04 Koodu Magazine - 2013 08

2013 BKkväv, hne `40
04
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I-g‑n-¨‑p-t‑h‑m?
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H-c‑p-¯-c-a‑m-W‑v
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2013 BKkväv
]pkvXIwþ1, e¡wþ4, hne `40
IqSv amknI
]cnØnXn, Irjn, BtcmKyw IhÀ Nn{Xw/
XpS§nb taJeIfnÂ apfhncnbp¶ ]bÀ
ka{Kamb CSs]SÂ t^mt«m/t‑U‑m. D®‑nI‑rj‑vW³ ]‑pf‑n¡Â
IhÀ Unssk³/At¡m
06 IhÀt‑Ìm‑ d‑n/ D-c-K-§Ä

41
\‑n-§Ä `-£-W‑w I-g‑n-¨‑p-t‑h‑m? t‑U‑m. a‑p-l-½-Z‑v P‑m-^À ]‑m-t‑e‑m-«‑v
F-k‑v. D-j‑, X-WÂ
42
k-k‑v-X-\‑n-IÄ
12
A-`n‑ a- p‑ J
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s‑s‑P-h-I‑r-j‑n H-c‑p k‑w-k‑v-I‑m-c‑w
a‑p-c-f‑n h‑m-f‑qÀ 44 N‑n-d-I-S‑n-IÄ
s‑P. {‑]-h‑o¬
18 I-e‑v-]h‑r-£ F-¶ 45 i-e-`-N‑n-{‑X-§Ä

A-Û‑p-X `-£‑y-h-\‑w t‑U‑m. I-t‑e-j‑v k-Z‑m-i‑n-h³
k‑n. c‑m-P-t‑K‑m-]‑m-e³
46 k-k‑y-P‑m-e-I‑w
20 k‑p-`‑m-j‑v ]‑-t‑e-¡À h‑n.k‑n. _‑m-e-I‑r-j‑v-W³
]‑p-X‑p-I‑r-j‑n-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-X‑o-£ 48 ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ
I‑q-S‑v S‑o‑w
22 {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-I‑r-j‑n-¡‑v
X‑m-c-¯‑n-f-¡‑w
23 t‑h‑sW--¦‑nÂ N-¡ t‑h-c‑n-e‑p‑w...
a‑p-c-f‑n h‑m-f‑qÀ
25 \‑n-d‑mÂ H-c‑p-¯-c-a‑m-W‑v
27 h‑y‑q s‑s‑^âÀ
Z‑n-e‑o-]‑v A-´‑n-¡‑m-Sv
28
Ahtijn¡p¶ ]-¨¯
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t‑U‑m. ]‑n.F-k‑v. C‑u-k
34 N‑n-{‑X-h‑p‑w N‑n-´-b‑p‑w
t‑U‑m. D-®‑n-I‑r-j‑v-W³ ]‑p-f‑n-¡Â
36 b‑m{- X
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A-c‑p-W I‑n-c-W-§Ä
A-P‑n-¯‑v b‑p.
t^mt«m/{‑]-h‑o¬ ]n. taml³Zmkv
IqSv 2013 BKkväv 3

t‑b‑m-P‑n-¸‑v/h‑n-t‑b‑m-P‑n-¸‑v h‑mb\¡‑mc‑ps‑S {‑]X‑nIcW§Ä
I‑qS- v‑, H-cp‑ ]‑mT-am‑ h

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- «‑
2013 Pqsse, hne `
40 03
R‑m ³ k‑m-[‑m-c-W H-c‑p

h‑o-«-½-b‑m-W‑v. I‑q-S‑v F-¶
]‑p-k‑v-X-I‑w h‑m-b‑n-¡‑m³ C-S-b‑m-b‑n.
H-c‑p ]-c‑n-[‑n-h-s‑c ]-c‑n-l-c‑n-¡‑m³ \-a‑p-
¡‑v I-g‑n-b‑n-t‑Ã? A-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n I‑q-S‑n-s‑â
F-Ã‑m-h‑n-[ k-l-I-c-W-h‑p‑w D-ï‑m-I‑p‑w
I‑q-S‑n-\‑p‑w A-X‑n-s‑â `‑m-c-h‑m-l‑n-IÄ-¡‑p‑w F-¶‑v {‑]-X‑o-£‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. B-Z‑y‑w N-¸‑p-N-
aªnÂ A-`‑n-\-µ-\‑w‑! h-d‑p-IÄ \-i‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³ H-c‑n-S‑w‑, A-X‑n-\‑p
hncnª I‑q-S‑n-s‑â H‑m-t‑c‑m h‑m-¡‑p-I-f‑p‑w N‑n- t‑h-ï‑n e-£-§Ä kÀ-¡‑mÀ s‑N-e-h‑m-
]q¡Ä {‑X-§-f‑p‑w K‑w-`‑o-c‑w X-s‑¶. I‑m-S‑n-s‑\ ¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. e-£-§Ä s‑h-Å-¯‑nÂ
\‑m-S‑n-\‑p X‑p-e‑y‑w k‑v-t‑\-l‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w‑, H-g‑p-I‑p-I-b‑p‑w N-¸‑p-N-h-d‑p-IÄ I-c-b‑nÂ
A-X‑n-e‑p-]-c‑n \-½‑p-s‑S N‑p-ä‑p-]‑m-S‑n-t‑\-b‑p‑w A-S‑n-b‑p-I-b‑p-a‑m-W‑v C-¶-s‑¯ \-½‑p-s‑S
]-£‑n-a‑r-K‑m-Z‑n-I-t‑f-b‑p‑w k‑w-c-£‑n-¡‑p-I- \‑m-S‑n-s‑â A-h-Ø. B A-h-Ø a‑m-ä‑n-
b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶ {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-k‑v-t‑\-l‑n-I-t‑f‑, s‑b-S‑p-¡‑m-\‑p‑w C-¶-s‑¯ a-c-W a‑p-d-h‑n-
\‑n-§Ä-¡‑v \-µ‑n. I‑q-S‑v, h-c‑p‑w X-e-a‑p-d-b‑v- f‑n-b‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p‑w \-½-t‑f-b‑p‑w \-½‑p-s‑S
¡‑v H-c‑p ]‑mT-a‑m-h-s‑«. ]‑n-©‑p s‑s‑]-X-§-t‑f-b‑p‑w k‑w-c-£‑n-
h‑n‑s‑¯‑d‑n‑ª‑v‑v I‑q-S‑n-t‑\‑m-S‑v H-c‑p A-`‑yÀ-°-\; ¡‑m³ I‑q-S‑n-\‑v I-g‑n-b‑p‑w F-¶‑p-a‑p-Å
h‑n‑S‑s‑I‑m‑ï I‑m‑ä
""A-t‑¿‑m s‑I‑m-Ã‑m³ h-c‑p-t‑¶ c-£‑n-¡- ]‑qÀ-® h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-t‑¯‑m-s‑S.
âÀ kÔy¡nfnbpsS
km{µkwKoXw t‑W....‑'‑' F-¶ (F-e‑n-¸-\‑n‑, s‑U-¦‑n-¸-\‑n... k‑p-s‑s‑e-J A-_‑v-Z‑pÂ-J‑m-ZÀ‑,
h‑y‑q s‑s‑^ www.koodumagaz
ine.com
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t‑^‑m‑t‑«‑m‑ \‑n
X‑p-S-§‑n‑) \-½‑p-s‑S \‑m-S‑n-s‑â a‑p-d-h‑n-f‑n t‑I-t‑¨-c‑n‑, X‑r-È‑qÀ
I‑q -S‑v I‑q-«‑m³ t‑X‑m-¶‑p-¶‑p C‑u I‑q-S‑v

I‑m-W‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ. a‑q-¶‑v e-¡-§-f‑p‑w
I-c‑p-X‑n k‑q-£‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. a-e-b‑m-f-¯‑nÂ
a-\-Ê‑v I‑p-f‑nÀ-¡‑p-¶ N‑n-{‑X-§Ä‑, t‑e-
J-\-§Ä. ""a-c‑w H-c‑p h-c‑w‑'‑' F-¶-h‑n-[-
¯‑nÂ H-c‑p X‑p-f-k‑n‑, H-c‑p s‑N-¼-c-¯‑n
s‑b-¶‑v k‑w-i-b-a‑m-W‑v.
{‑]-I‑r-X‑n k‑w-c-£-W {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä-
¡‑v I‑q-S‑p-XÂ D‑uÀ-Ö‑w ]-I-c‑m³ I‑q-S‑n-
]‑p-¯³ k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I a‑n-I-t‑h‑m-s‑S H-c‑p H-¶‑p-a-s‑Ã-¦‑nÂ H-c‑p I-d‑n-t‑h-¸‑n-e \-S‑p- \‑p‑w {‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ-¡‑p‑w I-g‑n-b‑p-a‑m-d‑m-I-s‑«
]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n a‑m-k‑n-I C-X‑m-Z‑y‑w. F-Ã‑m-h- h‑m³ B-f‑p-IÄ a-S‑n-¡‑n-Ã X‑oÀ-¨. I‑q-S‑v F-¶‑m-i‑w-k‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
c‑n-e‑p‑w F-¯‑n-¡‑m³ ]-c-a‑m-h-[‑n {‑i-a-§Ä A-{‑X-t‑¯‑m-f‑w {‑]-t‑N‑m-Z-\‑w X-c‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. c-h‑n ]‑p-X‑n-b-]‑p-c-b‑nÂ‑,
\-S-¯‑p-¶‑p. h‑o-«‑nÂ H-c‑p s‑N-¼-I‑w‑, H-c‑p t‑h-¸‑v {‑i‑o-I-W‑vT-]‑p-c‑w‑, I-®‑qÀ
t‑P‑m-b‑v t‑P‑m-k-^‑v, I-h‑n‑, A-s‑Ã-¦‑nÂ H-c‑p a‑m-h‑v... F-¶ c‑o-X‑n-b‑nÂ
X‑n-c‑p-a‑p-S‑n-¡‑p-¶‑v, X‑r-È‑qÀ H‑m-t‑c‑m e-¡-¯‑n-e‑p‑w A-X‑n-s‑â B-h-i‑y-
I-X-s‑b-¸-ä‑n \‑n-c-´-c‑w A-c t‑]-P‑v F-¦‑n- Iq -Sv H-cp X-h-W hm-bn-¨-Xp ap-
XÂ Hm-tcm am-k-hpw Xp-S-§p-
I‑q -S‑v I-¿‑nÂ I‑n-«‑n. ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-
b‑p-s‑S c-£-b‑v-¡‑p-Å h-g‑n-b‑nÂ
R‑m-\‑p-a‑p-ï‑v I‑q-«‑v. `‑q-a‑n-b‑nÂ a-\‑p-j‑y-c‑p‑w
e‑p‑w a‑m-ä‑n- ‑h-b‑v-¡‑p-a-t‑Ã‑m.
]‑n. k‑p-P‑n-¯‑v I‑p-a‑mÀ‑, ]-¿-¶‑qÀ
¶-Xv Iq-Sn-\-mbp-Å Im-¯n-cn-t¸m-sS-bm-
Wv. H-cp {]-Ir-Xn kv-t\-ln F-s´m-s¡
hm-bn-¡m-\pw A-dn-bp-hm-\pw B-{K-ln-
I‑q-s‑S k-I-e N-c‑m-N-c-§-f‑p‑w B-h-i‑y-
a‑m-s‑W-¶ B-i-b‑w G-hÀ-¡‑p‑w k‑z‑o-I‑m-
c‑y-a‑m-I-s‑«. C‑u B-[‑p-\‑n-I t‑e‑m-I-¯‑v
a -e-b‑m-f ]-{‑X-a‑m-k‑n-I‑m t‑i-J-c-W
c‑w-K-¯‑v {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ F-\‑n-¡‑v
A-{‑]-X‑o-£‑n-X-a‑m-b‑m-W‑v ]‑p-X‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p a‑m-
¡p¶p-thm A-sX-Ãmw X-s¶ Iq-Sn-\p-
ÅnÂ D−-v. C-§-s\-sbm-cp am-kn-I-bm-
Wv Rm³ B-{K-ln-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. F-¶mÂ
A-e‑v-]‑w h‑n-{‑i-a‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ I‑q-S‑v G-hÀ- k‑n-I s‑s‑I-b‑n-s‑e-¯‑p-¶-X‑v. ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n- C-Xp Rm³ B-{K-ln-¨-Xn-\pw A-¸p-d-
¡‑p‑w‑, N‑q-S‑nÂ X-fÀ-¶‑p h-c‑p-¶ H-c‑mÄ- c‑w-K-¯‑v H-«-\-h-[‑n {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c-W-§Ä ¯m-Wv. Iq-Sv am-kn-I-bv¡v H-cm-bn-cw
¡‑v a-c-¯-WÂ k-½‑m-\‑n-¡‑p-¶ k‑p-J‑w D-ï‑m-b‑n-«‑p-s‑ï-¦‑n-e‑p‑w h‑n-c-e‑n-s‑e-®‑m-h‑p- \-µn AÀ-¸n-¡p-¶-tXm-sSm-¸w F-sâ
X-c‑p‑w‑, X‑oÀ-¨. ¶-hX-s‑¶ C-¶‑p \‑n-e-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶‑p-t‑ï‑m- F-Ãm `m-hp-I-§-fpw t\-cp-¶p.
A-aÂ-Pn-¯v, B-e-§m-Sv
`‑q-a‑n-t‑Z-h‑n-b‑v-¡‑p-t‑h-ï‑n... {] -Ir-Xn-sb i-cn-bm-bn A-dn-bp-

hm-\pw a-\-Ên-em-¡p-hm-\pw
h-f-sc A-[n-Iw k-lm-bn-¡p-¶ am-kn-I.
C-Ã‑m-X‑m-b‑n F-Ã‑m‑w \-i‑n-¨‑n-Ã‑m-X‑m-b‑n s‑s‑Z-h-¯‑n-s‑â k‑z-´‑w \‑m-«‑nÂ Nn-{X-§Ä-¡pw A-dn-hn-\pw H-tc
F-h‑n-s‑S F-s‑â a-c-§Ä A-\‑p-j‑vT‑m-\-I-e-I-f‑p-s‑S‑, B-N‑m-c-§-f‑p- {]m-[m-\yw \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xp h-f-sc
F-h‑n-s‑S F-s‑â ]‑q-¼‑m-ä-IÄ‑, s‑S \‑m-«‑nÂ {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-Z-¯-a‑m-b \-¶m-bn-«p-−v. hn-ZymÀ-°n-IÄ-¡v h-f-sc
]‑p-g-IÄ‑, a-e-IÄ? ""I‑q-S‑p‑'‑'IÄ I‑q-«‑m-\‑m-b‑n H-c‑p ]-ä‑w {]-tbm-P-\-s¸-Spw Cu ssi-en..
t‑N‑m-Z‑y-a‑p-bÀ-¯‑p-¶-h³ {‑`‑m-´³- {‑]-I‑r-X‑nk‑v-t‑\-l‑n-IÄ. Pn-t\-jv- ]n. F-k.v
""a‑m-\-k‑n-I \‑n-e s‑X-ä‑n-b-h³‑'‑' s‑h-d‑p‑wh‑m-I‑y-§-f-Ã {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-a‑m-W‑v K-h. sa-Un-¡Â- tIm-tf-P,v- B-e-¸p-g
A-h-s‑\ a‑p-{‑Z-I‑p-¯‑n. F-¦‑n-e‑p‑w... {‑]-[‑m-\‑s‑a-¶ k-t‑µ-i‑w s‑s‑I-a‑m-d‑n
A-½-t‑b‑m-S‑p-Å A-t‑§-b-ä-s‑¯ [‑m-c‑m-f‑w ""I‑q-S‑p‑'‑'IÄ I‑q-«‑n \-a‑p-¡‑v
k‑v-t‑\-l‑w D-Å‑n-s‑e‑m-X‑p-¡‑m-s‑X a‑p-t‑¶-d‑m‑w.
\n§fpsS {‑]-X‑n-I-c-W-§Ä
X‑p-d-¶‑p-I‑m-«‑n-b a-¡-f‑p-s‑S R§sf Adnbn¡pI
{‑i-a-§Ä ""I‑q-S‑v'‑'. I‑oÀ-¯‑n F.BÀ.‑,
A-½-b‑p-s‑S ]-\‑n A-I-ä‑m-\‑m-b‑n ¢‑m-k‑v F-«‑v F, K-h. l-bÀ IqSv amknI, sImc«n ]n.H.
{‑`‑m-´-s‑c t‑]‑mÂ A-e-b‑p-¶ a-¡Ä s‑k. k‑v-I‑qÄ‑, h-e-¸‑m-S‑v, X‑r-È‑qÀ XrÈqÀ 680308
CþsabnÂ: koodumasika@gmail.com
4 IqSv 2013 BKkväv

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s‑sh ‑ t- ¡ ‑ m‑ Â h‑n¹ - h - w‑ '‑- F-¶ {‑]i - k - v‑X - a - m‑ b - I‑rX - n‑ h-cp‑ ¯ - n‑ b - ]-cp‑ ¯ - n‑ - G-äh - p‑ w‑ I‑qS- p‑ X - Â I‑rj - n‑ s‑Nb - v‑-
X‑pS- § - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ § - s - \ ‑ b - m‑ W - v‑. X‑nc - p‑ ¶ - h‑nZ- À-`b - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑ I‑qS- p‑ X - Â IÀ-jI - B-ßl - -
{‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ t- b ‑ m‑ S- v‑ G-äh - p‑ w‑ C-W§ - n‑ t- ¨ ‑ À-¶v‑ F-§s - \ ‑ X‑yI - f - p‑ ï - m‑ b - X - v‑.
I‑rj - n‑ s - N ‑ ¿ - m‑ w‑ F-¶ h‑n¹ - h - I - c - a - m‑ b - B-ib - w‑ A-¼X - p‑ s‑Im‑ Ã - w‑ a‑p³-]v‑ t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ ï - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ -
B-tK ‑ m‑ f - a - m‑ b - n‑ ¯ - s - ¶ ‑ IÀ-jI - À s‑\t- © ‑ ä - n‑ s - b ‑ ¶ - n‑ - s‑\Â-hb - e - p‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑ a‑q¶ - n‑ s - e ‑ m‑ ¶ - m‑ W - v‑ C-t¸ ‑ m‑ g - p‑ -
S-¯m‑ W - v‑ A-t±‑ l - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ a-lX - z‑ w‑ \‑mw‑ X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - d - n‑ - Å-Xv‑. A-tX ‑ k-ab - w‑ d-ºÀI‑rj - n‑ - ]-¯p‑ a-S§ - p‑ w‑
b‑p¶ - X - v‑. I‑m«- n‑ Â h-kn‑ ¨ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - B-Zn‑ a - a - \ - p‑ j - y‑ ³ s‑X§ - pI‑rj - n‑ - c-ïp‑ a-S§ - p‑ w‑ hÀ-²n‑ ¨ - p‑ . I-¸ I‑rj - n‑
I‑mb - v‑I - \ - n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ I‑ng - § - p‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ `-£n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - ^-e` - p‑ - s‑Nb - v‑X - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - Ø-e¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ h‑nk - v‑X - o‑ À-®h - p‑ w‑ a‑q¶ - n‑ -
¡‑mb - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ F-¶X - v‑ XÀ-¡a - n‑ Ã - m‑ ¯ - I‑mc - y‑ a - m‑ W - v‑. s‑em‑ ¶ - m‑ b - n‑ I‑pd - ª - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑.
^-e§ - f - p‑ t- ] ‑ £ - n‑ ¨ - v‑ [‑m\ - y‑ § - f - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ a-\p‑ j - y‑ ³ H-cp‑ D-]t- ` ‑ m‑ à - r‑ - k‑wØ - m‑ \ - a - m‑ W - v‑ F-¶X - v‑ A-Sn‑ -
B-Ir‑ j - v‑S- \ - m‑ b - X - v‑ A-h Z‑oÀ-LI - m‑ e - w‑ k‑q£ - n‑ ¨ - p‑ h - b - v‑- h-cb - n‑ S- p‑ ¶ - c - o‑ X - n‑ b - n‑ e - p‑ Å - P‑oh - n‑ X - s - s ‑ i ‑ e - n‑ b - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑
¡‑m³ I-gn‑ b - p‑ s - a ‑ ¶ - p‑ Å - X - p‑ s‑Im‑ ï - m‑‑ W - v‑. `‑mh - n‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ t‑Ic - f - P - \ - X - a‑md - n‑ t- ¸ ‑ m‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . IÀ-jI - \ - v‑ I‑mÀ-
a-\p‑ j - y‑ s - â ‑ a‑pJ - y‑ ` - £ - W - a - m‑ b - n‑ [m\y§sf am{Xw j‑nI - h - r‑ ¯ - n‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - p‑ a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ P‑oh - n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ h-¿m‑ X - m‑ b - n‑ -
I-cp‑ X - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ ]‑p\ - À-hn‑ N - n‑ ´ - \ - w‑ s‑Nt- ¿ ‑ ï - n‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ - c‑n¡
- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . C-S\ - n‑ e - ¡ - m‑ c - \ - p‑ I‑n«- p‑ ¶ - e‑m` - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ H-cp‑
¶‑p. F-gp‑ ¶ - q‑ d - p‑ t- I ‑ m‑ S- n‑ h-cp‑ ¶ - a-\p‑ j - y‑ I - p‑ e - ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ s‑Nd - n‑ b - A‑wi - w‑ t‑]m‑ e - p‑ w‑ IÀ-jI - \ - p‑ e-`n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - n‑ Ã - .
X‑n¶ - m‑ s - \ ‑ m‑ «- p‑ w‑ X‑nI - b - p‑ ¶ - n‑ Ã - . F-¶n‑ «- p‑ w‑ t‑em‑ I - ¯ - m‑ - a‑m{- X ‑ a - Ã - ,‑ k‑ma - q‑ l - y‑ ] - c - a - m‑ b - p‑ w‑ IÀ-jI - \ - p‑ b‑ms - X ‑ m‑ c - p‑
I-am‑ \ - w‑ D-ïm‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - `-£W - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ a‑q¶ - n‑ s - e ‑ m‑ ¶ - v‑ h‑ne - b - p‑ a - n‑ Ã - .
]‑mg - m‑ b - n‑ t- ¸ ‑ m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . h-kv‑X - p‑ X - I - f - n‑ s - X ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ bmsW-¦n‑ e - p‑ w‑ \-ap‑ ¡ - n‑ \ - n‑ -
`‑mc - X - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ A-hØ - s
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c-£t- \ ‑ S- m‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ D-Xv‑] - m‑ Z- \ - ¯ - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑ {‑i² - a - p‑ g - p‑ ³ \‑ne - \ - n‑ Â-]v‑ A-]I - S- ¯ - n‑ e - m‑ h - p‑ s - a ‑ ¶ - v‑ t‑Ic - f - P - \ - X -
t‑I{- µ ‑ o‑ I - c - n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. ]-t£ ‑ ,‑ k-ao‑ ] - ` - m‑ h - n‑ b - n‑ t- e ‑ - C‑ub - S- p‑ ¯ - I‑me - ¯ - v‑ X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - d - n‑ ª - p‑ X - p‑ S- § - n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ -
¡‑pÅ - {‑i² - a - m‑ {- X ‑ t- a ‑ D-ïm‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ Å - q‑ . A-dp‑ ] - X - p‑ ï‑v. k‑z´ - w‑ B-hi - y‑ ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ Å - ]-¨¡ - d - n‑ I - s - f ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑
hÀ-j§ - Ä-¡p‑ t‑ij - w‑ C-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä {‑Km‑ a - o‑ W - I - À-jI - À h‑o«- n‑ Â-¯s - ¶ ‑ \-«p‑ ï - m‑ ¡ - W - s - a ‑ ¶ - H-cp‑ B-{K ‑ l - w‑
t‑]m‑ e - p‑ w‑ ,‑ c‑mk - h - f - § - f - p‑ w‑ c‑mk - I - o‑ S- \ - m‑ i - n‑ \ - n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ a-eb - m‑ f - n‑ ¡ - p‑ t‑Xm‑ ¶ - n‑ ¯ - p‑ S- § - n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑ þ A-{X ‑ -
a-®n‑ s - â ‑ P‑oh - ³ s‑IS- p‑ ¯ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ s - h ‑ ¶ - v‑ X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - d - n‑ ª - n‑ - b‑pw‑ \-ÃX - v‑. s‑sP ‑ h - I - r‑ j - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ w‑ {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ I - r‑ -
c‑n¡
- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . F-¶n‑ «- p‑ w‑ k-_v‑k - n‑ U - n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ k-lm‑ b - § - - j‑nb - p‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ w‑ k‑m² - y‑ X - I - Ä X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - d - n‑ ª - v‑ H-t«‑ s - d ‑
f‑pw‑ s‑Im‑ S- p‑ ¯ - v‑ c‑mk - h - f - /I‑oS- \ - m‑ i - n‑ \ - n‑ I¼\nIsf s‑Nd - p‑ ¸ - ¡ - m‑ À t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ Â s‑\Â-Ir‑ j - n‑ s‑N¿ - m‑ \ - m‑ -
kÀ-¡m‑ c - p‑ I - Ä I-¿b - ¨ - p‑ k-lm‑ b - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . IÀ-jI - À- c‑w` - n‑ ¨ - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑. A-Xn‑ P - o‑ h - \ - ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ Å - C‑u ]‑pX - n‑ b -
¡‑mb - n‑ kÀ-¡m‑ À \Â-Ip‑ ¶ - k-_v‑k - n‑ U - n‑ I - Ä A-©p‑ a‑pt- ¶ ‑ ä - ¯ - n‑ Â I‑qS- p‑ X - Â t‑]À ]-¦m‑ f - n‑ I - f - m‑ I - s - «‑ s - b ‑ -
i-Xa - m‑ \ - w‑ t‑]m‑ e - p‑ w‑ b-Ym‑ À-° s‑Nd - p‑ I - n‑ S- IÀ-jI - c - p‑ - ¶‑pw‑ \-·I - Ä h‑nf - b - s - «‑ s - b ‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ {]Xym-in‑ ¡ - m‑ w‑ .
s‑S I-¿n‑ s - e ‑ ¯ - p‑ ¶ - n‑ Ã - ,‑ a-dn‑ ¨ - v‑ IÀ-jI - a - p‑ X - e - m‑ f - n‑ a - m‑ c - n‑ - FUnäÀ
FUnäÀ Hm¬sse³ kt¸mÀ«v {]Xn\n[nIÄ hnemkw:

apcfo[c³. hn. kemUv aoUnb J¯À: hnt\mZv \mbÀ IqSv amknI
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t‑U‑m. D®‑nI‑rj‑vW³ ]‑pf‑n¡Â s{]m^. C. IpªnIrjvW³
tUm. ]n.Fkv. Cuk _lv-ssd³: t{]wPn¯v \mcmbW³ XrÈqÀ 680308
k_v FUntäÀkv \µIpamÀ hn. ]n. t^m¬: 9495504602
kµo]v Zmkv tUm. ]n.H. \aoÀ
kp\nÂ Xfn¡pfw tUm. a‑p-l-½-Z‑v P‑m-^À ]‑m-t‑e‑m-«‑v CþsabnÂ: koodumasika@gmail.com
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at\mPv hn. \mbÀ
At¡m Zneo]v Ań¡mSv
sSIv\n¡Â kt¸mÀ«v kn. XmPp±o³ I‑qS‑nÂ {‑]k‑n²‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶ t‑eJ\§f‑ps‑S
A_p _nemÂ kplmkv tIt¨cn Bib§f‑p‑w A`‑n{‑]‑mb§f‑p‑w t‑eJIc‑pt‑SX‑v a‑m{‑X‑w.
knhojv inhcma³ ]cky§fnse AhImihmZ§Ä¡v IqSv amknI
D¯chmZnbmbncn¡nÃ.
IqSv 2013 BKkväv 5

IhÀ kvtämdn -I‑r-j‑n F¶ Ie
\‑n-§Ä
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g‑n-¨‑p-t‑h‑m?
w
\-µ‑n-]-d-b‑p-I; {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-t‑b‑m-S‑p‑w IÀ-j-I-t‑c‑m-S‑p‑w
hÀ-¯-a‑m-\-I‑m-e k‑m-l-N-c‑y-§-f‑nÂ B-t‑K‑m-f-X-e-¯‑nÂ-¯-s‑¶
I‑r-j‑n-b‑p-s‑S \‑n-e-\‑nÂ-¸‑n-\‑p-Å k‑m-²‑y-X-I-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p‑w‑,
{‑]‑m-t‑Z-i‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n A-X‑n-\‑pth−nbp-Å {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p‑w‑,
F-´‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v s‑s‑P-h-I‑r-j‑n F-¶-X‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-a‑p-Å H-c-t‑\‑z-j-W‑w.
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\-½p‑ s - S‑ `-£y‑ k - p‑ c - £ - þ s‑\Ã - v‑, t‑Km‑ X - - c‑n¡
- p‑ I - A-km‑ ² - y‑ w‑ !‑ '‑ . A-t±‑ l - w‑ `-£y‑ f‑mb - n‑ a‑md - n‑ b - X - v‑. ]‑pt- c ‑ m‑ K - X - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ N‑nÓ - -
¼‑v,‑ t‑Nm‑ f - w‑ ,‑ D-cp‑ f - ¡ - n‑ g - § - v‑. I-W¡ - p‑ I - Ä k‑zb - w‑ ]-cy‑ m‑ ] - v‑X
- X - s - b ‑ ¡ - p‑ d - n‑ ¨
- m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ a‑mb - n‑ A-¡m‑ e - ¯ - v‑ ]-ck - y‑ § - f - n‑ Â h-¶n‑ -
I‑mW - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ \-ap‑ ¡ - v‑ B-hi - y‑ a - p‑ Å - X - n‑ - k‑z] - v‑\ - w‑ I-ïn‑ c - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. C-¶s - ¯ ‑ k‑m- c‑p¶- X - v‑ {‑Sm‑ I - v‑S- t- d ‑ m‑ S- n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - ]-©m‑ _ - n‑ s - e ‑
s‑â c-ïn‑ c - «- n‑ s - b ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ `-£W - w‑ t‑em‑ I - - l-Nc - y‑ § - Ä h‑ne - b - n‑ c - p‑ ¯ - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä C-ý‑ IÀ-jI - c - p‑ s - S‑ a‑pJ - § - f - m‑ W - v‑. C-¶v‑ C‑u
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C-ý‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ Ø‑nX - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ h‑yX - y‑ k - v‑X - a - Ã - . ¯‑nÂ k‑zb - w‑ ]-cy‑ m‑ ] - v‑X - X - s‑sI ‑ h - c - n‑ ¨ - p‑ - a‑w \-S¯ - p‑ I - b - m‑ W - v‑. c‑mk - h - f - § - f - p‑ t- S‑ b - p‑ w‑ ,‑
2012þÂ G-It- Z‑ i - w‑ 230 Z-ie - £ - w‑ S¬ t‑hm‑ ? `-£y‑ k - p‑ c - £ - b - p‑ s - S‑ I‑mc - y‑ ¯ - n‑ Â c‑mk - I - o‑ S- \ - m‑ i - n‑ \ - n‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ w‑ A-hi - n‑ j - v‑-
A-cn‑ b - p‑ w‑ t‑Km‑ X - ¼ - p‑ w‑ C-ý‑ D-Xv‑] - m‑ Z- n‑ ¸ - n‑ - C-ý‑ F-hn‑ s - S‑ F-¯n‑ \ - n‑ Â-¡p‑ ¶ - p‑ ? §f‑mÂ C‑u {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - Ä a‑pg - p‑ h - \ - p‑ w‑
¨‑p. F-¶m‑ Â 300 Z-ie - £ - w‑ B-fp‑ I - Ä ]-«n‑ W - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ a‑m\ - Z- W - v‑U - w‑ (Hunger In- P‑oh - n‑ b - v‑¡ - m‑ ³ ]-äm‑ ¯ - Ø-e§ - f - m‑ b - n‑
C-ý‑ b - n‑ Â ]-«n‑ W - n‑ I‑nS- ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑N- dex) h-¨p‑ t‑\m‑ ¡ - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä t‑em‑ I - c - m‑ P - y‑ - a‑md - n‑ b- n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . `‑qK - À-`P - e - w‑ D‑uä - n‑ s - b ‑ -
¿‑p¶ - p‑ . \-ap‑ ¡ - m‑ h - i - y‑ a - p‑ Å - `-£y‑ F-®- §Ä-¡n‑ S- b - n‑ Â C-ý‑ h-fs - c ‑ t‑am‑ i - s - ¸ ‑ «- S‑p¯
- p‑ Å - I‑rj - n‑ P-e£ - m‑ a - ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ w‑ C-S-
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s‑¡m‑ ï - n‑ c - n‑ ¡- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . A-Sp‑ ¯ - I‑me - ¯ - m‑ b - n‑ a‑md - n‑ , C-sX ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ k‑w` - h - n‑ ¡ - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä
k‑wk - v‑¡ - c - n‑ ¨ - `-t£ ‑ y‑ m‑ X - v‑] - ¶ - § - f - p‑ s - S‑ D-X‑v-]‑m-Z-\-hÀ-²-\- `-£W - a - p‑ X - v‑] - m‑ Z- n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¨ - ]-©m‑ _ - n‑ s - e ‑ H-cp‑
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C-ý‑ k‑zX - {- ´ ‑ b - m‑ b - I‑me - w‑ a‑pX - Â A-Xn‑ s- â‑ b-Ym‑ À-° c‑q] - ¯
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I‑mc - y‑ w‑ `-£y‑ k - p‑ c - £ - s - b ‑ ]-än‑ b - m‑ W - v‑. ª‑md - ³ D-¯À-{] ‑ t- Z‑ i
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6 IqSv 2013 BKkväv

t^mt«m/hn. Fw. kmZn¡en
IqSv 2013 BKkväv 7

IhÀ kvtämdn I‑r-j‑n F¶ Ie
S‑n¨ - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - m‑ W - v‑. I‑rj - n‑ ` - q‑ a - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ ]‑ng- h - m‑ W - v‑ \-½p‑ s - S‑ ]-«n‑ W - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I‑mc - W - w‑ . ¯‑nÂ `‑qc- n‑ `- m‑ K - w‑ Ø-e¯ - p‑ w‑ C‑u X‑pS- À-¨
a‑q¶ - n‑ s - e ‑ m‑ ¶ - v‑ d‑nb - Â F-tÌ ‑ ä - n‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ C-Xp‑ ]-db - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ Â H-cp‑ - \-jv‑S- s - ¸ ‑ «- n‑ c - n‑ ¡- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . \-ap‑ ¡ - v‑ \-jv‑S- s - ¸‑ «-
a‑mä - s - ¸ ‑ «- p‑ I-gn‑ ª - p‑ . D-¯À-{] ‑ t- Z‑ i - n‑ s - e ‑ I‑me - ¯ - p‑ w‑ `-£y‑ k‑zb - w‑ ] - c - y‑ m‑ ] - v‑X - X - b-Ym‑ À-° A-cn‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ c‑pN - n‑ ,‑ I-¸b - p‑ s - S‑
23‑,000 {‑Km‑ a - § - Ä s‑sl ‑ t- h ‑ h‑nI - k - \ - ¯ - n‑ - D-ïm‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - n‑ Ã - F-¶p‑ ]-db - p‑ ¶ - h - c - p‑ ï - v‑. c‑pN
- n‑ ,‑ N-¡b - p‑ w‑ a‑m§ - b - p‑ w‑ X-cp‑ ¶ - k‑pc - -
\‑mb - n‑ kÀ-¡m‑ À I‑pS- n‑ s - b ‑ m‑ g- n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - m‑ - F-¶m‑ Â b‑mY - m‑ À-°y‑ w‑ F-´m‑ W - v‑? t‑Ic - - £-bp‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ w‑ B-\µ - ¯ - n‑ s - â‑ b - p‑ w‑ c‑pN - n‑
W‑v. C-ý‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ ]-«n‑ W - n‑ I‑nS- ¡ - p‑ ¶ - h - c - p‑ - f-¯n‑ Â t‑Km‑ X - ¼ - p‑ X - v‑] - m‑ Z- n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - n‑ Ã - . C-hs - b ‑ Ã - m‑ w‑ X-s¶ ‑ `-£y‑ k - p‑ c - £- b - p‑ -
s‑S F-®w‑ I‑qS- p‑ t- a ‑ m‑ A-tX ‑ m‑ I‑pd- b - p‑ t- a ‑ m‑ ? s‑\Ã - p‑ X - v‑] - m‑ Z- \ - w‑ C‑u {‑]t- Z‑ i - ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ a-Xn‑ - s‑S h‑yX - y‑ k - v‑X - X-e§ - f - m‑ W - v‑. F-¶m‑ Â
]‑mÀ-es - a ‑ â‑nÂ NÀ-¨ s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - `-£y‑ k - p‑ - b‑mb - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - n‑ Ã - . A-Xn‑ \ - m‑ Â \‑m© - n‑ \ - m‑ S- n‑ - ]‑pX- n‑ b - `-£y‑ k - p‑ c - £ - m‑ _‑nÃ - p‑ w‑ D-Xv‑] - m‑ -
c-£m‑ _‑nÂ {‑]I - m‑ c - w‑ C-ý‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ 70 s‑\b - p‑ w‑ a-äp‑ {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - s - f ‑ b - p‑ w‑ \-½Ä Z-\s - ¯‑ ¡ - p‑ d- n‑ t- ¨ ‑ m‑ IÀ-jI - s - \‑ ¡ - p‑ d- n‑ t- ¨ ‑ m‑
i-Xa - m‑ \ - t- ¯ ‑ m‑ f - w‑ B-fp‑ I - Ä-¡v‑ cïp B-{i ‑ b - n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . F-¶m‑ Â `-£W - s - a ‑ - H-¶p‑ w‑ ]-db - p‑ ¶ - n‑ Ã - . H-cp‑ D-]t- `‑ m‑ à - r‑ k - w‑ -
c‑q]
- b - v‑¡ - p‑ w‑ aq¶v c‑q] - b - v‑¡ - p‑ s - a ‑ Ã - m‑ w‑ A-cn‑ - ¶‑mÂ A-cn‑ b - m‑ s - W ‑ ¶ - k-ah - m‑ I - y‑ w‑ c‑q- Ø‑m\ - s - a ‑ ¶ - \‑ne - b - n‑ Â C‑u _‑nÂ t‑Ic - -
b‑pw‑ t‑Km‑ X - ¼ - p‑ w‑ \Â-Ip‑ s - a ‑ ¶ - v‑ kÀ-¡m‑ À ]‑oI - c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ \ - p‑ a‑p³-]v‑ F-´p‑ a - m‑ {- X ‑ w‑ f-¯n‑ \ - v‑ A-Xn‑ {- ] ‑ [ - m‑ \ - a - m‑ W - v‑. C-sÃ ‑ ¦ - n‑ Â
]-db - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . C-Xv‑ F-§s - \ ‑ \-S¸ - m‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ ? `-£W - w‑ t‑Ic - f - w‑ D-Xv‑] - m‑ Z- n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ ? h‑oï - p‑ w‑ t‑Ic - f - w‑ h-gp‑ X - n‑ h - o‑ g- p‑ I - `-£W - w‑
F-hn‑ s - S‑ ,‑ B-cv‑ C-Xp‑ ï - m‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ ? A-tX ‑ m‑ N-¡b - p‑ w‑ I-¸b - p‑ w‑ a-äp‑ I‑ng - § - p‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ h‑n- C-d¡ - p‑ a - X - n‑ s‑Nt- ¿ ‑ ï - p‑ ¶ - /C-ct- ¡ ‑ ï - p‑ ¶ -
C-ý‑ h‑oï - p‑ w‑ A-cn‑ b - p‑ w‑ t‑Km‑ X - ¼ - p‑ w‑ h‑n[ - C-e¡ - d - n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ F-Ãm‑ w‑ X-¶n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - H-cp‑ A-hØ - b
- n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - m‑ W - v‑.
C-d¡ - p‑ a - X - n‑ s - N ‑ t- ¿ ‑ ï - A-hØ - b
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¯‑pt- a ‑ m‑ ? e‑pw‑ ,‑ \-Kc - h - Â-¡c - n‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ «- p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - n‑ c - n‑ - a‑m-ä-¯‑n-s‑â h-g‑n
C-Xn‑ s - \ ‑ m‑ c- p‑ a-dp‑ ] - S- n‑ s - b ‑ t- ¶ ‑ m‑ W - w‑ C-ý‑ - ¡‑p¶ - t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ \-jv‑S- a - m‑ h - p‑ I - b - m‑ W - v‑. t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ £-bn‑ ¨ - p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ -
b‑ps - S‑ ¹‑m\ - n‑ w‑ K - v‑ I-½o‑ j - ³ H-cp‑ ]‑pX - n‑ b - `-£W - s - a‑ ¶ - X - v‑ H-cp‑ s‑]m‑ X - p‑ H‑mÀ-½b - p‑ - I‑mÀ-jn‑ I - t- a ‑ J - e - s - b ‑ ]‑pj - v‑S- n‑ s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - m‑ ³
]-²X - n‑ a‑pt¶m-«p h-¨v‑ {‑]h - À-¯\ - w‑ s‑S `‑mK - a- m‑ W - v‑. H‑mt- c ‑ m‑ `-£W - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ b - p‑ w‑ H-cp‑ h-gn‑ t- b ‑ b - p‑ Å - q‑ ,‑ A-Xv‑ s‑sP ‑ h - I - r‑ j - n‑ -
B-cw‑ ` - n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - m‑ W - v‑. C-X\ - p‑ k - c - n‑ ¨ - v‑ D-Xv‑] - m‑ Z- \ - c - o‑ X - n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ a-Wh - p‑ w‑ c‑pN - n‑ b - p‑ s - a ‑ - b‑ps - S‑ h-gn‑ b - m‑ W - v‑. a‑q¶ - p‑ I‑mc - W - § - f - m‑ W - v‑
H-cp‑ c-ïm‑ w‑ l-cn‑ X - h - n‑ ¹ - h - w‑ C-ý‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ Ã‑mw‑ H-cp‑ h‑yà - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ a-\Ê - n‑ Â a‑m{- X ‑ - C-Xn‑ \ - S- n‑ Ø - m‑ \ - w‑ . H-¶v‑ þ s‑sP ‑ h - I - r‑ j - n‑ -
I‑ng- ¡ - ³ k‑wØ - m‑ \ - § - f - n‑ Â B-cw‑ `- n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - n‑ - a-Ã D-ÅX - v‑. H-cp‑ {‑]t- Z‑ i - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ ,‑ k-aq‑ l - - b‑ne - q‑ s - S‑ {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ k - p‑ c - £ - D-d¸ - m‑ ¡ - m‑ ³
¡‑p¶ - p‑ . (_‑ol - m‑ d- n‑ Â \‑n¶ - v‑ t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ ¯‑ns - â ‑ a-\Ê - p‑ I - f - n‑ Â \‑ne - \ - n‑ Â-¡p‑ ¶ - I-gn‑ b - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . c-ïv‑ þ IÀ-jI - s - â ‑ A-´Ê - v‑
A-cn‑ X-cm‑ s - a‑ ¶ - v‑ ¹‑m\ - n‑ w‑ K - v‑ I-½o‑ j - ³ s‑sh ‑ - H-¶m‑ W - v‑ `-£W - t- _ ‑ m‑ [ - w‑ . A-Xv‑ N‑pä- p‑ ] - m‑ - I‑qS- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . a‑q¶ - v‑ þ I‑rj - n‑ k‑m¼ - ¯ - n‑ I - -
k‑v s‑Nb - À-am‑ ³ ]-dª - X
- v‑ H‑mÀ-¡p‑ a- t- Ã ‑ m‑ )‑ . S‑pa- p‑ Å - {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ b - p‑ a - m‑ b - p‑ w‑ I‑me - m‑ h - Ø - - a‑mb - n‑ \-¶m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . C-Xv‑ h‑ni - Z- a - m‑ ¡ - m‑ w‑ .
I‑me - w‑ a‑md - n‑ b - X - p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - p‑ w‑ P-\§ - f - p‑ s - S‑ b‑pa - m‑ b - p‑ w‑ k‑wk - v‑I - m‑ c - § - f - p‑ a - m‑ s - b ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ s‑sP ‑ h - IÀ-jI - s - c ‑ a‑mä - n‑
A-dn‑ h - p‑ hÀ-²n‑ ¨ - X - p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - p‑ w‑ C-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä _-Ôs - ¸ ‑ «- p‑ \ - n‑ Â-¡p‑ ¶ - H-cp‑ I‑mc - y‑ w‑ I‑q- \‑nd- p‑ ¯ - n‑ b - m‑ Â a-äp‑ IÀ-jI - s - c ‑ Ã - m‑ w‑ X-s¶ ‑
X-s¶ ‑ ]-ec - p‑ w‑ C‑u ]-²X - n‑ s - b ‑ t‑Nm‑ Z- y‑ w‑ S‑nb
- m‑ W - v‑. A-Xn‑ s - â ‑ X‑pS- À-¨ A-Xn‑ \ - m‑ Â h‑n¯ - p‑ w‑ h-fh - p‑ w‑ I‑oS- \ - m‑ i - n‑ \ - n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ a‑mÀ-
s‑N¿ - m‑ ³ X‑pS- § - n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑. C‑u ]-²X - n‑ - `-£y‑ k - p‑ c - £ - ¡ - v‑ A-Xy‑ m‑ h - i - y‑ a - m‑ W - v‑. ¡-än‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ h‑m§ - n‑ I‑rj - n‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - -
b‑ps - S‑ \‑ne - \ - n‑ Â-]n‑ s - â ‑ k‑m² - y‑ X - I - s - f ‑ {‑]t- X ‑ y‑ I - n‑ ¨ - p‑ w‑ I‑me - m‑ h - Ø - m‑ a - m‑ ä - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ - h-cm‑ W - v‑. k‑m¼ - ¯ - n‑ I - a - q‑ e - y‑ a - p‑ Å - H-t¶ ‑ m‑
¸-än‑ b - p‑ w‑ IÀ-jI - \ - p‑ ï - m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - {‑]X - y‑ m‑ - b‑pw‑ I‑mÀ-jn‑ I - h‑yh - k - m‑ b - h - Â-¡c- W - ¯ - n‑ - c-tï ‑ m‑ h‑nf - I - Ä a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ I‑rj - n‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - -
L‑mX - § - s - f ‑ ¡ - p‑ d - n‑ ¨ - p‑ w‑ C‑u k‑wØ - m‑ \ - - s‑âb - p‑ w‑ C‑u I‑me - L - «- ¯ - n‑ Â. t‑Ic - f - - h-cp‑ a - m‑ W - v‑. X‑pS- À-¨b - m‑ b - h-f{- ] ‑ t- b ‑ m‑ K - h - p‑ w‑
§Ä X-s¶ ‑ B-i¦ - b - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑. c‑mk - I - o‑ S- \ - m‑ i - n‑ \ - n‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑ D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K - h - p‑ w‑
H‑m-t‑c‑m `-£-W-¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w a‑qe
- w‑ a-®p‑ w‑ ,‑ I‑rj - n‑ ¡ - m‑ [ - m‑ c - a - m‑ b - s‑sP ‑ -
t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑â `-£‑y-k‑p-c-£ D-X‑v-]‑m-Z-\-c‑o-X‑n-I-f‑p‑w a-W-h‑p‑w h-ss ‑ h ‑ h - n‑ [ - y‑ h - p‑ w‑ G-sd ‑ ¡ - p‑ s - d ‑ \-in‑ ¨ - p‑
`-£y‑ k - p‑ c - £ - s - b‑ ¸ - ä - n‑ N‑n´ - n‑ ¡- p‑ t- ¼‑ m‑ Ä I-gn‑ ª - p‑ . s‑hÅ - h - p‑ w‑ a-®p‑ w‑ C-Xp‑ I - m‑ c - -
`-t£‑ y‑ m‑ X - v‑] - m‑ Z- \ - h - p‑ a- m‑ b - n‑ _-Ôs - ¸
‑ S- p‑ ¯ - n‑ c‑p-N‑n-b‑p-s‑a-Ã‑m‑w H-c‑p h‑y-à‑n-b‑p-s‑S W‑w a-en‑ \ - a - m‑ b - X - m‑ b - n‑ ]T-\§ - Ä X-s¶ ‑
N‑n´
- n‑ ¨ - n‑ s- Ã‑ ¦ - n‑ Â F-´p‑ k‑w`- h - n‑ ¡- p‑ s - a‑ ¶ - - a-\-Ê‑nÂ a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã D-Å-X‑v. H-c‑p ]-db - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . a-®n‑ s - â ‑ D-Xv‑] - m‑ Z- \ - £ - a - X -
X‑ns - â
‑ \-sÃ ‑ m‑ c - p‑ D-Zm‑ l - c - W
- a- m‑ W- v‑ t‑Ic - f- w‑ . {‑]-t‑Z-i-¯‑n-s‑â‑, k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-s‑â I‑pd - ª - p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . C-Xp‑ a - q‑ e - w‑
C-¶v‑ t‑Ic - f - w‑ t‑\c - n‑ S- p‑ ¶
- `-£y‑ {- ] ‑ X - n‑ k - - IÀ-jI - \ - v‑ k‑m¼ - ¯ - n‑ I - a - m‑ b - n‑ \-jv‑S- a - p‑ -
Ô‑n A-{X ‑ s‑]s - «‑ ¶- p‑ ï - m‑ b - X- Ã - . `‑qh - n‑ \ - n‑ - a-\-Ê‑p-I-f‑nÂ \‑n-e-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶ ï‑mI - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
t‑bm‑ K - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ D-Xv‑] - m‑ Z- \ - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ h-¶ H-¶‑m-W‑v `-£-W-t‑_‑m-[‑w. B-[p‑ \ - n‑ I - I‑rj - n‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - IÀ-jI - À
h-Ãm‑ s - ¯ ‑ m‑ c - p‑ A-Sn‑ a - ¯ - ¯ - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - m‑ W - v‑
h‑oW - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. F-Ãm‑ I‑mc - y‑ § - Ä-¡p‑ w‑
t^mt«m/lcnIrjvW³
]-cm‑ {- i ‑ b - c - m‑ b - n‑ ¯ - o‑ À-¶n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - C-hc - p‑ -
s‑S \‑ne - Z-b\ - o‑ b - a - m‑ W - v‑. kÀ-¡m‑ c - n‑ s - â ‑
k-_v‑k - n‑ U - n‑ b - n‑ s - Ã ‑ ¦ - n‑ t- e ‑ m‑ a‑mÀ-¡ä - v‑ I-\n‑ -
ª‑ns - Ã ‑ ¦ - n‑ t- e ‑ m‑ C-hÀ-¡v‑ \‑ne - \ - n‑ Â-¸n‑ Ã - .
C-Xv‑ A-hc - p‑ s - S‑ A-`n‑ a - m‑ \ - s - ¯ ‑ ¯ - s - ¶ ‑
t‑Nm‑ Z- y‑ w‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - I‑mc - y‑ a - m‑ W - v‑. A-´-
Ê‑nÃ - m‑ ¯ - ,‑ h-cp‑ a - m‑ \ - a - n‑ Ã - m‑ ¯ - {‑]h - À-¯n‑
s‑N¿ - m‑ ³ BÀ-¡m‑ W - v‑ X‑mÂ-]c - y‑ a - p‑ ï - m‑ -
h‑pI - ? F-¶m‑ Â s‑sP ‑ h - I - r‑ j - n‑ b - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑
X‑nc - n‑ b - p‑ ¶ - IÀ-jI - À {‑]I - S- n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ -
B-ßh - n‑ i - z‑ m‑ k - h - p‑ w‑ X‑mÂ-]c - y‑ h - p‑ w‑ I‑qS- p‑ X - -
e‑mf - p‑ I - s - f ‑ C‑u t‑aJ - e - b - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ B-IÀ-
j‑n¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - m‑ b - n‑ I‑mW - m‑ ³ k‑m[ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ .
H-cp‑ ] - m‑ S- v‑ h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ k - ¼ - ¶ - c - m‑ b - s‑Nd- p‑ ¸ - ¡ - m‑ À
s‑sP ‑ h - I - r‑ j - n‑ b - n‑ t- e ‑ s - ¡ ‑ ¯ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ A-hc - p‑ -
s‑S D-Ån‑ e - p‑ Å - \-·b - p‑ s - S‑ a‑m{- X ‑ a - Ã - A-`n‑ -
a‑m\- ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ X‑pS- n‑ ¸ - p‑ s‑Im‑ ï - p‑ I - q‑ S- n‑ b - m‑ W - v‑.
a‑q¶ - m‑ a - X - m‑ b - n‑ ,‑ C-¶s - ¯ ‑ h-fÀ-¶p‑
s‑Im‑ ï - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - s‑sP ‑ h - a - m‑ À-¡ä - v‑, IÀ-
8 IqSv 2013 BKkväv

