CE 309 : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING CE 309 : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Unit 9

Surface Water Systems

Surface water is water on the surface of the planet such

as in a river, lake, wetland, or ocean.

Surface Water Systems

Storage Systems Diversion Systems

To store water on To raise water in the river
upstream side of the river and divert the required
and divert the required quantity
quantity

Dam Weir, Barrage

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CE 309 : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Unit 9 CE 309 : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Unit 9
Surface Water Systems Surface Water Systems

Storage Systems Diversion Systems

 Dam is constructed across a river valley to form  Raises water level in the river.
a storage reservoir, known as storage head
works.  Regulates supply of water into canal.

 Water is supplied to the canal through this
reservoir through canal regulators.
 These serves for multi purpose functions like
hydro electric power generation, flood control,
fisheries etc.
 Controls the entry of silt into the canal.
 Provides some storage for a short period.
 Reduces the level of fluctuations in the level of
supply in the river.

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 CE 309 : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Unit 9 CE 309 : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Unit 9
Surface Water Systems River Flow
Diversion Head Works  A river is a natural flowing water course, usually fresh water, flowing
towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river.

 In some cases a river flows into the ground and becomes dry at the
end of its course without reaching another body of water.

 When a surface water system is designed in a river, it is very

important to know the discharge characteristics of the river.

 There are two ways of expressing the variation in river flow over the
year: the annual hydrograph and the Flow Duration Curve or FDC

 The annual hydrograph shows the day-by-day variation in flow over

a calendar year.

 The FDC shows how flow is distributed over a period (usually a

5 year). 6

CE 309 : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Unit 9 CE 309 : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Unit 9
Flow Duration Curve (Discharge Frequency curve) Yield from a catchment
Exercise 9.1 :
A flow duration curve of a stream is a plot of The daily flows of a stream for three consecutive years are shown
discharge against the percent of time the flow was in table below. Calculate the 50 and 75% dependable flows for the
stream
equaled or exceeded

140-120.1

120-100.1

100-80.1

80-60.1

60-50.1

50-40.1

40-30.1

30-25.1

25-20.1

20-15.1

15-10.1

10-5.1
Daily Mean
Discharge (m3/s)

No. of days flow in

each class interval 1961-62 0 2 12 15 30 70 84 61 43 28 15 5

1962-63 1 7 18 32 29 60 75 50 45 30 18 -

1963-64 5 10 15 15 45 64 76 61 38 25 12 -

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 CE 309 : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Unit 9 CE 309 : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Unit 9
Reservoir

 A reservoir is a large, artificial water body created by constructing

a dam across river.

 During the period of low flow, it is not possible to meet the water
demands for various purposes such as irrigation, water supply,
Reservoir hydro power etc.

 A reservoir is created on river to store water during rainy season.

 The stored water is later released during the period of low flows to
meet the demand.

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CE 309 : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Unit 9 CE 309 : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Unit 9
Reservoir Reservoir

Storage reservoir serve the following purpose : Types of reservoir:

 Irrigation 1. Storage Reservoirs
 Water supply 2. Flood Control Reservoirs
 Hydroelectric power generation 3. Retarding Reservoirs
 Flood control 4. Detention Reservoirs
 Navigation 5. Distribution Reservoirs
 Recreation 6. Multi Purpose Reservoirs.
 Development of fish & wild life 7. Balancing Reservoirs
 Soil conservation
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 CE 309 : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Unit 9 CE 309 : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Unit 9
Reservoir Reservoir
Storage Reservoirs: Retarding Reservoirs:
 Storage reservoirs are also called conservation reservoirs because  A retarding reservoir is provided with spillways and sluiceways
they are used to conserve water. which are ungated..
 Storage reservoirs are constructed to store the water in the rainy  The retarding reservoir stores a portion of the flood when the flood
season and to release it later when the river flow is low is rising and releases it later when the flood is receding.

Flood Control Reservoirs: Detention Reservoirs:

 A flood control reservoir is constructed for the purpose of flood  A detention reservoir stores excess water during floods and
control. releases it after the flood.
 It protects the areas lying on its downstream side from the  It is similar to a storage reservoir but is provided with large gated
damages due to flood. spillways and sluiceways to permit flexibility of operation.

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CE 309 : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Unit 9 CE 309 : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Unit 9
Reservoir Reservoir
Distribution Reservoirs: Zones of Storage Reservoirs:
 A distribution reservoir is a small storage reservoir to meet the Silt / Sedimentation zones:
peak demand of water for municipal water supply or irrigation.
The space occupied by the sediment
 It stores water during the period of lean demand and supplies the in the reservoir can be divided into
separate zones.
same during the period of high demand..
Dead storage:
MDDL Penstock
Multi purpose Reservoirs: It is the total storage below the
invert level of the lowest discharge Dead storage level
 They are constructed for more than single purpose.. outlet from the reservoir.
River sluice
Minimum Drawdown Level (MDDL):
Balancing Reservoirs: It is the level below which the reservoir will not Silt /Sedimentation zone
be drawn down so as to maintain a minimum
Inactive storage capacity
 A reservoir downstream of the main reservoir for holding water let head required in power projects.
down from the main reservoir in excess of that required for Inactive storage capacity
irrigation, power generation or other purposes.
The storage capacity up to MDDL is known as
15 inactive storage capacity 16

