EC2 – worked examples 2-11

fourth combination
1.35·Sk,terr + 1.35·Gk,wall + 1.0·Gk,terr + 1.5·Qk,sovr + 1.5·Sk,sovr

the contact pressure on ground is calculated,
combinations, as follows:
moment vs. centre of mass of the footing
moment from ground lateral force (γG=1.35):
moment from surcharge lateral force (γQ=1.5):
moment from wall self-weight (γG=1.0):
moment from footing self-weight (γG=1.0):
moment from ground self-weight (γG=1.0):
for the first of the fourth above-mentioned
MS,terr = 1.35⋅(26.73⋅3.00/3)=36.08 kNm/m
MS,sovr = 1.5⋅(9.90⋅1.50) = 22.28 kNm/m
Mwall = 1.0⋅(18.75 ⋅ 0.60) = 11.25 kNm/m
Mfoot = 0 kNm/m
Mground = - 1.0⋅(76.5⋅0.40) = - 30.6 kNm/m

Total moment Mtot = 36.08 + 22.28 + 11.25 – 30.6 = 39.01 kNm/m

Vertical load
Wall self-weight (γG=1.0): Pwall = 1.0 ⋅ (18.75) = 18.75 kNm/m
Footing self-weight (γG=1.0): Pfoot = 1.0 ⋅ (31.25) =31.25 kNm/m
Ground self-weight (γG=1.0): Pground = 1.0 ⋅ (76.5) = 76.5 kNm/m
Total load Ptot = 18.75 + 31.25 + 76.5 = 126.5 kN/m
Eccentricity e = Mtot / Ptot = 39.01 / 126.5 = 0.31 m ≤ B/6 = 2.50/6 = 41.67 cm
Max pressure on ground σ = Ptot / 2.50 + Mtot ⋅ 6 / 2.502 = 88.05 kN/m2 = 0.088 MPa

The results given at Table 2.2 are obtained by repeating the calculation for the three remaining
combinations of partial factors.
The maximal pressure on ground is achieved with the second combination, i.e. for the one in
which the wall self-weight and the self-weight of the ground above the footing are both multiplied by
1.35.
For the verification of the contact pressure, the possibility that the surcharge acts on the whole
embankment surface must be also considered. (Fig. 2.13); the values given at Table 2.3 are
obtained by repeating the calculation for this situation.

Fig. 2.13. Dimensions of the retaining wall of the numeric example with surcharge on the whole embankment.

Table of Content
EC2 – worked examples 2-12

Table 2.2. Max pressure for four different combinations of partial factors of permanent loads
(surcharge outside the foundation footing).
Combination first second third fourth
MS,ground 36.08 36.08 36.08 36.08
(kNm/m) (γQ=1.35) (γQ=1.35) (γQ=1.35) (γQ=1.35)
MS,surch 22.28 22.28 22.28 22.28
(kNm/m) (γQ=1.5) (γQ=1.5) (γQ=1.5) (γQ=1.5)
Mwall 11.25 15.19 11.25 15.19
(kNm/m) (γG=1.0) (γG=1.35) (γG=1.0) (γG=1.35)
Mground -30.60 -41.31 -41.31 -30.60
(kNm/m) (γG=1.0) (γG=1.35) (γG=1.35) (γG=1.0)
Mtot
39.01 32.24 28.30 42.95
(kNm/m)
Pwall 18.75 25.31 18.75 25.31
(kN/m) (γG=1.0) (γG=1.35) (γG=1.0) (γG=1.35)
Pfoot 31.25 42.19 31.25 42.19
(kN/m) (γG=1.0) (γG=1.35) (γG=1.0) (γG=1.35)
Pground 76.50 103.28 103.28 76.50
(kN/m) (γG=1.0) (γG=1.35) (γG=1.35) (γG=1.0)
Ptot
126.50 170.78 153.28 144
(kN/m)
eccentricity (m) 0.31 0.19 0.18 0.30
pressure on ground (kN/m2) 88.05 99.26 88.48 98.83

Table 2.3. Max pressure on ground for four different combinations of partial factors of permanent loads
(surcharge on the whole foundation footing).
Combination first second third fourth
MS,ground 36.08 36.08 36.08 36.08
(kNm/m) (γQ=1.35) (γQ=1.35) (γQ=1.35) (γQ=1.35)
MS,surch 22.28 22.28 22.28 22.28
(kNm/m) (γQ=1.5) (γQ=1.5) (γQ=1.5) (γQ=1.5)
Mwall 11.25 15.19 11.25 15.19
(kNm/m) (γG=1.0) (γG=1.35) (γG=1.0) (γG=1.35)
Mground -30.60 -41.31 -41.31 -30.60
(kNm/m) (γG=1.0) (γG=1.35) (γG=1.35) (γG=1.0)
Msurch -10.20 -10.20 -10.20 -10.20
(kNm/m) (γQ=1.5) (γQ=1. 5) (γQ=1. 5) (γQ=1.5)
Mtot
28.81 22.04 18.10 32.75
(kNm/m)
Pwall 18.75 25.31 18.75 25.31
(kN/m) (γG=1.0) (γG=1.35) (γG=1.0) (γG=1.35)
Pfoot 31.25 42.19 31.25 42.19
(kN/m) (γG=1.0) (γG=1.35) (γG=1.0) (γG=1.35)
Pterr 76.50 103.28 103.28 76.50
(kN/m) (γG=1.0) (γG=1.35) (γG=1.35) (γG=1.0)
Psurch 25.50 25.50 25.50 25.50
(kN/m) (γQ=1.5) (γQ=1.5) (γQ=1. 5) (γQ=1.5)
Ptot
152.0 196.28 178.78 169.50
(kN/m)
eccentricity (m) 0.19 0.11 0.10 0.19
pressure on ground (kN/m2) 88.46 99.67 88.89 99.24
The two additional lines, not present in Table 1.18 and here highlighted in bold, correspond to the moment and to the vertical
load resulting from the surcharge above the footing.

The max pressure on ground is achieved once again for the second combination and its value
is here higher than the one calculated in the previous scheme.

Table of Content