j-IÀ-¡v‑ {‑]X - o‑ £ - \Â-Ip‑ ¶ - H-¶m‑ W - v‑. ¦‑nÂ \-ap‑ ¡ - p‑ t‑hï - `-£W - w‑ A-Xm‑ X - p‑
A-²z‑ m‑ \ - n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ X-¿m‑ d - m‑ b - H-cp‑ s‑sP ‑ h - - I‑me - ¯ - v‑ D-Xv‑] - m‑ Z- n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ I-gn‑ b - W - w‑ .
IÀ-jI - s - â ‑ A-Sp‑ t- ¯ ‑ ¡ - v‑ D-]t- ` ‑ m‑ à - m‑ - t‑Ic - f - w‑ t‑]m‑ s - e ‑ C-{X ‑ a-gb - p‑ w‑ k‑qc - y‑ {- ]‑ -
¡-tf ‑ m‑ ,‑ s‑Nd - p‑ I - n‑ S- s‑sP ‑ h - k - w‑ c - w- ` - I - t- c ‑ m‑ I‑mi - h - p‑ w‑ s‑sP ‑ h - s - s ‑ h ‑ h - n‑ [- y‑ h - p‑ w‑ D-Å H-cp‑
F-¯n‑ s - ¡ ‑ m‑ ï - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - m‑ W - v‑. \-Ã h‑ne - {‑]t- Z‑ i - ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ C-Xv‑ k‑m[ - n‑ s - ¨ ‑ S- p‑ ¡- m‑ h - p‑ ¶ - -
\Â-In‑ C-hc- p‑ s - S‑ I‑mÀ-jn‑ t- I ‑ m‑ X - v‑] - ¶ - § - Ä t‑Xb - p‑ f - f - q‑ . ]‑pX - n‑ b - ]T-\§ - Ä ]-db - p‑ ¶ - -
h‑m§ - m‑ ³ H-cp‑ h‑n`- m‑ K - w‑ D-]t- `‑ m‑ à - m‑ ¡ - Ä X‑v s‑Nd - p‑ I - n‑ S- I‑rj - n‑ b - n‑ S- §- f - m‑ W- v‑ I‑qS- p‑ -
X-¿m‑ d - m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - p‑ ï - v‑. C-Xv‑ s‑sP ‑ h - I - À-jI - À- XÂ D-Xv‑] - m‑ Z- \ - £ - a - w‑ F-¶m‑ W - v‑. A-©p‑
¡‑v k‑m¼ - ¯ - n‑ I - ` - {- Z‑ X - b - p‑ w‑ D-d¸ - m‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ . s‑kâ‑nÂ \‑n¶ - v‑ \‑me - p‑ t‑]c - S- § - p‑ ¶ - I‑p-
t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ k‑ml - N - c - y‑ ¯ - n‑ Â k‑w- S‑pw‑ _ - ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ t‑hï - ]-¨¡ - d - n‑ hÀ-jw‑
Ø‑m\ - s - ¯ ‑ m‑ «- m‑ s - I ‑ ]-c¶ - p‑ I‑nS- ¡ - p‑ ¶ - a‑pg - p‑ h - ³ D-Xv‑] - m‑ Z- n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ I-gn‑ b - p‑ s - a ‑ -
H‑mt- c ‑ m‑ s‑Nd- n‑ b - S‑uW - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ H‑mt- c ‑ m‑ s‑sP ‑ h - ¶‑v X‑nc - p‑ h - \ - ´ - ] - p‑ c - w‑ P‑nÃ - b - n‑ s- e
‑ H-cp‑
N-´ B-cw‑ ` - n‑ ¡ - m‑ h - p‑ ¶ - t- X ‑ b - p‑ Å - q‑ . N‑pä - p‑ - IÀ-jI - ³ I‑mW - n‑ ¨ - p‑ X-¶X - v‑ H‑mÀ-¯p‑
]‑mS- p‑ a - p‑ Å - IÀ-jI - s - c ‑ k-lm‑ b - n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ t‑]m‑ I - p‑ I - b - m‑ W - v‑.
G-äh - p‑ w‑ \-Ã h-gn‑ C-Xm‑ W - v‑. C‑u I‑me - -
L-«¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ A-\p‑ t- b ‑ m‑ P - y‑ a - m‑ b - h-gn‑ b - p‑ w‑ F-´‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v s‑s‑P-h-I‑r-j‑n?
C-Xm‑ W - v‑. t‑em‑ I - ¯ - v‑ s‑]m‑ X - p‑ h - n‑ Â \-S¡ - p‑ - 1978þÂ {‑]k - n‑ ² - o‑ I - c - n‑ ¨ - H-cp‑ ]‑pk - v‑X - I - -
s‑¶m‑ c - p‑ NÀ-¨,‑ F-§s - \ ‑ `-£W - ¯ - n‑ - ¯‑ns - â ‑ t‑]c - v‑ '‑ F - ® - X‑n¶ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ '‑- F-¶m‑ -
s‑â k-©m‑ c - w‑ I‑pd - b - v‑¡ - m‑ w‑ F-¶m‑ W - v‑. b‑nc - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . 1973þÂ t‑em‑ I - ¯ - p‑ ï - m‑ b - F-®
{‑]m‑ t- Z‑ i - n‑ I - D-Xv‑] - m‑ Z- \ - h - p‑ w‑ {‑]m‑ t- Z‑ i - n‑ I - {‑]X - n‑ k - Ô - n‑ s - b ‑ X‑pS- À-¶v‑ \-S¶ - ]T-\a - m‑ -
a‑mÀ-¡ä - p‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ i-àn‑ s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - W - s - a ‑ ¶ - m‑ - W‑v C‑u ]‑pk - v‑X - I - ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ B-[m‑ c - a - m‑ b - -
W‑v h‑nZ- K - v‑[ - À ]-db - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ X‑v. \-½p‑ s - S‑ B-lm‑ c - h - y‑ h - Ø - F-{X ‑ a - m‑ -
k‑ml - N - c - y‑ § - Ä C‑us - b ‑ m‑ c - p‑ a‑mä - ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ {‑Xw‑ s‑]t- {‑ S‑ m‑ f - n‑ s - \ ‑ B-{i ‑ b - n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑
h-fs - c ‑ A-\p‑ I - q‑ e - a - m‑ W - v‑. D-bÀ-¶ k‑m£ - - F-¶m‑ W - v‑ C-Xn‑ Â {‑]X - n‑ ] - m‑ Z- n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑,
c-X,‑ I‑oS- \ - m‑ i - n‑ \ - n‑ I - s - f ‑ ¡ - p‑ d - n‑ ¨ - p‑ Å - A-h- {‑]t- X ‑ y‑ I - n‑ ¨ - p‑ w‑ h‑nI - k - n‑ X - c‑mP - y‑ § - f - n‑ Â.
t‑_m‑ [ - w‑ ,‑ P-\§ - Ä t‑\c - n‑ S- p‑ ¶ - B-tc ‑ m‑ K - y‑ 2000 B-bt- ¸ ‑ m‑ t- g‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ C‑u B-{i ‑ n‑ X - X - z‑ w‑
{‑]i
- v‑\ - § - Ä‑, `-t£ ‑ y‑ m‑ X - v‑] - m‑ Z- \ - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ I‑p- t‑em‑ I - ¯ - v‑ a‑pg - p‑ h - \ - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ . 1978þÂ \‑n¶ - v‑
d-hv‑ C-hs - b ‑ Ã - m‑ w‑ X-s¶ ‑ C‑u k‑p{- ] ‑ [ - m‑ \ - \-½Ä H-cp‑ ]‑mT-hp‑ w‑ DÄ-s¡ ‑ m‑ ï - n‑ Ã -
a‑mä- ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ k-lm‑ b - I - c - a - m‑ W - v‑. F-¶À-°w‑ . C-¶v‑ t‑em‑ I - ¯ - p‑ Å - B-lm‑ -
c-hy‑ h - Ø - (X‑os - c ‑ A-hn‑ I - k - n‑ X - {‑]t- Z‑ -
`-£‑y-]-c-a‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v i-§s - f ‑ m‑ g - n‑ s - I ‑ )‑ ]‑qÀ-®a - m‑ b - p‑ w‑ s‑]t- {‑ S‑ m‑ -
t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ `-£y‑ k - p‑ c - £ - b - p‑ t- ï ‑ m‑ f‑ns - \ ‑ B-{i ‑ b - n‑ ¨ - m‑ W - v‑ \‑ne - \ - n‑ Â-¡p‑ ¶ - X - v‑.
F-¶ t‑Nm‑ Z- y‑ ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ D-sï ‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ C-sÃ ‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ X‑oÀ-¯p‑ w‑ ]‑p\ - À-\n‑ À-½n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ I-gn‑ b - m‑ ¯ -
]-db - m‑ w‑ . \-½p‑ s - S‑ a‑mÀ-¡ä - p‑ I - Ä a‑pg- p‑ h - ³ t^mt«m/\u^Â ]Xcn H-cp‑ h‑n` - h - s - ¯ ‑ B-{i ‑ b - n‑ ¨ - v‑ F-gp‑ ¶ - q‑ d - p‑
`-£W - k - m‑ [ - \ - § - s - f ‑ s - ¡ ‑ m‑ ï - v‑ \‑nd - ª - n‑ - t‑Im‑ S- n‑ P-\§ - f - p‑ s - S‑ `-£y‑ k - p‑ c - £ - {‑Ia - o‑ -
c‑n¡
- p‑ ¶ - X - p‑ I‑mW - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä `-£y‑ £ - m‑ a - w‑ I-cn‑ ¨ - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ s - \ ‑ ¡‑pd - n‑ ¨ - v‑ H-¶m‑ t- e ‑ m‑ -
F-¶ k‑wK - X - n‑ H-cp‑ N-cn‑ {- X ‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ a‑md- n‑ s - b ‑ - ]‑p-X‑n-b ]T-\-§Ä ]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑v N‑n¨ - v‑ t‑\m‑ ¡ - p‑ I - .
¶‑pw‑ t‑Xm‑ ¶ - m‑ w‑ . F-¶m‑ Â F-{X ‑ t- ] ‑ À-¡v‑ s‑N-d‑p-I‑n-S I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-S-§-f‑m-W‑v C-Xn‑ \ - v‑ a-sä‑ m‑ c - p‑ h - i - w‑ I‑qS- n‑ b - p‑ ï - v‑. C-¶p‑
C‑u s‑]m‑ X - p‑ a‑mÀ-¡ä - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - v‑ A-h\ - - I‑q-S‑p-XÂ D-X‑v-]‑m-Z-\-£-a‑w F-¶‑m- \-½Ä t‑\c - n‑ S- p‑ ¶ - h-en‑ s - b ‑ m‑ c - p‑ {‑]X - n‑ k - -
h-sâ ‑ I‑pS- p‑ w‑ _ - ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ B-hi - y‑ a - p‑ Å - {- X ‑ W‑v. A-©‑p s‑kâ‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑v \‑m-e‑p Ô‑n I‑me - m‑ h - Ø - m‑ h‑yX - n‑ b - m‑ \ - a - m‑ W - v‑.
`-£W - k - m‑ [ - \ - § - Ä h‑m§ - m‑ ³ k‑m[ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ - `‑qa - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ N‑qS- v‑ I‑qS- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . C-sX ‑ § - s - \ ‑
¶‑ps - ï ‑ ¶ - v‑ t‑Nm‑ Z- n‑ ¨ - m‑ Â A-Xn‑ \ - v‑ s‑]s - «‑ ¶ - v‑ t‑]-c-S-§‑p-¶ I‑p-S‑p‑w-_-¯‑n-\‑p k‑w` - h - n‑ ¨ - p‑ s - h ‑ ¶ - v‑ G-sd ‑ ¡ - p‑ s - d ‑ F-Ãm‑ -
D-¯c - w‑ I-sï ‑ ¯ - m‑ ³ I-gn‑ b - n‑ Ã - . {‑]t- X ‑ y‑ - t‑h-ï ]-¨-¡-d‑n hÀ-j‑w a‑p-g‑p-h³ hÀ-¡p‑ a - d - n‑ b - m‑ w‑ . F-¶m‑ Â C-Xn‑ t- e ‑ ä - h - p‑ w‑
I‑n¨ - p‑ w‑ 2008þ-\p‑ t‑ij - w‑ `-£W - k - m‑ [ - \ - - D-X‑v-]‑m-Z‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p‑w. {‑][ - m‑ \ - w‑ I‑me - m‑ h - Ø - m‑ a‑mä- ¯ - n‑ Â I‑rj - n‑ -
§-fp‑ s - S‑ h‑ne - I‑p¯ - s - \ ‑ D-bc - p‑ ¶ - k‑ml - - b‑ps - S‑ ]-¦v‑ F-s´ ‑ ¶ - v‑ A-dn‑ b - p‑ I - b - m‑ W - v‑.
N-cy‑ ¯ - n‑ Â. h‑m§ - p‑ ¶ - k‑m[ - \ - § - f - p‑ s - S‑ I‑me - ¯ - v‑ \-Ss - ¶ ‑ m‑ c - p‑ ]T-\w‑ I‑mW - n‑ ¨ - X - v‑ C-¶v‑ I‑rj - n‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ {‑][ - m‑ \ - L-SI - § - f - m‑ b -
K‑pW- \ - n‑ e - h - m‑ c - h - p‑ w‑ {‑]i - v‑\ - a - m‑ W - v‑. a‑mc - I - - X-an‑ g - v‑\ - m‑ «- n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ h-cp‑ ¶ - ]-¨¡ - d - n‑ I - - c‑mk - h - f - þ- I - o‑ S- \ - m‑ i - n‑ \ - n‑ \‑nÀ-½m‑ W - w‑ s‑]-
I‑oS- \ - m‑ i - n‑ \ - n‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑ A-hi - n‑ j - v‑S- w‑ s‑Xm‑ «- v‑ f‑nÂ t‑Ic - f- ¯ - n‑ Â D-ïm‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - ]-¨¡ - d- n‑ - t‑{S‑ m‑ f - n‑ s - \ ‑ b - p‑ w‑ {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ h - m‑ X - I - s - ¯ ‑ b - p‑ w‑
]-e I-eÀ-¸p‑ I - f - m‑ e - p‑ w‑ a‑mÀ-¡ä- n‑ Â I‑n«- p‑ ¶ - I-tf ‑ ¡ - m‑ Ä h-fs - c ‑ I‑qS- p‑ X - Â I‑oS- \ - m‑ i - n‑ - B-{i ‑ b - n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . A-Xp‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ s - e ‑ P-e-
`-£W - k - m‑ [ - \ - § - Ä a‑pg - p‑ h - \ - p‑ w‑ X-s¶ ‑ \‑n A-hi - n‑ j - v‑S- w‑ D-ïv‑ F-¶m‑ W - v‑. C-Xv‑ t‑kN - \ - w‑ ,‑ \-So‑ Â‑, s‑Im‑ b - v‑¯ - v‑, `-£y‑ k - w‑ -
\-½p‑ s - S‑ B-tc ‑ m‑ K - y‑ s - ¯ ‑ X-Ic - m‑ d - n‑ e - m‑ ¡ - p‑ - s‑Xf - n‑ b - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ \-½p‑ s - S‑ s‑Xm‑ «- S- p‑ ¯ - v‑ k‑v¡ - c - W - w‑ ,‑ h‑nX - c - W - w‑ ,‑ ]‑mt- ¡ ‑ P - n‑ w‑ K - v‑ C-h-
¶-hb - m‑ W - v‑. kÀ-¡m‑ À k-_v‑k - n‑ U - n‑ t- b ‑ m‑ s - S‑ h‑nf - b - p‑ ¶ - `-£y‑ h - n‑ ` - h
- § - s - f ‑ a‑m{- X ‑ t- a ‑ s‑¡Ã - m‑ w‑ X-s¶ ‑ s‑]t- {‑ S‑ m‑ Ä I‑qS- n‑ t- b ‑ X‑oc - q‑
\-S¯ - p‑ ¶ - Ø‑m] - \ - § - f - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - m‑ s - W ‑ - \-ap‑ ¡ - v‑ h‑ni - z‑ k - n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ I-gn‑ b - q‑ F-¶m‑ W - v‑. F-¶ A-hØ - b - m‑ W - v‑. C-¯c - ¯ - n‑ Â s‑]-
¦‑nÂ-t¸ ‑ m‑ e - p‑ w‑ B-hi - y‑ a- p‑ Å - k‑m[ - \ - § - Ä C-Xn‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ a‑m{- X ‑ t- a ‑ `-£y‑ ] - c - a - m‑ [ - n‑ I - m‑ c - w‑ t‑{S‑ m‑ f - n‑ b - w‑ [‑mc - m‑ f - a - m‑ b - n‑ D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ -
h‑m§ - m‑ ³ I-gn‑ b - m‑ ¯ - h - c - p‑ ï - v‑. t‑dj - ³ \-ap‑ ¡ - v‑ D-d¸ - m‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - m‑ I - q‑ . C-Xp‑ s - ï ‑ ¦ - n‑ Â C-¶s - ¯ ‑ I‑rj - n‑ k‑zm‑ `- m‑ h - n‑ I - a - m‑ b - p‑ w‑ l-cn‑ -
I-SI - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ G-sd ‑ A-\n- Ý‑nX - X - z‑ w‑ \‑ne - - a‑m{- X‑ t- a ‑ b-Ym‑ À-° `-£y‑ k - p‑ c - £ - H-cp‑ X-Kr‑ l - h - m‑ X - I - § - Ä ]‑pd - ¯ - p‑ h - n‑ S- p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ -
\‑nÂ-¡p‑ ¶ - p‑ . ]-cn‑ a - n‑ X - a - m‑ b - k‑m[ - \ - § - t- f ‑ {‑]t- Z‑ i - ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ e-`n‑ ¡ - q‑ . I‑rj - n‑ s‑N¿ - m‑ \ - p‑ w‑ \‑v I‑mc - W - a - m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . G-It- Z‑ i - w‑ 25 i-X-
C-hn‑ s - S‑ \‑n¶ - v‑ e-`n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ Å - q‑ . \‑ne
- \‑nÂ-¡m‑ \ - p‑ w‑ t‑hï - k‑wh - n‑ [ - m‑ \ - § - Ä a‑m\ - t- ¯ ‑ m‑ f - w‑ l-cn‑ X - K - r‑ l - h - m‑ X - I - § - Ä
C-sX ‑ Ã - m‑ w‑ I‑mW - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ H-cp‑ ¡ - n‑ b - m‑ Â a‑m{- X ‑ t- a ‑ C‑u A-hØ - k‑w- I‑rj - n‑ b - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ ]‑pd - ¯ - p‑ h-cp‑ ¶ - p‑
b-Ym‑ À-° `-£y‑ k‑pc - £ - b - n‑ Ã - F-¶p‑ X- P‑mX - a - m‑ I - q‑ . C-Xv‑ H-cp‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ Â kÀ- F-¶m‑ W - v‑ I-W¡ - v‑. a-dp‑ h - i - ¯ - v‑ C-Xp‑ a - q‑ -
s‑¶b - m‑ W - v‑. B-hi - y‑ a - p‑ Å - X - n‑ s - â ‑ 10þ15 ¡‑mc - n‑ \ - p‑ a‑m{- X ‑ a - Ã - k‑wL - S- \ - I - Ä-¡p‑ w‑ ,‑ e-ap‑ ï - m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - I‑me - m‑ h - Ø - m‑ h‑yX - n‑ b - m‑ \ - w‑
i-Xa - m‑ \ - w‑ a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ D-Xv‑] - m‑ Z- n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - H-cp‑ h‑nt- Z‑ i - a - e - b - m‑ f - n‑ I - Ä-¡p‑ w‑ ,‑ Ø‑m] - \ - § - Ä- I‑rj - n‑ ¡ - v‑ h-en‑ b - X‑nc- n‑ ¨ - S- n‑ D-ïm‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑
k‑wØ - m‑ \ - ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ s‑Xc - s - ª ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - p‑ Å - ¡‑ps - a ‑ Ã - m‑ w‑ h-en‑ b - D-¯c - h - m‑ Z- n‑ ¯ - z‑ a - p‑ ï - v‑. s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ \ - m‑ i - w‑ ,‑ P-eZ- u ‑ À-e-
A-hk - c - w‑ I‑pd - h - m‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ . A-Sp‑ ¯ - b-Ym‑ À-° `-£y‑ k - p‑ c - £
- e-`n‑ ¡ - W - s - a ‑ - `‑yw‑ ,‑ s‑hf - f - s - ¸ ‑ m‑ ¡ - w‑ ,‑ a-s® ‑ m‑ e - n‑ ¸ - v‑, I‑oS- þ- -
IqSv 2013 BKkväv 9

t^mt«m/lcnIrjvW³
t‑cm‑ K - m‑ {- I‑ a- W - w‑ X‑pS- § - n‑ b - {‑]i - v‑\

- § - Ä t‑I-c-f-¯‑nÂ-X-s‑¶ a‑q-h‑m-b‑n-c- h-ct- h ‑ m‑ s - S‑ C-h A-{] ‑ X - y‑ £ - a - m‑ I - m‑ ³
\-½p‑ s - S‑ `-£y‑ c - £
- b - v‑¡ - n‑ s - ¶ ‑ m‑ c - p‑ `‑oj - - X‑pS- § - n‑ . 1998 a‑pX - Â A-\[ - n‑ I - r‑ X - a - m‑ -
W‑nb - m‑ W - v‑. ]‑mc - n‑ Ø
- n‑ X
- n‑ I - X-IÀ-¨b - p‑ w‑ ¯‑n-e-[‑n-I-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ s‑\Â- b‑pw‑ 2002 a‑pX - Â kÀ-¡m‑ c - n‑ s - â ‑ A-\p‑ a - -
s‑]t- {‑ S‑ m‑ f - n‑ s- â ‑ e-`y‑ X - ¡ - p‑ d - h- p‑ w‑ H-¯p‑ - h‑n-¯‑p-I-f‑nÂ C-¶‑v I-s‑ï-¯‑m³ X‑nt- b ‑ m‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ w‑ P-\n‑ X - I - a - m‑ ä - w‑ h-cp‑ ¯ - n‑ b -
t‑NÀ-¶v‑ `‑mh - n‑ b- n‑ Â H-cp‑ h-en‑ b - `-£y‑ {- ] ‑ - I-g‑n-b‑p-¶-X‑v \‑q-t‑d‑m-f‑w F-®-a‑m- _‑n.S‑n ]-cp‑ ¯ - n‑ ¡ - r‑ j - n‑ h‑ym‑ ] - n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³
X‑nk- Ô - n‑ X-s¶ ‑ k‑wP - m‑ X - a - m‑ t- b ‑ ¡ - m‑ w‑ . W‑v. C‑u \‑m-i‑w I‑r-j‑n-b‑p-s‑S a‑m-{‑X- A-ta‑ c- n‑ ¡ - ³ I-¼\ - n‑ b - m‑ b - - s‑am‑ ¬-km‑ t- â ‑ m‑ -
C-Xn‑ s - \ ‑ m‑ c - p‑ ]-cn‑ l - m‑ c - w‑ s‑sP ‑ h - I - r‑ j - n‑ a‑m- b‑pw‑ C-ý‑ ³ I-¼\ - n‑ b - m‑ b - a-ln‑ t- I ‑ m‑ b - p‑ w‑
{‑Xa - m‑ W- v‑. ]‑p\ - c - p‑ Ö - o‑ h - \ - t‑ij - n‑ b - p‑ Å- a-Ã IÀ-j-I-s‑â-b‑p‑w \‑n-e-\‑nÂ-¸‑n- H-¯p‑ t‑NÀ-¶v‑ {‑ia - a - m‑ c - w‑ ` - n‑ ¨ - p‑ . s‑hd - p‑ w‑
h‑n`
- h - § - f - n‑ t- ·‑ e - p‑ Å - B-{i ‑ n‑ X - X - z‑ a - m‑ W- v‑. s‑\-¯-s‑¶ t‑N‑m-Z‑y‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p. ]-¯p hÀ-jw‑ s‑Im‑ ï - v‑ ]-cp‑ ¯ - n‑ ¡ - À-j-
I-sâ ‑ h‑n¯ - n‑ t- · ‑ e - p‑ Å - ]-ca - m‑ [ - n‑ I - m‑ c - w‑
h‑n-¯‑n³-t‑a-e‑p-Å ]-c-a‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c‑w I‑nÃ - . t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ Â-Xs - ¶ ‑ a‑qh - m‑ b - n‑ c - ¯ - n‑ - \-jv‑S- s - ¸ ‑ «- p‑ I-gn‑ ª - p‑ . C-¶v‑ IÀ-jI - \ - v‑
H-cp‑ {‑]t- Z‑ i - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ I‑rj - n‑ A-Sn‑ a - p‑ S- n‑ a‑m- e-[n‑ I - a - p‑ ï - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - s‑\Â-hn‑ ¯ - p‑ I - f - n‑ Â I‑rj - n‑ s‑N¿ - W - s - a ‑ ¦ - n‑ Â ]-cp‑ ¯ - n‑ h‑n¯ - n‑ -
ä-s¸ ‑ S- p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä h‑n¯ - p‑ I - Ä-¡p‑ w‑ \‑mi - a - p‑ - C-¶v‑ I-sï ‑ ¯ - m‑ ³ I-gn‑ b - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ I-jv‑S- n‑ ¨ - v‑ \‑mb - n‑ s‑am‑ ¬-km‑ t- â ‑ m‑ þ- a - l - n‑ t- I ‑ m‑ I-¼\ - n‑ -
ï‑mI - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . IÀ-jI - c - p‑ s - S‑ s‑sI ‑ I - f - n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ ,‑ \‑qt- d ‑ m‑ f - w‑ F-®a - m‑ W - v‑. C-Xv‑ t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ Â I-sf ‑ B-{i ‑ b - n‑ t- ¨ ‑ ]-äq‑ . kÀ-¡m‑ c - n‑ s - \ ‑
X-ea- p‑ d- I - f - n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ k‑wc - £ - n‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ «- p‑ h-¶ a‑m{- X ‑ a - Ã - ,‑ C-ý‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ a-äv‑ k‑wØ - m‑ \ - § - - k‑zm‑ [ - o‑ \ - n‑ ¨ - v‑ a-äp‑ ]-cp‑ ¯ - n‑ h‑n¯ - p‑ I - s - f ‑ Ã - m‑ w‑
h‑n¯
- n‑ s - â‑ \‑mi - w‑ H-cp‑ t‑Zi - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ \‑ne - - f‑ne
- p‑ w‑ G-jy‑ b - n‑ Â X-s¶ ‑ b - p‑ w‑ I‑mÀ-jn‑ I - - a‑mÀ-¡ä - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ \-½p‑ s - S‑ I‑mÀ-jn‑ I - K - -
\‑nÂ-¸p‑ X-s¶ ‑ A-]I - S- ¯ - n‑ e - m‑ ¡ - n‑ t- b ‑ - s‑sh ‑ h - n‑ [ - y‑ ¯ - n‑ t- \ ‑ Â-¸n‑ ¨ - B-Lm‑ X - w‑ ] t‑hj - W - Ø‑m] - \ - § - f - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ X‑pS- ¨ - p‑
¡‑mw‑ . I-gn‑ ª - I‑pt- d ‑ hÀ-j§ - f - m‑ b - n‑ T-\h - n‑ j - a - m‑ t- ¡ ‑ ï - X - m‑ W - v‑. C‑u \‑mi - w‑ I‑r- \‑o¡ - m‑ ³ s‑am‑ ¬-km‑ t- â ‑ m‑ ¡ - v‑ I-gn‑ ª - p‑ .
C-ý‑ b - n‑ Â \-S¡ - p‑ ¶ - IÀ-jI - B-ß- j‑nb - p‑ s - S‑ a‑m{- X ‑ a - Ã - IÀ-jI - s - â ‑ b - p‑ w‑ \‑ne - - C-¶v‑ B-{Ô ‑ ,‑ a-lm‑ c - m‑ j - v‑{- S‑ kÀ-¡m‑ c - p‑ -
l-Xy‑ I - Ä ]-cn‑ t- i ‑ m‑ [ - n‑ ¨ - m‑ Â h‑n¯ - n‑ t- · ‑ Â \‑nÂ-¸n‑ s - \ ‑ ¯ - s - ¶ ‑ t‑Nm‑ Z- y‑ w‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . IÄ X-s¶ ‑ C‑u A-hØ - b
- n‑ Â t‑hh - -
IÀ-jI - s - â ‑ \‑nb - {- ´ ‑ W - w‑ \-jv‑S- s - ¸ ‑ «- X - n‑ - B-tK ‑ m‑ f - h - Â-¡c - W - I - m‑ e - ¯ - v‑ h‑n- e‑mX - n‑ ]‑qï - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - m‑ W - v‑. k‑wØ - m‑ \ -
s‑â H-cp‑ N‑n{- X ‑ w‑ I‑mW - m‑ ³ I-gn‑ b - p‑ w‑ . h‑n- ¯‑pI - f - p‑ s - S‑ \‑mi - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ t‑hK - X - b - p‑ w‑ kÀ-¡m‑ c - n‑ \ - v‑ t‑]m‑ e - p‑ w‑ IÀ-jI - \ - p‑ t‑hï -
¯‑pI - Ä I-¿n‑ e - p‑ Å - IÀ-jI - ³ \‑nc - m‑ i - b - n‑ - hÀ-²n‑ ¨ - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑. a‑p³-Im‑ e - § - f - n‑ Â k‑w` - - h‑n¯- v‑ s‑Im‑ S- p‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ I-gn‑ b - p‑ ¶ - n‑ Ã - . C‑u
t‑e¡ - v‑ h‑og- m‑ d - n‑ s - Ã ‑ ¶ - v‑ N-cn‑ {- X ‑ w‑ ]-db - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . h‑n¨ - X - n‑ t- \ ‑ ¡ - m‑ Ä IT‑n\ - a - m‑ W - v‑ B-[p‑ \ - n‑ I - Z‑pc
- h - Ø - b
- n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ a-äp‑ {‑][ - m‑ \ - h‑nf - I - -
C-Xp‑ ]-db - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ I‑me - s - ¯ ‑ \‑mi - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ c‑oX - n‑ I - Ä. I‑mÀ- s‑fb - p‑ w‑ IÀ-jI - s - \ ‑ b - p‑ w‑ F-¯n‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - p‑ Å -
A-hØ - ,‑ {‑]t- X ‑ y‑ I - n‑ ¨ - p‑ w‑ `-£y‑ h - n‑ f - I - f - p‑ - j‑nI - þ- c - m‑ k - h - y‑ h - k - m‑ b - n‑ I - f - m‑ W - v‑ C-Xn‑ \ - p‑ {‑ia - § - Ä h‑nh - n‑ [ - h³-In‑ S- h‑n¯ - p‑ I-¼-
s‑S h‑n¯ - p‑ I - s - f ‑ k‑w_ - Ô - n‑ ¨ - n‑ S- t- ¯ ‑ m‑ f - w‑ N‑p¡ - m‑ ³ ]‑nS- n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. H-cp‑ D-Zm‑ l - c - W - w‑ \‑nI- Ä B-cw‑ ` - n‑ ¨ - p‑ I-gn‑ ª - p‑ .
h-fs - c ‑ Z-b\ - o‑ b - a - m‑ s - W ‑ ¶ - v‑ I‑qS- n‑ ]-dt- b ‑ - a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ ]-db - m‑ w‑ . ]-cp‑ ¯ - n‑ IÀ-jI - À F-Ãm‑ -
ï‑n h-cp‑ w‑ . l-cn‑ X - h - n‑ ¹ - h - w‑ D-ïm‑ ¡ - n‑ b - ¡‑me - ¯ - p‑ w‑ A-[n‑ I - m‑ c - h - S- w‑ h - e - n‑ b - n‑ Â s‑\Â-h‑n-¯‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S k‑w-c-£-W‑w
]‑mc - n‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ I - Z‑pc - ´ - ¯ - n‑ Â G-äh - p‑ w‑ I-jv‑S- s - ¸ ‑ «- n‑ «- p‑ Å - h - c - m‑ W - v‑. C-ý‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ C-ý‑ b - p‑ s
- S‑ s‑\Â-hn‑ ¯ - p‑ I- s- f ‑ ¡
- p‑ d- n‑ ¨- v‑
{‑][- m‑ \ - w‑ h‑n¯ - p‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑ \‑mi - a - m‑ W - v‑. ]-cp‑ ¯ - n‑ IÀ-jI - c - p‑ s - S‑ I-¿n‑ Â H-cp‑ I‑m- i‑mk - v‑{- X
‑ o‑ b- a - m‑ b- n‑ ]T‑n¨ - X- v‑ t‑Um‑ . d‑n¨ - m‑ -
H-cp‑ e-£t- ¯ ‑ m‑ f - a - p‑ ï - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - \‑mS- ³ e-¯v‑ A-¿m‑ b - n‑ c - ¯ - n‑ e - [ - n‑ I - w‑ ]-cp‑ ¯ - n‑ d‑nb
- F-¶ i‑mk - v‑{- X
‑ Ú - \
- m‑ W- v‑. C-ý‑ -
s‑\Â-hn‑ ¯ - p‑ I - Ä C-¶v‑ \‑ma - a - m‑ {- X ‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ h‑n¯ - n‑ \ - § ‑ f - p‑ ï - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . s‑Xm‑ ® - q‑ - b‑ns- e
‑ s‑\Ã - d- b - m‑ b
- O-¯o‑ k - v‑K- U - v‑ H-do‑ -
N‑pc - p‑ § - n‑ b - X - v‑ I-ïn‑ s - Ã ‑ ¶ - v‑ \-Sn‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - m‑ - d‑pI- f - n‑ Â s‑sl ‑ {- _ ‑ n‑ U - v‑ h‑n¯ - p‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑ Ê‑m {‑]t- Z‑ i - ¯ - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ A-t±‑ l - w‑ {‑i² -
10 IqSv 2013 BKkväv