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 CE 309 : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Unit 9 CE 309 : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Unit 9
Reservoir Reservoir
Zones of Storage Reservoirs: Zones of Storage Reservoirs:
Free Board
Full Reservoir Level (FRL): Maximum Water Level (MWL) Top of dam
This is the highest reservoir level that This is the water level that is ever MWL
can be maintained without spillway FRL likely to be attained during the FRL
discharge or without passing water passage of the design flood.
downstream through sluice ways.
Also called as the Highest Reservoir Level
Active storage capacity MDDL Penstock (HRL)or the Highest Flood Level (HFL). MDDL Penstock
The storage capacity between FRL Outlet Surcharge or Flood storage:
Dead storage level Dead storage level
and MDDL is known as active
storage capacity River sluice This is required as a reserve River sluice
between FRL and the MWL to
Live Storage Capacity contain the peaks of floods that
Silt /Sedimentation zone Silt /Sedimentation zone
This is the storage available for the intended might occur when there is
purpose between Full Reservoir Level and the Inactive storage capacity insufficient storage capacity for Inactive storage capacity
Invert Level of the lowest discharge outlet. water below FRL
Active storage capacity Active storage capacity
Live storage capacity
Live storage capacity Surcharge storage
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CE 309 : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Unit 9 CE 309 : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Unit 9
Yield of Reservoir Reservoir capacity
Yield is the volume of water which can be withdrawn from a reservoir  Depends upon the inflow available and demand
in a specified period of time.
Safe Yield (Firm Yield)  Inflow in the river is always greater than the demand, there is
no storage required
Safe yield is the maximum quantity of water which can be supplied from a
reservoir in a specified period of time during a critical dry year.
 If the inflow in the river is small but the demand is high, a
Secondary Yield large reservoir capacity is required
Secondary yield is the quantity of water which is available during the period of
high flow in the rivers when the yield is more than the safe yield. Relationship between yield and storage
Average Yield
Inflow – Yield = Change in storage
The average yield is the arithmetic average of the firm yield and the secondary
yield over a long period of time.
Design Yield If inflow is more than yield : Storage will increase

The design yield is the yield adopted in the design of a reservoir. The design yield is
usually fixed after considering the urgency of the water needs and the amount of risk If inflow is less than yield : Storage will be depleted
involved.
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 CE 309 : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Unit 9 CE 309 : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Unit 9
Reservoir capacity Flow Mass Curve

A flow mass curve is a plot of the cumulative

The required capacity for a reservoir can be determined by discharge volume against time plotted in
the following methods: chronological order

1. Graphical method, using mass curves. The ordinate of mass curve

at any time t

2. Analytical method
Total discharge volume
(V)from the catchment from
the beginning of the curve (
t=t0 ) to t

=
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CE 309 : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Unit 9 CE 309 : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Unit 9
Flow Mass Curve Flow Mass Curve : Calculation of storage volume

The slope of the mass VD : Demand volume in a particular season

= = = Q
curve at any point
VS : Supply volume in that season
Q : Rate of flow at that instant
A = −
Accumulated inflow volume

The slope of the line MN

represents the average The storage S in a particular season is the
N
rate of flow that can be maximum cumulative deficiency in that season
maintained between the
time tm and tn
M
The maximum difference in the ordinate
A tm tn Time between mass curves of supply and demand
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 CE 309 : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Unit 9 CE 309 : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Unit 9
Flow Mass Curve : Calculation of storage volume Flow Mass Curve : Calculation of storage volume
Exercise 9.2 :
The following table gives the mean monthly flows in a river during
1981. Calculate the minimum storage required to maintain a
demand rate of 40 m3/s

S2
Accumulated inflow volume

March

June

Sept
April

May

July

Nov
Aug

Dec
Feb
Jan

Oct
Month

Mean flow
S1 (m3/s)
60 45 35 25 15 22 50 80 105 90 80 70

Time
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CE 309 : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Unit 9 CE 309 : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Unit 9
Flow Mass Curve : Calculation of storage volume Sequent Peak Algorithm
Exercise 9.3 : Sequent peak algorithm is a method for estimating the reservoir capacity and
Workout exercise 9.2 through arithmetic calculation without the is particularly suited for the analysis of large data with the help of computer
use of mass curve. What is the maximum demand that can be
sustained by this river  A mass curve of cumulative net flow volume against chronological time (known as
residual mass curve ) is used.
Net flow volume = Inflow volume – outflow volume
March

June

Sept
April

May

July

Nov
Aug

Dec
Feb
Jan

Oct

Month

Cumulative net-flow
−
Mean flow
60 45 35 25 15 22 50 80 105 90 80 70
(m3/s)
volume, Σ

Time (months)

 This curve will have peaks (local maximums) and troughs (local minimums).
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Sequent Peak Algorithm Exercise 9 : 4 Sequent Peak Algorithm
First Peak P1 Sequent Peak P3
Sequent Peak P2 Following is the stream flow record of 2 consecutive critical years of a stream that is
being considered for hydropower development. Estimate the minimum size of a reservoir
on this stream to provide a constant downstream withdrawal of 7.0 m3/s. Use sequent
Cumulative net-flow

peak algorithm
S2
−

S1 Month Monthly flow Month Monthly flow

Lowest Trough T2
(1st Yr) volume (M.m3) (2nd Yr) volume (M.m3)
volume, Σ

Time (months) June 10.20

June 36.20
July 57.40 July 30.80
Lowest Trough T1 August 65.50 August 43.10
September 28.60 September 53.10
 For any peak P1 , the next following peak of magnitude greater than P is called a
October 32.80 October 39.00
sequent peak (P2)
November 36.90 November 28.90
 Find the lowest trough T1 between P1 and P2 and calculate S1 = P1 - T1
December 24.60 December 16.50
 Starting with P2, find the next sequent peak P3 and the lowest trough T2 and January 10.20 January 16.40
calculate S2 = P2 – T2 February 2.10 February 12.30
 Repeat the procedure for all the sequent peaks available in the 2N periods, where N March 2.10 March 10.30
is the number of periods of data series April 2.10 April 8.30
 The required reservoir storage capacity = Max.of S1, S2, …………. May 4.10 May 4.90
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