GROUP 18 ELEMENTS GROUP 1 ELEMENTS GROUP 17 ELEMENTS

(Noble gases) (Alkali Metals) (Halogens) (Diatomic)

1. Atomic Radius / Atomic Size
Going down the group
• The number of occupies shells ↑
• The screening effect
• Atomic Size
1. Atomic Radius / Atomic Size
Going down the group
• The number of occupies shells ↑
↑ • The screening effect
↑ • Atomic Size
1. Atomic Radius / Atomic Size
Going down the group
• The number of occupies shells ↑
↑ • The screening effect ↑
↑ • Atomic Size ↑

2. Melting / Boiling Point 2. Melting / Boiling Point 2. Melting / Boiling Point

*Generally low Going down the group Going down the group
*Atoms are held by weak Van der Waals
force. • The number of occupies shells ↑ • The number of occupies shells ↑
* Only a small amount of energy is needed to • Atomic mass / size ↑ • Atomic Size ↑
overcome this force.
• Metabolic bond between • Molecular Size (exist as diatomic) ↑
↓
Going down the group atoms *Strong force • Intermolecular force (Van der waals) ↑
• The number of occupies shells ↑ • Heat energy needed to • Heat energy needed to ↑
↓
• Atomic Size ↑ overcome this force overcome this force
• Van der Waals force ↑ • Melting / boiling point ↓ • Melting/boiling point ↑
• Heat energy needed to
overcome this force ↑ 3. Density 3. Density
(Mass/Volume) (Mass/Volume)
• Melting / boiling point ↑ *Generally low Going down the group
*Atoms are held by weak Van der Waals
force, atoms are not closely packed. The increase in atomic mass is more
3. Density Going down the group than the increase in volume.
(Mass/Volume) The increase in atomic mass is more • Density ↑
*Generally low
*Atoms are held by weak Van der Waals
than the increase in volume.
force, atoms are not closely packed. • Density ↑ Electronegativity
Going down the group *Ability of an atom to pull electron towards
its nucleus.
• The increase in atomic mass is Reactivity
more than the increase in volume. *Depends on how easy the atom loses the valence Going down the group
electron
• Density ↑ • The number of occupies shells ↑
Going down the group • Atomic Size ↑
4. Cannot conduct electricity • The number of occupies shells ↑ • Distance between the nucleus ↑
• Weak heat conductors • Atomic Size ↑ and the valence electron
• Distance between the nucleus ↑ • Force attraction between the ↓
5. Insoluble in water and the valence electron nucleus and the valence
• Force attraction between the ↓ electron
nucleus and the valence • Ability to gain electron ↓
electron • Electronegativity ↓
• It is easier to lose the valence
electron Reactivity
*Group 18 elements are not reactive • Reactivity ↑ *Depends on the ability to gain electron to achieve
stability.
because they have 2 or 8 valence
electrons. Electropositivity Going down the group
 They have already achieved stable
duplet or octet electron arrangement.
*Ability of an atom to lose electron to form • The number of occupies shells ↑
positive ion (Cathode) / positively charged.
They do not have to gain, lose or share • Atomic Size ↑
electrons with other elements. Going down the group • Distance between the nucleus ↑
• The number of occupies shells ↑ and the valence electron
• Atomic Size ↑ • Force attraction between the ↓
• Distance between the nucleus ↑ nucleus and the valence
Van der Waals Force and the valence electron electron
= Weak force • Force attraction between the ↓ • Ability to gain electron ↓
= Non-metal (G14 – G17) nucleus and the valence • Reactivity ↓
electron
Metabolic Force
= Strong force • Ability to lose electron ↑
= Metal (G1, G2, G13) • Electropositivity ↑
 GROUP 18 ELEMENTS GROUP 1 ELEMENTS GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
(Noble gases) (Alkali Metals) (Halogens) (Diatomic)
• Helium (He) • Krypton (Kr) • Lithium (Li) • Rubidium (Rb) • Fluorine (F2) • Iodine (I2)
• Neon (Ne) • Xenon (Xe) • Sodium (Na) • Cesium (Cs) • Chlorine (Cl2) • Astatine (At2)
• Argon (Ar) • Radon (Rn) • Potassium (K) • Francium (Fr) • Bromine (Br2)
*Cl2 : Greenish-yellow gas
• Kept in PARAFFIN OIL.
Uses of Group 18 Elements *Br2 : Reddish-brown liquid
1. Helium *Br2 : Purplish-black solid
-Fills weather balloons and Physical Properties:
airships. 1. GREY SOLID with shinny silvery *Colour darker going down the group.
surface.
2. Neon 2. SOFT solids, easily cut Physical Properties:
- Fills neon light (For 3. LOW density (Soft) 1. Melting and boiling point LOW
advertisement boards) 4. GOOD conductors of heat and Non-metal
electricity.  Break by Van der Waals force
3. Argon
5. LOW melting / boiling points as 2. Density LOW
- Fills electrical bulb.
compared to heavy metals 3. DO NOT conduct electricity
4. Krypton (Iron, Gold, Silver) 4. WEAK conductors of heat
- Fills photographic (Camera)
flash lamps. *Fluorine & Chlorine: Gas in r. temp.
Chemical Properties: *Bromine: Liquid in room temp.
5. Xenon
1. Li  Li+ + e- *Iodine &Astatine: Solids in r. temp.
- In stroboscopic lamps (2.1) (2)
- In electron tubes 2. Na  Na+ + e-
(2.8.1) (2.8)
6. Radon
3. K  K+ + e-
-Treat cancer (2.8.8.1) (2.8.8)

1. Reaction with oxygen 1. Reaction with water

*Reactivity increases *produces 2 types of acids
(a) 2Li + O2  2Li2O (a) Cl2 + H2O  HCl + HOCl
(b) 2Na + O2  2Na2O White (b) Br2 + H2O  HBr + HOBr
solid
(c) 2K + O2  2K2O (c) I2 + H2O  HI + HOI

*** Metal oxides dissolves in water 2. Reaction with iron

 Form alkaline solutions *Reactivity decreases
(a) Li2O + 2H20  2 LiOH (a) 2Fe + 3Cl2  2FeCl3
(b) Na2O + 2H20  2 NaOH (b) 2Fe + 3Br2  2FeBr2
(c) K2O + 2H20  2 KOH (c) 2Fe + 3l2  2Fel3

2. Reaction with water 3. Reaction with sodium hydroxide

*Reactivity increases solution
(a) 2Li + 2H20  2LiOH + H2 Alkali turns *Reactivity decreases
(b) 2Na + 2H20  2NaOH + H2 red litmus *Forms 2 types of salts and water
(C) 2K + 2H20  2KOH + H2
paper blue
(a) Cl2 + 2NaOH  NaCl + NaOCl + H2O
(b) Br2 + 2NaOH  NaBr + NaOBr+ H2O
*LITHIUM moves SLOWLY on the water (c) l2 + 2NaOH  Nal + NaOl + H2O
surface with ‘hiss’ sound.
*SODIUM moves RAPIDLY on the water
surface with ‘hiss’ sound.
*POTASSIUM moves VERY RAPIDLY on
the water surface with ‘hiss’ sound.

3. Reaction with halogens (Chlorine)

*Reactivity increases
(a) 2Li + Cl2  2LiCl White
(b) 2Na + Cl2  2NaCl solid
(c) 2K + Cl2  2KCl

*Chapter 4.5: Elements in a Period (Period 3)