§Ä a‑md - n‑ ¡ - g - n‑ ª - p‑ . \‑m¶ - q‑ t- d‑ m‑ f - w‑ i‑mk - v‑{- X ‑ Ú - À A-©p‑ hÀ-
2004þÂ t‑em‑ I - ` - £ - y‑ k - w‑ L - S- \ - s - b ‑ - j‑w X‑pS- À-¨b - m‑ b - n‑ t‑em‑ I - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ I‑mÀ-
¯-s¶ ‑ I‑q«- p‑ ] - n‑ S- n‑ ¨ - v‑ k‑n³-Pâ F-¶ j‑nI - t‑aJ - e - s - b ‑ ¡ - p‑ d - n‑ ¨ - v‑ \-S¯ - n‑ b - ]
_-lp‑ c - m‑ j - v‑{- S‑ I-¼\ - n‑ c-ïm‑ w‑ A-´m‑ - T-\¯ - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - v‑ A-hs - c ‑ ¯ - n‑ t- ¨ ‑ À-¶X - v‑,
c‑mj - v‑{- S‑ s‑\Â-hÀ-jw‑ B-tL ‑ m‑ j - n‑ ¨ - p‑ . I‑me - § - f - m‑ b - n‑ I‑mÀ-jn‑ I - ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ -
t‑Km‑ Ä-U³ s‑\Ã - n‑ s - \ ‑ ¡ - p‑ d - n‑ ¨ - p‑ {‑]_ - - s‑b¡ - p‑ d - n‑ ¨ - v‑ ]T‑n¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ ]-co‑ £ - W - w‑
Ô-§Ä A-hX - c - n‑ ¸- n‑ ¨ - p‑ . G-jy‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ \-S¯ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - '‑ B - [ - p‑ \ - n‑ I - s‑sP ‑ -
IÀ-jI - À C‑u ]-cn‑ ] - m‑ S- n‑ b - n‑ Â £-Wn‑ - h-Ir‑ j - n‑ h‑nZ- K - v‑[ - À-'‑ ]-dª - p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - n‑ c - n‑ -
X‑m¡ - Ä t‑]m‑ e - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - n‑ Ã - . C-Xn‑ s - \ ‑ - ¡‑p¶ - I‑mc - y‑ § - f - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - p‑ X - s - ¶ ‑ b - m‑ W - v‑.
X‑ns - c ‑ G-jy‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ IÀ-jI - À i-àa- m‑ b - n‑ BÂ-_À-«v‑ s‑lm‑ h - m‑ À-Uv‑, a-kt- \ ‑ m‑ _ - p‑
X-s¶ ‑ {‑]X - n‑ I - c - n‑ ¨ - p‑ . ^‑ne - n‑ ¸ - o‑ ³-kn‑ s - e ‑ - ^‑p¡ - p‑ t- h ‑ m‑ ¡ - ,‑ _‑nÂ t‑am‑ f - n‑ k - ¬‑,
b‑pw‑ _‑w¥ - m‑ t- Z‑ i - n‑ s - e ‑ b - p‑ w‑ C-ý‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ b - p‑ w‑ `‑mk - v‑I - À k‑ms - h ‑ ,‑ \-½m‑ Ä-hÀ‑, k‑p` - m‑ j - v‑
X‑mb - v‑e - â‑ns - e ‑ b - p‑ w‑ IÀ-jI - c - p‑ w‑ h‑nh - n‑ [ - ]-te ‑ ¡ - À‑, h-µ\ - i - n‑ h - X‑pS- § - n‑ b - {‑]K - Û - -
k‑wL - S- \ - I - f - p‑ w‑ t‑NÀ-¶v‑ s‑\Ã - v‑ X-§f - p‑ s - S‑ c‑mb - h‑yà - n‑ I - Ä a‑pt- ¼ ‑ m‑ «- p‑ h - ¨ - h‑nh - n‑ [ -
P‑oh - \ - m‑ s - W ‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ A-Xv‑ G-jy‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ s‑s] ‑ - B-ib - § - s - f ‑ D‑u«- n‑ b - p‑ d - ¸ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - m‑ W - o‑
X‑rI - a - m‑ s - W ‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ {‑]J - y‑ m‑ ] - n‑ ¨ - p‑ . C-ý‑ - d‑nt- ¸ ‑ m‑ À-«v‑. a-®n‑ s - \ ‑ b - p‑ w‑ h‑n¯ - p‑ I - s - f ‑ b - p‑ w‑
b‑nÂ H-cp‑ i‑ne - v‑] - i - m‑ e - k‑wL - S- n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ \-¶m‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - ,‑ s‑hÅ - h - p‑ w‑ D‑uÀ-Öh - p‑ w‑ I‑m-
X-WÂ a‑p³-Is - ¿ ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ H-cp‑ ] - m‑ S- m‑ - c‑y£ - a- a- m‑ b - n‑ D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - ,‑ IÀ-jI - c - p‑ -
f‑pI- Ä A-Xp‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ k-lI - c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑S B-ßh - n‑ i - z‑ m‑ k - h - p‑ w‑ h-cp‑ a - m‑ \ - h - p‑ w‑ hÀ-
s‑Nb - v‑X - p‑ . s‑Im‑ ¨ - n‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ I‑p¼ - f - § - n‑ b - n‑ Â ²‑n¸ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - s‑sP ‑ h - I‑mÀ-jn‑ I - c‑oX - n‑ I - Ä
h-¨m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ C‑u i‑ne - v‑] - i - m‑ e - \-S¶ - X - v‑. `-£y‑ D-Xv‑] - m‑ Z- \ - s - ¯ ‑ c-tï ‑ m‑ a‑qt- ¶ ‑ m‑
]-t¯ ‑ m‑ f - w‑ k‑wØ - m‑ \ - § - f - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - m‑ b - n‑ C-c«- n‑ hÀ-²n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ s - a ‑ ¶ - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ A-h-
IÀ-jI - c - p‑ w‑ h‑n¯ - v‑ k‑wc - £ - I - c - p‑ w‑ h‑nZ- - c‑ps - S‑ I-sï ‑ ¯ - Â. I‑mÀ-jn‑ I - h - y‑ h - k - m‑ b -
K‑v[
- c - p‑ w‑ ]-s¦ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - C‑u i‑ne - v‑] - i - m‑ e - a‑pX - e - m‑ f - n‑ a - m‑ À-¡v‑ C‑u A-`n‑ {- ] ‑ m‑ b - t- ¯ ‑ m‑ S- v‑
C-ý‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ ]‑mc - ¼ - c - y‑ h - n‑ ¯ - n‑ \ - § - Ä t‑bm‑ P - n‑ ¸ - n‑ s - Ã ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ s‑FI - y‑ c - m‑ j - v‑{- S‑ k - ` -
k‑wc - £ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ s - a ‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ s‑\Â-Ir‑ j - n‑ {‑]I - r‑ - C‑u d‑nt- ¸ ‑ m‑ À-«v‑ A‑wK - o‑ I - c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ t‑em‑ -
X‑nk - u ‑ l - r‑ Z- ] - c - a - m‑ ¡ - p‑ s - a ‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ {‑]J - y‑ m‑ ] - n‑ - I-cm‑ P - y‑ § - Ä C-Xv‑ NÀ-¨ s‑N¿ - W - s - a ‑ ¶ - v‑
A-`y‑ À-°n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - p‑ .
B-b‑n-c-¡-W-¡‑n-\‑v IÀ-j-IÀ‑, A-Xp‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ s - e ‑ X - s -- ¶ ‑ k‑p{- ] ‑ [ - m‑ \ - a- m‑ s - b ‑ m‑ -
{‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑n-¨‑p‑w s‑N-d‑p-¸-¡‑mÀ c‑p d‑nt- ¸ ‑ m‑ À-«m‑ W - v‑ t‑em‑ I - ` - £ - y‑ k‑wL - S- -
t‑I{- µ ‑ o‑ I - c - n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. ]-s¯ ‑ m‑ ³-]X - n‑ \ - m‑ - \-bn‑ s - e ‑ `-£y‑ m‑ h - I - m‑ i - I-½o‑ j - W - d - m‑ b -
b‑nc - t- ¯ ‑ m‑ f - w‑ s‑\Â-hn‑ ¯ - p‑ I - f - m‑ W - v‑ C‑u
s‑s‑P-h-I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v h-¶‑p-s‑I‑m- t‑Um‑ . H-en‑ h - À U‑o j‑q«- À 2011þ-Â k-aÀ-
{‑]t- Z‑ i - ¯ - p‑ \‑n¶ - p‑ a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ A-t±‑ l - w‑ t‑i- ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑p k‑w-Ø‑m-\‑w I‑q- ¸‑n¨ - X - v‑. G-jy‑ ³-þB - {- ^ ‑ n‑ ¡ - ³‑, e‑mä - n‑ \ - -
J-cn‑ ¨ - X - v‑. H-Sp‑ h - n‑ e - X - v‑ d‑mb - v‑] - q‑ c - n‑ s - e ‑ I‑mÀ- S‑n-b‑m-W‑v t‑I-c-f‑w. t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑â t‑ac - n‑ ¡ - ³ c‑mP - y‑ § - f - n‑ Â \-S¡ - p‑ ¶ - h‑y-
j‑nI - kÀ-hI - e - m‑ i - m‑ e - b - n‑ s - e ‑ ¯ - n‑ . ]-¯p‑ `‑m-h‑n-k‑p-c-£ C‑u IÀ-j-I-c‑p-s‑S X‑yk - v‑X - X-cw‑ (kÀ-¡m‑ À-þk - À-¡m‑ c - n‑ X - c - )‑
hÀ-jw‑ a‑p³-]v‑ C‑u h‑n¯ - p‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑ t- a ‑ Â I
- m‑ À-jn‑ I - ]-²X - n‑ I - Ä ]-cn‑ t- i ‑ m‑ [ - n‑ ¨ - X - n‑ \ - p‑
A-hI - m‑ i - w‑ Ø‑m] - n‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ k‑zn‑ ä - v‑k - À- s‑s‑I-I-f‑n-e‑m-W‑p-Å-X‑v. t‑ij - a - m‑ W - v‑ C‑u d‑nt- ¸ ‑ m‑ À-«v‑ X-¿m‑ d - m‑ ¡ - n‑ b - -
eâ‑v B-Øm‑ \ - a - m‑ b - n‑ {‑]h - À-¯n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X‑v. N‑pc - ‑p-¡-¯‑nÂ A-t‑±-l‑w ]-d-b‑p-¶-
k‑n³-Pâ F-¶ I-¼\ - n‑ k-½À-±w‑ s‑N- ¨‑ps - I ‑ m‑ ï - m‑ W - v‑ ]‑nc - n‑ ª - X
- v‑. '‑ \ - ½ - p‑ s - S‑ s‑\ X‑v A-t‑{‑K‑m C-t‑¡‑m-f-P‑n A-Y-h‑m I‑mÀ-
e‑p¯ - m‑ ³ X‑pS- § - n‑ . c-kI - c - a - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ Â-Ir‑ j - n‑ \-ap‑ ¡ - p‑ X-s¶ ‑ k‑wc - £ - n‑ ¡ - m‑ w‑ '‑- j‑n-I ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n k-a‑o-]-\-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S
C-hc - p‑ s - S‑ h‑mZ- w‑ . s‑\Ã - n‑ s - e ‑ P‑o\ - p‑ I - s - f ‑ ¡ - p‑ - F-¶p‑ {‑]J - y‑ m‑ ] - n‑ ¨ - p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - v‑ A-¶m‑ c - w‑ `- n‑ ¨ - a‑m-{‑X-t‑a k‑p-Ø‑n-c-X-b‑p‑w `-£‑y-k‑p-c-
d‑n¨
- v‑ (]‑mc - ¼ - c - y‑ k - z‑ `- m‑ h - w‑ I‑m¯ - p‑ k‑q£ - n‑ - t‑kh - v‑ A-hÀ s‑sd ‑ k - v‑ I‑ym‑ w‑ s - ] ‑ b - v‑³ C-¶v‑ £-b‑p‑w D-d-¸‑m-¡‑m-\‑m-h‑q. C-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n
¡‑p¶ - I-W§ - Ä‑) A-hÀ K-th ‑ j - W - w‑ A-t© ‑ m‑ f - w‑ k‑wØ - m‑ \ - § - f - n‑ Â i-àa - m‑ - IÀ-j-I-c‑p‑w I‑mÀ-j‑n-I i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-Ú-c‑p‑w
\-S¯ - n‑ s - b ‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ A-hs - b ‑ X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - d - n‑ b - p‑ I - - W‑v. C-Xn‑ s - â ‑ `‑mK - a- m‑ b - n‑ t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ e - S- ¡ - w‑ ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-Ú-c‑p‑w H-c‑p-a‑n-¨‑v
b‑pw‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - p‑ s - h ‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ A-Xn‑ \ - m‑ Â s‑\Ã - n‑ - F-®q‑ t- d‑ m‑ f - w‑ s‑\Â-hn‑ ¯ - p‑ I - Ä k‑wc - £ - n‑ - {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡-W-s‑a-¶‑m-W‑v \‑nÀ-t‑±-i‑n-¨‑n-
t·Â A-hÀ-¡m‑ W - v‑ A-hI - m‑ i - w‑ F-¶p‑ - ¡-s¸ ‑ «- p‑ h-cp‑ ¶ - p‑ . c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. h‑n-I-k‑z-c-þ-A-h‑n-I-k‑n-X c‑m-
a‑mb - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ h‑mZ- w‑ . I‑qS- m‑ s - X ‑ C-Xn‑ \ - I - w‑ C-Xp‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ s - e ‑ t‑Zi - o‑ b - X - e - ¯ - n‑ Â a-sä‑ m‑ - P‑y-§-f‑p-s‑S I‑mÀ-j‑n-I \-b-§Ä C‑u
P-\n‑ X - I - ]-cn‑ h - À-¯\ - {‑]{- I ‑ n‑ b - b - n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ c‑p I‑q«- m‑ b - v‑a - b - p‑ w‑ c‑q] - s - ¸ ‑ «- p‑ h-¶n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑. k-a‑o-]-\-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v a‑m-d-W‑w F-¶‑m-W‑v
A-hÀ ]‑pX - n‑ b - s‑\Â-hn‑ ¯ - p‑ I - Ä D-ïm‑ - `-£y‑ k - p‑ c - £ - b - p‑ s - S‑ t‑]c - n‑ Â s‑\Ã - p‑ w‑ H-e‑n-hÀ U‑n j‑q-«À ]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑v. ]-e
¡‑m\ - p‑ Å - K-th ‑ j - W - w‑ X‑pS- § - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ t‑Km‑ X - ¼ - p‑ w‑ t‑{] ‑ m‑ Õ - m‑ l - n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ «- t- ¸ ‑ m‑ Ä kÀ-¡‑m-c‑p-I-f‑p‑w A-t‑±-l-s‑¯ X-§-f‑p-
s‑Nb - v‑X - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . k‑ph - À-®s - \ ‑ Ã - v‑ A-Yh - m‑ ]‑pd - w‑ X - Å - s - ¸ ‑ «- s‑Nd - p‑ [ - m‑ \ - y‑ § - s - f ‑ k‑wc - - s‑S I‑mÀ-j‑n-I \-b-c‑q-]‑o-I-c-W-¯‑nÂ
t‑Km‑ Ä-U³ s‑sd ‑ k - v‑ F-¶ t‑]c - n‑ Â H-cp‑ £‑n¡ - m‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ h-fÀ-¶p‑ h - ¶ - C‑u I‑q«- m‑ - k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-b‑n £-W‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑p‑w
P‑n.F‑w. (P-\ä - n‑ ¡ - e - n‑ t‑am‑ U - n‑ s - s ‑ ^ ‑ U - v‑ b‑va
- C-ý‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ h-cï - {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f - n‑ Â C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e I‑r-j‑n a-{‑´‑m-e-b-¯‑n-t‑\‑m
A-Yh - m‑ P-\n‑ X - I - a - m‑ ä - w‑ h-cp‑ ¯ - n‑ b - )‑ h‑n- C-¶v‑ k-Po‑ h - a- m‑ W - v‑. C‑u I‑q«- m‑ b - v‑a- ¡ - v‑ kÀ- I‑mÀ-j‑n-I B-k‑q-{‑X-W h‑n-Z-K‑v-[À-t‑¡‑m
¯‑v G-jy‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ I‑rj - n‑ b - n‑ S- § - f - n‑ Â C-d- ¡‑mc - n‑ s - â ‑ `-£y‑ k - p‑ c - £ - m‑ _‑nÃ - n‑ s - \ ‑ A-ev‑- C‑u d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n-s‑â {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y‑w a-\-Ê‑n-
¡‑m\ - m‑ b - n‑ I-gn‑ ª - ]-¯p‑ hÀ-j§ - f - m‑ b - n‑ ]-sa ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ k‑zm‑ [ - o‑ \ - n‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ F-¶X - v‑ e‑m-b‑n-«‑n-Ã.
A-hÀ I‑nW - ª - p‑ ]-cn‑ {- i ‑ a - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - m‑ W - v‑. {‑it- ² ‑ b - a - m‑ W - v‑. C-\n‑ a‑pX - Â t‑dj - ³-IS- - H‑u-t‑Z‑y‑m-K‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n H-c‑p s‑s‑P-h-I‑r-j‑n-
C-¡m‑ e - ¯ - v‑ I-¨h - S- ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ h-gn‑ I - Ä I-fn‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ A-cn‑ b - p‑ w‑ t‑Km‑ X - ¼ - p‑ w‑ a‑m{- X ‑ a - Ã - \-b‑w k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-« k‑w-Ø‑m-\-a‑m-W‑v
h‑yX - y‑ k - v‑X - a - m‑ W - v‑. [‑mÀ-½n‑ I - X - b - p‑ s - S‑ b‑m- d‑mK- n‑ b - p‑ w‑ ]‑mh - s - ¸ ‑ «- h - À-¡v‑ e-`n‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ . t‑I-c-f‑w. B-b‑n-c-¡-W-¡‑n-\‑v IÀ-j-IÀ‑,
s‑Xm‑ c - p‑ A-Sb - m‑ f - h - p‑ w‑ _‑m¡ - n‑ h - ¡ - m‑ ¯ - {‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑n-¨‑p‑w s‑N-d‑p-¸-¡‑mÀ s‑s‑P-h-I‑r-
h³-In‑ S- I-¨h - S- ¡ - ¼ - \ - n‑ I - Ä kÀ-¡m‑ c - p‑ - I‑mÀ-j‑n-I h‑n-I-k-\-¯‑n-\‑v j‑n-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v h-¶‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑p
I-fp‑ s - S‑ \-b§ - s - f ‑ X‑nc - p‑ ¯ - n‑ s - ¡ ‑ m‑ ï - m‑ W - v‑ A-t‑{‑K‑m C-t‑¡‑m-f-P‑n k‑w-Ø‑m-\‑w I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-W‑v \½ptSXv-. t‑I-
a‑pt- ¶ ‑ d- p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. D-Xv‑] - ¶ - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ K‑pW - ¯ - n‑ - 2010þ-ep‑ w‑ 2011þ-ep‑ w‑ A-´m‑ c - m‑ j
- v‑{- S‑ X-e- c-f-¯‑n-s‑â `‑m-h‑n-k‑p-c-£ C‑u IÀ-jI - -
e‑qs - S‑ a‑mÀ-¡ä- v‑ ]‑nS- n‑ ¨ - S- ¡ - p‑ ¶ - ]-gb - X-{´ ‑ - ¯‑nÂ c-ïp‑ d‑nt- ¸ ‑ m‑ À-«p‑ I
- Ä ]‑pd- ¯
- n‑ d- §- n‑ . c‑ps - S‑ s‑sI ‑ I - f - n‑ e - m‑ W - p‑ Å - X - v‑.
IqSv 2013 BKkväv 11

s‑s‑P-h-I‑r-j‑n
H-c‑p k‑w-k‑v-I‑m-c‑w
s‑s‑P-h-I‑r-j‑n-s‑b-s‑´-¶‑v a-e-b‑m-f‑n-s‑b ]T‑n-¸‑n-¨‑, IÄ-¨À B-W‑v. F-¶‑p ]-dª
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a‑p-g‑p-h³ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶‑, t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e B-ßo‑ b - X - b - p‑ s - S‑ H-cp‑ k-t¸ ‑ m‑ À-«p‑ t‑hW - w‑ .
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t‑em‑ I - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ ]-e`- m‑ K - ¯ - p‑ \ - n‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ s‑Im‑ - c‑n A-¸‑w N‑p-«‑p I-f‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ A-\p‑ I - c - n‑ ¨ - v‑ I‑p«- n‑ H-cp‑ k‑rj - v‑S- n‑ \-S¯ - p‑ I - -
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b‑n\ - w‑ h‑r£ - § - Ä \-ap‑ ¡ - p‑ I‑mW - m‑ w‑ . I‑p-
A-X‑v H-c‑p s‑h-d‑p‑w I-f‑n-b-Ã‑, T‑n¨
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A-Xn‑ s - e ‑ m‑ c - p‑ I‑mh - p‑ w‑ k‑rj - v‑S- n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . ]‑m-I‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑v I-ï‑v A-X‑v P‑oh - \ - p‑ Å - a-®v‑, P‑oh - \ - p‑ Å - h‑nc - e - p‑ I - Ä
F-Ãm‑ I‑rj - n‑ ¸ - W - n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ I‑qe - n‑ ¡ - m‑ s - c ‑ h-bv‑- A-\‑p-I-c‑n-¨‑v I‑p-«‑n H-c‑p k‑r-j‑v-S‑n C-h X-½n‑ e - p‑ Å - _-Ôw‑ I‑rj - n‑ b - n‑ Â ]
¡‑ms - X ‑ k‑z´ - a - m‑ b - n‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . I‑rj - n‑ T‑n¸- n‑ ¡ - W - w‑ . I‑rj - n‑ b - n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ a‑m{- X ‑ t- a ‑
F-¶m‑ Â H-cp‑ ]-© a-lm‑ b - Ú - a
- m‑ b - n‑ \-S-¯‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. \-ap‑ ¡ - v‑ _‑p² - n‑ h‑nI - k - n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ ]-äq‑ .
C-t±‑ l - w‑ I-cp‑ X - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . ]-©` - q‑ X - § - s - f ‑ _‑p² - n‑ h‑nI - k - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - m‑ W - v‑ a-\p‑ j - y‑ s - â ‑
B-hm‑ l - n‑ s - ¨ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - v‑ A-¶a - m‑ ¡ - n‑ a‑mä - p‑ ¶ - s‑â ZÀ-i-\-§-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p‑w B-[‑p-\‑n-I ]‑pt- c ‑ m‑ K - X - n‑ . \‑n§ - Ä s‑Nb - v‑X - p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ t- ï ‑ -
{‑]{- I‑ n‑ b - b - m‑ W - v‑ I‑rj - n‑ . A-sX ‑ m‑ c - p‑ b-Ú- I‑r-j‑n-c‑o-X‑n-I-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p‑w s‑s‑P-h-I‑r-j‑n- b‑nc - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - . A-¶w‑ A-Xn‑ {- ] ‑ [ - m‑ \ - a - m‑ W - v‑.
a‑mW- v‑. b-Úw‑ F-¶ ]-Z¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ AÀ- b‑p-s‑S k‑m-²‑y-X-I-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-a‑p-Å I‑m-g‑v- A-Xm‑ W - v‑ ]-ïp‑ Å - h - À A-¶w‑ {‑_Ò - a - m‑ -
°‑w '‑ X - n‑ c - n‑ s - ¨ ‑ m‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ {‑]X - o‑ £ - n‑ ¡ - m‑ s - X ‑ N-¸‑m-S‑p-IÄ I‑q-S‑p-a‑m-b‑n ]-¦‑p-h-b‑v-¡‑p-¶‑p. I‑p¶ - p‑ F-¶v‑ ]-db - m‑ \ - p‑ Å - I‑mc - W - w‑ .
s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - IÀ-½w‑ '‑- F-¶m‑ W - v‑. X‑nc - n‑ s - ¨ ‑ - b-Ym‑ À-° I‑rj - n‑ b - n‑ Â B-hi - y‑ ¯ - n‑ Â
s‑´¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ {‑]X - o‑ £ - n‑ ¨ - p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - v‑ I‑rj - n‑ I‑r-j‑n-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å X‑m-¦-f‑p-s‑S I‑qS- p‑ X - Â H-cp‑ I‑mc - W - h - i - m‑ e - p‑ w‑ a-®n‑ Â
s‑Nb - v‑X - m‑ Â i-cn‑ b - m‑ h - n‑ s - Ã ‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ Z-bm‑ Â ZÀ-i-\‑w F-´‑m-W‑v ? \‑n¶ - v‑ F-Sp‑ ¡ - c- p‑ X - v‑. t‑hï - t- ¸ ‑ m‑ Ä t‑hï - {- X ‑
]-db - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . s‑sP ‑ h - I - r‑ j - n‑ {‑]N - c - n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - - I‑r-j‑n F-¶‑mÂ A-{‑K‑n-IÄ-¨À. A-X‑n- F-Sp‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - I-eb - m‑ I - W - w‑ I‑rj - n‑ . k-Xy‑ -
X‑n\ - p‑ t‑hï - n‑ D-gn‑ ª - p‑ h - ¨ - P‑oh - n‑ X - a - m‑ W - v‑ s‑e A-{‑K‑n a‑m-ä‑n-b‑mÂ _‑m-¡‑n-b‑p-Å-X‑v h‑pw‑ [À-½h - p‑ w‑ \‑oX - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ ]‑me - n‑ ¨ - p‑ s‑Im‑ -

ï‑v s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶- I‑rj - n‑ b
- m‑ W - v‑ A-{K ‑ n‑ I
- Ä-¨À.
_‑m¡- n‑ b- p‑ Å- X- v‑ A-{K ‑ n‑ þ- _
- n‑ k
- n‑ \- Ê - m‑ W- v‑.
_‑nk
- n‑ \
- Ê - n‑ Â H-ä e-£y‑ t- a‑ b - p‑ Å
- q‑ þ- e- m‑ `- w‑ .
k‑mt- ¦ ‑ X - n‑ I - h‑nZ- y‑ I - Ä D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K - n‑ ¨ - n‑ -

«‑pÅ- B-[p‑ \ - n‑ I - I‑rj - n‑ c - o‑ X - n‑ I - Ä {‑]I - r‑ -
X‑ns - b ‑ F-§n‑ s - \ ‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ _‑m[ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - ?
A-Xn‑ \ - v‑ ]-cn‑ l - m‑ c - § - s - f ‑ s - ´ ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ ?
I‑rj - n‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ {‑]i - v‑\ - § - Ä s‑SI - v‑t- \ ‑ m‑ -
f-Pn‑ I - f - n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ ]-cn‑ l - c - n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ ]-äp‑ ¶ -
H-¶Ã - . `-£W - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ K‑pW - a - m‑ W - v‑
{‑][ - m‑ \ - w‑ ,‑ A-fh - n‑ t- \ ‑ ¡ - m‑ f - p‑ w‑ . {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ -
b‑nÂ k‑zm‑ ` - m‑ h - n‑ I - a - m‑ b - n‑ h-fc - p‑ ¶ - H-cp‑
k-ky‑ a - m‑ h - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä A-Xn‑ Â I‑oS- § - Ä
h-¶v‑ I‑p¯ - W - w‑ . I‑oS- w‑ I‑p¯ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¯ - n‑
H-cp‑ {‑]X - n‑ t- c ‑ m‑ [ - t‑ij - n‑ B k-ky‑ w‑ t‑\-
S‑ns
- b ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - W - w‑ . A-§s ‑ \ ‑ b - p‑ Å - k-ky‑ -
¯‑nÂ h-fc - p‑ ¶ - ^-e§ - Ä \-½Ä
I-gn‑ ¡ - W - w‑ . A-hn‑ s - S‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ \-½p‑ s - S‑
{‑]X - n‑ t- c ‑ m‑ [ - i-àn‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. {‑Ko‑ ³
l‑uk - n‑ Â H-cp‑ k‑wc - £ - n‑ X - Ø-e¯ - m‑ -
W‑v s‑NS- n‑ I - Ä h-fÀ-¯p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-
ï‑v A-hÀ-¡‑v {‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[ k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-
s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v N‑n-´‑n-t‑¡-ï B-h-i‑y-a‑n-Ã.
A-§-s‑\-b‑p-Å-t‑¸‑mÄ C‑u `-£-W‑w
I-g‑n-¡‑p-¶ a-\‑p-j‑yÀ-¡‑v H-c‑p k‑w-c-£‑n-X
Ø-e-t‑¯ P‑o-h‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑q.
k‑m-[‑m-c-W {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-b‑nÂ P‑o-h‑n-¡‑m³
I-gn‑ b - p‑ I - b - n‑ Ã - . F-´m‑ s - W ‑ ¶ - p‑ h-¨m‑ Â,
H‑mt- c ‑ m‑ hÀ-jw‑ I-gn‑ b - p‑ t- ´ ‑ m‑ d - p‑ w‑ I‑me - w‑
a‑md - n‑ s - ¡ ‑ m‑ ï - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - m‑ W - v‑. A-ć - o‑ -
t‑£m‑ j - v‑a - m‑ h - n‑ Â h‑yX - y‑ m‑ k - w‑
h-¶‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
]‑pX - n‑ b - ]‑pX - n‑ b - I-cp‑ -
s‑I.h‑n. Z-bm‑ Â
-
t^mt«m/IqSv amknI

¯‑pÅ - s‑sh ‑ d - k - p‑ I - Ä h-¶p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - n‑ - I-cp‑ ¯ - p‑ ä - c-ïp‑ s‑sI ‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ H-cp‑ h-en‑ b -
c‑n¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . C-hs - c ‑ s - b ‑ Ã - m‑ w‑ {‑]X - n‑ t- c ‑ m‑ - X-et- ¨ ‑ m‑ d - p‑ w‑ D-ïv‑. A-Xn‑ s - \ ‑ t‑hï - h - n‑ [ - w‑
[‑n¡ - m‑ \ - p‑ Å - I-gn‑ t- h ‑ m‑ S- p‑ I - q‑ S- n‑ \-½Ä D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K - n‑ ¡ - m‑ ¯ - X - m‑ W - v‑ {‑]i - v‑\ - w‑ . D-Xv‑] - m‑ -
P‑oh- n‑ ¡ - W - w‑ . A-§s - \ ‑ {‑]X - n‑ t- c ‑ m‑ [ - n‑ ¡ - - Z-\w‑ \-S¡ - W - w‑ ,‑ A-Xn‑ \ - m‑ \ - p‑ ] - m‑ X - n‑ I - a- m‑ b - n‑
W-sa ‑ ¶ - p‑ s - ï ‑ ¦ - n‑ Â s‑{] ‑ m‑ «- I - v‑S- U - v‑ G-cn‑ - t‑hW - w‑ s‑]c - p‑ I - m‑ ³.
b-bn‑ Â h-fÀ-¯p‑ ¶ - `-£W - w‑ I-gn‑ ¨ - m‑ Â H-cp‑ s‑Nd - n‑ b- I‑mS- v‑. B I‑mS- v‑ \-½Ä
k‑m[ - y‑ a - Ã - . {‑]X - n‑ t- c ‑ m‑ [ - k‑wh - n‑ [ - m‑ \ - ¯ - n‑ - H-¶p‑ w‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - n‑ s - Ã ‑ ¦- n‑ Â h-ep‑ X - m‑ I - p‑ w‑ . I‑m-
s‑â {‑]i - v‑\ - a - m‑ W- v‑ A-hn‑ s - S‑ D-Zn‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. S‑p h-ep‑ X - m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - X - \ - p‑ k - c - n‑ ¨ - v‑ A-Xn‑ Â P‑o-
`-£W - w‑ h-bd - p‑ \‑nd - ¨ - v‑ D-ïm‑ ¡ - n‑ s - b ‑ S- p‑ - h‑nI- f - p‑ s- S‑ F-®w‑ I‑qS- p‑ w‑ . A-hn‑ s - S‑ H-cp‑
¡‑m³ I-gn‑ b - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ . ]-t£ ‑ A-Xn‑ - A-\p‑ ] - m‑ X - w‑ D-ïv‑. k-ky‑ P - m‑ e - § - Ä
\‑v I‑zm‑ f - n‑ ä- n‑ D-ïm‑ I - n‑ Ã - . A-Xp‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - v‑ H-cp‑ s‑]c - p‑ I - W - w‑ . A-Xn‑ \ - m‑ \ - p‑ ] - m‑ X - n‑ I - a - m‑ b - n‑
I‑mc - W - h - i - m‑ e - p‑ w‑ B h-gn‑ ¡ - v‑ t‑]m‑ I - c - p‑ - P‑oh - P - m‑ e - § - Ä s‑]c - p‑ I - W - w‑ . C-Xv‑ {‑]I - r‑ -
X‑v. I‑mc - W - w‑ I‑rj - n‑ b - n‑ Â s‑Xä - n‑ b - X - m‑ W - v‑ X‑nb - p‑ s - S‑ \‑nb - a - w‑ B-Wv‑. ]-t£ ‑ , t‑\s - c ‑
a-\p‑ j - y‑ ³ s‑Xä - m‑ ³ I‑mc - W - w‑ . h‑oï - p‑ w‑ X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - m‑ W - n‑ h - n‑ s - S‑ k‑w`- h - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. A-\p‑ -
s‑Xä - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ t‑]m‑ I - c - p‑ X - v‑. C-\n‑ \-ap‑ ¡ - v‑ ]‑mX - w‑ s‑Xä - n‑ b - X - m‑ W - v‑ {‑]i - v‑\ - w‑ . D-Xv‑] - m‑ Z- -
t‑hï - X - v‑ H-cp‑ ]‑pX - p‑ b - p‑ K - I‑rj - n‑ b - m‑ W - v‑. \‑w \-S¶ - v‑ a-®n‑ Â \-Ã D‑uÀ-Öa - m‑ b - n‑
I-gn‑ ª - m‑ Â h-en‑ s - ¨ ‑ d - n‑ b - p‑ ¶ - s - X ‑ ´ - p‑ w‑
k‑m-[‑m-c-W IÀ-j-IÀ F-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w
N‑n-´‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v anI¨ DXv]mZ\¯n P-\‑n-¨‑p h‑o-g‑p-¶ H‑m-t‑c‑m I‑p-ª‑n-
\pw IqSpXÂ em`¯n\pw Bbn \‑p‑w H-c‑p h‑m-b‑p‑w h-b-d‑p‑w a‑m-{‑X-
cn¡ntÃ?
I‑rj - n‑ H-cp‑ _‑nk - n‑ \ - Ê - m‑ b - n‑ I‑mW - p‑ - a-Ã I-c‑p-¯‑p-ä c-ï‑p s‑s‑I-I-f‑p‑w
¶-Xp‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - p‑ Å - I‑pg - ¸- a - m‑ W - n‑ X - v‑. A-Xp‑ - H-c‑p h-e‑n-b X-e-t‑¨‑m-d‑p‑w D-ï‑v.
s‑Im‑ ï - v‑ I‑rj - n‑ s - b ‑ a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ B-{i ‑ b - n‑ ¨ - v‑ A-X‑n-s‑\ t‑h-ï-h‑n-[‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-
P‑oh - n‑ ¡ - c - p‑ X - v‑ F-¶p‑ X-s¶ ‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ \-½Ä
]-db - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. I‑rj - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ I‑rj - n‑ b - \ - p‑ _ - Ô -
¡‑m-¯-X‑m-W‑v {‑]-i‑v-\‑w.
h‑yh - k - m‑ b - h - p‑ w‑ F-¶ I‑mg - v‑¨ - ¸ - m‑ s - S‑ S- p‑ ¡ - -
W‑w. D-Xv‑] - m‑ Z- n‑ ¸- n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - h‑nf - h - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ I‑nf- n‑ À-¡p‑ w‑ ,‑ h-fc - p‑ I- b - p‑ w‑ h-ep‑ X - m‑ I - p‑ I
- - X‑nI - Ä I-ïn‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑. C-Xn‑ Â ]‑te ‑ ¡ - d - p‑ -
A-hs - â ‑ h‑oS- n‑ t- \ ‑ m‑ S- v‑ t‑NÀ-¶v‑ H-cp‑ s‑Nd- n‑ b - b‑pw‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ w‑ . ]-t£ ‑ , A-Xn‑ s - e‑ ¯- m‑ ³ t‑SX - m‑ W - v‑ P-\§ - s - f ‑ G-äh - p‑ w‑ A-[n‑ I - w‑
s‑{]
‑ m‑ U - £ - ³ s‑kâÀ D-ïm‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ A-h- I‑pd - ¨
- v‑ X‑ma - k
- s - a ‑ S- p‑ ¡- p‑ w‑ . I‑mc - W - w‑ I-¶n‑ - B-IÀ-jn‑ ¨ - p‑ s- I ‑ m‑ ï - n‑ c - n‑ ¡- p‑ ¶ - H-cp‑ I‑rj - n‑
\‑p {‑ia - n‑ ¡ - m‑ w‑ . A-sX ‑ m‑ c - p‑ C³-Uk - v‑{- S‑ n‑ b - m‑ - a-®v‑ F-¶p‑ ]-dª - m‑ Â t‑Im‑ S- m‑ \ - p‑ t- I
‑ m‑ S- n‑ c‑oX
- n‑ . B-IÀ-jn‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - p‑ ï - m‑ b - I‑mc - W - w‑
b‑n \-S¯ - n‑ s - ¡‑ m‑ Å - p‑ I - . A-Xn‑ s - e ‑ {- X ‑ t‑h- hÀ-jw‑ s‑Im‑ ï - v‑ c‑q] - s - ¸‑ S- p‑ ¶- a-®m‑ W - v‑. A-Xn‑ \ - I- s - ¯‑ B e‑m`- w‑ F-¶p‑ ]-db - p‑ ¶ -
W-sa ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ e‑m`- w‑ D-ïm‑ ¡ - n‑ s - ¡ ‑ m‑ Å - p‑ I - . B a-®n‑ Â I‑rj - n‑ F-fp‑ ¸ - a - m‑ W- v‑. F-ń‑ - `‑mK- w‑ X-s¶ ‑ b - m‑ W - v‑. s‑sP ‑ h - I‑rj - n‑ b - n‑ Â
C-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä t‑X§ - s‑Im‑ ï - v‑ s‑hf - n‑ s - ¨ ‑ ® - - «‑me
- p‑ w‑ I‑nf - n‑ À-¡p‑ w‑ , h‑nf - b- p‑ w‑ . B-fp‑ I - Ä I‑pd - b - m‑ \ - p‑ Å - I‑mc - W- w‑ \-jv‑-
b‑pï - m‑ ¡ - n‑ . s‑hf - n‑ s - ¨ ‑ ® - t‑hW - s - a ‑ ¦ - n‑ Â S‑w k-ln‑ ¨ - p‑ w‑ I-jv‑S- w‑ k-ln‑ ¨ - p‑ w‑ t‑\c - m‑ b -
\-ap‑ s - ¡ ‑ m‑ c - p‑ t‑__ - n‑ H‑mb - n‑ Â B-¡m‑ w‑ . \‑ne
- h- n‑ Â h‑ym‑ ] - I- a - m‑ b - n‑ s- I‑ m‑ ï
- n‑ c - n‑ - h-gn‑ b - n‑ Â h-cW - s - a ‑ ¶ - p‑ Å - X - p‑ s - I‑ m‑ ï
- m‑ W - v‑.
\-½p‑ s - S‑ h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ `- y‑ m‑ k - ]-²X - n‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ ¡‑p¶
- _-ZÂ I‑rj - n‑ c - o‑ X - n‑ I - s - f‑ I‑pd - n‑ ¨- v‑ H-cp‑ \‑mS- ³ ]-ip‑ D-sï ‑ ¦ - n‑ Â \-ap‑ ¡ - v‑
]T‑n¸ - n‑ ¨ - X - v‑ P-\k - w‑ J - y‑ m‑ hÀ-²\ - h - m‑ W - v‑ F-´m‑ W - v‑ ]-db - m‑ \ - p‑ Å- X - v‑? 30 G-¡d - n‑ Â `-b¦ - c - h‑nf - h - v‑ D-ïm‑ ¡ - m‑ w‑
{‑]i - v‑\ - w‑ F-¶m‑ W - v‑. A-Xv‑ s‑Xä - m‑ b - H-cp‑ R‑m³ H-cp‑ ] - m‑ S- v‑ I‑rj - n‑ I-ïn‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑. F-¶p‑ ]-db - p‑ ¶ - s‑Xä - m‑ b- H-cp‑ k-tµ ‑ -
h‑nh- c - a - m‑ W - v‑. P-\n‑ ¨ - p‑ h‑og - p‑ ¶ - H‑mt- c ‑ m‑ I‑p- _-tb‑ m‑ s‑sU ‑ \
- m‑ a
- n‑ I- v‑ ^‑ma - n‑ §
- v‑, s‑XÀ-aÂ i‑w s‑Im‑ S- p‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ t- −msb¶v F\n¡v
ª‑n\ - p‑ w‑ H-cp‑ h‑mb - p‑ w‑ h-bd - p‑ w‑ a‑m{- X ‑ a - Ã - ]-hÀ I‑rj - n‑ F-¶n‑ § - s - \ ‑ H-cp‑ ] - m‑ S- v‑ c‑o- kwibap−v. s‑sP ‑ h - I‑rj - n‑ b - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑
kÀ-Æ-t‑c‑m-K-{‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[ t‑i-j‑n-b‑p-Å h‑n-¯‑v t‑I-h-e‑w

a-®‑n-s‑e F-¡-e‑n-s‑â k‑m-¦Â-]‑n-I-a‑m-W‑v. t‑c‑m-K-{‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[‑w t‑\-S‑n-s‑b-S‑p-
k-¯-b‑m-b ¡‑m³ a-®‑n-s‑â B-t‑c‑m-K‑y‑w s‑a-s‑¨-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-I.
k‑u-t‑c‑mÀ-Ö-k-¼-¯‑n-s‑\ h‑n-¯‑p-IÄ-¡‑p-Å-X‑n-s‑\-¡‑mÄ {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y‑w
]‑p-j‑v-S‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-I a-®‑n-\‑p‑w ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-¡‑p-a‑m-W‑v.
s‑s‑P-hI‑r-j‑n
i-{‑X‑p I‑o-S-§-s‑f s‑N-d‑p-¡‑p-¶ {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-Z-¯-a‑m-b

a‑n-{‑X-I‑o-S-§Ä-I‑q-S‑n h-f-c‑p-¶ c‑o-X‑n-b‑nÂ a-g-s‑h-Å‑w
k-´‑p-e‑n-X-a‑m-b H-c‑p s‑s‑P-h h‑y- A-X‑m-X‑n-S-§-f‑nÂ
h-Ø k‑r-j‑v-S‑n-s‑¨-S‑p-¡‑p-¶‑p X-s‑¶ k‑w-`-c‑n-¨‑v
ssPhþ
B[p-\nI Irjn e-£‑y‑w h‑n-f-h‑v I‑o-S-\‑n-b-{‑´-W-¯‑n-\‑v t‑c‑m-K-§-s‑f P-e-t‑k-N-\-¯‑n-\‑v
Hcp Xmc-X-ay- hÀ-²‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v X-S‑p-¡‑m³
]-T\w
B-[‑p-\‑n-I I‑r-j‑n
Ir{Xna cmk-h-f- t‑c‑m-K-{‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[-t‑i-j‑n-b‑p-Å

¡q«pw AXypXv]m-Z-\- h‑n-¯‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
ti-jn-bpÅ hn¯pw
c‑m-k-I‑o-S-\‑m-i‑n-\‑n-IÄ A-W-s‑¡-«‑p-IÄ‑, I-\‑m-e‑p-IÄ‑,
D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p ]-¼‑p-s‑k-ä‑p-IÄ

[‑n I‑qS- W - w‑ . A-Xn‑ s - \‑ B-{i ‑ b - n‑ ¡
- W - w‑ .
k-ky‑ P - m‑ e
- § - f - p‑ s
- S‑ b- p‑ w‑ P‑oh - P - m‑ e - §
- f - p‑ -
s‑Sb - p‑ w‑ s‑sh ‑ h - n‑ [
- y‑ w‑ ]-ca- m‑ h - [- n‑ I‑qS- n‑ b- m‑ Â
a‑m{- X‑ t- a ‑ \‑ne - \ - n‑ Â-¸p‑ Å - q‑ . A-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä H-cp‑
P‑oh - n‑ s- b ‑ F-¶p‑ ]-db - p‑ t- ¼‑ m‑ Ä X-s¶ ‑
X-Ån‑ ¡ - f - b- p‑ w‑ .
_‑nÂ t‑am‑ f - n‑ k - s - â ‑ s‑]À-aI - Ä-¨À

