Plasma membrane

The plasma membrane protects the cell from its external environment, mediates cellular
transport, and transmits cellular signals.

Endoplasmic reticulum bound ribosomes

Rough ER (RER) is involved in some protein production, protein folding, quality control and
despatch. It is called ‘rough’ because it is studded with ribosomes

Smooth E R (SER) is associated with the production and metabolism of fats and steroid hormones. It
is ‘smooth’ because it is not studded with ribosomes and is associated with smooth slippery fats.

Centrioles

The main function of the centriole is to help with cell division in animal cells. The centrioles help
in the formation of the spindle fibers that separate the chromosomes during cell division

nucleolus

The nucleolus makes ribosomal subunits fromproteins and ribosomal RNA, also known
as rRNA. It then sends the subunits out to the rest of the cellwhere they combine into
complete ribosomes.Ribosomes make proteins; therefore, the nucleolus plays a vital role in
making proteins in the cell.

Nuclear pore

Nuclear pore complexes allow the transport of molecules across the nuclear envelope.
This transport includes RNA and ribosomal proteins moving from nucleus to
the cytoplasmand proteins (such as DNA polymerase and lamins), carbohydrates, signaling
molecules and lipids moving into thenucleus.

chromatin

The function of chromatin is to efficiently package DNA into a small volume to fit into
the nucleus of a cell and protect the DNA structure and sequence. Packaging DNA into
chromatin allows for mitosis and meiosis, prevents chromosome breakage and controls gene
expression and DNA replication.
Microtubules

Microtubules are the main "building blocks" that form the cytoskeleton - which is the
cell's framework within which all components of the cell are held in position or allowed to
move within certain constraints.

Movement of materials and structures within cells.

e.g. they help form the miotic spindleapparatus via which chromosomes move to two poles
during cell division by mitosis. This occurs during the "prophase" part of mitosis - see
diagram below.