Phase Change Processes. Simple Calculations.
Mole and Mass fraction, Dalton’s and Amagat’s Law. Properties of gas mixture – Molar mass,
gas constant, density, change in internal energy, enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs function.
Psychrometric properties, Psychrometric charts. Property calculations of air vapour mixtures by
using chart and expressions. Psychrometric process – adiabatic saturation, sensible heating and
cooling, humidification, dehumidification, evaporative cooling and adiabatic mixing. Simple
Applications
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
Upon completion of this course, the students can able to apply the Thermodynamic
Principles to Mechanical Engineering Application.
Apply mathematical fundamentals to study the properties of steam, gas and gas mixtures.
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