I‑rj - n‑ c‑oX - n‑ s - b ‑ I - p‑ d - n‑ ¨ - v‑ F-´m‑ W - v‑ A-`n‑ -
{‑]m‑ b- w‑ ?
\-Ã A-`n‑ {- ] ‑ m‑ b - a - m‑ s - W ‑ \- n‑ ¡- v‑. s‑]À-a-
IÄ-¨À I‑rj - n‑ c‑oX - n‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ t‑Ic - f - ¯- n‑ \ - v‑
G-äh - p‑ w‑ A-\p‑ t- b ‑ m‑ P - y‑ a - m‑ b- X- v‑ F-¶m‑ W - v‑
F-sâ ‑ A-`n‑ {- ] ‑ m‑ b - w‑ . ]-t£ ‑ {‑]m‑ I- v‑S- n‑ ¡
- Â
B-bn‑ A-Xn‑ Â A-[n‑ I - w‑ ]T-\t- a ‑ m‑ K-th ‑ -
j-W§ - t- f ‑ m‑ \-S¶ - n‑ «- n‑ Ã - . I-¼m‑ \ - n‑ b
- ³-
j‑n¸ - v‑ H‑m^ - v‑ ¹‑mâ‑n§ - v‑ F-¶p‑ ]-db - p‑ ¶-
t‑_m‑ [ - ] - q‑ À-Æa - m‑ b - H-cp‑ C-Ss - ]‑ S- Â C-Xn‑ -
s‑s‑h-h‑n-[‑y‑w ]-c-a‑m-h-[‑n I‑q-S-W‑w.
A-X‑n-s‑\ B-{‑i-b‑n-¡-W‑w. k-k‑y-
P‑m-e-§-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w P‑o-h-P‑m-e-§-f‑p-
s‑S-b‑p‑w s‑s‑h-h‑n-[‑y‑w ]-c-a‑m-h-[‑n I‑q-
S‑n-b‑mÂ a‑m-{‑X-t‑a \‑n-e-\‑nÂ-¸‑p-Å‑q.
•• s‑I.h‑n. Z-b‑m-e‑n-s‑â ]‑p-c-b‑n-S-¯nse s‑s‑P-h-I‑r-j‑n-t‑¯‑m-«-w. t^mt«m/IqSv amknI
\-I¯ - v‑ s‑N¿
- m‑ \- m‑ b
- n‑ «- v‑ _‑nÂ t‑am‑ f
- n‑ k
- ¬
h-¶h - À t‑]m‑ e - p‑ w‑ I‑rj - n‑ b- n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ t‑Xm‑ ¶ - n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ Å
- X - v‑. \-½f - p‑ w‑ I‑mS- n‑ s - \ ‑ X - - i‑p]
- m‑ À-i s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶
- p‑ .
h‑n«- p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ I - m‑ \
- p‑ Å- H-cp‑ k‑m[ - y‑ X
- A-hn‑ - s‑¶b - m‑ W - v‑ B-{i ‑ b - n‑ ¡- p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. I‑mS- n‑ s - â ‑
s‑Sb - p‑ ï - v‑. I‑mc - W - w‑ G-sX ‑ ¦ - n‑ e
- p‑ w‑ H-cp‑ F-\À-Pn‑ C³-]p‑ «- n‑ s - \‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ Rm³ "DÀ-Æc - X - b - p‑ s - S‑ k‑wK - o‑ X - w‑ '‑- F-¶ X‑m-
P‑oh - n‑ s- b ‑ a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ B-{i ‑ b- n‑ ¨- v‑ I‑rj - n‑ k‑m- F-Sp‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. 60 hÀ-jw‑ s‑Im‑ ï - m‑ W - v‑ ¦-fp‑ s - S‑ I‑rX - n‑ b - n‑ Â H-cp‑ ]‑pX - p‑ b - p‑ K - I‑r-
[‑ya - Ã- . X‑mÂ-¡m‑ e - n‑ I
- a- m‑ b
- n‑ «- v‑ \‑ne - \ - n‑ Â- B-[p‑ \ - n‑ I - I‑rj - n‑ \-½Ä X-Ån‑ ¸ - d - ª - - j‑nb- m‑ W - v‑ e-£y‑ a - n‑ S- p‑ ¶- X - v‑ F-¶p‑ ]-db - p‑ -
¡‑pa - m‑ b - n‑ c
- n‑ ¡
- p‑ w‑ . s‑X¦ - n‑ Â C-Xn‑ \ - v‑ N‑ne - t- ¸ ‑ m‑ Ä H-cp‑ 80 hÀ- ¶‑pï - v‑. A-Xn‑ s - e ‑ B-Zy‑ s - ¯ ‑ t‑]m‑ b - n‑ â‑v
j-sa ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - m‑ w‑ . A-{X ‑ t- b ‑ b - p‑ Å - p‑ . A-Xn‑ Â X-s¶ ‑ '‑ B - h - i - y‑ m‑ \ - p‑ k - c - W - w‑ B-lm‑ c - w‑
]-t£ ‑ ,‑ A-t± ‑ l
- h - p‑ w‑ I‑mS- n‑ s - â‑ H-cp‑ I‑qS- p‑ X - Â B-bp‑ Ê - v‑ R‑m³ I‑mW - p‑ ¶ - n‑ Ã - . F-Ãm‑ h - À-¡p‑ w‑ F-¶p‑ w‑ D-d¸ - m‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - p‑ -
t‑Im‑ ¬-k] - v‑ä
- v‑ X-s¶ ‑ b - m‑ W- t- Ã ‑ m‑ ]‑n³- C-t¡ ‑ m‑ f - P - n‑ ¡
- Â \‑nb - a - a- \ - p‑ k
- c - n‑ ¨ - v‑ Å-Xm‑ b - n‑ c- n‑ ¡
- W - w‑ I‑rj - n‑ '‑- F-¶m‑ W - v‑.
X‑pS- c- p‑ ¶- X - v‑? H-cp‑ P‑oh - n‑ s - b ‑ a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ B-{i ‑ b - n‑ ¨- v‑ I‑rj - n‑ C-t¸ ‑ m‑ g - s- ¯‑ `-£y‑ k‑pc - £ - m‑ _‑nÃ - p‑ -
I‑mS- v‑ F-¶v‑ ]-db - p‑ ¶
- p‑ s - ï‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ ,‑ B-Im‑ w‑ F-¶p‑ ]-db - p‑ ¶- X - n‑ Â A-Sn‑ Ø - m‑ - a‑mb
- n‑ «- v‑ C-Xn‑ s - \ ‑ t‑NÀ-¯p‑ h‑mb - n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³
A-t±‑ l - w‑ b-Ym‑ À-° I‑mS- n‑ s - \‑ ¸ - ä - n‑ t- b‑ m‑ \-]c - a - m‑ b - n‑ s‑Xä - v‑. The more diverse,
- p‑ ï ]-äp‑ t- a‑ m‑ ?
b-Ym‑ À-° {‑]I - r‑ X- n‑ s
- b‑ ¸ - ä- n‑ t- b‑ m‑ a-\Ê - n‑ - the more sustainableþ- C-t¡ ‑ m‑ f - P - n‑ b- p‑ s - S‑ `-£y‑ k‑pc - £ - m‑ _‑ns - Ã‑ ¶ - v‑ ]-dª - m‑ Â
e‑mb - n‑ «- n‑ Ã
- m‑ ¯- H-cm‑ s - f‑ ¶- m‑ W - v‑ F-\n‑ ¡ - v‑ \‑nb
- a - w‑ A-Xm‑ W - v‑. s‑sh ‑ h - n‑ [ - y‑ w‑ ]-ca - m‑ h - - `-£W - w‑ F-Ãm‑ h - À-¡p‑ w‑ h‑o«- n‑ s - e‑ ¯ - n‑ ¨ - p‑ -
I‑r-j‑n-s‑b H-c‑p k‑w-k‑v-I‑m-c-a‑m-b‑n-«‑m-W‑v K-W‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v..

a-®‑n-f-¡Â t‑P‑m-e‑n-b‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑v a-®‑nÂ B-l‑m-c‑w D-X‑v-]‑m-Z‑n-¸‑n-¡-e‑m-W‑v, [-\‑w D-X‑v-]‑m-Z‑n-¸‑n-¡-e-Ã
a-\‑p-j‑y³ I-g‑n-b‑p-¶-{‑X s‑s‑P-h-I‑r-j‑n-b‑p-s‑S e-£‑y‑w. B-l‑m-c-¯‑n-\‑p‑w h‑n-¯‑n-\‑p‑w
h‑n-«‑p-\‑nÂ-¡-W‑w‑, B t‑P‑m-e‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v a‑n-¨-a‑p-s‑ï-¦‑nÂ h‑n-\‑n-a-b‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑p-a‑m-{‑X‑w.
a-®‑n-s‑e P‑o-h-P‑m-e-§Ä-¡‑v
h‑n-«‑p-s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡-W‑w
k‑q-c‑y-{‑]-I‑m-i‑w ]-c-a‑m-h-[‑n
k‑w-`-c‑n-¨‑v e‑m-`-I-c-a‑m-b‑n h‑n-\‑n-a-
b‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p. a-®‑n-\‑v s‑s‑P-h-
t‑c‑m-K-{‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[-t‑i-j‑n t‑i‑m-j-W‑w k‑w-`-h‑n-¡‑m-s‑X
a‑n-{‑i-h‑n-f a‑n-{‑X-§-f‑m-W‑v \-i‑n-¨-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-a‑m-{‑X‑w k‑q-£‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
a-®‑n-f-¡Â h‑n-f-IÄ I-f-IÄ t‑c‑m-K-§Ä B-ß‑o-b-X a-®‑v
G-I-h‑n-f i-{‑X‑p-¡-f‑m-W‑v t‑c‑m-K‑m-W‑p a‑q-e‑w a-®‑n-s‑\ ]-c-a‑m-h-[‑n

D‑u-ä‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¯‑v
I‑r-j‑n H-c‑p h‑y-h-k‑m-b-a‑m-W‑v. I‑m-i‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p.
]-c-a‑m-h-[‑n DÂ-]‑m-Z-\‑w‑,
I‑q-S‑p-XÂ a-®‑n-f-¡‑n-b‑mÂ ]-c-a‑m-h-[‑n e‑m-`‑w C-h-b‑m-W‑v e-£‑y‑w.
I‑q-S‑p-XÂ h‑n-f-h‑v

s‑Im‑ S- p‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - m‑ W - v‑! A-Xm‑ b - n‑ «- v‑ t‑bm‑ -
P‑n¡ - m‑ t- \ ‑ ]-än‑ Ã - . H‑mt- c ‑ m‑ c - p‑ ¯ - À-¡p‑ w‑
s‑Sd - n‑ t- «‑ m‑ d - n‑ b - Â k‑wh - n‑ [ - m‑ \ - w‑ t‑hW - w‑ .
`‑qa- n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ h‑nX - c - W - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ Å - s‑Xä - m‑ W - -
X‑v. `‑qa - n‑ b - n‑ s - ¶ ‑ m‑ c - p‑ h‑nÂ-¸\ - ¨ - c - ¡ - m‑ W - v‑.
`‑qa
- n‑ s - b ‑ m‑ c - n‑ ¡ - e - p‑ w‑ h‑nÂ-¸\ - ¨ - c - ¡ - m‑ h - m‑ ³
]‑mS- n‑ Ã - . A-h\ - p‑ `‑qa - n‑ s‑Im‑ S- p‑ ¯ - p‑ I-gn‑ -
ª‑mÂ A-hs - â ‑ `‑qa - n‑ b - n‑ Â A-h\ - p‑ t‑h-
ï-Xv‑ h‑nf - b - n‑ ¨ - v‑ I-gn‑ t- ¡ ‑ ï - X - v‑ A-hs - â ‑
t‑Pm‑ e - n‑ b - m‑ W - v‑. A-Ãm‑ s - X ‑ A-hs - â ‑ h‑o«- n‑ Â
A-cn‑ F-¯n‑ ¨ - p‑ s‑Im‑ S- p‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - Ã - kÀ-
¡‑mc - n‑ s - â ‑ t‑Pm‑ e - n‑ . `-£y‑ k‑pc - £ - s‑b¶ - p‑
]-dª - m‑ Â `-£W - w‑ F-´m‑ s - W ‑ ¶ - v‑ \‑nÀ-
Æ-Nn‑ t- ¡ ‑ ï - n‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . `-£W - w‑ F-¶p‑
]-dª - m‑ Â k‑ut- c ‑ m‑ À-Öw‑ X-s¶ ‑ b - m‑ s - W ‑ -
¶‑v \-½Ä ]T‑n¸ - n‑ t- ¡ ‑ ï - n‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
A-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä H-cp‑ ]-¯v‑ s‑kâ‑v H-cm‑ Ä-¡v‑
I‑n«- n‑ ¡ - g - n‑ ª - m‑ Â {‑i² - n‑ t- ¡ ‑ ï - X - v‑, B
]-¯v‑ s‑kâ‑nÂ `-£W - w‑ h‑og - p‑ ¶ - p‑ ï - v‑,
k‑ut- c ‑ m‑ À-Ö¯ - n‑ s - â
‑ c‑q] - ¯ - n‑ Â. A-Xv‑
]‑nS- n‑ s - ¨ ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ a-\p‑ j - y‑ \ - p‑ Ä ‑ s¸sS H‑m-
t‑cm‑ P‑oh - n‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ [‑mÀ-½n‑ I - D-¯c - h - m‑ Z- n‑ -
X‑za - p‑ ï - v‑. k‑qc - y‑ {- ] ‑ I - m‑ i - w‑ ]‑mg - m‑ ¡ - c - p‑ X - v‑.
k‑q-c‑y-{‑]-I‑m-i‑w ]‑m-g‑m-¡-c‑p-X‑v.
H-c‑p I‑n-c-W‑w t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w ]‑m-g‑m-
¡-c‑p-X‑v. k‑q-c‑y-{‑]-I‑m-i-a‑m-W‑v
`-£-W-s‑a-¶‑v H-c‑p \‑nÀ-Æ-N-\‑w
h-¶‑m-t‑e i-c‑n-b‑m-h‑p-I-b‑p-Å‑p.
I‑n-«‑n-b F-\À-P‑n I-¯‑n-¨‑p I-f-
b‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿-c‑p-X‑v.
H-cp‑ I‑nc - W- w‑ t‑]m‑ e - p‑ w‑ ]‑mg - m‑ ¡ - c - p‑ X
- v‑.
k‑qc - y‑ {- ]
‑ I - m‑ i
- a
- m‑ W
- v‑ `-£W - s - a‑ ¶ - v‑ H-cp‑
\‑nÀ-ÆN - \ - w‑ h-¶m‑ t- e ‑ i-cn‑ b - m‑ h
- p‑ I- b - p‑ Å
- p‑ .
I‑n«- n‑ b
- F-\À-Pn‑ I-¯n‑ ¨ - p‑ I-fb - p‑ I- b - p‑ w‑
s‑N¿ - c - p‑ X- v‑.
B ]‑pk - v‑X - I - ¯ - n‑ Â X-s¶ ‑ ]-dª - n‑ -

«‑pï- v‑ þ "-k¦ - c - a - m‑ t- h ‑ ï - X - v‑ h‑n¯ - Ã - ,‑
a-®m‑ W - v‑'- F-¶v‑. I‑rj - n‑ i‑mk - v‑{- X ‑ Ú - -
c‑pa - m‑ b - n‑ A-`n‑ {- ] ‑ m‑ b - h - y‑ X - y‑ m‑ k - § - Ä
D-ïm‑ I - m‑ d - n‑ t- Ã ‑ ?
A-hc - n‑ t- X ‑ h - s - c ‑ A-Xv‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - n‑ t- «‑ b - n‑ Ã - .
s‑sl ‑ {- _ ‑ n‑ s - s ‑ U ‑ k - v‑ s‑N¿ - s - ¸‑ t- S‑ ï - X - v‑ h‑n-
¯-Ã. I‑mc - W - w‑ H-cp‑ s‑sl ‑ {- _ ‑ n‑ U - v‑ h‑n-
¯‑ps - I ‑ m‑ ï - p‑ h - ¶ - v‑ t‑am‑ i - w‑ a-®n‑ e - n‑ «- m‑ Â ••c‑m-k-h-f-‑w D]tbmKn¨v aen\am¡s¸« ]‑m-S-tiJcw. t^mt«m/{‑]-h‑o¬ ]n. taml³Zmkv
C‑u ]-db - p‑ ¶ - h‑nf - h - p‑ I - n‑ «- n‑ Ã - . F-¶p‑
]-dª - m‑ Â G-Xn‑ \ - m‑ W - v‑ {‑]m‑ [ - m‑ \ - y‑ w‑ ? H-cp‑ \‑qd- m‑ b - n‑ c- w‑ L-SI - § - s - f‑ k‑ml - N - c - y‑ w‑ k‑m[ - y‑ a - m‑ h - p‑ I - ?
s‑sl ‑ {- _ ‑ n‑ U - v‑ a-®m‑ W - p‑ ï - m‑ t- h ‑ ï - X - v‑, h‑n- A-\p‑ I - q‑ e- a- m‑ ¡- n‑ b - n‑ «- v‑ h‑n¯- p‑ ï - m‑ ¡ - e - m‑ W - v‑. C‑u c‑mk - h - f - s
- a‑ ¶ - p‑ ]-db - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑
¯-Ã. a-®n‑ s - â ‑ K‑pW - w‑ a‑md - p‑ ¶ - X - \ - p‑ k - - \-½f - X - Ã- ,‑ h‑n¯ - p‑ ï - m‑ ¡ - n‑ b
- n‑ «- v‑ A-\p‑ I - q‑ e - - I‑rj- n‑ ¡ - m‑ À C-Sm‑ ³ a-Sn‑ ¨ - p‑ \‑n¶ - H-cp‑
c‑n¨
- v‑, s‑sl ‑ {- _ ‑ n‑ s - s ‑ U ‑ k - v‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ \ - - a-Ãm‑ ¯- k‑ml - N - c - y‑ ¯ - n‑ Â h‑nf - b- n‑ ¡- m‑ ³ I‑mc - y‑ a- m‑ b
- n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . I‑rj - n‑ ¡ - m‑ c - p‑ s- S‑ A-Sp‑ -
\‑pk - c - n‑ ¨ - v‑ h‑n¯ - n‑ Â D-Xv‑] - m‑ Z- \ - w‑ I‑qS- p‑ w‑ . t‑\m‑ ¡- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . \-S¡ - n‑ Ã - . t‑\s - c‑ h‑n] - c - o‑ X- - ¡Â c‑mk - h - f - w‑ s‑Im‑ ï - p‑ s‑N¶ - t- ¸ ‑ m‑ Ä
a-®p‑ \-¶m‑ b - m‑ Â a-cw‑ \-¶m‑ h - p‑ w‑ . h‑n- a‑mW
- v‑. {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ b- p‑ s- S‑ \‑nb - a - m‑ \
- p‑ k
- r‑ X - w‑ X‑oh- f - w‑ R-§Ä C-Sn‑ Ã - F-¶p‑ ]-dª -
¯‑ne - q‑ s - S‑ ]-cn‑ l - m‑ c - w‑ I‑mW - m‑ s - a ‑ ¶ - H-cp‑ a-®m‑ W - v‑ {‑][ - m‑ \- w‑ ; h‑n¯ - Ã - . I‑rj- n‑ ¡ - m‑ c - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ a‑pg - p‑ h
- ³. B
e-£y‑ a - m‑ W - v‑ B-[p‑ \ - n‑ I - I‑rj - n‑ a‑pg - p‑ h - ³ I‑rj- n‑ ¡ - m‑ s - c ‑ k-_v‑k - n‑ U - n‑ s‑Im‑ S- p‑ ¯ - p‑ w‑
F-Sp‑ ¯ - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. A-Xp‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - m‑ W - v‑ I-gn‑ ª - hÀ-jw‑ X-s¶ ‑ H-cp‑ e-£w‑ k‑uP - \ - y‑ w‑ s‑Im‑ S- p‑ ¯ - p‑ w‑ {‑]t- e ‑ m‑ `- n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¨ - p‑ w‑ ,
A-hÀ s‑sl ‑ {- _ ‑ n‑ U - v‑ h‑n¯ - p‑ ï - m‑ ¡ - n‑ b - X - v‑. t‑Im‑ S- n‑ c‑q] - b - m‑ W
- v‑ kÀ-¡m‑ À c‑mk - h - f - U‑n¸ - m‑ À-«p‑ s - a ‑ â‑v X-s¶ ‑ I‑rj - n‑ ¡ - m‑ c - ³ I‑m-
P-\ä - n‑ I - v‑ F-©n‑ \ - o‑ b - d - n‑ § - n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ I‑oS- w‑ k-_v‑k - n‑ U - n‑ {‑]J - y‑ m‑ ]
- n‑ ¨
- n‑ c
- n‑ ¡
- p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. W‑ms - X‑ A-hc - p‑ s - S‑ ]‑mS- ¯ - v‑ t‑]m‑ b - n‑ b‑q-
I‑p¯ - m‑ ¯ - h‑nf - h - p‑ X - c - p‑ ¶ - h‑n¯ - p‑ ï - m‑ - C‑u h-f¡ - ¼ - \ - n‑ I
- Ä I‑mÀ-jn‑ I - t‑aJ - - d‑nb
- F-dn‑ ª - p‑ w‑ A-hs - c‑ B-IÀ-jn‑ ¨ - v‑
¡‑m³ k‑m² - y‑ a - Ã - . I‑mc - W - w‑ s‑sl ‑ {- _ ‑ n‑ - e-sb‑ \‑nb - {- ´
‑ n‑ ¡- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . F-§s - \ ‑ b- m‑ - h-gn‑ s‑Xä - n‑ ¨ - X - m‑ W - v‑. C-\n‑ X‑nc - n‑ ¨- p‑ s‑Im‑ -
s‑sU ‑ t- k ‑ j - ³ {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ b - n‑ Â \-S¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑, W‑v A-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä C-Xn‑ Â \‑ns - ¶‑ m‑ c - p‑ a‑mä - w‑ ï‑p t‑]m‑ I - W - s - a ‑ ¶ - p‑ s - ï ‑ ¦ - n‑ Â C-Xn‑ s - â ‑

C-c«- n‑ ]-Wn‑ s - b‑ S- p‑ t- ¡
‑ ï - n‑ h-cp‑ w‑ . ]-t£ ‑ , ¶‑p. A-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä I‑rj - n‑ ¡
- m‑ À A-Xv‑ k‑zo‑ I
- c - n‑ -
K-h¬-sa ‑ â‑n\ - v‑ B ]-Wn‑ s - b ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - p‑ Å- ¡‑pw‑ . A-§s - \
‑ s
- b
‑ m‑ c
- p‑ {‑ia
- w‑ C-t¶
‑ h
- s - c‑
D-¯c - h- m‑ Z- n‑ X- z-ap‑ ï - v‑, _‑m[ - y‑ X - b - p‑ ï
- v‑. I‑m- D-ïm‑ b - n‑ «- n‑ Ã
- .
c-Ww‑ A-hc - m‑ W - v‑ h-gn‑ s‑Xä - n‑ ¨
- X- v‑. A-Xn‑ \ - v‑
N‑ne
- t- ¸ ‑ m‑ Ä A-t§ ‑ m‑ «- v‑ s‑Im‑ ï - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ b - - F-«p‑ e-£w‑ s‑lI - v‑S- d - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ t‑I-
X‑ns- â
‑ ]-¯n‑ c - «- n‑ a‑pS- ¡- n‑ b - m‑ t- e ‑ X‑nc - n‑ ¨- p‑ c-f¯ - n‑ Â s‑\Â-Ir‑ j - n‑ D-ïm‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑
s‑Im‑ ï- p‑ h - c - m‑ ³ I-gn‑ b - q‑ . F-´m‑ b - m‑ e - p‑ w‑ F-¶p‑ w‑ C-t¸ ‑ m‑ g - X - v‑ c-ïp e-£t- ¯ ‑ m‑ f - w‑
A-Xv‑ s‑Nb - v‑t- X‑ ]-äq‑ . a‑m{- X ‑ t- a ‑ D-Åp‑ s - h ‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ ]-db - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
I‑rj - n‑ s - b ‑ \-ap‑ ¡ - v‑ X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - p‑ ]‑nS- n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³
P‑oh - n‑ ¡- m‑ ³ A-Xy‑ m‑ h - i - y‑ w‑ N‑pä - p‑ ] - m‑ S- p‑ - I-gn‑ b - n‑ t- Ã ‑ ?
Å-hÀ-¡v‑ ]-dª - n‑ c- n‑ ¡- p‑ ¶ - X - m‑ W - v‑ s‑sP ‑ - h‑ni - m‑ e - a - m‑ b - H-cp‑ h‑o£ - W - ¯ - n‑ e - q‑ -
h-Ir‑ j - n‑ F-¶v‑ H-cm‑ t- £ ‑ ] - w‑ D-ït- Ã ‑ m‑ ? s‑St- b ‑ A-Xn‑ s - â ‑ I‑mc - y‑ w‑ a-\Ê - n‑ e - m‑ h - q‑ .
F-´m‑ W - v‑ A-`n‑ {- ] ‑ m‑ b - w‑ ? A-cn‑ b - m‑ t- W ‑ m‑ \-½p‑ s - S‑ `-£W - w‑ F-¶
I‑rj - n‑ s - b ‑ a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ B-{i ‑ b - n‑ ¨
- v‑ P‑oh - n‑ t- ¨ ‑ m‑ t‑Nm‑ Z- y‑ ¯ - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ B-Zy‑ w‑ h-cW - w‑ . A-cn‑ -
F-¶p‑ Å - H-cp‑ k-tµ ‑ i - w‑ s‑Im‑ S- p‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - p‑ b‑mt- W ‑ m‑ ,‑ t‑Km‑ X - ¼ - m‑ t- W ‑ m‑ ,‑ I‑ng- § - m‑ t- W ‑ m‑
s‑Im‑ ï - m‑ W - n‑ X - v‑. A-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä s‑Xä - p‑ w‑ . I‑mc - - \-½p‑ s - S‑ `-£W - w‑ B-th ‑ ï - X - v‑? C-¶s - ¯ ‑
W‑w t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ \‑nX - y‑ P - o‑ h - n‑ X - s‑Ne - h - v‑ c‑oX - n‑ b - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑ A-cn‑ ` - £ - W - w‑ I-gn‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - -
H-cp‑ X-an‑ g - s - â ‑ t- b ‑ m‑ IÀ-®m‑ S- I - ¡ - m‑ c - s - â ‑ - s‑X¦ - n‑ Â \‑qd - p‑ i-Xa - m‑ \ - h - p‑ w‑ a-\p‑ j - y‑ À
t‑bm‑ A-Ã. \‑nX - y‑ P - o‑ h - n‑ X - s‑Ne - h - v‑ C-{X ‑ - {‑]t- a ‑ l - t‑cm‑ K - n‑ I - f - m‑ I - p‑ w‑ . I‑mc - W - w‑ un- t^mt«m/kµo]v- Zmkv
b‑pw‑ D-bÀ-¶p‑ \‑nÂ-¡p‑ ¶ - {‑]t- Z‑ i - ¯ - v‑ natural carbohydrate B-Wv‑ A-cn‑ . a-\p‑ -
I‑rj - n‑ s - b
‑ a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ B-{i ‑ b - n‑ ¨ - v‑ P‑oh - n‑ ¡ - m‑ - j‑y\ - v‑ A-\p‑ t- b ‑ m‑ P - y‑ a - m‑ b - H-cp‑ I‑mÀ-t_ ‑ m‑ F‑w.P‑n. b‑q-W‑n-t‑h-g‑v-k‑n-ä‑n-b‑nÂ
s‑a¶
- k-tµ
s‑Xä- m‑ W - v‑, d-ºÀ I‑rj
‑ i - w‑ s‑Im‑ S- p‑ ¡
- n‑ H-gn‑ ¨
- p‑ ¶ - X
- v‑. I‑rj
- p X-s¶
- n‑ b
‑
- p‑ w‑
s‑sl
s‑sl
‑ t- {‑ U
‑ t- {‑ U
‑ ä
‑ ä
- v‑ A-Ã. b-Ym‑ À-° I‑mÀ-t_
- v‑ I-sï ‑ t- ¯ ‑ ï - n‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶
‑ m‑ -
- p‑ .
s‑s‑P-h-I‑r-j‑n ¢‑m-Ê‑p-IÄ
I‑rj
I‑rj
- n‑ A-\p‑ _
b‑pt- a ‑ \-ap‑ ¡
- n‑ b - p‑ s
- Ô
- v‑ t‑]m‑ I
- S‑ A-Sn‑ Ø
- h‑yh
-
- k
- m‑ ³ ]-äq‑ . s‑sP
m‑ \ - I‑mc
- m‑ b - ¯ - n‑ e
- y‑ § - Ä a‑p-
- q‑ s
‑ h
- S‑ -
- -
a-\p‑ j
P‑ya - m‑ b
`‑qa- n‑ b
- y‑ i - c
- H-cp‑ I‑mÀ-t_
- n‑ Â F-hn‑ s
- o‑ c - ¯ - n‑ \
- S‑ t- b
- v‑ G-äh
‑ m‑ s‑sl
‑ m‑ D-ïv‑. A-Xp‑ I-ïp‑ -
- p‑ w‑ A-\p‑ t- b
‑ t- {‑ U ‑ ä - v‑ C‑u
‑ m‑ -
t‑I‑m -«-b-¯‑v F‑w.P‑n. b‑q-W‑n-t‑h-g‑v-k‑n-ä‑n-
b‑n-s‑e s‑s‑e-^‑v t‑e‑m-§‑v t‑e-W‑n-
§‑v Bâ‑v F-I‑v-Ì³-j³ U‑n-¸‑mÀ-«‑v-s‑aâ‑m-W‑v
]‑nS- n‑ ¡ - W - w‑ . A-Xp‑ a- m‑ b - n‑ _-Ôs - ¸ ‑ «- I‑rj - n‑ s‑s‑P-h-I‑r-j‑n-b‑nÂ 120 a-W‑n-¡‑qÀ (20 R‑m-b-d‑m-
{‑]t- a ‑ m‑ «- v‑ s‑N¿ - W - w‑ . g‑v-N‑) s‑s‑ZÀ-L‑y-a‑p-Å kÀ-«‑n-^‑n-¡-ä‑v t‑I‑m-g‑v-k‑v
s‑\-Ã‑n-s‑\ B-{‑i-b‑n-¨‑n-\‑n a‑p-t‑¶‑m- \-S-¯‑p-¶-X‑v. h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k t‑b‑m-K‑y-X-t‑b‑m {‑]‑m-b-
I‑m«- n‑ Â \‑n¶ - v‑ C-d§ - n‑ b - a-\p‑ j - y‑ ³
«‑p t‑]‑m-I‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑n-Ã. I‑m-c-W‑w I-®n‑ Â I-ï H-cp‑ ]‑pÃ - n‑ s - e ‑ a-Wn‑ I - s - f ‑ ]-c‑n-[‑n-t‑b‑m _‑m-[-I-a-Ã‑m-¯ C‑u t‑I‑m-g‑v-k‑n-\‑v
`‑q-a‑n-b‑n-s‑e‑, s‑\Â-I‑r-j‑n s‑N- I‑r-j‑n-t‑b‑m-S‑p-Å A-`‑n-\‑n-t‑h-i‑w a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v
`-£W - a - m‑ ¡ - n‑ i‑oe - n‑ ¨ - X - m‑ W - v‑. k‑q£ - n‑ ¨ - p‑ A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\ t‑b‑m-K‑y-X. t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e, s‑s‑P-
¿‑m³ ]-ä‑n-b A-\‑p-I‑q-e-a‑m-b h-¡m‑ ³ ]-än‑ b - X - m‑ b - X - p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - v‑ \‑nX - y‑ ` - - h-I‑r-j‑n-b‑nÂ G-ä-h‑p‑w {‑]-K-Û-c‑m-b‑n-«‑p-Å-h-
£-Wa - m‑ b - n‑ t- ¸ ‑ m‑ b - X - m‑ W - v‑. \-½p‑ s - S‑ Z-l- c‑m-W‑v ¢‑m-Ê‑p-IÄ \-b‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. A-¡‑m-Z-a‑n-I
I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-S-§Ä I‑p-d-ª‑p-s‑I‑m- \-]² - X - ‑n-s‑b-¸-ä‑n-t‑b‑m Z-l-\-c-k-§- c‑w-K-¯‑v {‑]‑m-K-Û‑y‑w s‑X-f‑n-b‑n-¨-h-s‑c I‑q-S‑m-s‑X
t‑ï-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. s‑f-¸-ä‑n-t‑b‑m ]T‑n-¨‑n-«‑v s‑X-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¯ {‑]‑m-t‑b‑m-K‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n‑, h‑n-P-b-I-c-a‑m-b‑n s‑s‑P-h-I‑r-
H-c‑p `-£-W-a-Ã A-X‑v. C-¶‑v \-½‑p-s‑S j‑n s‑N-¿‑p-¶ IÀ-j-I-c‑p‑w A-h-c‑p-s‑S A-\‑p-`-h-
g‑ph
- ³ h‑nI - k - n‑ ¨ - n‑ «- p‑ w‑ D-ïm‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - n‑ Ã - . s‑s‑U-P-Ì‑o-h‑v k‑n-Ì-s‑¯-¸-ä‑n \-a‑p-¡- §Ä ]-IÀ-¶‑p \Â-I‑p-¶‑p. a‑q-¶‑p ¢‑m-Ê‑p-IÄ
B k-ab - ¯ - v‑ IÀ-jI - À a-Sn‑ ¨ - p‑ \ - n‑ Â-¡p‑ w‑ . d‑n-b‑m‑w. G-ä-h‑p‑w A-\‑p-t‑b‑m-P‑y-a‑m-b I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-S-§Ä k-µÀ-i‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n \‑o-¡‑n
s‑sP ‑ h - I - r‑ j - n‑ b - n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ \-½Ä ]-ca - m‑ h - [ - n‑ I‑mÀ-t‑_‑m-s‑s‑l-t‑{‑U-ä‑v G-X‑m-s‑W-¶‑v h-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. t‑I-c-f-¯‑nÂ G-ä-h‑p‑w \-¶‑m-b‑n
s‑s‑P-h-I‑r-j‑n s‑N-¿‑p-¶-h-c‑p-s‑S I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-S-§-
h‑nf - h - v‑ D-ïm‑ ¡ - n‑ I‑mW - n‑ ¨ - p‑ s‑Im‑ S- p‑ ¯ - m‑ Â e-t‑_‑m-d-«-d‑n-b‑nÂ ]-c‑o-£‑n-¨‑v I-s‑ï- f‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w C‑u k-µÀ-i-\-§-f‑nÂ DÄ-s‑¸-S‑p-
H‑mt- «‑ m‑ a - m‑ ä - n‑ I - v‑ B-bn‑ I‑rj - n‑ ¡ - m‑ À A-Xn‑ - ¯‑m-\‑p-Å k‑u-I-c‑y-h‑p‑w A-d‑n-h‑p‑w ¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑m-h‑p-I. C-X‑n-\-I‑w c-ï‑v _‑m-¨‑p-IÄ
t‑e¡ - v‑ h-cp‑ w‑ . D-Zm‑ l - c - W - ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ a‑o\ - n‑ s - â ‑ C-¶‑p-ï‑v. A-t‑¸‑mÄ A-t‑X-X‑m-s‑W-¶‑v ]‑qÀ-¯‑n-b‑m-b‑n. s‑s‑h-I‑m-s‑X X-s‑¶ 200 a-W‑n-
A-hi - n‑ j - v‑S- w‑ cq]mćs¸Sp¯n a-®n‑ t- e ‑ - X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-ª‑n-«‑v B s‑N-S‑n-s‑b {‑]-t‑a‑m-«‑v ¡‑qÀ s‑s‑ZÀ-L‑y-a‑p-Å U‑n-t‑¹‑m-a t‑I‑m-g‑v-k‑v B-¡‑n
¡p s‑Im‑ S- p‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - p‑ Å - k‑mt- ¦ ‑ X - n‑ I - h - n‑ Z- y‑ s‑N-¿-W‑w. A¬ \‑m-¨‑p-dÂ I‑mÀ-t‑_‑m C-X‑n-s‑\ a‑m-ä‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-Å X-¿‑m-s‑d-S‑p-¸‑p-IÄ
h‑nI- k - n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¨ - n‑ «- v‑ a‑mk - w‑ a‑qt- ¶ ‑ B-bn«pÅ‑p. s‑s‑l-t‑{‑U-ä‑v, t‑I‑m-g‑n-b‑p‑w {‑]‑m-h‑p‑w X‑n-¶‑p- \-S-¶‑p h-c‑p-¶‑p.
C-d¨ - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ A-hi - n‑ j - v‑S- w‑ I¬-sh ‑ À-«v‑ ¶-X‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e \-a‑p-¡‑v X‑n-¶‑m³ ]-ä‑n-Ã
s‑Nb - v‑X - v‑ s‑Im‑ S- p‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ C-cp‑ ] - ¯ - n‑ b - © - p‑ F-¶‑n-c‑n-t‑¡ A-X‑v \-½‑p-t‑S-X-Ã. ]-t‑£, k‑n-e-_-k‑n-s‑\ \‑m-e‑p-`‑m-K-§-f‑m-b‑n
hÀ-jw‑ I-gn‑ ª - t- ¸ ‑ m‑ g - m‑ W - v‑ R-§Ä-¡v‑ \‑n-X‑y-`-£-W-a‑m-b‑n-t‑¸‑m-b-X‑m-W‑v. X‑n-c‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
k‑m[ - n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. A-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä H‑mt- c ‑ m‑ - s‑\-Ã‑n-s‑â Ø‑m-\-¯‑v H-c‑p a-c-a‑m-W‑v 1‑. {‑]‑m-Y-a‑n-I ]‑mT-§Ä þ I‑r-j‑n s‑N-¿‑m³
t‑¶m‑ c - m‑ ¶ - m‑ b - n‑ h-cp‑ ¶ - t- X ‑ b - p‑ Å - p‑ . ]-t£ ‑ , h-c‑p-¶-s‑X-¶‑n-c‑n-¡-s‑«‑, P-e-k‑w-`-c-W‑w a-®‑n-s‑\ H-c‑p-¡‑p-¶-X‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e X-s‑¶ a-\‑p-j‑y-
s‑\-b‑p‑w H-c‑p-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï‑v. A-X‑m-W‑v B-Z‑y-]‑mT‑w.
C-Xv‑ kÀ-¡m‑ À C-Ss - ] ‑ «- n‑ c - p‑ s - ¶ ‑ ¦ - n‑ Â‑, b‑q- \-S-¡‑n-t‑Ã? h‑n³-U‑v t‑{‑_-¡‑n-§‑v \-S-¡‑n- 2. {‑]‑m-t‑b‑m-K‑n-I ]‑mT-§Ä þ ]T‑n-¨ I‑m-c‑y-§Ä
W‑nt- h ‑ g - v‑k - n‑ ä - n‑ C-Ss - ] ‑ «- n‑ c - p‑ s - ¶ ‑ ¦ - n‑ Â H-cp‑ t‑Ã? N‑q-S‑p I‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑m³ D-]-I-c‑n-¡‑n-t‑Ã? {‑]‑m-t‑b‑m-K‑n-I X-e-¯‑nÂ s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-Å k‑w-
a‑q¶
- p‑ hÀ-jw‑ s‑Im‑ ï - v‑ k‑m[ - y‑ a - m‑ ¡ - m‑ a - m‑ - H-c‑p X-h-W \-«‑mÂ A-d‑p-]-X‑p-hÀ-j‑w h‑n-[‑m-\-§Ä/\‑nÀ-t‑±-i-§Ä.
b‑nc - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . ^-e‑w X-c‑n-t‑Ã? A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v s‑s‑P- 3. k‑m-a‑q-l‑y ]‑mT-§Ä-þ-I‑r-j‑n-b‑p-s‑S k‑m-a‑q-l‑y
h-fs - c ‑ N‑pc - p‑ § - n‑ b - B-fp‑ I - Ä D-sÅ ‑ m‑ c - p‑ h-I‑r-j‑n-b‑p‑w I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-Ã‑m-¡‑r-j‑n-b‑n-s‑e- h-i-§-s‑f-b‑p‑w {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y-s‑¯-b‑p‑w t‑_‑m-²‑y-s‑¸-
k‑wL - S- \ - hÀ-j§ - Ä ]-Wn‑ s - b ‑ S- p‑ t- ¡ ‑ - ¯-W‑w F-¶ \‑n-K-a-\-¯‑n-s‑e-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑n- S‑p-¯‑p-¶ ¢‑m-k‑p-IÄ/NÀ-¨-IÄ
ï‑nh - c - p‑ w‑ . H-cp‑ K-th ‑ j - W - w‑ kÀ-¡m‑ c - m‑ - ¡‑p-¶-X‑v. A-X‑m-b-X‑v a-c-§-f‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p‑w 4. A-\‑p-`-h ]‑mT-§Ä-þ-]‑qÀ-®-a‑m-b‑p‑w s‑s‑P-h-
W‑v G-sä ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - v‑ \-St- ¯ ‑ ï - X - v‑. F-§s - \ ‑ `-£-W‑w h-c-W‑w. s‑\-Ã‑n-s‑\ B-{‑i-b‑n-¨‑n- I‑r-j‑n s‑N-¿‑p-¶ I‑r-j‑n-¡‑m-c‑m-W‑v C‑u h‑n-`‑m-K‑w
]-ca - m‑ h - [ - n‑ D-Xv‑] - m‑ Z- \ - w‑ s‑sP ‑ h - I - r‑ j - n‑ b - n‑ - \‑n a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p t‑]‑m-I‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑n-Ã. I‑m-c- s‑s‑I-I‑m-c‑y‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑v.
e‑qs - S‑ D-ïm‑ ¡ - m‑ w‑ F-¶p‑ Å - H-cp‑ K-th ‑ j - - W‑w `‑q-a‑n-b‑n-s‑e‑, s‑\Â-I‑r-j‑n s‑N-¿‑m³ H-c‑p t‑I‑m-g‑v-k‑v F-¶-X‑n-e‑p-]-c‑n ]‑qÀ-®-a‑m-b H-c‑p
W‑w D-ïm‑ I - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ C-Xn‑ Â \‑nÂ-¡p‑ ¶ - ]-ä‑n-b A-\‑p-I‑q-e-a‑m-b I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-S-§Ä P‑o-h‑n-X-c‑o-X‑n ]T‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-I F-¶-X‑m-W‑v CXp-
BfpIfpa‑mb - n‑ - k-lI - c - n‑ ¨ - ps‑Im‑ ï - v‑ H-cp‑ I‑p-d-ª‑p-s‑I‑m-t‑ï-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. `-£-W‑w sIm−v e-£‑y-a‑n-S‑p-¶-X‑v. _-Ô-s‑¸-t‑S-ï \-¼-d‑p-
hÀ-¡p‑ w‑ I‑qS- n‑ D-ïm‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ s - h ‑ ¦ - n‑ Â h-f- h‑n-f-b‑p-¶ I‑m-S‑v F-¶ k-¦Â-¸-s‑a-S‑p- IÄ t‑U‑m. k‑m-_‑p-I‑p-«³ þ 9349708195‑,
s‑c e-fn‑ X - a - m‑ b - n‑ - I‑mc - y‑ w‑ k‑m[ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ - ¡‑m-\‑p-Å I‑m-c-W-a-X‑m-W‑v. c‑m-[‑m-I‑r-j‑v-W³ þ 9446469046.

k‑n. c‑m-P-t‑K‑m-]‑m-e³
I-e‑v-]h‑r-£ a \
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b‑vU
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F-¶ A-Û‑p-X
a‑mÀ-Iv‑k - n‑ \ - p‑ w‑ k-ai - o‑ À-j\ - m‑ b - n‑ t‑em‑ I -
I‑mÀ-jn‑ I - N-cn‑ {- X ‑ ¯ - n‑ Â F-gp‑ ¶ - p‑ \ - n‑ Â-
¡‑p¶ - h‑yà - n‑ X - z‑ a - m‑ W - v‑ a-kt- \ ‑ m‑ _ - p‑
^‑p¡ - p‑ t- h ‑ m‑ ¡ - b - p‑ t- S‑ X - v‑. I‑rj - n‑ F-¶,‑
`-£‑y-h-\‑w
a-\p‑ j - y‑ I - p‑ e - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ B-Zn‑ a - h - p‑ w‑ k‑mÀ-
Æ-{X ‑ n‑ I - h - p‑ a - m‑ b - D-]P - o‑ h - \ - h‑r¯ - n‑ s - b ‑
C-{X ‑ t- ¯ ‑ m‑ f - w‑ kÀ-¤m‑ ß - I - a - m‑ b - n‑ {‑]I - r‑ -
X‑nt- b ‑ m‑ S- p‑ h‑nf - ¡ - n‑ t- ¨ ‑ À-¯ H-cp‑ ZÀ-i\ - w‑
^‑p¡ - p‑ t- h ‑ m‑ ¡ - b - v‑¡ - p‑ a‑p³-]v‑ D-ïm‑ b - n‑ «- n‑ Ã - ,‑
C-\n‑ D-ïm‑ h - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ A-km‑ [ - y‑ a - m‑ W - v‑.
"X‑m³ s‑N-¿‑m³ {‑i-a‑n-¨-X‑v X-s‑¶-¡‑mÄ `‑w-K‑n-b‑m-b‑n P‑oh - s - \ ‑ \‑nÀ-½n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ h-fÀ-¯p‑ -
I-bp‑ w‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ A-Xn‑ \ - m‑ h - i - y‑ -
s‑N-b‑v-X h‑y-à‑n-‑' F-¶‑v ^‑p-¡‑p-t‑h‑m-¡ h‑n-t‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¨‑, a‑mb
- `-£W - h - p‑ w‑ \‑nÀ-½n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ ï - v‑. C‑u
C-´‑y³ ^‑p-¡‑p-t‑h‑m-¡ A-s‑Ã-¦‑nÂ {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-I‑r-j‑n-b‑p-s‑S ]-ca - m‑ À-°w‑ DÄ-s¡ ‑ m‑ ï - v‑ {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ t- b ‑ m‑ S- p‑ -
K‑m-Ô‑n F-¶-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ `‑m-k‑v-IÀ k‑m-s‑h-b‑p-s‑S t‑NÀ-¶p‑ \‑n¶ - v‑, k‑wL - À-j§ - f - n‑ Ã - m‑ s - X ‑
a-\p‑ j - y‑ ³ F-§s ‑ \ ‑ k‑zb - w‑ ]‑pe - c - W - w‑
I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-S-¯‑n-t‑e-s‑¡‑m-c‑p b‑m-{‑X. F-¶ D-]\ - n‑ j - Z- v‑P - \ - y‑ a - m‑ b - ZÀ-i\ - a - m‑ W - v‑
^‑p¡ - p‑ t- h ‑ m‑ ¡ - t‑em‑ I - ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ \Â-Ip‑ ¶ - X - v‑.
A-Xv‑ t‑Ih - e - w‑ I‑rj - n‑ i - m‑ k - v‑{- X ‑ t- a ‑ m‑ H-cp‑
D-Xv‑] - m‑ Z- \ - c‑oX - n‑ t- b ‑ m‑ a‑m{- X ‑ a - Ã - ,‑ a-dn‑ ¨ - v‑
{‑]I- r‑ X - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ `‑mK - w‑ X-s¶ ‑ b - m‑ b - a-\p‑ -
j‑y³‑, k-hn‑ t- i ‑ j - a - m‑ b - X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - d - n‑ h - n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑
""DXv]‑m-Z-\-¡‑p-d-h‑v'‑' F-¶‑v ^‑p-¡‑p-

t‑h‑m-¡ k‑z-b‑w t‑\-c‑n-« B-t‑c‑m-]-W-
¯‑n-\‑p-Å a-d‑p-]-S‑n-b‑p‑w ]-c‑n-l‑m-c-
h‑p-a‑m-b‑n t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-\‑p a‑p³-]‑nÂ
\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶‑p `‑m-k‑v-IÀ k‑m-s‑h-b‑p‑w
"I-e‑v-]-h‑r-£-b‑p‑w‑'.
A-Xn‑ t- \ ‑ m‑ S- v‑ G-äh - p‑ w‑ C-W§ - n‑ \ - n‑ ¶ - p‑ P‑oh - n‑ -

