Exercise No. 1  

The Cell 
Name: Kathleen Mae M. Hermo Date Submitted: March 2 , 2023 
Year and Sec: BS Psychology 2-1 Date Performed: March 27, 2023
Group No. _______________________ Score: _______________________________ 
  
Theory:  
 
The basic unit of structure and function in the human body is the cell. Each of a cell’s part, or
organelles, as well as the entire cell, is organized to perform a specific function. Cells have the ability
to metabolize, grow and reproduce, move and response to stimuli. The cells of the body differ in
shape, size and in specific role in the body. Cells that are similar in structure and function form
tissues, which in turn, construct the various body organs.  
 
I. Using the following list of terms, correctly label all the cell parts indicated by leader lines. Then
select different colors for each structure and use them to color the coding circles and the
corresponding structure in the illustration.  
 
A. Animal Cell  
                 1 Nucleus                               10 Golgi Bodies  
                2 Nucleolus                               4 Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum  
                 3 Nuclear membrane          5 Rough Endoplasmic reticulum  
                 11 Plasma Membrane          6 Lysosome  
                 8 Cytoplasm                                 9 Filamentous Cytoskeleton  
                 7 Mitochondrion                                       (microtubules)  
 

 
II. Anatomy of an Animal Cell  

Complete the following table to fully describe the various cell parts. 
 
Cell Structure  Function 
Nucleus The nucleus has the control in the genetic information, protein and enzyme
synthesis, cell division and cell growth. It also serve as the storage of DNA,
RNA and ribosome and also responsible in regulation of the transcription of the
mRNA to protein;
Nucleolus Main function is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and ribosome biogenesis.
Also implicated in many other aspects of cell biology, such as regulation of cell
cycle, growth and development, senescence, telomerase activity, gene
silencing, responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.
 Nuclear membrane It separates the contents of the nucleus from the rest of the cell. and protects
the cell’s genetic material from the chemical reactions that take place outside
the nucleus. Nuclear membrane also contains many proteins that are used in
organizing DNA and regulating genes.
Plasma Membrane Plasma membrane surrounds all cells and physically separates the cytoplasm,
which is the material that makes up the cell, from the extracellular fluid outside
the cell. It also provides structural support to the cell and gives the cell its
shape. Moreover, it facilitates communication and signaling between cells.
Cytoplasm   Cytoplasm’s function is protein synthesis, energy production, signal
transduction, transportation of metabolites and molecules from organelles
across the cell, provision of structural support to organelles of the cell,
regulation of cell signaling and structural support for the cell itself.
Mitochondrion  Mitochondria are involved in breaking down sugars and fats into energy through
aerobic respiration (cellular respiration). It is responsible for the citric acid cycle
and serves as the site where oxidative phosphorylation happens.
Golgi Bodies Golgi bodies are responsible for processing and packaging proteins that have
exited the rough endoplasmic reticulum to be further transported inside and/or
outside the cell.
Smooth Endoplasmic The smooth endoplasmic reticulum functions in many metabolic processes. It
reticulum synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membranes, and steroids. The
smooth endoplasmic reticulum also carries out the metabolism of carbohydrates
and steroids. In muscle cells, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum regulates
calcium ion storage.
Rough Endoplasmic The rough endoplasmic reticulum plays a number of roles within the cell, largely
reticulum associated with protein synthesis. Polypeptides are synthesized, modified,
folded into their correct 3-D shape and sorted towards an organelle or marked
for secretion. It also plays an important role in modulating the response of cells
to stress and in quality control for correct protein folding.
Lysosome    A lysosome has three main functions: the breakdown/digestion of
macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids), cell
membrane repairs, and responses against foreign substances such as bacteria,
viruses and other antigens.
 Filamentous The cytoskeleton organizes other constituents of the cell, maintains the cell’s
Cytoskeleton shape, and is responsible for the locomotion of the cell itself and the movement
(microtubules)   of the various organelles within it. 

 
B. Plant Cell 
 
 
1 Nucleus                                                   10 Golgi Bodies  
2 Nucleolus                                                 4 Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum  
3 Nuclear membrane                                      5 Rough Endoplasmic reticulum  
11 Cell Wall                                                     6 Lysosome  
9 Chloroplast                                                 8 Vacuole  
7 Mitochondrion 
 
  
III. Anatomy of a Plant Cell  
 
Complete the following table to fully describe the various cell parts. 
 
Cell Structure  Function 
Nucleus The vital function of a nucleus is to store DNA or hereditary
information required for cell division, metabolism and growth. 
Nucleolus It manufactures cells’ protein-producing structures and ribosomes. 

Nuclear membrane The nuclear membrane serves to separate the chromosomes from
the cell's cytoplasm and other contents. An array of small holes or
pores in the nuclear membrane permits the selective passage of
certain materials, such as nucleic acids and proteins, between the
nucleus and cytoplasm.3 
Cell Wall  The primary function of the cell wall is to protect and provide
structural support to the cell. The plant cell wall is also involved in
protecting the cell against mechanical stress and providing form and
structure to the cell. It also filters the molecules passing in and out of
it.
Chloroplast Chloroplasts capture light energy from the sun and use it with water
and carbon dioxide to produce sugars for food. Chloroplasts look like
flat discs and are usually 2 to 10 micrometers in diameter and 1
micrometer thick. 
Mitochondrion They are the double-membraned organelles found in the cytoplasm of
all eukaryotic cells. They provide energy by breaking down
carbohydrate and sugar molecules, hence they are also referred to as
the “Powerhouse of the cell.” 
Golgi Bodies In plant cells, the Golgi body serves as the site for the synthesis of
complex polysaccharides. 
Smooth Endoplasmic Smooth ER is responsible for the synthesis of essential lipids such as
reticulum phospholipids and cholesterol and the production and secretion of
steroid hormones.
It stores and releases calcium ions. These are quite important for the
nervous system and muscular systems. 
Rough Endoplasmic The majority of the functions of rough ER are associated with protein
reticulum synthesis.
 It also plays a vital role in protein folding and ensures quality control
(regarding correct protein folding).
The second most important function after protein synthesis and
protein folding is protein sorting. 
Lysosome Lysosomes are called suicidal bags as they hold digestive enzymes
in an enclosed membrane. They perform the function of cellular waste
disposal by digesting worn-out organelles, food particles and foreign
bodies in the cell. In plants, the role of lysosomes is undertaken by
the vacuoles.
Vacuole The central vacuole has many functions. Aside from storage, the
main role of the vacuole is to maintain turgor pressure against the cell
wall. Proteins found in the tonoplast control the flow of water into and
out of the vacuole. The central vacuole also stores the pigments that
color flowers.