¡‑pI - b - p‑ w‑ ,‑ i‑nj - v‑S- t- e ‑ m‑ I - s - ¯ ‑ P‑oh - n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³
A-\p‑ h - Z- n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - I‑mh - y‑ m‑ ß - -
I-am‑ b - t‑em‑ I - h‑o£ - W - w‑ X-s¶ ‑ b - m‑ W - X - v‑.
k‑zb - w‑ \‑nÀ-½n‑ ¡ - p‑ h - m‑ \ - p‑ w‑ h-fÀ-¯p‑ h - m‑ -
\‑pw‑ ]-cn‑ ] - m‑ I - w‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - p‑ X-cp‑ h - m‑ \ - p‑ a - p‑ Å -
{‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ A-\y‑ q‑ \ - a - m‑ b - k‑rj - v‑S- y‑ p‑ -
·‑pJ - X - b - n‑ Â‑, k‑z´ - w‑ I‑me - S- n‑ ¸ - m‑ S- p‑ I - Ä
h‑og - v‑¯ - m‑ s - X ‑ ,‑ \-J£ - X - § - t- f ‑ e - v‑] - n‑ ¡ - m‑ -
s‑X F-§s - \ ‑ `-£W - w‑ D-Xv‑] - m‑ Z- n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - m‑ w‑
A-Yh - m‑ I-sï ‑ ¯ - m‑ w‑ F-¶p‑ t‑em‑ I - ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑
]-dª - p‑ X-cm‑ \ - p‑ w‑ I‑mW - n‑ ¨ - p‑ s‑Im‑ S- p‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - p‑ -
a‑mW
- v‑ ^‑p¡ - p‑ t- h ‑ m‑ ¡ - {‑ia- n‑ ¨ - X - v‑. B-[p‑ \ - n‑ I -
h‑ym‑ h - l - m‑ c - n‑ I - t‑em‑ I - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ h‑mW - n‑ P - y‑ ] - -
c-am‑ b - A-fh - p‑ t- I ‑ m‑ e - p‑ I - f - n‑ Â ^‑p¡ - p‑ t- h ‑ m‑ -
¡-bp‑ s - S‑ I‑rj - n‑ c‑oX - n‑ I - Ä h‑nP - b - a - s - Ã ‑ ¶ - p‑
I-sï ‑ ¯ - p‑ ¶ - h - c - p‑ ï - v‑. F-¶m‑ Â H-cp‑ I‑r-
j‑nc‑oX - n‑ F-¶X - n‑ \ - ¸ - p‑ d - w‑ BÀ-¯n‑ þ- t- c ‑ m‑ -
K-cl - n‑ X - h - p‑ w‑ i‑m´ - k - p‑ µ - c - h - p‑ a - m‑ b - H-cp‑
P‑oh - n‑ X - c - o‑ X - n‑ b - m‑ b - n‑ ^‑p¡ - p‑ t- h ‑ m‑ ¡ - b - p‑ s - S‑
ZÀ-i\ - § - s - f ‑ I‑mW - p‑ h - m‑ ³ {‑ia- n‑ ¡ - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä
B I‑pd - h - v‑ I‑pd - h - s - Ã ‑ ¶ - p‑ X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - d - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ !‑
B-te ‑ m‑ N - n‑ ¨ - m‑ Â C-¡m‑ e - ¯ - v‑ A-Xn‑ t- \ ‑ -
¡‑mÄ B-hi - y‑ I - c - a - m‑ b - n‑ a-sä ‑ ´ - p‑ ï - v‑?
`‑mk
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‑ P-¸m‑ \ - n‑ s - e ‑ ^‑p¡ - p‑ t- h ‑ m‑ ¡ - F-¶ h‑nZ- q‑ c -
t^mt«m/]m{SnIv en³U³ IÀ-jI - {‑Km‑ a - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ a-kt- \ ‑ m‑ _ - p‑ F-¶
www.patriklinden.se. {‑Km‑ a - o‑ W - ³ X-sâ ‑ {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ \‑nc - o‑ £ - W -

]-co‑ £ - W - § - Ä‑, "-Hä - s - s ‑ h ‑ t- ¡ ‑ m‑ Â h‑n¹ - - \‑ne - b - v‑¡ - v‑ I-ev‑] - h - r‑ £ - s - b ‑ b - p‑ w‑ `‑mk - v‑I - À §‑n ]-eX - c - w‑ {‑lk - z‑ þ- a - ² - y‑ ,‑ Z‑oÀ-LI - m‑ e -
h‑w'‑- ,‑ "-{] ‑ I - r‑ X - n‑ b - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - p‑ a-S§ - m‑ ³-'‑ (Road k‑ms - h ‑ s - b ‑ b - p‑ w‑ t‑\c - n‑ «- p‑ I‑mW - m‑ ³ I-gn‑ - h‑nf - I - Ä I‑qS- m‑ s - X ‑ a-t\ ‑ m‑ l - c - a - m‑ b - ]‑qs - ¨ ‑ -
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- f - p‑ w‑ . P-et- k ‑ N - \ - w‑ t‑]c - n‑ \ - p‑ a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ .
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Nn{XoIcWw/At¡m ¡‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. B-{‑Ô‑, IÀ-W‑m-S-I‑,
a-l‑m-c‑m-j‑v-{‑S X‑p-S-§‑n-b k‑w-Ø‑m-\-
§-f‑nÂ ]-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n-c-¡-W-¡‑n-\‑v

G-¡À Ø-e-¯‑v ]‑-t‑e-¡-d‑p-s‑S {‑]-I‑r-
X‑n-I‑r-j‑n c‑o-X‑n-b‑nÂ I‑r-j‑n s‑N-b‑v-X‑v
a‑p-´‑n-b h‑n-f-s‑h-S‑p-¡‑p-¶‑p. G-s‑X‑m-c‑p
]‑p-X‑n-b c‑o-X‑n-s‑b-b‑p‑w k‑w-i-b-t‑¯‑m-
s‑S a‑m-{‑X‑w h‑o-£‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w G-ä-h‑p‑w
A-h-k‑m-\‑w a‑m-{‑X‑w k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w
s‑N-¿‑p-¶ a-e-b‑m-f‑n-IÄ-¡‑n-S-b‑nÂ-t‑¸‑m-
e‑p‑w ]‑t‑e-¡À B-h‑n-j‑v-I-c‑n-¨ k‑o-t‑d‑m
_-P-ä‑v {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-I‑r-j‑n-¡‑v {‑]-N‑p-c-{‑]-N‑m-c‑w
I‑n-«‑n-¡-g‑n-ª‑p. a-\‑p-j‑y-s‑â C-S-s‑]-S-e‑n-
Ã‑m-¯‑n-S-s‑¯-Ã‑m‑w h‑n-f-h‑n-\‑v H-c‑p I‑p-d-h‑p- _‑o-P‑m-a‑r-X‑w A-Y-h‑m h‑n-¯-a‑r-X‑w P‑o-h‑m-a‑r-X‑w
a‑n-Ã F-¶ \‑n-c‑o-£-W-a‑m-W‑v A-t‑±-l‑w H-tc ‑ ¡
- À `‑qa - n‑ b
- n‑ Â h‑n¯- p‑ P‑o-h‑m-a‑r-X‑w X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑p-¶ h‑n-[‑w:
A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-a‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑v. t‑e‑m-t‑I‑m- h
- n‑ X- b - v‑¡
- p‑ ¶
- X - n‑ \
- p‑ Å
- _‑oP- m‑ a
- r‑ X
- w‑ X-¿m‑ -
c‑m-²‑y-\‑m-b ^‑p-¡‑p-t‑h‑m-¡ ]-d-ª-X‑p‑w d‑m¡ - p‑ ¶ - - h‑n[ - w‑ : ]-¯‑p I‑n-t‑e‑m N‑m-W-I‑w‑, A-©‑p a‑p-XÂ
a-s‑ä‑m-¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. H-c‑p \‑m-S³ ]-i‑p-h‑n- ]-¯‑p e‑n-äÀ h-s‑c t‑K‑m-a‑q-{‑X‑w‑, c-ï‑p
s‑â N‑m-W-I-h‑p‑w a‑q-{‑X-h‑p-a‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v h‑n-X-b‑v-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑â X-te ‑ ¶ - v‑ A-©p‑ I‑n-t‑e‑m I-d‑p-¯ s‑h-Ã‑w A-s‑Ã-¦‑nÂ
a-®‑n-e‑p-Å k‑q-£‑v-a‑m-W‑p-¡-s‑f s‑]-c‑p- I‑nt- e ‑ m‑ N‑mW - I - w‑ a‑rZ- p‑ h - m‑ b - ]-cp‑ ¯ - n‑ ¯ - p‑ - c-ï‑p e‑n-äÀ t‑X-§-s‑h-Å‑w A-X‑p-a-s‑Ã-
¸‑n-¨‑v, hÀ-²‑n-¨ D-X‑v-]‑m-Z-\-a‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶ W‑nb - n‑ Â s‑]m‑ X - n‑ ª - p‑ s- I ‑ «- n‑ 50e‑n. s‑hÅ - - ¦‑nÂ c-ï‑p-I‑n-t‑e‑m a-[‑p-c-¸-g-§Ä‑, c-ï‑p
e-f‑n-X-a‑m-b I‑r-j‑n-c‑o-X‑n-b‑m-W‑v ]‑-t‑e-¡- a‑pÅ - h‑o¸ - b - n‑ Â X‑q¡ - n‑ b - n‑ S- p‑ I - . X‑q¡ - n‑ b - n‑ - I‑n-t‑e‑m ]-bÀ-s‑]‑m-S‑n A-Y-h‑m C-c-«-¸-c‑n-
d‑p-t‑S-X‑v. t‑I-c-f-¯‑nÂ l‑n-e‑m-e‑p‑w I‑q-«- S‑pt- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä A-Xn‑ s - â ‑ s‑I«- v‑ s‑hÅ - ¯ - n‑ Â ¸‑p-Å G-s‑X-¦‑n-e‑p‑w ]-bÀ-hÀ-K‑w‑, H-c‑p-]‑n-
c‑p-a‑m-W‑v C‑u h‑n-j-a‑n-Ã‑m {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-¡‑r- \-¶m‑ b - n‑ a‑p§ - n‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - W - w‑ . H-cp‑ e‑nä - À S‑n t‑aÂ-a-®‑v I‑q-S‑m-s‑X C-c‑p-¶‑q-d‑v e‑n-äÀ
j‑n-b‑p-s‑S G-ä-h‑p‑w h-e‑n-b {‑]‑m-t‑b‑m-K‑n-I s‑hÅ - a - p‑ Å - ]‑m{- X ‑ ¯ - n‑ Â 50{‑Km‑ w‑ N‑p® - m‑ - s‑h-Å‑w. h‑o-¸-b‑nÂ s‑h-Å-t‑¯‑m-s‑S‑m-¸‑w
h-à‑m-¡Ä. h‑n-j-h‑n-a‑p-à-a‑m-b S¬ ¼‑v I‑pX - n‑ À-¯m‑ \ - n‑ S- W - w‑ . h‑n¯ - p‑ h - n‑ X - b - v‑- a‑p-I-f‑nÂ ]-d-ª-s‑X-Ã‑m‑w t‑NÀ-¯‑v C-f-
I-W-¡‑n-\‑v A-c‑n-b‑m-W‑v C-hÀ H‑m-t‑c‑m ¡‑p¶ - Z‑nh - k - w‑ c‑mh - n‑ s - e ‑ ,‑ s‑hÅ - ¯ - n‑ Â ¡‑p-I. h‑o-¸ X-W-e‑p-Å Ø-e-¯‑v h-¨‑v
hÀ-j-h‑p‑w A-t‑©‑m-f‑w P‑n-Ã-I-f‑n-e‑m-b‑p-Å a‑p¡ - n‑ h - ¨ - n‑ «- p‑ Å - N‑mW - I - s - ¸ ‑ m‑ X - n‑ \-¶m‑ b - n‑ \-\-ª N‑m-¡‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v a‑q-S‑n-b‑n-S‑p-I.
{‑]-I‑r-X‑n I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-S-§-f‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑v D-X‑v- I‑pe - p‑ ¡ - p‑ I - ; ]-t£ ‑ s‑I«- g - n‑ b - m‑ s - X ‑ t‑\m‑ - Z‑n-h-k-h‑p‑w t‑I‑m-e‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v {‑]-Z-£‑n-W-
¡-Ww‑ . A-©m‑ d - p‑ X - h - W - N‑mW - I - s - ¸ ‑ m‑ - c‑o-X‑n-b‑nÂ aq¶pt\cw C-f-¡‑p-I. G-g‑p
a-®‑n-c {‑k-h‑n-¡‑p-¶ c‑m-k-]-Z‑mÀ- X‑n ]‑pd - s - ¯ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - p‑ ]‑ng - n‑ b - m‑ w‑ . ]‑ns - ¶ ‑ Z‑n-h-k-¯‑n-\‑p-t‑i-j‑w‑, X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑n-b
°-§-f‑nÂ F-Ã‑m X-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å N‑p® - m‑ ¼ - p‑ s - h ‑ Å - w‑ N‑mW - I - s - h ‑ Å - t- ¯ ‑ m‑ - P‑o-h‑m-a‑r-X‑w ]-¯‑n-c-«‑n s‑h-Å‑w t‑NÀ-¯‑v
s‑Sm‑ ¸ - w‑ t‑NÀ-¯n‑ f - ¡ - n‑ \‑mS- ³ ]-ip‑ h - n‑ s - â ‑ I‑r-j‑n-`‑q-a‑n-b‑nÂ X-f‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-I.
BÂ-¡-s‑s‑e-U‑p-I-f‑p‑w t‑{‑K‑m-¯‑v A-©p‑ e - n‑ ä - À a‑q{- X ‑ w‑ I-eÀ-¯p‑ I - . [‑m\ - y‑ - I‑r-X‑y-a‑m-b‑n s‑N-S‑n-b‑p-s‑S I-S-b‑v-¡Â
t‑l‑mÀ-t‑a‑m-W‑p-I-f‑p‑w A-a‑n-t‑\‑m hÀ-K§ - Ä I‑rj - n‑ s‑N¿ - m‑ ³ 50e‑n. s‑hÅ - w‑ X-s‑¶ H-g‑n-¡-W-s‑a-¶‑n-Ã. P‑o-h‑m-a‑r-X‑w
B-k‑n-U‑p-I-f‑p-a‑p-ï‑v. C-h k-k‑y- t‑hW - s - a ‑ ¶ - n‑ Ã - 20e‑n. B-bm‑ e - p‑ w‑ a-Xn‑ . H-c‑p h-f-a-Ã F-¶‑p-Å I‑m-c‑y‑w a-\-Ê‑nÂ
¯‑n-s‑â h-fÀ-¨-¡‑p k-l‑m-b-I- h‑n¯ - p‑ I - Ä H-cp‑ a‑n\ - n‑ ä - v‑ _‑oP - m‑ a - r‑ X - ¯ - n‑ Â D-d-¸‑n-¡-W‑w. I‑q-S‑p-XÂ H-g‑n-¨-X‑p-s‑I‑m-
a‑p¡ - n‑ b - m‑ Â a-Xn‑ . a‑p¡ - n‑ s - b ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - t- i ‑ j - w‑ ï‑v I‑q-S‑pÂ h‑n-f-h‑v {‑]-X‑o-£‑n-t‑¡-ï
a‑m-I‑p-¶‑p. \-\h - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - X - p‑ h - s - c ‑ ,‑ ¹‑mÌ - n‑ I - v‑ j‑oä - v‑ F-¶À-°‑w.
h‑nc - n‑ ¨ - p‑ \‑ng - e - n‑ Â D-W§ - m‑ \ - n‑ S- p‑ I - .
]‑m-Z‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. c‑m-k-h-f-t‑a‑m I‑o-S-\‑m-
i‑n-\‑n-I-t‑f‑m D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m-s‑X D-X‑v-]‑m-Z‑n-
¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ C‑u A-c‑n-b‑v-¡‑v C-t‑¸‑mÄ h³
U‑n-a‑mâ‑m-W‑v.
N‑n-XÂ‑, ]‑m-¼‑v, F-e‑n‑, ]-Ã‑n‑, X-h-f‑, F³.]‑n.s‑I. (s‑s‑\-{‑S-P³‑, t‑^‑m-k‑v-^- X‑m-W‑v {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-I‑r-j‑n-c‑o-X‑n. a-®‑n-c
I‑m-«‑p-]‑q-¨ F-¶‑o IÀ-j-I a‑n-{‑X-§-s‑f d-k‑v, s‑]‑m-«‑m-j‑v) a‑p-X-e‑m-b-h t‑h-W- s‑N-t‑¿-ï ]-W‑n-IÄ IÀ-j-IÀ G-s‑ä-
X‑p-c-¯‑m-t‑\ c‑m-k-h-f-¯‑n-\‑p‑w c‑m-k-I‑o- s‑a-¶‑v h‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. h‑m-k‑v-X-h-¯‑nÂ S‑p-t‑¡-ï-X‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑m-W‑v ]‑t‑e-¡-d‑p-s‑S
S-\‑m-i‑n-\‑n-IÄ-¡‑p‑w I-g‑n-b‑q. F-¶‑mÂ N‑m-W-I‑w h-f-t‑a-b-Ã‑, a-d‑n-¨‑v A-X‑v P‑o- a-X‑w. a-®‑n-c-IÄ k-Z‑m k-a-b-h‑p‑w
C-h-s‑b-Ã‑m‑w I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-S-§-f‑n-e‑p-ï‑m- h‑m-W‑p-¡-f‑p-s‑S k-a‑p-¨-b-a‑m-W‑v. N‑m- ]-W‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¡‑p-¶‑p. A-h-i‑n-j‑v-S-§Ä
t‑h-ï-X‑v s‑s‑P-h-I‑r-j‑n-¡‑v A-X‑y‑m-h- W-I-¯‑n-e‑p-Å A-t‑\-I-h‑n-[‑w P‑o-h‑m- X‑n-¶‑v k-¯‑p \Â-I‑p-¶‑p. 15 a‑p-XÂ
i‑y-a‑m-W‑v. c‑m-k-h-f-{‑]-t‑b‑m-K‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑v W‑p-¡Ä‑, a-®‑n-e‑p-Å t‑]‑m-j-I‑m‑w-i-h‑p‑w 25 A-S‑n B-g-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶‑p.
a-®‑n-e‑p-Å t‑I‑m-S‑m-\‑p-t‑I‑m-S‑n k‑q-£‑v-a-P‑o- s‑N-S‑n-b‑p-s‑S t‑h-c‑p-I-f‑p‑w X-½‑n-e‑p-Å ]‑n-s‑¶ a‑p-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v h-c‑p-¶‑p. C-§-s‑\
h‑n-IÄ \-i‑n-¨‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶‑p. h‑n-¯‑p-IÄ ]‑m-e-a‑m-b‑n hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. C‑u k‑m- B-g-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v t‑]‑m-b‑n h-c‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ H-c‑n-
h‑n-X-b‑v-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p a‑p-t‑¼ _‑o-P‑m-a‑r-X- l-N-c‑y-¯‑nÂ‑, H-t‑c-¡-d‑nÂ I‑r-j‑n s‑N- ¡Â D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨ h-g‑n A-h ]‑n-s‑¶
h‑p‑w‑, h‑n-X-¨-X‑n-\‑p-t‑i-j‑w P‑o-h‑m-a‑r-X-h‑p‑w ¿‑m³ F-{‑X-t‑¯‑m-f‑w P‑o-h‑m-W‑p-¡-f‑p-s‑S D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑n-Ã. a-®‑n-c-IÄ X‑m-t‑g-¡‑p‑w
D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑p-Å {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S B-h-i‑y-a‑p-ï‑v F-¶-X‑m-W‑v {‑]-[‑m-\‑w. a‑p-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w k-©-c‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ Z‑z‑m-
G-ä-h‑p‑w k‑w-i‑p-²-a‑m-b‑, a‑n-I-¨ A-f-h‑n- `‑q-a‑n-¡‑m-h-i‑y-a‑m-b P‑o-h‑m-W‑p-¡-f‑p-s‑S c-§Ä k‑r-j‑v-S‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. C‑u Z‑z‑m-
e‑p-Å h‑n-f-h‑m-W‑v e-`‑n-¡‑p-I. _‑o-P‑m-a‑r-X- A-f-h-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v N‑m-W-I-¯‑n-s‑â A-f- c-§Ä A-S-b‑p-¶‑n-Ã. C-§-s‑\ b‑m-{‑X
¯‑nÂ a‑p-¡‑n-b-X‑n-\‑p t‑i-j‑w h‑n-¯‑p-IÄ h‑p‑w \‑m‑w X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï‑v. H-t‑c- s‑N-¿‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ a-®‑n-c-b‑p-s‑S t‑Z-l-¯‑p-
\-S‑p-I-b‑m-s‑W-¦‑nÂ A-X‑v I‑q-S‑p-XÂ I-c‑p- ¡-d‑nÂ I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-d-¡‑m³ (A-t‑X-X‑p-X-c‑w \‑n-¶‑p N‑n-e c‑m-k-]-Z‑mÀ-°-§Ä ]‑p-d-
¯‑mÀ-Ö‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w A-¦‑p-c-W-t‑i-j‑n a-t‑®‑m h‑n-f-t‑b‑m B-b‑m-e‑p‑w‑) a‑m-k‑w ¯‑p-h-¶‑v Z‑z‑m-c-¯‑n-s‑â h-i-§-f‑nÂ
D-±‑o-]‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p. ]-¯‑p-I‑n-t‑e‑m N‑m-W-I‑w a‑m-{‑X‑w a-X‑n. H-«‑n-¸‑n-S‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. a-®‑n-c {‑k-h‑n-¡‑p-¶
N‑m-W-I‑w h-f-a-Ã. h‑n-f-IÄ-¡‑v B-l‑m- A-X‑m-b-X‑v H-c‑p \‑m-S³ ]-i‑p-h‑n-s‑â N‑m- c‑m-k-]-Z‑mÀ-°-§-f‑nÂ F-Ã‑m X-c-¯‑n-
c-h‑p-a-Ã. C‑u A-d‑n-h‑n-Ã‑m-¯ I‑r-j‑n-i‑m- W-I-þ-a‑q-{‑X‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑p-a‑m-{‑X‑w a‑p-¸-t‑X- e‑p-Å BÂ-¡-s‑s‑e-U‑p-I-f‑p‑w t‑{‑K‑m-¯‑v
k‑v-{‑X-ÚÀ H-t‑c-¡-d‑nÂ I‑r-j‑n s‑N- ¡À `‑q-a‑n-b‑nÂ I‑r-j‑n s‑N-¿‑m-\‑m-h‑p‑w. t‑l‑mÀ-t‑a‑m-W‑p-I-f‑p‑w A-a‑n-t‑\‑m B-k‑n-U‑p-
¿‑m³ C-c‑p-]-¯-©‑v h-ï‑n N‑m-W-I‑w‑, I‑r-j‑n-`‑q-a‑n-b‑nÂ ]‑qÀ-®-a‑m-b‑p‑w s‑I‑m- I-f‑p-a‑p-ï‑v. C-h k-k‑y-¯‑n-s‑â h-fÀ-¨-
D‑u-dÂ a-®‑v, \‑q-s‑ä-g‑p-]-¯-©‑v I‑n-t‑e‑m ¯‑p‑w I‑n-f-b‑p‑w H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑p-Å- ¡‑p k-l‑m-b-I-a‑m-I‑p-¶‑p. k-k‑y‑w C‑u

Z‑z‑m-c-§-f‑nÂ t‑h-c‑p ]-SÀ-¯‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ
B t‑h-c‑p-IÄ-¡‑v t‑h-ï t‑]‑m-j-I‑m‑w-
i-§-f‑p‑w k‑q-£‑v-a B-l‑m-c-{‑Z-h‑y-§-f‑p‑w
[‑m-c‑m-f-a‑m-b‑n e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. a-®‑n-c-IÄ h‑n-
{‑i-a-a‑n-Ã‑m-s‑X ]-W‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¡‑p-¶-X‑p-s‑I‑m-
ï‑v `‑q-a‑n-¡‑v D-g-a-b‑p-s‑S B-h-i‑y-a‑n-Ã. s‑N-
S‑n-b‑p-s‑S h-fÀ-¨-b‑p-s‑S ]-Ý‑m-¯-e-¯‑nÂ
`‑qa- n‑ b
- p‑ s - S‑ D-Åd - \‑nc - ´ - c - a - m‑ b - n‑ D-gp‑ X - p‑ -
a-dn‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ «- p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ -
I‑rj - n‑ b - n‑ Â F-{X ‑ h-en‑ b - a-g h-¶m‑ e - p‑ w‑
a-®v‑ H-en‑ ¨ - p‑ t‑]m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - n‑ Ã - .
a-®n‑ c - I - f - p‑ w‑ k‑q£ - v‑a - m‑ W - p‑ ¡ - f - p‑ w‑ G-ä-
h‑pw‑ k‑zØ - a - m‑ b - A-hØ - b - n‑ e - m‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ -
¶-Xv‑ H-cp‑ {‑]t- X ‑ y‑ I - k‑q£ - v‑a - I - m‑ e - m‑ h - Ø - -
b‑ne - m‑ W - v‑. ]-t£ ‑ ,‑ C-Xn‑ \ - v‑ s‑]m‑ X - b - n‑ S- Â
A-Yh - m‑ aÂ-¨n‑ § - v‑ A-Xy‑ ´ - m‑ t- ] ‑ £ - n‑ X - a- m‑ -
W‑v. s‑]m‑ X - b - n‑ S- e - n‑ \ - v‑ h‑ym‑ ] - I - a - m‑ b - n‑ D-]-
t‑bm‑ K - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - ]-e c‑oX - n‑ I - f - p‑ a - p‑ ï- v‑. `‑qa - n‑ -
b‑ps - S‑ t‑aÂ-]m‑ f - n‑ b- n‑ s - e
‑ \‑me - c - C-©v‑ a-®v‑
F-Ãm‑ k-¯p‑ ¡ - f - p‑ w‑ DÄ-s¡ ‑ m‑ ï - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ .
a-®n‑ c - I - f - p‑ s
- S‑ b - p‑ w‑ P‑oh - m‑ W - p‑ ¡ - f - p‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ w‑
{‑]n‑ b- s - ¸ ‑ «- B-hm‑ k - Ø - e
- w‑ C‑u \‑me - c -
k‑z-b‑w ]-c‑y‑m-]‑v-X-a‑m-s‑b‑m-c‑p I‑r-j‑n-

c‑o-X‑n-b‑m-W‑v ]‑t‑e-¡À h‑n-`‑m-h-\‑w
s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S
I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-S-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v h-f-a‑m-t‑b‑m
I‑o-S-\‑m-i‑n-\‑n-b‑m-t‑b‑m H-¶‑p‑w
X-s‑¶ ]‑p-d-¯‑p-\‑n-¶‑p‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑p-
h-t‑c-ï-X‑n-Ã.
••lnemepw a½q«nbpw IpacIs¯ IrjnbnS¯nÂ.
C-©v‑ a-®m‑ W - v‑. {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ I - r‑ j - n‑ b - n‑ Â t‑¢-
Z‑w (Humus) D-ïm‑ h - p‑ ¶ - X - p‑ w‑ C‑u t‑aÂ-a-
®‑ne
k‑zb
- m‑ W
s‑â t‑aÂ-`m‑ K
t‑¢Z- w‑ I‑qS- p‑ X
- v‑. h‑nf
- w‑ ]-cy‑ m‑ ]
- ¯
- I
- Â k-¼¶
- Ä-¡v‑ \-Sp‑ h
- v‑ aÂ-¨n‑ §
- v‑X
- a - m‑ s - b
- a
‑ m‑ c
- n‑ e
- v‑ I‑qS- p‑ t- ´
- m‑ I
- p‑ I‑rj
- p‑ Å
- p‑ ¶
- a-®n‑ -
- p‑ .
‑ m‑ d- p‑ w‑
- n‑ c - o‑ X - n‑ -
{‑]-I‑r-X‑n-I‑r-j‑n-¡‑v
b‑mW
¡‑p¶
h-fa
X-s¶
- v‑ ]‑t- e
- X - v‑. \‑n§
- m‑ t- b
‑ ]‑pd
‑ ¡
‑ m‑ I‑oS- \
- ¯
- À h‑n`
- f
- p‑ \
- p‑ s
- S‑ I‑rj
- m‑ i
- n‑ ¶
- m‑ h
- n‑ \
- p‑ w‑ s‑Im‑ ï
- \
- n‑ b
- n‑ b
- w‑ s‑Nb
- n‑ S- ¯
- m‑ t- b
- n‑ t- e
- v‑X
‑ m‑ H-¶p‑ w‑
- p‑ h - t- c
- n‑ c
‑ ¡
‑ ï
- v‑
- -
- n‑ -
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- n‑ - k‑q -¸À X‑m-c‑w a-½‑q-«‑n-b‑p‑w
]‑-t‑e-¡À t‑a‑m-UÂ {‑]-I‑r-
X‑n-I‑r-j‑n-b‑p-s‑S h-g‑n-t‑b. {‑]-i-k‑v-X
]-i‑p-h‑n-s‑â N‑m-W-I-h‑p‑w a‑q-{‑X-h‑p‑w
D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑p-Å P‑o-h‑m-a‑r-X-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-
¡‑p‑w C-h‑n-s‑S I‑r-j‑n-¡‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-I.
X-¯z‑ a - m‑ W- v‑ C-t±‑ l - h - p‑ w‑ {‑]m‑ h - À-¯n‑ I - a - m‑ - N-e-¨‑n-{‑X-X‑m-c‑w {‑i‑o-\‑n-h‑m-k³ X-s‑â ]‑p-d-¯‑p-\‑n-¶‑p-Å h-f-§-t‑f‑m I‑o-S-\‑m-
¡‑p¶ - X - v‑. F-´m‑ b - m‑ e - p‑ w‑ I‑mÀ-jn‑ I - `- m‑ c - X - - I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-S-¯‑nÂ h‑n-j-a‑n-Ã‑m {‑]-I‑r- i‑n-\‑n-I-t‑f‑m H-¶‑p‑w X-s‑¶ B-h-i‑y-a‑n-Ã.
¯‑ns - â‑ h-cp‑ w‑ \‑mf - p‑ I - f - n‑ Â ]‑t- e ‑ ¡ - À-¡v‑ X‑n-I‑r-j‑n s‑N-b‑v-X‑v \‑q-d‑p-t‑a-\‑n s‑\-Ã‑p- A-X‑y-[‑n-I‑w c‑p-N‑n-b‑p-Å A-c‑n-b‑p-X‑v-]‑m-
H-gn‑ h - m‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - m‑ h - m‑ ¯ - H-cp‑ Ø‑m\ - a - p‑ ï - m‑ - h‑n-f-b‑n-¨-X‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑nÂ a‑p-g‑p-h³ Z‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ "s‑N-§-g-a-‑' F-¶-b‑n-\‑w
b‑nc- n‑ ¡ - p‑ s - a ‑ ¶ - X - v‑ X‑oÀ-¨b - m‑ W - v‑. h‑mÀ-¯-b‑m-b‑n-«‑v A-[‑n-I-a‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p \‑m-S³ s‑\Â-h‑n-¯‑m-W‑v C-h‑n-s‑S I‑r-j‑n
a‑p³-t‑] a-½‑q-«‑n-b‑p‑w {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-I‑r-j‑n- s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. a‑q-h‑m-b‑n-c-¯‑nÂ-
h‑n-e‑m-k‑w: b‑p-s‑S h-g‑n-t‑b. I‑p-a-c-I‑w N‑o-¸‑p-¦Â ¸-c‑w \‑m-S³ h‑n-¯‑n-\-§Ä k‑z-´-a‑m-
k‑p-`‑m-j‑v ]‑t‑e-¡À‑, {‑]-t‑Z-i-¯‑v A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-\‑p-Å ]-X‑n- b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ a-e-b‑m-f‑n-¡‑n-t‑¸‑mÄ
s‑e-b‑n³ \‑w. 5‑, \-a‑q-\ t‑]-«‑v, t‑\-g‑v G-¡-t‑d‑m-f‑w h-c‑p-¶ ]‑m-S-t‑i-J- B-s‑I-b‑p-Å-X‑v \‑q-d‑nÂ-¯‑m-s‑g a‑m-{‑X‑w
A-a-c‑m-h-X‑n-þ444601‑, c-¯‑m-W‑v IÀ-¡-S-I‑w H-¶‑n-\‑v R‑m-d‑p h‑n-¯‑p-I-f‑m-W‑v. ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-¡‑p‑w a-\‑p-
a-l‑m-c‑m-j‑v-{‑S‑, \-S‑m-\‑m-b‑n a-½‑q-«‑n F-¯‑n-b-X‑v. t‑I-c-f- j‑y-\‑p‑w C-W-§‑p-¶ I‑r-j‑n-c‑o-X‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S
t‑^‑m¬: 0721-þ2652108‑, 09850352745 ¯‑nÂ h‑n-j-a‑n-Ã‑m {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-I‑r-j‑n-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-t‑b‑m-K-¯‑n-\‑p‑w {‑]-N-mc-W-¯‑n-\‑p‑w
{‑]-N‑m-c-I-\‑p‑w‑, A-t‑©‑m-f‑w P‑n-Ã-I-f‑nÂ {‑]-i-k‑v-X-c‑m-b-hÀ a‑p-¶‑n-«‑n-d-§‑p-¶-X‑v
••A-h-e‑w-_‑w: k‑z‑m-a‑n B-\-µ‑v I-¶-S-b‑nÂ h‑y‑m-]-I-a‑m-b‑n s‑\Â-I‑r-j‑n s‑N-¿‑p-¶- X‑oÀ-¨-b‑m-b‑p‑w t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e ]‑p-X‑p-X-
c-N‑n-¨‑v A-U‑z. ]‑n.]‑n. _‑m-_‑p-c‑m-P‑v a-e-b‑m-f- b‑m-f‑p-a‑m-b l‑n-e‑m-e‑m-W‑v a-½‑q-«‑n-¡‑p-t‑h- e-a‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑v I‑r-j‑n-t‑b‑m-S‑p-Å A-b‑n-¯‑w
¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v ]-c‑n-`‑m-j-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b _‑m‑w-K-f‑qÀ ï‑n C‑u I‑r-j‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. \‑m-S³ a‑m-d‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v k-l‑m-b-I-a‑m-t‑b-¡‑m‑w.
A-á‑n-{‑]-I‑m-i-\ {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¨ ‑'-k‑p-`‑m-j‑v
]t‑e-¡-d‑p-s‑S k‑o-t‑d‑m _-P-ä‑v {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-I‑r-j‑n-‑'
F-¶ I‑r-X‑n.

t‑hs‑W¦‑nÂ
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t‑h-c‑n-e‑p‑w...
k‑m-[‑m-c-W a-e-b‑m-f‑n-b‑p-s‑S
I-ª‑n-¡‑n-®-¯‑n-\-c‑n-I‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p‑w
X‑n-c-k‑v-I-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-« ¹‑m-¡ F-¶
N-¡-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p‑w, ¹‑m-h‑n-s‑â
I‑q-S-¸‑n-d-¸‑m-b ¹‑m-h‑v P-b-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p‑w.-…
B
H-¶m‑ W - v‑ a-eb
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c-am‑ b- n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - N-¡. _-lp‑ c - m‑ j - v‑{- S‑ `‑oa - · - m‑ - h‑r£ - § - f - m‑ h - m‑ ³ ]-cn‑ N - c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ -

c‑ps
- S‑ ,‑ hÀ-®¡ - S- e - m‑ k - n‑ Â s‑]m‑ X - n‑ ª - p‑ I-bp‑ w‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ P-b³. C-cn‑ -
h-cp‑ ¶ - t‑Nm‑ t- ¢ ‑ ä - v‑ c‑pN - n‑ I - Ä \-½p‑ s - S‑ I‑p- §‑me - ¡ - p‑ S- b - v‑¡ - S- p‑ ¯ - p‑ Å - t‑N-
ª‑p§ - f - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ F-{] ‑ I - m‑ c - a - m‑ t- W ‑ m‑ e‑qÀ {‑Km‑ a - ¯ - n‑ Â s‑sI ‑ ¸ - n‑ Å - n‑
I-¸e - ï - n‑ a‑nT‑mb - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ w‑ t‑X³-\n‑ e - m‑ - c‑ma - s - â ‑ b - p‑ w‑ k‑p` - {- Z‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ w‑
h‑ns- â ‑ b - p‑ w‑ a-[p‑ c - § - Ä X-«n‑ s - b‑ S- p‑ ¯ - X - v‑, H-¼X - p‑ a-¡f - p‑ Å - I‑pS- p‑ w‑ _ - -
A-{] ‑ I - m‑ c - w‑ X-s¶ ‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ N-¡b - n‑ t- ¸ ‑ m‑ Ä ¯‑nÂ G-gm‑ a - \ - m‑ b - n‑ «- m‑ W - v‑ P-b³
a-eb - m‑ f - n‑ b- p‑ s- S‑ Ì‑mä- k - n‑ \ - v‑ ]-Yy‑ a- Ã - m‑ X - m‑ b - - P-\n‑ ¨ - X - v‑. A-Ñs - â ‑ s‑Nd - p‑ s‑Xm‑ -
g‑ne- p‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ h‑o«- n‑ e - p‑ ï - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ -
a-c-§Ä a‑p-d‑n-¨‑p‑w a-®‑v a‑m-´‑n- B-Sp‑ I - f - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ h-cp‑ a - m‑ \ - w‑ .
b‑p‑w \-Z‑n-IÄ C-Ã‑m-X‑m-¡‑n-b‑p‑w B-Sp‑ I - Ä-¡p‑ t- h ‑ ï - n‑ ¹‑mh - n‑ e - -
IÄ s‑]d- p‑ ¡ - n‑ s - b ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ e - p‑ w‑
{‑]-I‑r-X‑n-s‑b I‑p-f‑w t‑X‑m-ï‑p-¶-X‑p ¹‑mh - n‑ Â I-bd - n‑ C-eI - Ä s‑h«- n‑ -
I‑m-W‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-¡‑p-t‑h-ï‑n s‑bS- p‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ e - p‑ s - a ‑ Ã - m‑ w‑ I‑qS- p‑ -
F-\‑n-¡‑v s‑N-¿‑p-h‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p-¶-X‑v XÂ D-Õm‑ l - w‑ I‑m«- n‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑
N-¡-¡‑p-c‑p I‑p-g‑n-¨‑n-«‑v a‑p-f-¸‑n-¨‑v P-b\ - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . H-cp‑ ¹‑mh - n‑ Â
\‑n¶ - p‑ X-s¶ ‑ F-t¸ ‑ m‑ g - p‑ w‑ C-e-
h-S-h‑r-£-§-f‑m-¡‑n a‑m-ä‑p-I F-¶- IÄ s‑h«- n‑ s - ¡ ‑ m‑ ï - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - m‑ Â
X‑m-s‑W-¶‑v R‑m³ X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-b‑p-¶‑p A-Xn‑ Â N-¡I - Ä D-ïm‑ I - p‑ ¶ - -
X‑v I‑pd - b - p‑ s - a ‑ ¶ - p‑ ]-dª - p‑ t‑I-
X‑pw‑ . N-¡b - v‑¡ - v‑ S‑nh- n‑ ]-ck - y‑ §- Ä D-ïm‑ - «‑nc
- p‑ ¶ - X - p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - v‑ X-dh - m‑ «- p‑ ] - d- -
h‑md - n‑ Ã
- t- Ã‑ m‑ !‑ !‑ ¼‑nÂ X-s¶ ‑ I‑pd - ¨ - p‑ ¹‑mh - n‑ ³
¹‑mh - v‑ F-¶p‑ ]-dª - m‑ Â P-bs - â ‑ t‑]c - p‑ s‑sX ‑ I - Ä \-«p‑ ¸ - n‑ S- n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑
t‑NÀ-¯p‑ h-bv‑¡ - m‑ s - X‑ A-Xv‑ ]‑qÀ-®a - m‑ - A-Xv‑ a-c§ - f - m‑ b - n‑ h-fc - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑
h‑nÃ
- . ¹‑mh - p‑ I- Ä \-Sp‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ k‑wc - £ - n‑ ¡- p‑ - s‑Nb - v‑X - p‑ . A-§s - \ ‑ s - b ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ -
I-bp‑ w‑ {‑]N - c- n‑ ¸- n‑ ¡- p‑ I- b - p‑ w‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ I
- b - m‑ W - v‑ b‑mW - v‑ C‑u a-c¯ - n‑ t- \ ‑ m‑ S- p‑ Å -
P-bs - â ‑ P‑oh - n‑ X - \‑nt- b ‑ m‑ K - w‑ . H-cp‑ e-£w‑ X‑me - v‑] - c - y‑ h - p‑ w‑ k‑vt- \ ‑ l - h - p‑ w‑
¹‑mh - p‑ I - Ä \-«p h-fÀ-¯W - s - a‑ ¶ - m‑ W - v‑ P-bs - â ‑ a-\Ê - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ h-cp‑ -
P-bs - â ‑ B-{K ‑ l - w‑ . C-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä ]-Xn‑ \ - m‑ - ¶-Xv‑. ¹‑mh - n‑ t- \ ‑ m‑ S- p‑ w‑ N-¡- t^mt«m/IqSv amknI

t‑bm‑ S- p‑ a - p‑ Å - C‑u {‑]t- X ‑ y‑ I - C-jv‑S- w‑
I-ïn‑ «- v‑ F-gm‑ w‑ ¢‑mÊ - n‑ Â h-¨v‑ I‑q«- p‑ -
I‑mc - n‑ «- t‑]c - m‑ W - v‑ "¹‑mh - v‑ P-b³‑'.
C-ý‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ ]-e k‑wØ - m‑ \ - § - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑
t‑Pm‑ e - n‑ t‑\m‑ ¡ - n‑ b - X - n‑ \ - p‑ t- i ‑ j - w‑ ]-Xn‑ s - \ ‑ m‑ -
¶‑p hÀ-jt- ¯ ‑ m‑ f - w‑ Z‑p_ - m‑ b - n‑ epw t‑Pm‑ e - n‑
s‑Nb - v‑X - p‑ . "{‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ ¡ - \ - p‑ I - q‑ e - a - m‑ b - k‑u-
`‑mK- y‑ § - Ä F-Ãm‑ a - p‑ ï - m‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ w‑ a-c§ - Ä
a‑pd
- n‑ ¨ - p‑ w‑ a-®p‑ a‑m´ - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ \-Zn‑ I - Ä C-Ãm‑ -
X‑m¡ - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ s - b ‑ I‑pf - w‑ t‑Xm‑ ï - p‑ -
¶-Xp‑ I‑mW - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ ¡ - p‑ t- h ‑ ï - n‑
F-\n‑ ¡ - p‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ h - m‑ ³ I-gn‑ b - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ N-¡-
¡‑pc - p‑ I‑pg - n‑ ¨ - n‑ «- v‑ a‑pf - ¸ - n‑ ¨ - v‑ h-Sh - r‑ £ - § - -
f‑m¡ - n‑ a‑mä - p‑ I - F-¶X - m‑ s - W ‑ ¶ - v‑ R‑m³
X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - d- n‑ b - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .‑'þ Pb³ a\kp Xpd¶p.
2002þÂ C-cn‑ § - m‑ e - ¡ - p‑ S- I-tÃ ‑ ä - p‑ w‑ I - -
c-bv‑¡ - S- p‑ ¯ - p‑ Å - t‑hf - q‑ ¡ - c - F-¶ {‑Km‑ -
a-¯n‑ Â I‑pd - ¨ - p‑ `‑qa - n‑ h‑m§ - n A-Xn‑ Â
]-¯p‑ ¹ - m‑ h - n‑ ³ s‑sX ‑ I - Ä \-«p‑ ] - n‑ S- n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¨ - p- .
A-hn‑ s - S‑ `‑mc - y‑ b - p‑ w‑ c-ïp‑ a-¡f - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑
X‑ma - k - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - C-t±‑ l - w‑ X-sâ ‑ s‑]«- n‑ H - m‑ -
t‑«m‑ d - n‑ £ - b - n‑ Â I‑pS- p‑ w‑ _ - {- i ‑ o‑ D-Xv‑] - ¶ - § - -
f‑mb - t‑km‑ ¸ - p‑ w‑ s‑ag- p‑ I - p‑ X - n‑ c - n‑ b - p‑ w h‑nÂ-¸\ -
\-S¯ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . C-Xn‑ \ - n‑ S- b - n‑ Â
]‑pd - t- ¼ ‑ m‑ ¡ - p‑ `‑qa - n‑ I- f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ t‑dm‑ U - n‑ s - â ‑
A-cn‑ I - p‑ h-i§ - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ ¹‑mh - n‑ ³ s‑sX ‑ -
IÄ \-«p‑ ] - n‑ S- n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - m‑ d- p‑ ï - v‑. B-Zy‑ s - a ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑
X-Å-¹‑m-h‑n-s‑â N‑n-Ã-I-f‑nÂ D-ï‑m-

t^mt«m/IqSv amknI
h‑p-¶ I‑p-c‑p-s‑h-S‑p-¯‑v a‑p-f-¸‑n-¡-
W‑w. A-t‑¸‑mÄ \-«‑p ]‑n-S‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ I‑p-¶ {‑Z‑m-h-I-a‑p-Å-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v ¹‑m-h‑v h‑ns- â ‑ a‑pI - f - n‑ Â H-«n‑ t- ¨ ‑ À-¶p‑ I‑nS- ¡ - p‑ ¶ -
s‑s‑X h-fÀ-¶‑v B N‑n-Ã-b‑p-s‑S h-®- F-¶ t‑]-c‑p-h-¶-s‑X-¶‑p‑w ]-g-a-¡‑mÀ h‑n- X-hn‑ «- p‑ \‑nd - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ Å - B-hc - W- w‑ N‑pc - -
a‑m-h‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ ¹‑m-h‑nÂ N-¡-IÄ i‑z-k‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. ï‑n¡ - f - b - c - p‑ X - v‑. ]-e K‑pW - § - f - p‑ w‑ A-Xn‑ Â
¹‑m-h‑n-s‑â s‑s‑X \-«‑mÂ G-g‑p s‑I‑m-Ã- A-S§ - n‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . X-Å¹ - m‑ h - n‑ s - â ‑ N‑n-
D-ï‑m-I‑p-h‑m³ X‑p-S-§‑p‑w. ¯‑n-\-I‑w I‑m-b‑v-¨‑p X‑p-S-§‑p‑w. h-c‑n-¡-b‑p- Ã-If - n‑ Â D-ïm‑ h - p‑ ¶ - I‑pc - p‑ s - h ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - v‑ a‑pf - -
s‑S I‑p-c‑p-h‑n-«‑p a‑p-f-¸‑n-¨‑p h-fÀ-¯‑n-b‑mÂ ¸‑n¡
- W - w‑ . A-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä \-«p‑ ]‑nS- n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ -
Ifnbm¡nbncp¶ \‑m«- p‑ I - m‑ À X-s¶ ‑ A-X‑nÂ I‑m-b‑v-¡‑p-¶ N-¡ h-c‑n-b‑v-¡-¨-¡ s‑sX ‑ h-fÀ-¶v‑ B N‑nÃ - b - p‑ s - S‑ h-®a - m‑ h - p‑ -
C-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä "a‑ms - j ‑ '- ¶‑v h‑nf - n‑ ¨ - v‑ _-lp‑ a - m‑ - X-s‑¶-b‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡-W-s‑a-¶‑n-Ã. I‑q-g-b‑p-s‑S- t‑¼m‑ Ä ¹‑mh - n‑ Â N-¡I - Ä D-ïm‑ I - p‑ h - m‑ ³
\‑n¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ ï - v‑. X‑rÈ - q‑ À - BÄ-«À-ao‑ U - n‑ b - t‑b‑m N‑p-ä‑p-h-«-¯‑p-Å ¹‑m-h‑p a-c-§-f‑p-s‑S X‑pS- § - p‑ w‑ . X-Sn‑ b - n‑ e - p‑ ï - m‑ h - p‑ ¶ - N-¡b - n‑ Â
"¹‑mh - v‑' F-¶ t‑]c - n‑ Â P-bs - â ‑ H-cp‑ ]‑pk - v‑- N-¡-I-f‑p-s‑S-t‑b‑m k‑z-`‑m-h-§Ä D-ï‑m-b‑n \‑n¶- p‑ w‑ I‑pc - p‑ s - h ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - v‑ \-«m‑ Â h-fs - c ‑
X-Iw‑ {‑]k - n‑ ² - o‑ I - c - n‑ ¨ - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑. C-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä F-¶‑p h-c‑m‑w. X‑ma - k - n‑ ¨ - m‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ b - v‑¡ - p‑ w‑ I‑mb - v‑¡ - p‑ I - . ]-gp‑ -
s‑jm‑ À-®q‑ c - n‑ Â `‑mc - X - ¸ - p‑ g- b - p‑ s - S‑ X‑oc - ¯ - v‑ G-ä-h‑p‑w h-e‑n-b h‑r-£ ^-e-a‑m-W‑v ¡-¹m‑ h - n‑ e - s‑hÅ - ¯ - n‑ e - n‑ «- v‑ s‑h«- n‑ ¯ - n‑ -
]-cp‑ ¯ - n‑ {- ] ‑ F-¶ t‑Zi - ¯ - v‑ _-jo‑ À a‑m- N-¡. a‑q-¶-S‑n -h-s‑c \‑o-f-h‑p‑w C-c‑p-]- f-¸n‑ ¨ - v‑ k-ln‑ ¡ - m‑ h - p‑ ¶ - N‑qt- S‑ m‑ S- p‑ I - q‑ S- n‑
j‑ps - S‑ ]-t¯ ‑ ¡ - d- n‑ Â C-t±‑ l - w‑ H-cp‑ ¹‑mh - v‑ X‑n-©‑p h-s‑c h‑y‑m-k-h‑p-a‑p-Å N-¡-I- I‑pf - n‑ ¨ - m‑ Â ]‑pd - w‑ t- h ‑ Z- \ - ,‑ i-co‑ c - t- h ‑ Z- \ -
{‑Km‑ a - w‑ D-ïm‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ ï - v‑. ¹‑mh - n‑ Â \‑ns - ¶ ‑ m‑ - f‑p-ï‑m-h‑m-d‑p-ï‑v. N-¡ H-c‑p H-ä-¸-g-a-Ã. F-¶n‑ h - b - v‑s - ¡ ‑ Ã - m‑ w‑ i-a\ - w‑ I‑n«- p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ -
c‑p h-cp‑ a - m‑ \ - a-Ã P-bs - â e£yw, P-b- A-\-h-[‑n s‑N-d‑n-b ]-g-§Ä I‑q-S‑n-t‑¨À- \‑p ]‑pd - s - a ‑ £‑o-W‑w a‑m-d‑p-I-b‑p‑w \-Ã
\‑ns - X ‑ m‑ c - p‑ I-¨h - S- h - p‑ a - Ã - . X-Å¹ - m‑ h - n‑ s - â ‑ ¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. H‑m-t‑c‑m N‑p-f-b‑p‑w H‑m-t‑c‑m D-d-¡‑w e-`‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p‑w. ¹‑m-h‑n-e
h‑n¯ - p‑ I - Ä {‑]t- X ‑ y‑ I - w‑ s‑Xc - s - ª ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - v‑ ]-g-a‑m-W‑v. N‑p-h-¶ N‑p-f-b³ N-¡‑, s‑h-Å s‑I‑m-ï‑v I-ª‑n t‑I‑m-c‑n-¡‑p-S‑n-b‑v-¡‑p¶ - X - v‑
s‑aU - n‑ t- ä ‑ ä - v‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - v‑ s‑sP ‑ h - c - o‑ X - n‑ b- n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑ N‑p-f-b³ N-¡‑, k‑n‑w-K-¸‑qÀ N-¡ (k‑n‑w-K- aebmfnIfpsS ]gb ioe§fnsem‑
s‑sX ‑ I - Ä X-¿m‑ d - m‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. ¸‑qÀ h-c‑n-¡‑)‑, X‑m-a-cN-¡‑, \‑o-f³ X‑m-a- ¶mWv. s‑Im‑ ¯ - p‑ ] - W - n‑ I - Ä s‑N¿ - p‑ h - m‑ ³
s‑X§ - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ s - e ‑ X - s - ¶ ‑ I-ev‑] - h- r‑ £ - - cN-¡‑, a‑q-h‑m-ï³ N-¡‑, t‑X³ h-c‑n-b‑v-¡ I-gn‑ b - p‑ ¶ - ,‑ D-¶X - h - p‑ w‑ {‑]u ‑ V - n‑ b - p‑ a - p‑ Å -
a‑mW - v‑ ¹‑mh - p‑ w‑ . ¹‑mh - n‑ e - p‑ ï - m‑ b - I‑mb - s - b ‑ N-¡,‑ a‑p«- w‑ h-cn‑ b - v‑¡ - N-¡,‑ t‑X§ - N-¡,‑ a-cs - a ‑ ¶ - d - n‑ b - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - X - p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - v‑ c‑mP - ` - c - -
¹‑m¡ - s - b ‑ ¶ - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ B-Zy‑ w‑ h‑nf - n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - p‑ - ]-g¨ - ¡ - F-¶n‑ § - s - \‑ \‑nc - h - [- n‑ C-\w‑ W-¡m‑ e - ¯ - v‑ X‑mg- v‑¶ - P‑mX - n‑ ¡ - m‑ c - p‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ w‑
¶-Xv‑. ]‑n¶ - o‑ s - S‑ t- ¸ ‑ m‑ t- g ‑ m‑ A-Xv‑ N-¡b - m‑ - N-¡I - f - p‑ ï - v‑. I‑og - m‑ f - c - p‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ w‑ h‑oS- p‑ I - f - n‑ Â ¹‑mh - n‑ s - â ‑
b‑n. ¹‑mh - v‑ F-¶ h‑m¡ - n‑ s - â ‑ B-Zy‑ c‑q] - w‑ N-¡ ]‑n¯ - w‑ ,‑ h‑mX - w‑ ,‑ c-àt- Z‑ m‑ j - w‑ ,‑ N‑p- I-«n‑ f-tb ‑ m‑ h‑mX - n‑ e - p‑ I - t- f ‑ m‑ h-bv‑¡ - W - s - a ‑ -
]‑ne - m‑ h - v‑ F-¶m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . C-¶p‑ w‑ N‑ne - b - n‑ - «‑p\
- o‑ ä - Â C-hs - b
‑ Ã - m‑ w‑ i-an‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡- p‑ s - a ‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ ,‑ ¦‑nÂ A-[n‑ I - m‑ c - n‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑ t- b ‑ m‑ A-sÃ ‑ ¦ - n‑ Â
S-§f - n‑ Â ]‑ne - m‑ h - v‑ F-¶p‑ X-s¶ ‑ A-dn‑ - a‑mw‑ k- t- ¯ ‑ b - p‑ w‑ _-et- ¯ ‑ b - p‑ w‑ i‑pI - v‑f - t- ¯ ‑ - I-c{- ] ‑ a - m‑ W - n‑ a - m‑ c - p‑ s - S‑ t- b ‑ m‑ A-\p‑ h - m‑ Z- w‑ I‑n-
b-s¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - p‑ ï - v‑. t‑am‑ t- d ‑ k - n‑ (Moraceae)‑ b‑pw‑ s‑]c - p‑ ¸
- n‑ ¡ - p‑ s - a ‑ ¶
- p‑ w‑ ,‑ a-²y‑ {- ] ‑ m‑ b - a - m‑ b- «-Ww‑ . A-Ãm‑ s - X ‑ A-§s - \ ‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - m‑ Â
I‑pS- p‑ w‑ _ - ¯ - n‑ Â-s¸ ‑ «- ¹‑mh - n‑ s - â ‑ i‑mk - v‑{- X ‑ - N-¡ D-¸v‑ t‑NÀ-¯v‑ ]‑mI - w‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - v‑ I-gn‑ - A-hÀ-¡v‑ i‑n£ - h‑n[ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - A-hØ -
\‑ma - w‑ AÀ-t«‑ m‑ I - m‑ ¸ - k - v‑ s‑lt- {‑ S‑ m‑ ^ - n‑ Ã - k - v‑ ¨‑mÂ PT-cm‑ á - n‑ s - b‑ hÀ-²n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡- p‑ s - a ‑ ¶- p‑ w‑ t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ ï - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . cm-P` - c - W - w
(Artocapus heterophyllus)‑ F-¶m‑ W - v‑. s‑Xm‑ - a‑pJ- i - p‑ ² - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ D-t· ‑ j - h - p‑ w‑ D-ïm‑ ¡ - p‑ s - a ‑ - N-cn-{X-am-bX - p t]m-se ¹m-hpw tI-cf - -
e‑nb - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ X-Sn‑ b - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ I‑mb - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ C-eb - n‑ e - p‑ - ¶‑pa - m‑ W - v‑ B-bp‑ À-tÆ ‑ Z- w‑ ]-db - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. ¯n-se H-cp N-cn-{Xw am-{Xw B-hm-Xn-
s‑aÃ - m‑ w‑ [‑m-c‑m-f‑w ]‑m-e‑p t‑]‑m-s‑e-s‑b‑m-g‑p- N-¡¡ - p‑ c - p‑ I-dn‑ h-bv‑¡ - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä I‑pc - p‑ - cn-¡s - « F-¶v B-in-¡mw

\‑ n - d ‑ m Â
t‑]‑m-«-¸‑p-Ã‑p‑w t‑h-\Â-¡‑m-e-¯‑v I-b-d‑n
h-c‑p-¶ D-¸‑p-s‑h-Å-h‑p‑w‑, s‑h-Å-¯‑n-s‑â
e-`‑y-X-¡‑p-d-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p {‑]-[‑m-\-a‑m-b‑n
t‑\-c‑n-« {‑]-i‑v-\-§Ä. k‑m-[‑m-c-W P-\‑p-
h-c‑n a‑m-k-¯‑nÂ I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-d-t‑¡-ï-X‑n-
\‑p ]-I-c‑w {‑]-X‑n-I‑q-e k‑m-l-N-c‑y-§-s‑f
A-X‑n-P‑o-h‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n t‑\-c-s‑¯
H-c‑p-¯-c-a‑m-W‑v \-h‑w-_-d‑nÂ-¯-s‑¶ I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-d-¡‑n. I‑p-

s‑d-b-[‑n-I-I‑m-e‑w I‑r-j‑n s‑N-¿‑m-s‑X-b‑n-«‑n-
c‑p-¶ I‑m-c-W‑w \‑n-e-s‑a‑m-c‑p-¡‑p-I F-¶-X‑v
H-c‑p `-K‑o-c-Y-{‑]-b-X‑v-\‑w X-s‑¶-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-
¶‑p. s‑h-Å-¯‑n-s‑â B-[‑n-I‑y-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p
C-c‑p-]-X‑p hÀ-j-¯‑n-e-[‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n I‑r-j‑n-s‑N-¿‑m-s‑X
]‑qÀ-®-a‑m-b‑p‑w N‑m-W-I-h‑p‑w t‑K‑m-
X-c‑n-i‑n-«‑n-c‑p-¶ ]‑p-Ã‑p \‑n-d-ª C-c‑p-¶‑q-t‑d-¡-t‑d‑m-f‑w a‑q-{‑X-h‑p‑w t‑I‑m-g‑n-¡‑m-j‑v-S-h‑p‑w
h-c‑p-¶ \‑n-d‑mÂ ]‑m-S-t‑i-J-c-¯‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑v s‑s‑P-h-I‑r- D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑p-Å s‑s‑P-h-I‑r-j‑n-c‑o-X‑n-
j‑n-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S B-ß-h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑w h‑n-f-b‑n-s‑¨-S‑p-¯ \‑n-d-h‑v b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-h-e‑w-_‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v.
l-c‑n-X-k-a‑r-²‑n IÀ-j-I k-a‑n-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S I-Y. D-bÀ-¶‑p h-fÀ-¶‑n-c‑p-¶ t‑]‑m-«-¸‑p-Ã‑p
a‑p-g‑p-h-\‑p‑w ]‑m-S-¯‑v X-s‑¶ C-«‑n-c‑p-
I‑q-S‑v S‑o‑w ¶-X‑v a-®‑n-\‑v h-f-a‑m-b‑n.
B-Z‑y-{‑]-i‑v-\‑w. ]‑m-S-¯‑v \‑n-d-ª s‑h-Å‑w
I‑r -j‑n-`‑q-a‑n \‑m-e‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑m-b‑n
I‑p-d-ª‑p F-¶-X‑n-\‑p‑w t‑I-c-
f-¯‑nÂ \-j‑v-S-a‑n-Ã‑m-s‑X I‑r-j‑n s‑N-¿‑m³
§-Ã‑qÀ F‑w.FÂ.F. S‑n.F³. {‑]-X‑m-
]-s‑â t‑\-X‑r-X‑z-¯‑nÂ C-c‑p-]-¯‑n-a‑q-¶‑v
s‑N-d‑p-¸-¡‑mÀ t‑NÀ-¶‑v c‑q-]‑o-I-c‑n-¨ \‑n-d-h‑v
a‑p-g‑p-h³ s‑X‑m-«-S‑p-¯ t‑X‑m-S‑p-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v
]-¼‑v s‑N-b‑v-X‑v _-ï‑p-IÄ s‑I-«‑n k‑w-`-
c‑n-¨‑p. C-§-s‑\ k‑q-£‑n-¨ s‑h-Å-a‑m-W‑v
I-g‑n-b‑n-Ã F-¶‑p ]-d-ª‑v I‑r-j‑n-`‑q-a‑n l-c‑n-X k-a‑r-²‑n F-¶ IÀ-j-I k-a‑n-X‑n U‑n-k‑w-_À A-h-k‑m-\‑w h-cÄ-¨ c‑q-£-a‑m-
X-c‑n-i‑n-«‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-a‑p-Å D-¯-c-a‑m- \‑n-d‑mÂ ]‑m-S-¯‑p \‑n-¶‑v s‑\-Ã‑p-a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã b-t‑¸‑mÄ P-e-t‑k-N-\-¯‑n-\‑v D-]-I-c‑n-¨-X‑v.
W‑v a‑m-f/]‑p-¯³-N‑n-d ]-©‑m-b-¯‑p-I- X-c‑n-i‑p `‑q-a‑n-b‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p-t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w \-j‑v-S‑w l-c‑n-X-t‑k-\ F-¶ k‑v-{‑X‑o-I-f‑p-s‑S k‑w-
f‑n-s‑e \‑n-d‑mÂ ]‑m-S-t‑i-J-c‑w. C-c‑p-]-X‑v h-c‑m-s‑X s‑s‑P-h-I‑r-j‑n s‑N-¿‑m‑w F-¶ L-¯‑n-s‑â k-l‑m-b-§Ä h-f-s‑c-b-[‑n-I‑w
hÀ-j-t‑¯‑m-f-a‑m-b‑n I‑r-j‑n s‑N-¿‑m-s‑X B-ß-h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑w I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-W‑v h‑n-f-b‑n-¨-X‑v. D-]-I-c‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. ]-W‑n-¡‑m-c‑p-s‑S I‑p-d-h‑p-
c-ï‑mÄ-s‑¸‑m-¡-¯‑nÂ t‑]‑m-«-¸‑p-Ã‑p-\‑n-d- h‑n-h‑n-[ IÀ-j-IÀ‑, s‑\Â-I‑r-j‑n e‑m-`-I- a‑q-e‑w b-{‑´-§-s‑f B-{‑i-b‑n-¨‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p
ª‑p-\‑n-¶‑n-c‑p-¶ A-ª‑q-t‑d‑m-f‑w G-¡- c-a-Ã F-¶‑p ]-d-ª‑v A-t‑\-I hÀ-j-§- I‑r-j‑n. c-ï‑p {‑S‑m-I‑v-ä-d‑p-IÄ k-a‑n-X‑n
d‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑v 202 G-¡-d‑n-e‑m-W‑v I-g‑n-ª f‑m-b‑n X-c‑n-i‑n-«‑n-c‑p-¶ Ø-e-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p k‑z-´-a‑m-b‑n h‑m-§‑n. {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-c-l‑n-X-
hÀ-j‑w s‑\Â-I‑r-j‑n s‑N-b‑v-X-X‑v. s‑I‑m-S‑p- C-X‑v. D-b-c-¯‑nÂ h-fÀ-¶‑p \‑n-¶‑n-c‑p-¶ a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ \‑m-e-©‑v ]-¼‑v l‑u-k‑p-I-f‑p-
t^mt«m/APbv- IrjvW³

ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v \-¶‑m-¡‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¯‑p.
\-S‑o-e‑n-\‑v b-{‑´-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-s‑¶-¦‑n-e‑p‑w
I‑q-S‑n-b h‑m-S-I I‑m-c-W‑w I‑p-s‑d Ø-e-¯‑v
h‑n-X-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ]‑qÀ-®-a‑m-b‑p‑w N‑m-W-
I-h‑p‑w t‑K‑m-a‑q-{‑X-h‑p‑w t‑I‑m-g‑n-¡‑m-j‑v-S-h‑p‑w
R‑m-ä‑p-t‑h-e
D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑p-Å s‑s‑P-h-I‑r-j‑n-c‑o-X‑n-b‑m-
b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-h-e‑w-_‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v. D-bÀ-
¶‑p h-fÀ-¶‑n-c‑p-¶ t‑]‑m-«-¸‑p-Ã‑p a‑p-g‑p-h-
R‑m -b-d‑n-s‑â þ k‑q-c‑y-s‑â \‑n-e-b‑m-W‑v R‑m-ä‑p-t‑h-e. H-c‑p c‑m-i‑n-b‑nÂ H-c‑p P-·-
\-£-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑â A-c‑n-I‑n-e‑q-s‑S i-c‑m-i-c‑n ]-X‑n-a‑q-¶-c Z‑n-h-k‑w k‑q-c‑y³
k-©-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. C‑u I‑m-e-b-f-h‑v B \-£-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑â t‑]-c‑n-e-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ R‑m-ä‑p-t‑h-e-
\‑p‑w {‑S‑m-I‑v-SÀ A-S‑n-¨‑v ]‑m-S-¯‑v X-s‑¶ ¡‑m-e-a‑m-W‑v. R‑m-ä‑p-t‑h-e-¡-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p a‑p-s‑¼‑m-s‑¡ \-½‑p-s‑S I‑r-j‑n-c‑o-X‑n-IÄ
C-«‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v a-®‑n-\‑v h-f-a‑m-b‑n. D-a F-¶ {‑I-a‑o-I-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v. H-c‑p hÀ-j-s‑¯ 12 c‑m-i‑n-b‑p‑w 2.25 \-£-{‑X-¡‑m-e-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n-
s‑\Â-h‑n-¯‑m-W‑v D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v. «‑m-W‑v h‑n-`-P‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. t‑a-S-a‑m-k-¯‑nÂ X‑p-S-§‑n C-c‑p-]-t‑¯-g‑v R‑m-ä‑p-t‑h-e-I-f‑m-
D-X‑v-]‑m-Z‑n-¸‑n-¨ a‑p-g‑p-h³ s‑\-Ã‑p‑w k‑n-h‑nÂ W‑v H-c‑p hÀ-j-¯‑n-e‑p-Å-X‑v. N-{‑µ³ `‑q-a‑n-s‑b H-c‑p {‑]‑m-h-i‑y‑w N‑p-ä‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑n-S-b‑n-e‑p-Å
k-s‑s‑¹-k‑v t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-j-\‑m-W‑v k‑w-`-c‑n- 27 \-£-{‑X-K-W-§-s‑f A-S-b‑m-f-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n N-{‑µ-]-Y-s‑¯ 27 `‑m-K-a‑m-b‑n X‑n-c‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v.
¨-X‑v. X-t‑±-i-§-f‑nÂ I‑r-j‑n e‑m-`-I-c-a-Ã t‑c‑m-l‑n-W‑n R‑m-ä‑p-t‑h-e ]-b-d‑p-hÀ-K I‑r-j‑n-¡‑p‑w X‑n-c‑p-h‑m-X‑n-c R‑m-ä‑p-t‑h-e I‑p-c‑p-a‑p-f-I‑p-
F-¶‑p ]-d-ª‑v I‑r-j‑n-`‑q-a‑n X-c‑n-i‑n-«‑n-c‑n- h-Å‑n \-S‑m-\‑p‑w A-¯‑w h‑m-g-¡‑r-j‑n-¡‑p‑w D-¯-a-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑m-W‑v A-\‑p-`-h-k-¼-¶-c‑m-b
¡‑p-¶ H-«-\-h-[‑n IÀ-j-IÀ-¡‑v B-ß- IÀ-j-I-I‑m-c-W-h-·‑mÀ ]-d-b‑p-I. I‑p‑w-`-a‑m-k-¯‑nÂ s‑h-f‑p-¯-h‑m-h‑p-\‑m-f‑nÂ k-Ô‑y-¡‑v
h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑w ]-I-c‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v \‑n-d-h‑n-s‑â N-{‑µ-\‑p-Z‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ t‑N-\ \-S-W-s‑a-¶‑m-W‑v {‑]-a‑m-W‑w. "-I‑p‑w-`-¸-d I‑p-S‑w t‑]‑m-s‑e-". I‑p‑w-
h‑n-P-b‑w. ]-e-I‑m-c-W-§Ä s‑I‑m-ï‑v 140 `-a‑m-k-¯‑n-s‑e ]‑qÀ-W-N-{‑µ-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v I‑p‑w-`-¸-d F-¶‑v ]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑v. I‑p‑w-`-¸-d-b‑nÂ \-«
G-¡-d‑nÂ \‑n-¶p a‑m-{‑X-t‑a h‑n-f-h‑p e-`‑n- t‑N-\ I‑p-S‑w t‑]‑m-s‑e a‑p-g‑p-¸‑p-Å-X‑m-I‑p-s‑a-¶‑m-W‑v C-X‑v AÀ-°-a‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
¨‑p-Å‑q. C-X‑p-I‑q-S‑n ]-c‑n-l-c‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-s‑¶-
t^mt«m/IqSv amknI
¦‑nÂ \-s‑Ã‑m-c‑p e‑m-`-h‑p‑w e-`‑n-t‑¨-s‑\.
a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã s‑s‑P-h-I‑r-j‑n-c‑o-X‑n-b‑nÂ
D-X‑v-]‑m-Z‑n-¸‑n-¨ s‑\-Ã‑n-\‑v \‑y‑m-b-a‑m-b‑p‑w
I‑n-t‑«-ï A-[‑n-I h‑n-e e-`‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å
k‑m-[‑y-X-I-f‑p‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-
]-©‑m-b-¯‑p-I-f‑nÂ I‑r-j‑n s‑N-
¿‑m-s‑X X-c‑n-i‑n-«‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ c-ï‑m-
b‑n-c-t‑¯‑m-f‑w G-¡À `‑q-a‑n-b‑p-s‑S
D-S-a-ØÀ-¡‑v \‑n-d‑mÂ ]‑m-S‑w B-i‑z‑m-
k-h‑p‑w B-ß-h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-h‑p-a‑m-W‑v.
b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. F-¦‑n-e‑p‑w C-§-s‑\-s‑b‑m-
c‑p ]-c‑o-£-W‑w \-S-¯‑m³ X‑p-\‑n-ª-
t‑¸‑mÄ \‑n-c‑p-Õ‑m-l-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶
IÀ-j-IÀ C-X‑n-s‑â h‑n-P-b-¯‑nÂ G-s‑d
k-´‑p-j‑v-S-c‑m-W‑v. {‑]‑m-t‑b‑m-K‑n-I h‑n-Ú‑m-
\-a‑p-Å I‑q-S‑p-XÂ IÀ-j-I-s‑c DÄ-s‑¸-
S‑p-¯‑p-I h-g‑n ]-e {‑]-i‑v-\-§-f‑p‑w ]-c‑n-
l-c‑n-¡‑m-s‑a-¶‑v C-hÀ X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-b‑p-¶‑p.
A-S‑p-¯ k‑o-k-W‑nÂ C-c‑p-]-¯‑n-b-©‑v
G-¡-d‑n-s‑e-¦‑n-e‑p‑w ]-¨-¡-d‑n I‑r-j‑n
s‑N-¿‑m³ \‑n-d-h‑v X-¿‑m-s‑d-S‑p-¡‑p-¶‑p‑,
H-¸‑w \‑m-S³ h‑n-¯‑n-\-§Ä k‑w-c-£‑n-
¡‑m-\‑p-Å a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p ]-²-X‑n-b‑p‑w. C‑u
]-©‑m-b-¯‑p-I-f‑nÂ I‑r-j‑n s‑N-¿‑m-s‑X
X-c‑n-i‑n-«‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ c-ï‑m-b‑n-c-t‑¯‑m-f‑w
G-¡À `‑q-a‑n-b‑p-s‑S D-S-a-ØÀ-¡‑v \‑n-d‑mÂ
]‑m-S‑w B-i‑z‑m-k-h‑p‑w B-ß-h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-
h‑p-a‑m-W‑v. s‑\-Ã‑p-X‑v-]‑m-Z-\-¯‑nÂ k‑z-b‑w
]-c‑y‑m-]‑v-X-X F-¶-X‑v h‑n-Z‑q-c-a‑m-b H-c‑p
k‑z-]‑v-\-a‑m-s‑W-¦‑n-e‑p‑w I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-t‑e-
¡‑v, {‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑n-¨‑v s‑s‑P-h I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-t‑e-
¡‑v I‑q-S‑p-XÂ t‑]-s‑c B-IÀ-j‑n-¡‑m³
C-¯-c‑w ]-c‑o-£-W-§Ä-¡‑v I-g‑n-b‑p‑w
F-¶‑v \‑n-Ê‑w-i-b‑w ]-d-b‑m‑w. t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-
s‑â I-c-S‑v I‑mÀ-j‑n-I \-b-¯‑nÂ h-s‑c‑,
A-©‑p-hÀ-j-¯‑n-\‑p-Å‑nÂ t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e
s‑\Â-h-b-e‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S h‑n-k‑v-X‑r-X‑n a‑q-¶‑p
e-£‑w s‑l-I‑v-S-d‑m-¡‑n D-bÀ-¯-W-s‑a-¶‑v
\‑nÀ-t‑±-i‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ‑, \‑n-d‑mÂ ]‑m-S-§Ä
C-\‑n-b‑p‑w t‑I-c-f-¯‑nÂ \‑n-d-t‑b-ï‑n-b‑n-
c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.

h‑y‑q s‑s‑^âÀ
Camera: Nikon D5100, Focal Length: 260mm, Shutter Speed: 1 sec, Aperture: f/5, ISO: 400
{]Xn_nw_¯nsâ NmcpX
Z‑n-e‑o-]‑v A-´‑n-¡‑m-Sv
H- c‑m-f‑p-s‑S k-X‑v-IÀ-½-§Ä a-s‑ä‑m-c‑m-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-hr¯‑n-b‑nÂ

{‑]-X‑n-^-e‑n-¨‑p I‑m-W‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑m-W-‑v IqSpXÂ a-l-¯-c-a‑m-
h‑p-¶-X‑v. AXpt]mseXs¶ t‑^‑m-t‑«‑m-{‑K‑m-^‑n-b‑n-e‑p‑w‑, k‑m-
{‑]-X‑n-_‑n‑w-_-N‑n-{‑X-§Ä ]-IÀ-¯‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ {‑i-²‑n-t‑¡-ï-h:
\‑nÝ- e - a - m‑ b
- Z‑nh - k - a - m‑ W- v‑ D-Nn‑ X - w‑ . k‑ua - y‑ a- m‑ b- s‑hf - n‑ ¨
- h - n‑ \- y‑ m‑ k - -
[‑m-c-W \‑n-e-h‑m-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å-s‑b‑m-c‑p N‑n-{‑X-s‑¯ I‑m-g‑v-N-b‑p-s‑S a‑pÅ
- {‑]` - m‑ X- § - t- f ‑ m‑ k‑mb - ´ - \ - § - t- f ‑ m‑ B-Wv‑ {‑]X - n‑ _
- n‑ w‑ _- N - n‑ {- X
‑ o‑ I - -
H‑u-¶-X‑y-§-f‑n-t‑e-s‑¡-¯‑n-¡‑m³ {‑]-X‑n-_‑n‑w-_-§Ä-¡‑m-I‑p‑w. c-W¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ A-`n‑ I - m‑ a - y‑ w‑ . {‑]` - m‑ X- ¯ - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ k-ab - t- a‑ d - p‑ t- ´
‑ m‑ d - p‑ w‑
{‑]-I‑r-X‑n-b‑nÂ t‑\-c‑n-«‑p-I‑m-W‑p-¶ {‑]-X‑n-_‑n‑w-_-§Ä e‑mâ‑v- s‑hf - n‑ ¨
- w‑ X‑o£ - v‑W - a - m‑ h - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ {‑]X - n‑ _- n‑ w‑ _
- § - Ä‑, D-t±‑ i - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ -
k‑v-t‑I-¸‑v N‑n-{‑X-§-s‑f A-X‑n-a-t‑\‑m-l-c-a‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v D-]-I- a-t\‑ m‑ l - m‑ c - n‑ X
- b - n‑ Â e-`n‑ ¡ - m‑ X - n‑ c- n‑ ¡- p‑ I- b - p‑ w‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ w‑ .
c‑n-¡‑m-d‑p-ï‑v. ]-e-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w t‑^‑m-t‑«‑m-{‑K‑m-^À-a‑mÀ C-¯-c‑w B-g¡ - p‑ d- h
- p‑ Å- P-em‑ i - b- w‑ s‑Xc - s- ª‑ S- p‑ ¯
- m‑ Â H‑mf - §- Ä I‑pd - h- m‑ -
N‑n-{‑X-§-s‑f-S‑p-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n X-t‑e-¶‑p-X-s‑¶ e-£‑y-Ø‑m- b‑nc
- n‑ ¡
- p‑ I
- b- p‑ w‑ I‑qS- p‑ X - Â I‑rX - y‑ X - b - p‑ w‑ h‑yà - X - b - p‑ a- p‑ Å
- {‑]X - n‑ _- n‑ w‑ -
\-s‑¯-¯‑p-¶‑p. h-\‑y-P‑o-h‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w ]-£‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w _-§Ä e-`n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ w‑ . t‑Im‑ Ä-¸m‑ S- ¯ - v‑, h‑nX - b- v‑¡
- m‑ \- m‑ b
- n‑
N‑n-{‑X-s‑a-S‑p-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ A-]‑qÀ-Æ-a‑m-b‑n {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-b‑p‑w \‑n-§Ä-¡‑v s‑hÅ - w‑ I-bä - n‑ b- n‑ «- n‑ c
- n‑ ¡
- p‑ ¶
- h-be - p‑ I- Ä {‑]X - n‑ _
- n‑ w‑ _- N‑n{- X ‑ o‑ I- c- W
- -
{‑]-X‑n-_‑n‑w-_-§-s‑f‑m-c‑p-¡‑n-¯-c‑p‑w. A-¯-c-¯‑nÂ e-`‑n-s‑¨‑m-c‑p ¯‑n\ - v‑ A-\p‑ t- b ‑ m‑ P - y‑ a - m‑ b
- Ø-ea - m‑ W- v‑.
A-]‑qÀ-Æ-\‑n-a‑n-j-a‑m-W‑v C‑u ]-h‑n-g-¡‑m-e‑n-¡‑n-f‑n-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S
{‑i‑o-t‑Z-h‑v ]‑p-¯‑qÀ a-t‑\‑m-l-c-a‑m-¡‑n-b-X‑v. s]mXpth t‑^m‑ t- «‑ m‑ {- K ‑ m‑ ^ - À-am‑ À - ]-ca - m‑ h - [ - n‑ N‑n{- X ‑ § - Ä ]-IÀ-
¯‑pI - b - p‑ w‑ ]‑n¶ - o‑ S- v‑ A-Xn‑ Â \‑n¶ - v‑ G-äh - p‑ w‑ I‑rX - y‑ a
- m‑ b - h‑yà - a - m‑ b
-
s‑h-Å-¯‑nÂ a‑p-§‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ s‑I‑m-¡‑p‑w A-X‑n-s‑â {‑]-X‑n- N‑n{- X‑ w‑ s‑Xc - s - ª ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ a
- m‑ W - v‑ ]-Xn‑ h - v‑. ]-t£ ‑ ,‑ G-äh - p‑ w‑ \-Ã N‑n-
_‑n‑w-_-h‑p‑w N‑n-{‑X‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-I h-g‑n I‑r-X‑y-a‑m-b k-a-X‑p-e-\‑m- {‑Xw‑ I‑ma - d - b- n‑ e - m‑ ¡
- p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ \- v‑, ]-dh - b - p‑ s
- S‑ I-®n‑ Â t‑^m‑ ¡ - k - v‑ t‑em‑ ¡ - v‑
h-Ø A-\‑p-`-h-t‑h-Z‑y-a‑m-h‑p-I-b‑p‑w I-®‑p-IÄ-¡‑v B-b‑m-k-c- s‑N¿ - p‑ I- b - p‑ w‑ ,‑ H-cp‑ a - m‑ {- X ‑ X-¿m‑ s - d‑ S- p‑ ¯
- v‑ H‑mf - § - Ä - \nebv¡pt¼mÄ
l‑n-X-a‑m-b I‑m-g‑v-N ]-IÀ-¶‑p I‑n-«‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p. h-f-s‑c I‑rX - y‑ k - a - b - ¯ - v‑ N‑n{- X ‑ s - a ‑ S- p‑ ¡
- p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - m‑ Â {‑]X - n‑ _- n‑ w‑ _- ¯ - n‑ -
t‑a‑m-i-a‑m-b s‑h-f‑n-¨-h‑n-\‑y‑m-k-a‑m-b‑n-«‑p-I‑q-S‑n I‑r-X‑y-a‑m-b‑n k‑q-£‑v- s‑â k‑uµ - c - y‑ w‑ a‑pg - p‑ h- ³ B-hm‑ l - n‑ s - ¨ ‑ S- p‑ s
- ¯ ‑ m‑ c - p‑ N‑n{- X ‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ c- n‑ ¡
- p‑ w‑
a‑m‑w-i-§Ä h-s‑c a-t‑\‑m-l-c-a‑m-b‑n ]-IÀ-¯‑n-b t‑^‑m-t‑«‑m-{‑K‑m- \‑n§
- Ä-¡v‑ e-`n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - .
^À C-¡‑m-c‑y-¯‑nÂ {‑]-i‑w-k-bÀ-l‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
\‑n-c‑q-]-W‑w s‑N-¿-s‑¸-t‑S-ï \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-I‑r-X‑n/h-\‑y-P‑o-h‑n N‑n-{‑X-§Ä kooduphotodesk@gmail.com F-¶ s‑a-b‑nÂ s‑F-U‑n-b‑nÂ A-b-¡‑p-I.

Ahtijn¡p¶ ]-¨-¯‑p-c‑p-¯‑p-IÄ
\nXylcnXw
\nÈÐXmgvhc
t^mt«m/t‑U‑m. D-®‑n-I‑r-j‑v-W³ ]‑p-f‑n-¡Â

]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n k‑w-c-£-W {‑]-t‑£‑m-`-§-f‑nÂ
t‑I-c-f‑w l-c‑n-{‑i‑o I‑p-d‑n-¨ s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑m-e‑n-b‑p-s‑S
N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑p‑w h-i‑y-a‑m-b I‑m-g‑v-N-I-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑p‑w...
t‑U‑m. ]‑n.F-k‑v. C‑u-k
t‑Z -i‑o-b A-´À-t‑Z-i‑o-b X-e-¯‑nÂ

]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n k‑w-c-£-W-¯‑n-s‑â
]-c‑y‑m-b-a‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑n-b s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑m-
t‑i-J-c‑n-¡‑p-I X‑p-S-§‑n-b B-Z‑y t‑P‑m-
e‑n-IÄ h‑n-c-k-a‑m-b‑n-t‑¯‑m-¶‑n. ]-t‑£‑,
s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑m-e‑n-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-
e‑n‑, s‑s‑P-h s‑s‑h-h‑n-[‑y k‑w-c-£-W- ¡‑p-h‑m-\‑p-Å B-Z‑y A-h-k-c‑w B-b‑n-c‑p-
¯‑n-\-¸‑p-d‑w H-c‑p P-\-I‑o-b I‑q-«‑m- ¶‑p A-X‑v. s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑m-e‑n-b‑p-s‑S s‑s‑P-h
b‑v-a-b‑p-s‑S h‑n-P-b-¯‑n-s‑â {‑]-X‑o-I‑w s‑s‑h-h‑n-[‑yw h‑n-f‑n-t‑¨‑m-X‑p-¶ C‑u d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-
I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-W‑v. t‑U‑m. h‑n.F-k‑v. h‑n-P-b- «‑v t‑I-c-f-¯‑nÂ A-¶‑v h-f-s‑c-b-[‑n-I‑w
\‑p‑w t‑U‑m. F‑w. _‑m-e-I‑r-j‑v-W-\‑p‑w N-e-\-§Ä k‑r-j‑v-S‑n-¨‑p. d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n-s‑â
s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑m-e‑n-b‑n-s‑e h-\‑y-P‑o-h‑n-I-
s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å ]T-\‑w G-X‑m-ï‑v s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑m-e‑n-b‑p-s‑S s‑s‑P-h
]‑qÀ-¯‑n-b‑m-¡‑n h-c‑p-¶ 1977 s‑s‑h-h‑n-[‑y-w h‑n-f‑n-t‑¨‑m-X‑p-¶ C‑u
I‑m-e-L-«-¯‑nÂ‑, t‑I-c-f h-\
K-t‑h-j-W C³-Ì‑n-ä‑y‑q-«‑nÂ d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v t‑I-c-f-¯‑nÂ A-¶‑v h-f-
{‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-h‑m³ A-h-k- s‑c-b-[‑n-I‑w N-e-\-§Ä k‑r-j‑v-S‑n-¨‑p.
c‑w I‑n-«‑n-b-t‑¸‑mÄ I‑m-«‑nÂ t‑]‑m-
I‑p-I F-¶ H-s‑c‑m-ä B-{‑K-l‑w D-Å-S-¡-h‑p‑w i‑p-]‑mÀ-i-I-f‑p‑w s‑]‑m-X‑p-P-\
a‑m-{‑X-t‑a a-\-Ê‑nÂ D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p- a-²‑y-¯‑nÂ F-¯‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v s‑{‑]‑m-^.
¶‑p-Å‑q. ]T-\ d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n-\‑p-t‑h- F‑w.s‑I. {‑]-k‑m-Z‑v N‑q-t‑S-d‑n-b NÀ-¨-IÄ-
ï‑n `‑q-]-S‑w X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑p-I‑, a-g‑, ¡‑v X‑p-S-¡‑w I‑p-d‑n-¨‑p.
D‑u-j‑v-a‑m-h‑v X‑p-S-§‑n-b-h-b‑p- 1914þÂ d‑n-kÀ-h‑v h-\‑w B-b‑n {‑]-J‑y‑m-
s‑S h‑n-h-c-§Ä s‑s‑h- ]‑n-¡-s‑¸-« s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑m-e‑n-b‑p-s‑S `-c-W‑w
Z‑y‑p-X‑n h-I‑p-¸‑n-s‑â 1921þÂ ]‑m-e-¡‑m-S‑v h-\‑w U‑n-h‑n-j-s‑â
t‑c-J-I-f‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑v I‑o-g‑nÂ B-I‑p-¶-X‑p-h-s‑c‑, \‑n-e-¼‑qÀ

B-Ø‑m-\-a‑m-b‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¨ k‑u-¯‑v
a-e-_‑mÀ h-\‑w U‑n-h‑n-j-s‑â I‑o-g‑nÂ
B-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. C-h‑n-s‑S H-c‑p P-e s‑s‑h-
Z‑y‑p-X ]-²-X‑n-¡‑v k‑m-²‑y-X D-s‑ï-¶‑v
a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑n-b A-¶-s‑¯ `-c-W‑m-[‑n-
I‑m-c‑n-IÄ 1921þÂ X-s‑¶ C-X‑n-\‑p-Å
c‑q-]-t‑c-J X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. 1951þ1958
I‑m-e-L-«-¯‑nÂ C-X‑n-\‑p-t‑h-ï {‑]‑m-c‑w-`
kÀ-s‑Æ-b‑p‑w k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I ]T-\-§-f‑p‑w
\-S-¯‑n. G-I-t‑Z-i‑w 2400 a‑o-äÀ D-b-c-
¯‑nÂ \‑o-e-K‑n-c‑n-b‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p‑w D-Û-h‑n-
¡‑p-¶ I‑p-´‑n-¸‑p-g a-®‑mÀ-¡‑m-S‑v {‑]-t‑h-i‑n-
¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v a‑p³-]‑v s‑s‑k-c-{‑Ô‑n-b‑nÂ H-c‑p
A-W-s‑I-«‑n X-S-b-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑m-s‑W-¦‑nÂ
k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n \-s‑Ã‑m-c‑p P-e-s‑s‑h-Z‑y‑p-
X-]-²-X‑n-¡‑v k‑m-²‑y-X D-ï‑v. A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-
ï‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑m‑w G-I-t‑Z-i‑w 830 s‑l-I‑v-SÀ
h-\-`‑m-K‑w s‑h-Å-¯‑n-e‑m-g‑v-¯‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑v
H-c‑p ]-²-X‑n-¡‑v X‑p-S-¡‑w C-S‑p-h‑m³ s‑s‑h-
Z‑y‑p-X‑n t‑_‑mÀ-U‑v X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¨-X‑v. C-t‑¡‑m-
f-P‑n-b‑p‑w s‑s‑P-h s‑s‑h-h‑n-²‑y-h‑p‑w i‑m-
k‑v-{‑X-Ú³-a‑m-c‑p-s‑S C-S-b‑nÂ t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w
h-f-s‑c A-]‑qÀ-Æ-a‑m-b‑n NÀ-¨-s‑N-¿-s‑¸-«‑n-
c‑p-¶ H-c‑p I‑me - L- «- ¯
- n‑ Â 1972þ-se ‑ t‑Ìm‑ -
¡‑v t‑lm‑ w‑ t‑Im‑ ¬-^d - ³-kv‑ h-e‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p
a‑m-ä‑w I‑p-d‑n-¨‑p. t‑I-c-f h-\-K-t‑h-j-W
s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑m-e‑n-b‑nÂ 208 s‑l-I‑v-

SÀ h‑n-k‑v-X‑r-X‑n-b‑n-e‑p-Å H-c‑p {‑]-t‑Z-
i-¯‑p \‑n-¶‑p am{Xw 343 k-k‑y
C-\-§Ä t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n F-¶-X‑p
X-s‑¶ C‑u {‑]-t‑Z-i-¯‑n-s‑â s‑s‑P-h
k-¼-¶-X h‑n-f‑n-t‑¨‑m-X‑p-¶‑p.
C³-Ì‑n-ä‑y‑q-«‑n-s‑â ]T-\ d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑p‑w Ì‑o-
h³-{‑K‑o³ F-¶ i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-Ú³ k‑n‑w-
l-h‑m-e³-I‑p-c-§-ns‑\-¸-ä‑n \-S-¯‑n-b
]T-\-h‑p‑w ""a-\‑p-j‑y-t‑\‑m I‑p-c-§‑n-t‑\‑m
{‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y‑w‑'‑' F-¶-X‑nÂ D‑u-¶‑n-b‑p-Å
NÀ-¨-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v I‑m-c‑y-§Ä F-¯‑n-¨‑p.
t‑I-{‑µ‑w \‑n-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨ S‑m-k‑v-I‑v t‑^‑m-g‑v-k‑n-
s‑â \‑nÀ-t‑±-i-{‑]-I‑m-c-a‑p-Å a‑p³-I-c‑p-X-e‑p-
IÄ F-S‑p-¯‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v A-W-s‑¡-«‑n-s‑â
\‑nÀ-½‑m-W‑w X‑p-S-c-W-s‑a-¶‑v A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b‑w
D-ï‑m-b‑n. t‑I-c-f k‑w-Ø‑m-\ \‑n-b-a-k-`
H-ä-s‑¡-«‑m-b‑n A-X‑n-s‑\ ]‑n-´‑p-W-¨‑p. 1978
s‑a-b‑v a‑m-k-¯‑nÂ s‑a‑m-d‑mÀ-P‑n t‑Z-i‑m-b‑n
]-²-X‑n-b‑v-¡‑v A-\‑p-a-X‑n \Â-I‑n. 1979þÂ
s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑m-e‑n s‑{‑]‑m-«-I‑v-ä-U‑v G-c‑n-b
(Protection & Elocolgycal Balance‑) B-I‑v- k‑n‑w-l-h‑m-e³ I‑p-c-§‑v (Lion-tailed Macaque) t^mt«m/tXmakv hnPb³
S‑p‑w s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑m-e‑n F³-h-t‑b‑m¬-s‑aâ‑v
t‑a‑m-W‑n-ä-d‑n‑w-K‑v I-½‑n-ä‑n-b‑p‑w c‑q-]‑o-I-c‑n-¡- C-Ô‑n-c‑m-K‑m-Ô‑n `-c-W-¯‑nÂ X‑n-c‑n-¨‑p ¶-X‑n-\‑v X-S-Ê-a‑m-b‑n. 1980 U‑n-k‑w-_-
s‑¸-«‑p. h-c‑n-I-b‑p‑w A-W-s‑¡-«‑n-s‑â \‑nÀ-½‑m-W d‑nÂ ]-²-X‑n \-S-¸‑n-e‑m-¡‑m³ D-t‑±-i‑n-¨
C-t‑X I‑m-e-L-«-¯‑nÂ-¯-s‑¶ \‑n-c-h- {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä \‑nÀ-¯‑n-h-b‑v-¡‑p-h‑m³ {‑]-t‑Z-i-§Ä H-g‑n-s‑I-b‑p-Å `‑m-K‑w H-c‑p
[‑n ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n k‑w-L-S-\-I-f‑p‑w i‑m-k‑v- 1980þÂ \‑nÀ-t‑±-i‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. t‑Z-i‑o-b D-Z‑y‑m-\-a‑m-b‑n {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-¡-s‑¸-
{‑X-Ú³-a‑m-c‑p‑w s‑s‑k-eâ‑v-h‑m-e‑n-b‑p-s‑S t‑Um‑ . F‑w.F-kv‑. k‑zm‑ a - n‑ \
- m‑ Y
- ³‑, s‑{] ‑ m‑ ^ - . «‑p. t‑I-{‑µ i‑m-k‑v-{‑X k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I h-I‑p-¸‑v
k‑w-c-£-W-¯‑n-\‑p-t‑h-ï‑n k‑w-L-S‑n-X F‑w.P‑n.s‑I. t‑at- \ ‑ m‑ ³ X‑pS- § - n‑ b- h - c - p‑ s - S‑ \‑n-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨ k-a‑n-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑p‑w
{‑i-a‑w X‑p-SÀ-¶‑p-s‑I‑m-t‑ï-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. k‑v- t‑\X - r‑ X
- z‑ ¯
- n‑ e - p‑ Å
- I-½n‑ ä - n‑ I
- f- p‑ s - S‑ d‑n- s‑{‑]‑m-^. F‑w.P‑n.s‑I. t‑a-t‑\‑m-s‑â t‑\-X‑r-
I‑qÄ-þ-t‑I‑m-t‑f-P‑v h‑n-Z‑y‑mÀ-°‑n-IÄ t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w t‑¸m‑ À-«p‑ I
- f - p‑ w‑ 1980þÂ t‑I{- µ ‑ kÀ-¡m‑ À X‑z-¯‑n-e‑p-Å I-½‑n-ä‑n-b‑p-s‑S d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑p‑w
P-\-§-f‑nÂ- ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n k‑w-c-£-W-¯‑n- ]‑mk- m‑ ¡ - n‑ b- t‑I{- µ ‑ þ- h- \ - w‑ ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X- n‑ {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¨-t‑X‑m-s‑S P-e þ s‑s‑h-Z‑y‑p-X
s‑â B-h-i‑y-I-X a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑n-s‑¡‑m-S‑p- k‑wc - £
- W - \‑nb - -a-h‑p‑w s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑m-e‑n ]-²-X‑n \-S-¸‑n-e‑m-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑m-¯
¡‑p-h‑m³ X‑o-{‑h {‑]-b-X‑v-\‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. P-e s‑s‑h-Z‑y‑p-X ]-²-X‑n \-S-¸‑n-e‑m-¡‑p- A-h-Ø-b‑m-b‑n. 1984þÂ‑, B-Z‑y t‑\‑m-«‑n-

aps¸m«³ aª¸m¸m¯n‑ ( Three-spot Grass Yellows) t^mt«m/hnthIv ]pentbcn
]-¶Â hÀ-¤-¯‑nÂ-s‑¸-« 77 C-\- a‑m-s‑W-¦‑n-e‑p‑w ]‑pÂ-t‑a-S‑p-IÄ DÄ-s‑¸-s‑S a-c-§-f‑p‑w h-f-s‑c A-[‑n-I‑w D-b-c-a‑p-Å
\‑m-e‑p X-c‑w I‑m-S‑p-IÄ B-W‑v C-h‑n-s‑S h³-a-c-§-f‑p‑w t‑NÀ-¶ C‑u B-h‑m-k
§-f‑p‑w 108 C-\‑w H‑mÀ-¡‑n-U‑p-I- I‑m-W‑p-¶-X‑v. \‑n-X‑y-l-c‑n-X h-\-§-s‑f h‑y-h-Ø-b‑m-W‑v s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑m-e‑n-b‑p-s‑S
f‑p‑w 77 C-\‑w s‑s‑e-¡-\‑p-I-f‑p‑w DÄ- X-s‑¶ H‑m-t‑c‑m `‑m-K-t‑¯-b‑p‑w k-k‑y-§- {‑]-t‑X‑y-I-X. C-X‑n-\‑n-S-b‑n-e‑p-Å ]‑pÂ-
s‑¸-s‑S \‑n-c-h-[‑n k-k‑y-§Ä C-h‑n-s‑S f‑p-s‑S k-h‑n-t‑i-j-X-I-f-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v B-d‑v t‑a-S‑p-I-f‑p‑w A-c‑p-h‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S H‑m-c-§-f‑p‑w
X-c-a‑m-b‑n X‑n-c‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. h-f-s‑c h‑n-k‑v- D-bÀ-¶ {‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑nÂ I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶
\‑n-¶‑p‑w I-s‑ï-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. X‑r-X-a‑m-b \‑n-X‑y-l-c‑n-X h-\-§-f‑p-s‑S t‑N‑m-e-¡‑m-S‑p-I-f‑p‑w C‑u `‑q-h‑n-`‑m-K-¯‑n-s‑â
{‑]-t‑X‑y-I-X X-s‑¶ C-X‑n-s‑â H‑m-t‑c‑m k-h‑n-t‑i-j-X-b‑m-W‑v.
^‑n-t‑¡-j-\‑nÂ h‑n-«‑p-t‑]‑m-b `‑m-K-§Ä `‑m-K-h‑p‑w \‑n-c-h-[‑n k‑q-£‑v-a B-h‑m-k h‑y- \‑o-e-K‑n-c‑n-b‑n-s‑e _-¦‑n-X-]‑m-e‑nÂ
I‑q-S‑n DÄ-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑v 89.52 N-X‑p- h-Ø-IÄ t‑NÀ-¶-X‑m-s‑W-¶‑p-Å-X‑m-W‑v. \‑n-¶‑p‑w k‑o-k‑v-]‑m-d-þh‑m-f-¡‑m-S‑v h-g‑n
c-{‑i I‑n-t‑e‑m-a‑o-äÀ t‑Z-i‑o-t‑b‑m-Z‑y‑m-\-a‑m-b‑n s‑s‑h-h‑n-²‑y-a‑mÀ-¶‑, k-k‑y k-¼‑p-j‑v-S-a‑m-b H‑mÀ-¡‑n-U‑v h‑n-Z-K‑v-[-\‑m-b k-k‑y i‑m-
{‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑p. A-S‑n-¡‑m-S‑p‑w \‑n-c-h-[‑n X-«‑p-I-f‑nÂ D-Å k‑v-{‑X-Ú³ t‑U‑m. k-X‑o-i‑p-a‑m-b‑p-Å
d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑p-I-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S h‑m-b‑n-¨‑p a-\-
Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑n-b s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑m-e‑n B-Z‑y-a‑m- ae_mÀ Umt^mUnÂ HmÀ¡nUv (Malabar Daffodil Orchid) t^mt«m/A`ntjIv sPbn³
b‑n k-µÀ-i‑n-¡‑m³ A-h-k-c‑w e-`‑n-¨-
X‑v h-f-s‑c I‑m-e-§Ä-¡p t‑i-j-a‑m-W‑v.
1980þÂ ]‑n.F³. D-®‑n-I‑r-j‑v-W-s‑â I‑q-s‑S
s‑s‑k-c-{‑Ô‑n-b‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑v ]‑q-¨‑n-¸‑m-d h-g‑n
s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑m-e‑n-¡‑v I‑p-d‑p-s‑I \-S-¯‑n-b
b‑m-{‑X-b‑nÂ C‑u `‑q-h‑n-`‑m-K-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v
H-c‑p G-I-t‑Z-i [‑m-c-W-b‑m-b‑n. s‑s‑k-eâ‑v
h‑m-e‑n-b‑p-s‑S h-S-¡‑v I‑n-g-¡‑v `‑m-K-¯‑m-b‑n
\‑o-e-K‑o-c‑n-b‑n-s‑e a‑p-¡‑qÀ-¯‑n k‑w-c-£‑n-X
{‑]-t‑Z-i-h‑p‑w h-S-¡‑p ]-S‑n-ª‑m-d‑p `‑m-K-¯‑v
\‑y‑q A-a-c-¼-e‑w {‑]-t‑Z-i-h‑p‑w a-ä‑v `‑m-K-§-
f‑nÂ I‑m-f‑n-I‑m-h‑v, a-®‑mÀ-¡‑m-S‑v, A-«-¸‑m-
S‑n h-\-{‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑p‑w B-W‑v. s‑s‑k-eâ‑v
h‑m-e‑n-b‑p-s‑S G-ä-h‑p‑w D-bÀ-¶ {‑]-t‑Z-i‑w
2383 a‑o-äÀ D-b-c‑w D-Å A‑w-K‑n-ï-b‑m-W‑v.
\‑o-e‑n-¡Â‑, ]‑q-¨‑n-¸‑m-d‑, k‑o-k‑v-]‑m-d X‑p-
S-§‑n \‑n-c-h-[‑n D-bÀ-¶ {‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑p‑w
X‑m-g‑v-h‑m-c-§-f‑p‑w t‑NÀ-¶-X‑m-W‑v s‑s‑k-eâ‑v
h‑m-e‑n. {‑]-[‑m-\-a‑m-b‑p‑w \‑n-X‑y-l-c‑n-X h-\-

b‑m-{‑X C‑u a-t‑\‑m-l-c `‑q-a‑n-b‑p-s‑S P-\‑p-k‑nÂ-s‑¸-« ]‑p-Ã‑v C-h‑n-S‑p-s‑¯ ]‑pÂ-
s‑s‑P-h k-¼-¶-X-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v I‑q-S‑p- t‑a-S‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-t‑X‑y-I-X-b‑m-W‑v. C-h‑n-s‑S
XÂ a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑p-h‑m³ I‑m-c-W-a‑m-b‑n. \-S-¯‑n-b ]T-\-§-f‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑v e-`‑n-¨
h-\‑w-h-I‑p-¸‑v N‑o-^‑v B-b‑n-c‑p-¶ S‑n.F‑w. A-d‑n-hp {‑]-I‑m-c‑w 25þ-H‑m-f‑w k-k‑y-§Ä
a-t‑\‑m-l-c-s‑â t‑\-X‑r-X‑z-¯‑nÂ 1999þÂ i‑m-k‑v-{‑Xt‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-\‑p X-s‑¶ ]‑p-X‑n-b-X‑m-
{‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¨ Silent Valley Whispers of b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. k‑o-k‑v-]‑m-d-b‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p a‑m-{‑X‑w
Reason F-¶ ]‑p-k‑v-X-I-¯‑n-s‑â F-U‑n- 17 C-\‑w k-k‑y-§-s‑f I-s‑ï-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-
ä‑n‑w-K‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«‑v {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p- ï‑v. {‑i‑o-e-¦-b‑nÂ a‑m-{‑X‑w I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p
t‑¼‑m-g‑m-W‑v C‑u {‑]-t‑Z-i-s‑¯ F-Ã‑m F-¶‑v h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶ Ggn\w k-k‑y-
AÀ-°-¯‑n-e‑p‑w a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑p-h‑m³ I-g‑n- §-s‑f s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑m-e‑n-b‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p‑w
ª-X‑v. s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑m-e‑n-b‑p-s‑S H‑m-t‑c‑m t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n. R‑m-hÂ‑, N‑p-ï-b‑v-¡‑,
`‑m-K-h‑p‑w h‑y-à-a‑m-b‑n A-d‑n-b‑m-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ s‑I‑m-S‑w-]‑p-f‑n‑, a‑m-h‑v, I‑p-c‑p-a‑p-f-I‑v, G-e‑w‑,
l‑w-k-b‑p‑w e-¨‑n-b‑p‑w C-h‑n-s‑S k-µÀ-i‑n- a-ªÄ X‑p-S-§‑n \‑n-c-h-[‑n I‑mÀ-j‑n-I h‑n-
¡‑p-¶ G-s‑X‑m-c‑mÄ-¡‑p‑w h-g‑n-I‑m-«‑n-I-f‑m- f-I-f‑p-s‑S h-\‑y C-\-§-f‑p-s‑S I-e-h-d-b‑m-
b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. C-h-c‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p‑w e-`‑n-¨ h‑n-h-c- W‑v s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑m-e‑n. ]-Ý‑n-a L-«-¯‑nÂ
§Ä C‑u {‑]-t‑Z-i-¯‑n-s‑â N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-\‑v I‑p-c‑p-a‑p-f-I‑v C-\-§Ä I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑m-b‑n
H-c‑p a‑p-XÂ-¡‑q-«‑m-W‑v. I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ A©p {‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑nÂ
P-e-s‑s‑h-Z‑y‑p-X ]-²-X‑n-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô- {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸-« H-¶‑m-W‑v s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑m-
s‑¸-« h‑n-h‑m-Z-§-f‑p-s‑S X‑p-S-¡-¯‑nÂ e‑n. ]-X‑n-s‑\‑m-¶‑v I‑p-c‑p-a‑p-f-I‑n-\-§-s‑f
B-g-¯‑n-e‑p-Å ]T-\-§Ä G-X‑m-ï‑v C-h‑n-s‑S \‑n-¶‑p‑w I-s‑ï-¯‑n-b-X‑n-s‑â
C-Ã‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑pX-s‑¶ ]-d-b‑m‑w. A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-¯‑nÂ C‑u {‑]-t‑Z-i‑w I‑p-
]-t‑£‑, ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v C‑u s‑N-d‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p {‑]-t‑Z- c‑p-a‑p-f-I‑n-s‑â H-c‑p Gene sanctuary B-b‑n
i‑w K-t‑h-j-I-c‑p-s‑S ]-d‑p-Z‑o-k-b‑m-b‑n a‑m- {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-¡-W-s‑a-¶‑v \‑nÀ-t‑±-i-a‑p-ï‑m-
d‑n. s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑m-e‑n-b‑nÂ 208 s‑l-I‑v-SÀ b‑n. s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑m-e‑n-b‑n-s‑e k-k‑y-P‑m-e
h‑n-k‑v-X‑r-X‑n-b‑n-e‑p-Å H-c‑p {‑]-t‑Z-i-¯‑p s‑s‑h-h‑n-[‑y‑w P-´‑p-s‑s‑h-h‑n-[‑y-¯‑n-e‑p‑w
\‑n-¶‑p am{Xw 343 k-k‑y C-\-§Ä {‑]-X‑n-^-e‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. 1979þ1980 I‑m-e-L-
t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n F-¶-X‑pX-s‑¶ C‑u {‑]-t‑Z- «-¯‑nÂ k‑p-t‑h‑m-f-P‑n-¡Â kÀ-s‑Æ H‑m-
i-¯‑n-s‑â s‑s‑P-h k-¼-¶-X h‑n-f‑n-t‑¨‑m- ^‑v C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e h‑n-Z-K‑v-[À \-S-¯‑n-b
X‑p-¶‑p. G-I-t‑Z-i‑w 1000 C-\‑w ]‑p-j‑v-]‑n-X ]T-\‑w P-´‑p s‑s‑h-h‑n-[‑y-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v
k-k‑y-§Ä C-h‑n-s‑S \‑n-¶‑p‑w t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p- s‑h-f‑n-¨‑w h‑o-i‑p-¶‑p. C‑u ]T-\-¯‑nÂ
¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. ]-¶Â hÀ-¤-¯‑nÂ-s‑¸-« h‑n-h‑n-[ h‑n-`‑m-K-§-f‑n-e‑m-b‑n 315 C-\‑w
77 C-\-§-f‑p‑w 108 C-\‑w H‑mÀ-¡‑n-U‑p-I- P-´‑p P‑m-e-§-s‑f I-s‑ï-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-
f‑p‑w 77 C-\‑w s‑s‑e-¡-\‑p-I-f‑p‑w DÄ-s‑¸-s‑S ¶‑p. C-h-b‑nÂ F«n\w C-´‑y-b‑nÂ
\‑n-c-h-[‑n k-k‑y-§Ä C-h‑n-s‑S \‑n-¶‑p‑w
I-s‑ï-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. k-k‑y C-\-§-f‑nÂ s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑m-e‑n-b‑nÂ 208 s‑l-
N‑n-e-s‑X-¦‑n-e‑p‑w ]‑p-X‑n-b I-s‑ï-¯-e‑p-
I-t‑f‑m s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑m-e‑n-b‑nÂ a‑m-{‑X‑w I‑v-SÀ h‑n-k‑v-X‑r-X‑n-b‑n-e‑p-Å H-c‑p \‑n-¶‑p‑w B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p-¯-s‑¸-
I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-h-t‑b‑m B-W‑v. C-h‑n-s‑S {‑]-t‑Z-i-¯‑p \‑n-¶‑p am{Xw 343 «-h-b‑m-W‑v, 37 C-\‑w ]-Ý‑n-a-L-«-¯‑n-\‑v
\‑n-¶‑p‑w t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p-¯-s‑¸-« k-k‑y-§- k-k‑y C-\-§Ä t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n ]‑p-X‑n-b-X‑p‑w. C-c‑p-]-¯‑n-s‑b-«‑v ]‑p-X‑n-b
f‑nÂ G-I-t‑Z-i‑w 30% ]-Ý‑n-a L-«-¯‑n- C-\‑w P‑o-h‑n-I-s‑f C‑u ]T-\-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S
t‑e‑m Z-£‑n-W `‑m-c-X-¯‑n-t‑e‑m a‑m-{‑X‑w F-¶-X‑pX-s‑¶ C‑u {‑]-t‑Z-i-¯‑n-s‑â I-s‑ï-¯‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. C-h-b‑nÂ 22
I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-h-b‑m-W‑v. s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑m-e‑n s‑s‑P-h k-¼-¶-X h‑n-f‑n-t‑¨‑m-X‑p-¶‑p. C-\‑w j-U‑v-]-Z-§-f‑m-W‑v. \‑m-e‑v D-`-b
P‑o-h‑n-I-f‑p‑w c-ï‑v i‑p-²-P-e a-Õ‑y-§-
f‑p‑w ]‑p-X‑n-b-X‑m-b‑n I-s‑ï-¯‑n-b-h-b‑nÂ
•• s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑m-e‑nbnse B\¡q«w t^mt«m/t‑U‑m. ]‑n.H. \-a‑oÀ
s‑]-S‑p-¶‑p. 41 C-\‑w k-k‑v-X-\‑n-I-f‑p‑w 211
C-\‑w ]-£‑n-I-f‑p‑w 42 C-\‑w D-c-K-§-f‑p‑w
46 C-\‑w D-`-b P‑o-h‑n-I-f‑p‑w 12 C-\‑w i‑p-
²-P-e a-Õ‑y-§-f‑p‑w C-h‑n-s‑S D-Å-X‑m-b‑n
]T-\-§Ä k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. I‑q-S‑m-s‑X‑,
96 C-\‑w N‑n-{‑X-i-e-`-§-f‑p‑w 400 C-\‑w
\‑n-i‑m-i-e-`-§-f‑p‑w C-h‑n-s‑S-b‑p-ï‑v.
s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑m-e‑n k‑w-c-£-W
{‑]-t‑£‑m-` I‑m-e-¯‑v G-ä-h‑p‑w I‑q-S‑p-XÂ
NÀ-¨ s‑N-¿-s‑¸-« h‑n-j-b‑w ""I‑p-c-§-t‑\‑m
a-\‑p-j‑y-t‑\‑m‑'‑' F-¶‑p-Å-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
C-X‑n-s‑e I‑p-c-§³ ]-Ý‑n-a L-«-¯‑nÂ
a‑m-{‑X‑w I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ k‑n‑w-l-h‑m-e³
I‑p-c-§‑m-W‑v. h‑n-h‑m-Z-§-f‑p-s‑S a‑qÀ-[-\‑y-
¯‑nÂ k‑n‑w-l-h‑m-e³ I‑p-c-§‑v s‑s‑k-
eâ‑v h‑m-e‑n-¡‑p a‑m-{‑X‑w k‑z-´‑w F-¶
h‑m-Z-K-X‑n h-s‑c {‑]-N-c‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. Ì‑o-h³
{‑K‑o-\‑p‑w a‑n³-t‑I‑m-h‑v-k‑v-I‑n-b‑p‑w \-S-¯‑n-b
]T-\-§-f‑p‑w t‑I-c-f h-\-K-t‑h-j-W C³-
Ì‑n-ä‑y‑q-«‑n-s‑â d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑p‑w a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v

]pÅn¸pen (Indian Leopard) t^mt«m/hnPbv taml³ cmPv
B I‑m-e-L-«-¯‑nÂ k‑n‑w-l-h‑m-e³ ]‑pÅ

- n‑ ¸ - p‑ e - n‑ X‑pS- § - n‑ s‑Nd - n‑ b
- ]‑q¨ - I - Ä \‑ne - b - n‑ Â ]‑me - ¡ - m‑ S- v, a-e¸ - p‑ d - w‑ P‑nÃ - I - -
I‑p-c-§‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v A-d‑n-b‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v h-sc ‑ b
- p‑ w‑ I‑mW - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶
- s‑sk ‑ e - â‑v h‑me - n‑ ,‑ f‑ns - e ‑ P-\§ - f - p‑ s - S‑ I‑pS- n‑ s - h ‑ Å - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑
B-[‑m-c-a‑m-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v. k‑n‑w-l- \‑oe - K - n‑ c
- n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ k‑ma - o‑ ]
- y‑ w‑ s‑Im‑ ï - v‑ h-c- B-{i ‑ b - w‑ I‑qS- n‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ s‑sk ‑ e - â‑v h‑me - n‑ .
h‑m-e³ I‑p-c-§‑v I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ \‑n-c-h- b‑mS- p‑ I- f - p‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ w‑ B-hm‑ k - Ø-ea - m‑ W
- v‑. `‑mh - n‑ X-ea - p‑ d- b - ¡ -v‑ v‑ ]T‑n¡ - p‑ h - m‑ ³ C-\n‑ b - p‑ w‑
[‑n {‑]-t‑Z-i-§Ä D-s‑ï-¦‑n-e‑p‑w s‑s‑k-eâ‑v s‑sk ‑ e - â‑v h‑me - n‑ b - p‑ s- S‑ X‑pS- À-¨b - m‑ - [‑mc- m‑ f - w‑ {]{IrXnclky§Ä I‑m¯ - p‑ k - q‑ -
h‑m-e‑n-b‑p‑w s‑X‑m-«-S‑p-¯ A-«-¸‑m-S‑n-b‑p‑w b‑pÅ- I‑mf - n‑ I
- m‑ h - v‑, a-®m‑ À-¡m‑ S- v‑, A-«- £‑n¡ - p‑ ¶ - s‑sk ‑ e - â‑v h‑me - n‑ ,‑ ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑
\‑y‑q A-a-c-¼-e-h‑p‑w DÄ-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ C‑u ¸‑mS- n‑ `‑mK - § - f - p‑ s
- S‑ 148 N.I‑n.a‑o. h-\w‑ k‑wc - £ - W - {‑]h - À-¯I - c - p‑ s - S‑ H-cp‑ X‑oÀ-
h‑n-k‑v-X‑r-X h-\-`‑q-a‑n-b‑nÂ C-h-b‑p-s‑S 2007þÂ s‑sk ‑ e - â‑v h‑me - n‑ b- p‑ s
- S‑ _-^À °‑mS- \ - t- I ‑ {- µ ‑ a - m‑ W - v.‑ C-{X ‑ a - m‑ {- X ‑ w‑ {‑]k - n‑ ² - n‑
F-®‑w Z‑oÀ-L-I‑m-e k‑w-c-£-W-¯‑n-\‑v B-bn‑ {‑]J - y‑ m‑ ] - n‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ «- p‑ . s‑sk ‑ e - â‑v h‑m- t‑\S- n‑ b - s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑me - n‑ ¡ - v‑ C‑u t‑]c - v‑ e-`n-
D-X-I‑p-¶ H-¶‑m-W‑v F-¶ {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y‑w ¨X -- n-\p Im-cW - w F-s´-¶v A-dn-bn-sÃ-¦n-
H-c‑p ]t‑£, A-¡‑m-e-¯‑v h‑n-k‑v-a-c‑n-¡- `‑m-c-X-¸‑p-g-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-[‑m-\ s‑s‑I-h-g‑n- epw, aäp h\{]tZi§fnÂ [‑mc - m‑ f - a - m‑ b - n‑
s‑¸-«‑p. k‑n‑w-l-h‑m-e³ I‑p-c-§‑p‑w s‑h-S‑n- b‑m-b I‑p-´‑n-¸‑p-g-b‑p-s‑S D-Û-h-Ø‑m- I‑mW - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - cicada A-Yh - m‑ N‑oh - o‑ S- v‑
¹‑m-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n D-Å _-Ô-¯‑n-\‑v G-ä-h‑p‑w C‑u h-\m‑ ´ - c - § - f - n‑ Â C-Ãm‑ ¯ - X - p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ -
I‑q-S‑p-XÂ {‑]-N‑m-c‑w e-`‑n-¨-X‑p‑w C-¡‑m- \‑w F-¶ \‑n-e-b‑nÂ ]‑m-e-¡‑m-S‑v ï‑ms - W ‑ ¶ - v‑ P-\§ - f - p‑ s - S‑ C-Sb - n‑ Â H-cp‑
e-¯‑p- X-s‑¶ b‑m-W‑v. k‑n‑w-l-h‑m-e³ a-e-¸‑p-d‑w P‑n-Ã-I-f‑n-s‑e P-\-§-f‑p- s‑Xä - m‑ b - h‑ni - z‑ m‑ k - w‑ \‑ne - \ - n‑ Â-¡p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
I‑p-c-§‑v I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑m-e‑n s‑S I‑p-S‑n-s‑h-Å-¯‑n-s‑â B-{‑i-b‑w H-cp‑ t‑Zi - o‑ b - s‑s] ‑ X - r‑ I - w‑ k‑wc - £ - n‑ ¡ - -
t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å N‑n-e Ø-e-§-f‑nÂ D-Å s‑¸«- p‑ F-¶X - n‑ \ - ¸ - p‑ d- w‑ H-cp‑ P-\X - b - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑
C‑u H-c‑p _-Ô‑w ]-Ý‑n-a-L-«-¯‑nÂ I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-W‑v s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑m-e‑n. ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ k‑wc - £ - W - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ k-tµ ‑ i - w‑
a‑p-g‑p-h³ D-Å-X‑m-W‑v F-¶ s‑Xä - n‑ ²
- m‑ c - - F-¯n‑ ¡ - p‑ h - m‑ \ - p‑ w‑ `‑mh - n‑ X-ea - p‑ d - s - b ‑ a‑p-
W-¡p‑ w‑ C‑u I‑me - L - «- ¯ - n‑ Â {‑]N - m‑ c - w‑ e‑ns
- b ‑ t‑]m‑ s - e‑ X-s¶ ‑ s‑sP ‑ h - k-¼¶ - X - g‑ph - ³ {‑]t- N ‑ m‑ Z- n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ h - m‑ \ - p‑ w‑ I-gn‑ ª - p‑
e-`n‑ ¨- p‑ . F-´m‑ b - m‑ e - p‑ w‑ s‑sk ‑ e - â‑v h‑me - n‑ D-Å s‑Xm‑ «- S- p‑ ¯ - \‑yq‑ A-ac - ¼
- e - w‑ d‑n- F-¶X - p‑ w‑ s‑sk ‑ e - â‑v h‑me - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ h‑nP - b - a- m‑ -
k‑wc - £ - n‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ «- t- X ‑ m‑ s- S‑ m‑ ¸ - w‑ ]-Ýn‑ a - L- - kÀ-hv‑ h-\§ - Ä k‑wc - £ - n‑ X - {‑]t- Z‑ i - a - m‑ - W‑v. H-cp‑ P-\X - s - b ‑ a‑pg - p‑ h - ³ ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑
«-¯n‑ Â a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ I‑mW - p‑ ¶ - k-kv‑X - \ - n‑ I - - b‑n {‑]J - y‑ m‑ ] - n‑ ¡- W - w‑ F-¶ ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X
- n‑ k‑wc - £ - W - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ ]-Sb - m‑ f - n‑ I - Ä B-¡n‑
f‑nÂ H-cp‑ \‑mb - I - ]-cn‑ t- h ‑ j - w‑ k‑nw‑ l - - k‑wc - £- W - {‑]h - À-¯I - c - p‑ s- S‑ hÀ-j§ - - a‑mä - p‑ h - m‑ \ - p‑ w‑ {‑]m‑ t- Z‑ i - n‑ I - a - m‑ b - n‑ X-s¶ ‑ ]-cn‑ -
h‑me - ³ I‑pc - §- n‑ \ - v‑ e-`n‑ ¨ - p‑ . B-\b - p‑ w‑ f‑mb- p‑ Å- B-hi - y‑ w‑ C-t¸ ‑ m‑ g - p‑ w‑ \‑nd - t- h ‑ - Ø‑nX - n‑ {‑]i - v‑\ - § - f - n‑ Â C-Ss - ] ‑ S- p‑ h - m‑ \ - p‑ Å -
I‑m«- p‑ t- ]
‑ m‑ ¯
- p‑ w‑ ¾‑mh - p‑ w‑ I‑qc - \ - p‑ w‑ s‑hc - p‑ I - p‑ w‑ ä-s¸ ‑ «- n‑ «- n‑ Ã
- . {‑]X - n‑ t- c ‑ m‑ [ - -þ-{‑]-X‑n-I-c-W t‑i-j‑n h-fÀ-
a‑pÅ
- ³-]¶ - n‑ b
- p‑ w‑ I‑m«- p‑ ] - ¶ - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ I‑oc - n‑ - `‑mc - X - ¸ - p‑ g- b - p‑ s- S‑ {‑][ - m‑ \- s‑sI ‑ h - g- n‑ b
- m‑ b - ¯‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¡‑p-h‑m-\‑p‑w s‑s‑k-eâ‑v h‑m-e‑n
b‑pw‑ I‑pc - § - p‑ w‑ s‑N¶ - m‑ b - b - p‑ w‑ ,‑ I-Sp‑ h - ,‑ I‑p´ - n‑ ¸ - p‑ g - b
- p‑ s - S‑ D-Ûh - Ø - m‑ \- w‑ F-¶ \‑n-a‑n-¯-a‑m-b‑n.

N‑n-{‑X-h‑p‑w N‑n-´-b‑p‑w
C-c-h‑n-I‑p-f-t‑¯-¡‑p-Å h-g‑n

t‑U‑m. D-®‑n-I‑r-j‑v-W³ ]‑p-f‑n-¡Â
H
C-Sb
c
- p X-Wp-¯ {]-`m-X¯
s¡-«p-t]m-ep-Å ta-L§
- n-eq-sS DuÀ-¶n-d§ - n-b sh-fn-¨w Zq-
- nÂ, ]-ªn-
- f - p-sS
sc-bp-Å a-ea - S- ¡ - p-If - nÂ Nn-{X-sa-gp-¯v-

Xp-S§ - n-b k-ab - w. X‑ms - g ‑ ,‑ h‑nP - \ - a - m‑ b -
h-gn‑ b - n‑ Â ]‑m«- p‑ X‑pS- § - n‑ b - I‑nf - n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑
]-ip‑ ¡ - n‑ S- m‑ § - f - p‑ w‑ a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ Pohk‑m¶ - n‑ [ - y‑ -
a‑mb - n‑ . h‑nP - \ - X - b - p‑ s - S‑ k‑pJ - w‑ . h-gn‑ b - p‑ s - S‑
C-t§ ‑ b - ä - ¯ - p‑ \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ {‑]b - m‑ W - w‑ X‑pS- -
§‑nb - I-®p‑ I - Ä A-t§ ‑ b - ä - s - ¯ ‑ ]‑me - -
¯‑nÂ D-S¡ - n‑ \‑n¶ - p‑ . ]‑ns - ¶ ‑ C-ch - n‑ I - p‑ f - w‑
a-eI - f - n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ I-bd - n‑ b - n‑ d - § - n‑ ,‑ b‑q¡ - m‑ e - n‑ ] - v‑-
ä-kv‑ a-c§ - s - f ‑ N‑nI - ª - p‑ t‑\m‑ ¡ - n‑ ,‑ X‑mt- g ‑ -
¡‑nd - § - n‑ ]-ip‑ ¡ - n‑ S- m‑ § - Ä-¡S- p‑ ¯ - p‑ I - q‑ s - S‑
X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - p‑ h-gn‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ ¯ - n‑ . k‑pJ - I - c - a - m‑ b -
b‑m{- X ‑ . h-gn‑ {‑]h - r¯‑nb - p‑ w‑ ]À-ÆX - w‑ {‑]X - o‑ -
£-bp‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ . {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ H‑mt- c ‑ m‑ \‑na - n‑ j - h - p‑ w‑
A-\´ - s - a ‑ ® - w‑ Z‑ri - y‑ § - Ä \-ap‑ ¡ - p‑ t- h ‑ ï - n‑
F-gp‑ X - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ a‑mb - v‑¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
A-Xn‑ s - e ‑ m‑ s - c ‑ ® - s - a ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ k‑z´ - a - m‑ ¡ - m‑ ³
I-gn‑ ª - X
- n‑ s - â ‑ N‑mc - n‑ X - m‑ À-°y‑ w‑ !‑
19-þmw \qämïnsâ Ahkm\t¯msS
b‑pt- d ‑ m‑ ¸ - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑ k‑uµ - c - y‑ m‑ ß - I - `‑q` - m‑ K -
N‑n{- X ‑ o‑ I - c - W - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ X‑pS- ¡ - w‑ . k‑pµ - c - a - m‑ b -
h‑nj - b - h - n‑ X - m‑ \ - h - p‑ w‑ a‑rZ- p‑ t- ^ ‑ m‑ ¡ - Ê - p‑ w‑ C‑u
{‑]Ø - m‑ \ - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ a‑pJ - a - p‑ {- Z‑ b - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
b‑pt- d ‑ m‑ ] - y‑ ³ F-®¨ - m‑ b - N‑n{- X ‑ § - f - p‑ s - S‑
k‑zm‑ [ - o‑ \ - ¯ - n‑ Â C‑u k‑uµ - c - y‑ m‑ ß - I -
t‑^m‑ t- «‑ m‑ I - e - m‑ I - m‑ c - · - m‑ À a-\Ê - p‑ \‑nd - b - v‑-
¡‑p¶ - `‑q` - m‑ K - N‑n{- X ‑ § - Ä k‑rj - v‑S- n‑ ¨ - p‑ . C‑u
c‑oX- n‑ A-[n‑ I - w‑ s‑sh ‑ I - m‑ s - X ‑ C-ý‑ b - n‑ e - p‑ s - a ‑ -
¯‑n. C-ý‑ b - n‑ Â C-t¸ ‑ m‑ g - p‑ w‑ C‑u c‑oX - n‑ ¡ - p‑
X-s¶ ‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ I‑pd - s - ¨ ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ a‑mä - § - t- f ‑ m‑ s - S‑ -
s‑b¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ {‑]N - m‑ c - w‑ . F-¶m‑ Â b‑qt- d ‑ m‑ -
¸‑ne - p‑ w‑ A-ta ‑ c - n‑ ¡ - ³ \‑mS- p‑ I - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ a‑n¡ -
t‑^m‑ t- «‑ m‑ I - e - m‑ I - m‑ c - · - m‑ c - p‑ w‑ k-aI - m‑ e - o‑ \ -
`‑q`
- m‑ K - N‑n{- X ‑ o‑ I - c - W - c‑oX - n‑ b - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ a‑md - n‑ -
¡-gn‑ ª - p‑ . A-hÀ k ‑ u ‑ µ - c - y‑ t- ¯ ‑ ¡ - m‑ Ä
k-Xy‑ ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ {‑]m‑ [ - m‑ \ - y‑ w‑ \Â-Ip‑ I - b - p‑ w‑
a-\p‑ j - y‑ ³ a‑mä - n‑ a - d - n‑ ¨ - `‑q` - m‑ K - § - s - f ‑ A-tX ‑ -
]-Sn‑ ]-IÀ-¯p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . \‑mw‑
C-Ãm‑ X - m‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - k‑uµ - c - y‑ a - m‑ t- W ‑ m‑ A-tX ‑ m‑
\‑mw‑ X-s¶ ‑ D-ïm‑ ¡ - n‑ h-bv‑¡ - p‑ ¶ - A-{] ‑ n‑ -
bk-Xy‑ § - f - p‑ w‑ s‑sh ‑ I - e - y‑ § - f - p‑ a - m‑ t- W ‑ m‑
\-ap‑ ¡ - p‑ I‑mt- W ‑ ï - s - X ‑ ¶ - p‑ \‑mw‑ X-s¶ ‑
X‑oc - p‑ a - m‑ \ - n‑ t- ¡ ‑ ï - n‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
G-Xm‑ \ - p‑ w‑ a‑mk - § - Ä-¡p‑ a‑p³-]v‑ R‑m\ - n‑ -
h‑nS- w‑ h‑oï - p‑ w‑ k-µÀ-in‑ ¨ - p‑ ,‑ A-Xn‑ c - m‑ h - n‑ s - e ‑ ,‑
N‑n{- X ‑ s - a ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ X-¿m‑ d - m‑ b - n‑ . s‑sh ‑ Z- y‑ p‑ X - -
¡‑me - p‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ X-e§ - p‑ w‑ h‑ne - § - p‑ w‑ s‑I«- n‑ b -
I-¼n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ ,‑ ]-ck - y‑ ¸ - e - I - I - f - p‑ w‑ ,‑ ]‑ns - ¶ ‑
C-Sa - p‑ d - n‑ b - m‑ s - X ‑ ]‑mb - p‑ ¶ - h‑ml - \ - § - f - p‑ a - m‑ -
W‑v F-s¶ ‑ b - h - n‑ s - S‑ h-ct- h ‑ ä - X - v‑.

b‑m-{‑X-¡‑m-c³
A-c‑p-W
I‑n-c-W-§Ä
a-t‑\‑m-l-c-a‑m-b K‑m-\‑w t‑]‑m-s‑e B-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p C-h‑n-s‑S I‑m-e‑m-h-Ø. N‑n-e-t‑¸‑mÄ

A-X‑n-c‑m-h‑n-s‑e a‑q-SÂ-a-ª‑p-ï‑m-I‑p‑w. k‑q-t‑c‑y‑m-Z-b-¯‑n-\‑p-t‑i-j‑w X‑m-g‑v-h-c-b‑nÂ
s‑N-d‑n-b I‑m-ä‑v h‑o-i‑m³ X‑p-S-§‑p‑w. B t‑Z-i-a‑m-W‑v A-c‑p-W‑m-NÂ-{‑]-t‑Z-i‑v.
`‑m-c-X-¯‑nÂ B-Z‑y‑w k‑q-c‑y³ D-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v C-h‑n-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v
A-P‑n-¯‑v b‑p.
C
¯‑nc - t- ï
´
- y‑ b
k‑wØ
‑ m‑ f
- n‑ s
-
- e
- w‑ `‑mj
‑ h-S¡
m‑ \ - ¯
- I
- p‑ I‑ng- ¡
- n‑ Â a‑m{- X
- Ä k‑wk - m‑ c
- p‑ Å
‑ w‑ A³-]-
- H-cp‑
- n‑ ¡- p‑ ¶ - p‑
t‑ij
- w‑ A-hn‑ s
¡‑v s‑{S‑ b - n‑ \
C-\n‑ N‑ne
- S‑ \‑n¶
- n‑ Â h-cm‑ h
- {‑][
- v‑ K‑ph
- m‑ \
- p‑ ¶
- s - ¸
- X
- m‑ l - ¯
- m‑ W
‑ «- I‑mc
- n‑ b
- v‑.
- n‑ t- e
- y‑ §- Ä
‑ - t‑cm‑ l‑nÂ-kv‑''‑ k-µÀ-in‑ ¡
c‑p¶ - p‑ ¹‑m³ s‑Nb
R-§Ä F-¯m‑ ³ X‑oc
- v‑X- n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - X
- p‑ a
- m‑ ³ B-bn‑ -
- m‑ \
- v‑. A-hn‑ s
- n‑ ¨
- Z‑nh - k
- S‑ ,‑
- -
F-¶ I‑mc - y‑ w‑ A-dn‑ ª - t- ¸ ‑ m‑ Ä-¯s - ¶ ‑ ]-db- m‑ w‑ . C-ý‑ b - p‑ s
- S‑ h-S¡ - v‑ I‑ng - ¡- v‑ t‑a- ¯‑n\ - v‑ H-cm‑ g - v‑N - a‑pt- ¶ ‑ ,‑ 300 a-Wn‑ ¡ - q‑ À
F-\n‑ ¡ - v‑ B t‑Zi - w‑ H-¶v‑ I‑mW - m‑ ³ B-{K ‑ - J-e H-cp‑ ""s‑k³-kn‑ ä - o‑ h- v‑''‑ B-b {‑]t- Z‑ - _-µv‑ D-ïm‑ b - n‑ . C‑u _-µv‑ I‑mc - W - w‑
l‑w t‑Xm‑ ¶ - n‑ . `‑mj - b - n‑ Â-¯s - ¶ ‑ A-{X ‑ b - p‑ w‑ C-hn‑ s - S‑ D-Å a‑p¶ - q‑ - P‑nÃ - I - Ä-¡v‑ ]‑pd - w‑
s‑sh ‑ h - n‑ [ - y‑ a - p‑ Å- H-cp‑ Ø-e¯ - v‑ s‑sP ‑ h - K‑p-h‑m-l-¯‑n-b‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p‑w t‑em‑ I - h - p‑ a - m‑ b- p‑ Å - _-Ôw‑ \-jv‑S- s - ¸ ‑ «- p‑ .
s‑sh ‑ h - n‑ [ - y‑ w‑ F-{X ‑ D-ïm‑ I - p‑ w‑ F-¶v‑ D‑u- G-I-t‑Z-i‑w 380 I‑n-t‑e‑m-a‑o-ä-t‑d‑m-f‑w h‑mÀ-¯m‑ h‑n\ - n‑ a - b - k‑wh - n‑ [ - m‑ \ - § - f - p‑ w‑
l‑n¡ - m‑ a - t- Ã ‑ m‑ . B t‑Zi - a - m‑ W - v‑ A-cp‑ W - m‑ - X-Ic - m‑ d - n‑ e
- m‑ b - n‑ . C‑u h‑mÀ-¯I - Ä t‑Ic - -
NÂ-{] ‑ t- Z‑ i - v‑. `‑mc - X - ¯ - n‑ Â B-Zy‑ w‑ k‑qc - y‑ ³
D-Å b‑m-{‑X. c‑m-h‑n-s‑e 5.30 \‑v f-¯n‑ t- e ‑ m‑ C-ý‑ b - n‑ s- e ‑ a-äp‑ {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - -
D-Zn‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ C-hn‑ s - S‑ b - m‑ W - v‑. t‑Km‑ h - b - n‑ Â ]‑p-d-s‑¸-«‑p. P‑m-K‑n t‑d‑m-U‑v, \-e‑v-t‑X‑m- f‑nt- e‑ m‑ H-cp‑ ""h‑mÀ-¯'‑ '‑ B-bn‑ c - p‑ ¶- n‑ Ã - .
\‑n¶- p‑ Å - h-\y‑ P - o‑ h - n‑ t‑^m‑ t- «‑ m‑ {- K ‑ m‑ ^ - À-am‑ - f‑n h-g‑n s‑X-k‑v-]‑qÀ F-¯‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ C-¯c - w‑ B-`y‑ ´ - c - {‑]i - v‑\ - § - Ä I‑mc - W - w‑
c‑mb - \‑nÀ-½Â‑, t‑Zh - v‑ Z-¯v‑, ]‑ns - ¶ ‑ A-«- ]-{‑´-ï‑p a-W‑n B-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. R-§Ä b‑m{- X ‑ K‑mt- c ‑ m‑ l‑nÂ-kv‑ (t‑aL - m‑ -
¸‑mS- n‑ k‑mc - w‑ K - v‑ l‑nÂ-kn‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ K‑uX - w‑ e-b)‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ C‑uK - n‑ Ä s‑\Ì - v‑ h-\y‑ -
k‑mc - w‑ K - v‑ F-¶n‑ h - À I‑qs - S‑ D-ïm‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . P‑oh - n‑ k-t¦ ‑ X - (A-cp‑ W - m‑ N - Â {‑]t- Z‑ i - v‑)
2012 s‑ab - v‑ a‑mk - w‑ H³]Xn\p K‑ph - m‑ l - - i-am‑ W - v‑. a‑n¡ - {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f - p‑ w‑ {‑]m‑ Y - a - n‑ I
- ¯‑nt- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ a‑mä - p‑ I- b - m‑ b- n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . A-cp‑ W - m‑ -
¯‑nb - n‑ Â h‑na - m‑ \ - w‑ C-d§ - n‑ b - R-§Ä k‑uI - c - y‑ §
- Ä t‑]m‑ e - p‑ w‑ C-Ãm‑ s - X ‑ I‑nS- - NÂ {‑]t- Z‑ i - v‑ A-Xn‑ À-¯n‑ k‑wØ - m‑ \ - w‑
]‑nt- ä ‑ ¶ - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ A-cp‑ W - m‑ N - e - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ ¡‑p¶ - p‑ . C-hn‑ s - S‑ a‑mt- h‑ m‑ b - n‑ Ì
- v‑þ- t- _ ‑ m‑ t- U ‑ m‑ B-bX - n‑ \ - m‑ Â C-ý‑ ³ ]-«m‑ f - ¡- m‑ c - p‑ s - S‑
]‑pd - s - ¸ ‑ «- X - v‑. s‑{S‑ b - n‑ ³ b‑m{- X ‑ s‑Xc - s - ª ‑ - X‑o{- h
‑ h - m‑ Z- n‑ A-{I ‑ a
- §
- f - p‑ w‑ D-ïm‑ I - m‑ d- p‑ ï- v‑. ]-e I‑ym‑ ¼ - p‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ C-hn‑ s - S‑ I‑mW - m‑ w‑ .
S‑p¡
- p‑ ¶ - h - À-¡v‑ s‑Im‑ Â-¡¯ - F-¯n‑ b - R-§Ä B-Zy‑ w‑ t‑aL - m‑ e - b - b - n‑ s - e‑ ""K‑m- R-§Ä-¡v‑ C‑uK - n‑ Ä s‑\Ì - v‑ {‑]t- Z‑ i - ¯ - v‑

••C‑u-K‑nÄ s‑\-Ì‑v
h-\‑y P‑o-h‑n k-t‑¦-X-¯nÂ
A-Sp-¯n-sS Is−¯nb
A-]qÀ-Æ-am-b Cu ]-£n-
tem-I-¯m-sI FItZiw c−-p
U-k-t\m-fw am-{X-ta A-h-ti-jn-
¡p-¶p-Åq F-¶p-Å-Xv
Cu {]-tZ-i-¯n-sâ
]mcnØnXnI {]-k-àn
hn-fn-t¨m-Xp-¶p.
_pK³ entbmkn¨ne (Bugun Liocichla) t^mt«m/iin[À A¡ncmPq
s‑{S‑ ¡
- n‑ w‑ K - v‑ \-S¯ - m‑ \ - p‑ w‑ t‑^m‑ t- «‑ m‑ k - v‑ F-Sp‑ - s‑¸t- «‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ F-¶v‑ A-t±‑ l - w‑ A-dn‑ b - n‑ ¨- n‑ -
¡‑m\ - p‑ w‑ a-äp‑ a- p‑ Å - s‑]À-an‑ j - ³ e-`n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - - c‑p¶
- p‑ s - h
‑ ¦ - n‑ e- p‑ w‑ A-§s - \ ‑ D-ïm‑ b - n‑ Ã
- .
C-h‑n-s‑S D-Å a-c-§-f‑p‑w a-ä‑p‑w
X‑n\ - v‑ A-hn‑ s - S‑ D-Å ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X
- n‑ {‑]h- À- R-§f - p‑ s
- S‑ e-£y‑ Ø‑m\ - w‑ ,‑ s‑hÌ - v‑ k-l‑y-]À-Æ-X \‑n-c-I-f‑n-e‑p-Å-
¯-I\ - p‑ w‑ K-th ‑ j - I - \ - p‑ a - m‑ b- t‑Um‑ . c-aW - I-sa ‑ §- v‑ P‑nÃ - b- n‑ s- e
‑ C‑uK - n‑ Ä s‑\Ì - v‑ X‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p‑w h‑n-`‑n-¶-a‑m-W‑v.
A-t{‑ X ‑ b - k-lm‑ b - n‑ ¨- p‑ . A-t±‑ l - ¯ - n‑ s
- â ‑ h-\y‑ P‑oh - n‑ k-t¦ ‑ X - a - m‑ b
- n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ F-¶v‑ A-X‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e X-s‑¶ a‑n-¡-h‑m-d‑p‑w
C s‑ab - n‑ Â A-\p‑ k - c - n‑ ¨
- v‑ R-§Ä ]‑mk - v‑- ]-dª - t- Ã‑ m‑ . K‑ph - m‑ l - ¯ - n‑ b - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑
t‑]m‑ À-«v‑ s‑Im‑ ï - p‑ h - ¶ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . R-§Ä G-It- Z‑ i - w‑ 380 I‑nt- e ‑ m‑ a- o‑ ä
- t- d ‑ m‑ f
- w‑ D-Å P‑o-h P‑m-e-§-f‑p‑w.
s‑{S‑ ¡- v‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - Ø-e§ - f - n‑ Â D-Å b‑m{- X ‑ . c‑mh - n‑ s
- e ‑ 5.30 \‑v ]‑pd - s - ¸ ‑ «- p‑ . P‑mK - n‑
]-«m‑ f - ¡ - m‑ À N‑ne - t- ¸ ‑ m‑ Ä A-Xv‑ B-hi - y‑ - t‑dm‑ U - v‑, \-ev‑t- X ‑ m‑ f
- n‑ h-gn‑ s‑Xk - v‑] - q‑ À F-¯p‑ - t‑¼m‑ Ä ]-{´ ‑ ï - p‑ a-Wn‑ B-bn‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . s‑X-
k‑v] - q‑ c - n‑ Â R-§Ä I‑ps - d ‑ \‑mt- S‑ m‑ S- n‑ I - s - f ‑
B³-t‑UÀ-k¬-k‑v a‑u-−³ e‑n-k‑mÀ-Uv (Anderson's Mountain Lizard) t^mt«m/A-P‑n-¯‑v b‑p. I-ïp‑ . B-`y‑ ´ - c - I-em‑ ] - § - Ä I‑mc - W - w‑
I‑ps - d‑ BÄ-¡m‑ À ]-em‑ b - \ - w‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑
I‑mW - m‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . C-hn‑ s - S‑ G-äh - p‑ w‑ I‑q-
S‑pX- Â I‑mW - s - ¸ ‑ «- h‑ml - \ - w‑ s‑sk ‑ ¡ - n‑ Ä
d‑n£
- I - Ä B-bn‑ c - p‑ ¶- p‑ . A-Xn‑ \ - p‑ t‑ij - w‑
I-ïX - v‑ BÀ-an‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ {‑S¡ - p‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ . A-cp‑ -
W‑mN - Â {‑]t- Z‑ i - n‑ Â kÀ-¡m‑ À/ k‑zI - m‑ c - y‑
_-Êp‑ I - Ä h-fs - c ‑ I‑pd - h - m‑ W - v‑. P-\§ - Ä
S‑mä- k‑pt- a ‑ m‑ /P‑o¸ - v‑ X‑pS- § - n‑ b - D-]m‑ [ - n‑ I - Ä
k‑zo‑ I - c - n‑ ¡- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . s‑Xk - v‑] - q‑ c - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑
C-St- ¯ ‑ m‑ «- v‑ X‑nc - n‑ ª - p‑ .. B-dp‑ h - c - n‑ ¸ - m‑ X - ,‑
I‑pï - p‑ w‑ I‑pg - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ \‑nd - ª - t‑dm‑ U - n‑ \ - v‑
h-gn‑ a - m‑ d - n‑ . s‑Xk - v‑] - q‑ c
- n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ `‑me - p‑ -
I‑v s‑]m‑ § - v‑ h-gn‑ b - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ R-§f - p‑ s - S‑
b‑m{- X ‑ . `‑me - p‑ I - v‑ s‑]m‑ § - v‑ s‑NI - v‑t- ] ‑ m‑ Ì - n‑ Â
F-¯p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ t- g ‑ b - v‑¡ - p‑ w‑ a‑q¶ - p‑ a - W - n‑ b - m‑ b - n‑ .
A-km‑ a - n‑ s- â ‑ b - p‑ w‑ A-cp‑ W - m‑ N - e - n‑ s - â ‑ b - p‑ w‑

b‑m-{‑X-¡‑m-c³
A-Xn‑ À-¯n‑ b - n‑ Â B-Wv‑ C-Xv‑. `‑me - p‑ I - v‑
s‑]m‑ § - n\‑p t‑ij - w‑ ]-e Ø-e§ - f - n‑ -
e‑pw‑ t‑dm‑ U - v‑ D-ïv‑ F-¶v‑ a-\Ê - n‑ e - m‑ b - -
X‑p X-s¶ ‑ s‑sa ‑ Â-¡p‑ ä - n‑ \‑nÂ-¡p‑ ¶ - X - v‑
I-ïn‑ «- m‑ W - v‑.
l‑na- m‑ e - b - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ I‑ng- t- ¡ ‑ a-e\ - n‑ c- I - f - m‑ -
W‑nh - n‑ s - S‑ . C-hn‑ s - S‑ bp-Å a-c§ - f - p‑ w‑ a-äp‑ w‑
k-ly‑ ] - À-ÆX - \‑nc - I - f - n‑ e - p‑ Å - X - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑
h‑n`- n‑ ¶ - a - m‑ W - v‑. A-Xp‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ s - e ‑ X-s¶ ‑ a‑n¡ - -
h‑md - p‑ w‑ P‑oh - P‑me - § - f - p‑ w‑ . C‑uK - n‑ Ä s‑\Ì - v‑
k-t¦ ‑ X - w‑ h‑nh - n‑ [ - § - f - m‑ b - i-e`- § - Ä-¡p‑ w‑
kÀ-¸§ - Ä-¡p‑ w‑ t‑]c - p‑ t- I ‑ «- X - m‑ W - v‑. C‑u
k‑wc - £ - n‑ X - {‑]t- Z‑ i - w‑ s‑kÊ - H‑mÀ-¡n‑ U - v‑
k‑m© - z‑ d - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ w‑ ,‑ ]‑mt- ¡ ‑ s‑sS‑ K - À d‑n-
kÀ-Æv‑ (Pakhui Tiger Reserve) s‑âb - p‑ w‑
C-Sb - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑. k-ap‑ {- Z‑ \‑nc - ¸ - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑
3250 a‑oä - À D-bc - ¯ - n‑ e - m‑ W - n‑ X - v‑. s‑sh ‑ I - p‑ -
t‑¶c - w‑ B-dp‑ a-Wn‑ t- b ‑ m‑ s - S‑ R-§Ä s‑S§ -
BÀ-an‑ d‑nk - À-Æv‑ s‑N¡ - v‑ t‑]m‑ Ì - v‑ I-S¶ - p‑
e‑ma - m‑ I‑ym‑ ¼ - n‑ Â F-¯n‑ . e‑ma - m‑ I‑ym‑ ¼ - v‑ seÊÀ ]©v‑v (Lesser Punch) t^mt«m/A-P‑n-¯‑v b‑p.
B-Wv‑ C‑uK - n‑ Ä s‑\Ì - v‑ k-t¦ ‑ X - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑
{‑]t- h ‑ i - \ - I-hm‑ S- w‑ . B-Zy‑ c-ïv‑ a‑q¶ - v‑
Z‑nh
- k - w‑ C-hn‑ s - S‑ X‑ma - k - n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ B-Wv‑ a-ª‑p-X‑p-Å‑n-IÄ h‑o-W ]‑pÂ-t‑a- i-§f - n‑ Â D-Å `‑mj - I - f - m‑ b - t‑Jm‑ þ- _ - z‑
¹‑m³ s‑Nb - v‑X - n‑ «- p‑ Å - X - v‑. e‑ma - m‑ I‑ym‑ ¼ - v‑ H-cp‑ (KhoBwa language) t‑ab - v‑ (Sherdukpen, or
I‑p¶ - n‑ ³ a‑pI - f - n‑ e - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . s‑I«- n‑ S- § - Ä
S‑p-I-f‑p‑w‑, l‑n-a-h‑m-s‑â X‑m-g‑v-h‑m-c-§- Mey)‑ X‑pS - § - n‑ b - h - b - p‑ w‑ S‑n_ - t- ä ‑ m‑ þ- _ - À-a³
F-¶v‑ ]-db - m‑ h - p‑ ¶ - h - (s‑I«- n‑ D-ïm‑ ¡ - n‑ b - f‑n-s‑e a‑p-f-¦‑m-S‑p-I-f‑p‑w‑, kÀ-¸- `‑mj - m‑ t‑Km‑ {- X ‑ ¯ - n‑ Â-s¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . C-¯c - w‑
C-Sw‑ )‑ a‑q¶ - p‑ \‑me - v‑ s‑Sâ‑pI - Ä‑, c−p I‑p- §Ä A-[‑n-h-k‑n-¡‑p-¶ C-S-X‑qÀ-¶ A³-]t- X ‑ m‑ f - w‑ `‑mj - I - Ä C-hn‑ s - S‑ D-ïv‑.
f‑na - p‑ d - n‑ I - Ä‑, ]‑ns - ¶ ‑ H-cp‑ I‑pS- n‑ Â. B I‑m-S‑p-I-f‑p‑w R-§Ä I-ï‑p. X-h- A-cp‑ W - m‑ N - Â {‑]t- Z‑ i - n‑ s - e ‑ A-Im‑ E-tk ‑ m‑
I‑pS- n‑ em-Wv‑ A-Sp‑ ¡ - f - . a‑pf - b - p‑ w‑ a-®p‑ w‑ (Hruso language) `‑mj - DÄ-s¸ ‑ s - S‑ a-äp‑
s‑Im‑ ï - m‑ W - v‑ I‑pS- n‑ Â D-ïm‑ ¡ - n‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ - f-I-s‑f I‑m-W‑m³ t‑h-ï‑n c‑m-{‑X‑n ]-e `‑mj - I - f - p‑ w‑ C-¶v‑ ""a‑rX - `- m‑ j - '‑ '‑ B-Ip‑ -
¶-Xv‑. X-t±‑ i - h‑mk - n‑ I - f - m‑ b - _‑pK - p‑ ³ I‑m-e-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w s‑{‑S-¡‑n‑w-K‑v \-S-¯‑n. ¶-Xn‑ s - â ‑ h-¡n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑. ]-e `‑mj - m‑ i‑mk - v‑-
B-Zn‑ h - m‑ k - n‑ t‑Km‑ {- X ‑ ¡ - m‑ À B-bn‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ {‑XÚ - ·
- m‑ c - p‑ w‑ C-hn‑ s - S‑ bp-Å `‑mj - m‑ s‑sh ‑ -
R-§f - p‑ s - S‑ B-Xn‑ t- Y ‑ b - À. A-¶v‑ c‑m{- X ‑ n‑ Z‑ym‑ ` - y‑ m‑ k - w‑ t‑\S- n‑ b - h - À B-Wv‑. ]‑pt- c ‑ m‑ - h‑n[ - y‑ s - ¯ ‑ ¡ - p‑ d- n‑ ¨ - v‑ ]T-\w‑ \-S¯ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ ï - v‑.
`-£W - w‑ N-¸m‑ ¯ - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ ]-cn‑ ¸ - p‑ I - d - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ K-a\ - N‑n´ - h-¨p‑ ] - p‑ e- À-¯p‑ ¶ - C-hÀ G-äh - p‑ w‑ c-kI - c - a- m‑ b - n‑ F-\n‑ ¡ - v‑ t‑Xm‑ ¶ - n‑ -
B-bn‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . l‑na - h - m‑ s - â ‑ X‑mg - v‑h - c - b - n‑ Â {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ k‑wc - £ - W - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ \-Ã {‑i² - b-Xv‑ C-hn‑ s - S‑ k‑qc - y‑ ³ D-Zn‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - k-ab - -
G-It- Z‑ i - w‑ c-tï ‑ m‑ a‑qt- ¶ ‑ m‑ U‑n{- K ‑ n‑ X‑m- s‑Ne - p‑ ¯ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . C‑u {‑]t- Z‑ i - ¯ - v‑ \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ a‑mW - v‑. c‑mh - n‑ s - e ‑ A-©p‑ a-Wn‑ ¡ - p‑ a‑pt- ¶ ‑
]-\n‑ e - D-Å C‑u Ø-e¯ - v‑ C-{X ‑ b - p‑ w‑ c-aW - A-t{‑ X ‑ b - I-sï ‑ ¯ - n‑ b - ]-£n‑ ¡ - v‑ X-s¶ ‑ C-hn‑ s - S‑ D-Zb - k‑qc - y‑ s - \ ‑ I‑mW - m‑ w‑ .
k‑uI - c - y‑ § - Ä X-s¶ ‑ [‑mc - m‑ f - a - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . _‑pK - p‑ ³ entbmkn¨ne (Bugun Lioci- A-Xp‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - v‑ A-Xn‑ c - m‑ h - n‑ s - e ‑ A-©p‑
C-\n‑ R-§f - p‑ s - S‑ B-Xn‑ t- Y ‑ b - s - c ‑ ¡ - p‑ - chla Liocichla Bugunorum) F-¶ t‑]c - p‑ a-Wn‑ t- b ‑ m‑ s - S‑ X-s¶ ‑ R-§Ä F-Ãm‑ Z‑n-
d‑n¨- v‑ ]-db - m‑ w‑ . t‑Um‑ . c-aW - A-t{‑ X ‑ b - b - p‑ - s‑Im‑ S- p‑ ¯ - X - p‑ X-s¶ ‑ _‑pK - p‑ ³ t‑Km‑ {- X ‑ - h-kh - p‑ w‑ s‑{S‑ ¡ - n‑ w‑ K - v‑ X‑pS- § - n‑ . B-Zy‑ s - ¯ ‑
s‑S k‑pl - r‑ ¯ - m‑ b - C³-Un‑ _‑m_ - p‑ (Mr. ¯‑n\ - p‑ Å - A‑wK - o‑ I - m‑ c - a
- m‑ W- v‑. _‑pK - p‑ ³ a‑q¶
- p‑ Z‑nh - k - w‑ e‑ma - m‑ I‑ym‑ ¼ - n‑ \ - p‑ N‑pä - p‑ -
Indiglow, Bugun Welfare Assn Tenga t‑Km‑ {- X ‑ w‑ ,‑ t‑Jm‑ h - (Khowa people)‑ F-¶ a‑pÅ- {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f - n‑ Â B-bn‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ s‑{S‑ -
Valley) B-bn‑ c
- p‑ ¶
- p‑ R-§Ä-¡v‑ t‑hï
- t‑]c - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ A-dn‑ b - s- ¸‑ S- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . C-hc - p‑ s
- S‑ `‑mj - - ¡‑nw‑ K - v‑. c‑mh - n‑ s - e ‑ A-©p‑ a-Wn‑ a‑pX - Â
k‑uI - c - y‑ §
- Ä s‑Nb - v‑X
- p‑ X-¶X - v‑. X-t±‑ i
- b‑mb - t‑Jm‑ h - `‑mj - (Khowa language) F«pa-Wn‑ h - s - c ‑ . ]‑ns - ¶ ‑ {‑]m‑ X - Â‑, h‑oï - p‑ w‑
h‑mk
- n‑ I - f - m‑ b- _‑pK- p‑ ³ t‑Km‑ {- X
‑ ¡ - m‑ À a-äp‑ S‑n_
- t- ä ‑ m‑ þ _À-a³ `‑mj - m‑ K - W- ¯ - n‑ e- m‑ - 10 a‑pX - Â Hcpa-Wn‑ h-sc ‑ b‑m{- X ‑ . D-¨` - -
t‑Km‑ {- X
‑ § - s - f‑ A-t]‑ £ - n‑ ¨- v‑ I‑qS- p‑ X
- Â h‑n- W‑v DÄ-s¸ ‑ «- n‑ c- n‑ ¡
- p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. k-ao‑ ] - {‑]t- Z‑ - £-W¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ t‑ij - w‑ A-©p‑ a - W - n‑ h-sc ‑
]‑ns - ¶ ‑ b - p‑ w‑ s‑{S‑ ¡ - n‑ w‑ K - v‑. t‑_k - v‑ I‑ym‑ ¼ - n‑ Â
••B‑w^
- n‑ s
- b
‑ k
- v‑a
- I‑pS- p‑ w‑ _
- ¯
- n‑ Â-s¸
‑ S- p‑ ¶
- kÀ-¸w- t^mt«m/A-P‑n-¯‑v b‑p. \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ G-sX ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ H-cp‑ t‑]m‑ b - n‑ â‑v h-sc ‑
t‑]m‑ b - n‑ X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - p‑ h-cn‑ I - F-¶X - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑
¹‑m³. a-ªp‑ X - p‑ Å - n‑ I - Ä h‑oW - ]‑pÂ-ta ‑ -
S‑pI - f - p‑ w‑ ,‑ l‑na - h - m‑ s - â ‑ X‑mg - v‑h
- m‑ c - § - f - n‑ s - e ‑
a‑pf - ¦ - m‑ S- p‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ ,‑ kÀ-¸§ - Ä A-[n‑ h - k - n‑ -
¡‑p¶ - C-SX - q‑ À-¶ I‑mS- p‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ R-§Ä
I-ïp‑ . X-hf - I - s - f ‑ I‑mW - m‑ ³ t‑hï - n‑ c‑m-
{‑Xn‑ I‑me - § - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ s‑{S‑ ¡ - n‑ w‑ K - v‑ \-S¯ - n‑ .
C‑u {‑]t- Z‑ i - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ k-hn‑ t- i ‑ j - X -
X-s¶ ‑ ,‑ h‑nh - n‑ [ - § - f - m‑ b - i-e`- § - f - p‑ w‑ ,‑ kÀ-
¸-§f - p‑ w‑ ,‑ D-`b - P‑oh - n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ B-Wv‑. B‑w-
^‑ns - b ‑ k - v‑a - I‑pS- p‑ w‑ _ - ¯ - n‑ Â-s¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - H-cp‑
kÀ-¸s - ¯ ‑ R-§Ä I-sï ‑ ¯ - n‑ . B-Zy‑ a- m‑ -
b‑mW - v‑ C‑u ]‑m¼ - n‑ s - \ ‑ s‑dt- ¡ ‑ m‑ À-Uv‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ -
¶-Xv‑. C-Xp‑ h - s - c ‑ C-Xn‑ s - â ‑ i‑mk - v‑{- X ‑ \‑ma- w‑
]‑pd - ¯ - p‑ h‑n«- n‑ «- n‑ Ã - . c-aW - A-s{‑ X ‑ b - b - p‑ s - S‑
t‑\X - r‑ X - z‑ ¯ - n‑ Â I‑pd - ¨ - p‑ i‑mk - v‑{- X ‑ Ú - À

C‑u kÀ-¸s - ¯ ‑ ]T‑n¨ - p‑ s‑Im‑ ï - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ - {‑]t- Z‑ i - ¯ - v‑ h‑wi - \ - m‑ i - ` - o‑ j- W - n‑ t‑\c - n‑ - ¶ _-Ôp‑ B-Wv‑ C‑u i-e` - w‑ . a-ª
¶‑p. {‑_u ‑ ¬ I-eÀ-¶ N‑ph - ¸ - v‑ \‑nd - a - p‑ Å - S‑p¶
- ]-e X-hf - I- f - p‑ w‑ I‑mW - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . \‑nd - ¯ - n‑ Â B-Wv‑ C-h I‑mW - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ I - .
C‑u kÀ-¸w‑ h‑nj - a - n‑ Ã - m‑ ¯ - X - m‑ W - v‑. C-hn‑ - s‑F.b‑p.k‑n.F³. I-Ws - ¡ ‑ S- p‑ ¸ - p‑ {‑]I - m‑ c - w‑ \‑m«- n‑ s - e ‑ i-e` - w‑ H‑md - © - p‑ \‑nd - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ .
s‑S X-t±‑ i - o‑ b - a - m‑ b
- n‑ I‑mW - p‑ ¶ - H-cp‑ H‑m´ - v‑ U‑mä- m‑ s‑U^ - n‑ j - y‑ â‑v (C-Xp‑ h - s - c ‑ t‑hï - {- X ‑ a‑q¶- m‑ w‑ Z‑nh - k - w‑ a-gb - p‑ w‑ a‑qS- Â a-ªp‑ a - p‑ -
hÀ-¤a - m‑ W - v‑ B³-tU ‑ À-k¬-kv‑ a‑us - â ‑ ³ s‑dt- ¡ ‑ m‑ À-Uv‑ s‑N¿ - s - ¸‑ «- n‑ «- n‑ Ã - m‑ ¯ - )‑ X-h- ï‑mb - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . A-Xn‑ \ - m‑ Â A-¶v‑ s‑Sâ‑n-
e‑nk - m‑ À-Uv‑ (Anderson's Mountain Lizard, f-If - m‑ W - v‑ d‑ms - ¡ ‑ m‑ ^ - d - k - v‑ S‑mt- c ‑ m‑ s - \ ‑ ³- \‑p ]‑pd - ¯ - n‑ d - §- m‑ ³ t‑]m‑ e - p‑ w‑ ]-än‑ b - n‑ Ã - .
Japalura Andersoniana). k-ap‑ {- Z ‑ \‑nc - ¸ - n‑ Â k‑nk - v‑ (Rhacophorus Taronensis), t‑_m‑ - ]‑pd - ¯ - v‑ X-Wp‑ ¸ - p‑ I‑qS- n‑ h-¶p‑ . X‑m] - \ - n‑ e -
\‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ 3500 a‑oä - À a‑pX - Â D-bc - a - p‑ Å - t‑^m‑ Ì‑ph - m‑ À-«n‑ (Bufo stuarti) F¶nh. G-It- Z‑ i - w‑ \mepU‑n{- K ‑ n‑ h-sc‑ B-bn‑ c- p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
`‑q«- m‑ ³ A-cp‑ W - m‑ N - Â X‑pS- § - n‑ b - {‑]t- Z‑ i - - d‑ms - ¡ ‑ m‑ ^ - d - k - v‑ S‑mt- c ‑ m‑ s - \ ‑ ³-kn‑ k - v‑ ]-¨ É‑o¸ - n‑ § - v‑ _‑mK - p‑ w‑ I-¼n‑ f - n‑ h-kv‑{- X ‑ § - -
§-fn‑ Â a‑m{- X ‑ a - m‑ W - v‑ C-h I‑mW - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ I - . \‑nd- ¯ - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑ I‑mW - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ I - . a-c§ - f - p‑ s- S‑ f‑pw‑ D-ïm‑ b - X - ps‑Im‑ ï - v‑ h-en‑ b - _‑p² - n‑ a - p‑ «- v‑
\‑oe - b - n‑ Â a-ª h-cI - Ä D-Å kÀ-¸a - m‑ - C-eI - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ a-äp‑ w‑ C-hs - b ‑ I‑mW - m‑ w‑ . i-co‑ - D-ïm‑ b - n‑ Ã - . A-Xn‑ \ - p‑ ]‑nt- ä‑ ¶ - v‑ \-Ã I‑me - m‑ -
W‑v C‑ut- Ì ‑ ¬ {‑Sn‑ s - ¦ ‑ ä - v‑. C-Xp‑ w‑ h‑nj - a - n‑ - c-¯n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ s‑hÅ - \‑nd - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ Å - h-Øb - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . c-aW - A-s{‑ X ‑ b - b - p‑ s - S‑
Ã‑m¯ - X - m‑ W - v‑. I-cn‑ b - n‑ e - I - Ä-¡v‑ A-Sn‑ b - n‑ Â ]-it- ] ‑ m‑ s - e‑ b - p‑ Å
- {‑Zm‑ h - I - w‑ ]‑pd - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ - h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ À-°n‑ I - Ä A-¶v‑ e‑ma - m‑ I‑ym‑ ¼ - n‑ t- e ‑ -
a‑n¡
- h - m‑ d- p‑ w‑ a-®n‑ \ - S- n‑ b - n‑ Â I‑mW - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - h‑n¡ - p‑ ¶ - t‑_m‑ t- ^ ‑ m‑ Ì‑ph - m‑ À-«n‑ (Bufo ¡‑p h-¶p‑ . A-hc - n‑ Â ]-ec - p‑ w‑ ,‑ i-e` - § - -
kÀ-¸a - m‑ W - v‑ Darjeeling Oriental slender s‑fb - p‑ w‑ ]-£n‑ I - s - f ‑ b - p‑ w‑ ]-än‑ K-th ‑ j - W - w‑
Snake. C-Xn‑ s - â ‑ i‑mk - v‑{- X ‑ \ - m‑ a- w‑ Trachischi- -at‑\‑m-l-c-a‑m-b K‑m-\‑w t‑]‑m-s‑e \-S¯ - p‑ ¶ - h - c - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶- p‑ .
um fuscum F-¶m‑ W - v‑. kÀ-¸§ - f - n‑ Â `‑qc - n‑ - B-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p C-h‑n-s‑S I‑m-e‑m-h-Ø. C-hn‑ s - S‑ h‑nt- i ‑ j - s - ¸ ‑ «- ]-e P‑oh - n‑ I - -
`‑mK - h - p‑ w‑ h‑nj - a- n‑ Ã - m‑ ¯ - h - X-s¶ ‑ . F-¦n‑ e - p‑ w‑ s‑fb - p‑ w‑ I‑mW - m‑ w‑ . F-¦n‑ e - p‑ w‑ ,‑ A-hb - n‑ Â
kÀ-¸§ - Ä A-dn‑ b - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ h‑nj - ¯ - n‑ -
N‑n-e-t‑¸‑mÄ A-X‑n-c‑m-h‑n-s‑e a‑q-SÂ- G-äh - p‑ w‑ k-hn‑ t- i ‑ j - X - b - p‑ Å
- P‑oh - n‑ H-cp‑
s‑â t‑]c - n‑ e - m‑ W - t- Ã ‑ m‑ . A-Xn‑ \ - m‑ Â X-s¶ ‑ ,‑ a-ª‑p-ï‑m-I‑p‑w. k‑q-t‑c‑y‑m-Z-b-¯‑n- C‑u¨ - b - m‑ W - v‑. t‑I«- m‑ Â A-Ûp‑ X - w‑ t‑Xm‑ ¶ - m‑ -
\‑p-t‑i-j‑w X‑m-g‑v-h-c-b‑nÂ s‑N-d‑n-b s‑a¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ C-hb - p‑ s - S‑ {‑]t- X ‑ y‑ I - X - s - b ‑ ¶ - X - v‑,
I‑m-ä‑v h‑o-i‑m³ X‑p-S-§‑p‑w. a-\p‑ j - y‑ s - â ‑ t‑Nm‑ c - I‑pS- n‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - p‑ Å - I-gn‑ -
h‑mW - v‑. ]-g§ - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ a-äp‑ w‑ I‑mW - p‑ ¶ - s‑N-
d‑nb
- C‑u¨ - b - p‑ s - S‑ h-en‑ ¸ - t- a ‑ C-Xn‑ \ - p‑ Å - q‑ .
»q t{Xm«Uv _mÀ_äv (Blue-throated Barbet) t^mt«m/bXn³ IrjvW¸
]‑m¼ - p‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑ t‑^m‑ t- «‑ m‑ F-Sp‑ ¡ - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä stuarti)‑ F-¶ t‑]c - n‑ e

- p‑ Å
- s‑Nm‑ d- n‑ ¯
- h - f - F-¦n‑ e - p‑ w‑ C-Xv‑ a-\p‑ j - y‑ s - c‑ I-Sn‑ ¨ - t‑ij - w‑
I‑pd - ¨ - p‑ {‑i² - D-ïm‑ I - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ \-ÃX - m‑ W - v‑. (Toad)‑, I‑mW
- m‑ \
- {- X‑ k‑pµ - c
- \
- s
- Ã‑ ¦ - n‑ e
- p‑ w‑ ,‑ h-ep‑ X - m‑ I - m‑ ³ X‑pS- § - p‑ w‑ . H-cp‑ s‑Im‑ X - p‑ I- v‑ I‑p-
I‑qs - S‑ ]‑m¼ - p‑ I - f - p‑ a
- m‑ b - n‑ C-S] - g- I - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ Â I‑mt- W ‑ ï - H-cp‑ P‑oh - n‑ b- m‑ W - v‑. R‑ms - \ ‑ S- p‑ ¯
- S‑n¡
- p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ s - â‑ a‑q¶ - p‑ a-S§ - v‑ t‑Nm‑ c - C-Xp‑
h‑nZ- K - v‑[ - c - m‑ b - B-sc ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ D-ÅX - m‑ W - v‑ N‑n{- X‑ ¯ - n‑ Â‑, t‑aÂ-¸d - ª- s‑hÅ - {‑Zm‑ - I‑pS- n‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ . N‑ne - À-¡v‑ A-Xn‑ IT‑n\ - a - m‑ b -
\-ÃX - v‑. h-\{- ] ‑ t- Z‑ i - § - f - n‑ Â s‑{S‑ ¡ - n‑ w‑ K - v‑, h-Iw‑ \‑oe - \‑nd - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ Å - I‑p¯ - p‑ I - Ä t‑hZ- \ - b - p‑ w‑ s‑Nm‑ d- n‑ ¨ - n‑ e- p‑ w‑ C-Xv‑ D-ïm‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ .
t‑^m‑ t- «‑ m‑ {- K ‑ m‑ ^ - n‑ X‑pS- § - n‑ b - I‑mc - y‑ § - Ä B-bn‑ I‑mW - m‑ w‑ . ]-Ýn‑ a- L-«¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ I‑mS- p‑ - F-sâ ‑ I‑me - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ I-¿n‑ e - p‑ w‑ A-Xy‑ m‑ h - i - y‑ w‑
s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - h - À I‑qs - S‑ b - p‑ Å - S‑ow‑ e‑oU - d- n‑ s - â ‑ I-fn‑ Â I‑mW - s - ¸‑ S- p‑ ¶
- B-Sp‑ I - s- f‑ C-hn‑ s - S‑ \-Ã t‑Xm‑ X - n‑ Â B-{I ‑ a- W - w‑ D-ïm‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑.
\‑nÀ-t±‑ i - § - Ä IÀ-i\ - a- m‑ b - p‑ w‑ ]‑me - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - ,‑ [‑mc - m‑ f - a- m‑ b - n‑ I‑mW - m‑ w‑ . C‑u P‑oh - n‑ ¡
- v‑ C-hn‑ s - S‑ ]-db - p‑ ¶ - t‑]c - v‑
k‑pc - £ - m‑ c‑oX - n‑ I - Ä A-he - w‑ _ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - X‑p- B-Zy‑ a‑q¶ - p‑ Z‑nh - k - w‑ i-e` - §- s - f ‑ ""[‑mw‑ [‑qw‑ '‑ '‑ F-¶m‑ W - v‑! F-´m‑ ,‑ t‑I«- n‑ «- v‑
S-§n‑ b - I‑mc - y‑ § - Ä C-hn‑ s - S‑ I‑qS- p‑ X - Â h-en‑ b - t‑Xm‑ X - n‑ Â I-ïn‑ c - p‑ ¶
- n‑ Ã - . B-Zy‑ w‑ I‑uX - p‑ I - w‑ t‑Xm‑ ¶ - p‑ ¶- n‑ t- Ã ‑ ?
]-cm‑ a - À-in‑ t- ¡ ‑ ï - X - n‑ Ã - t- Ã ‑ m‑ . I-ïX - v‑ "‑ l- n‑ a - m‑ e - b- ³ sbt‑Ãm‑ t‑Im‑ Ì - À‑' \‑me - m‑ w‑ Z‑nh - k - w‑ R-§Ä t‑_m‑ w‑ ^ - p‑
kÀ-¸§ - f - p‑ s - S‑ {‑][ - m‑ \ - `-£W - a - m‑ b - (Himalayan Yellow Coaster) s - \‑ B-bn‑ - F-¶ Ø-et- ¯ ‑ ¡ - v‑ ]‑pd - s - ¸
‑ «- p‑ . C‑uK - n‑ Ä
X-hf - I - s - f ‑ N‑n{- X ‑ o‑ I - c - n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³‑, ]-IÂ k-a- c‑p¶
- p‑ . t‑Ic - f- ¯ - n‑ Â I‑mW - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - s‑\Ì - v‑ k-t¦ ‑ X - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ D-Ån‑ Â-¯s - ¶ ‑ -
b-s¯ ‑ ¡ - m‑ Ä \-ÃX - v‑ c‑m{- X ‑ n‑ b - m‑ W- v‑. C‑u Xo¨ndIsâ (Tawny Coster) H-cp‑ A-I- b‑mW - v‑ t‑_m‑ w‑ ^ - p‑ . G-It- Z‑ i - w‑ ]-¯p‑

b‑m-{‑X-¡‑m-c³
]-Xn‑ \ - © - p‑ I‑nt- e ‑ m‑ a - o‑ ä - À P‑o¸ - v‑ b‑m{- X ‑
t‑hï - n‑ h-¶p‑ . ]‑ns - ¶ ‑ b - p‑ Å - a‑q¶ - p‑ I‑n-
t‑em‑ a - o‑ ä - À \-S¡ - m‑ ³ X‑oc - p‑ a - m‑ \ - n‑ ¨ - p‑ . c‑mh - n‑ -
s‑e \-Ã a‑qS- Â-aª - p‑ ï - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . C‑u
{‑]t- Z‑ i - ¯ - p‑ Å - t‑dm‑ U - v‑ F-¶p‑ ]-db - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑,
C-ý‑ m‑ þ- s - s ‑ N ‑ \ - b‑p² - I‑me - ¯ - v‑, C-ý‑ ³
]-«m‑ f - ¡ - m‑ c - p‑ s - S‑ h‑ml - \ - § - Ä t‑]m‑ b - h-gn‑ -
b‑mW - v‑. b‑p² - ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ t‑ij - w‑ ,‑ C‑u t‑dm‑ U - v‑
\-ho‑ I - c - n‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - p‑ Å - {‑ia - ¯ - n‑ \ - n‑ s - S‑ B-bn‑ -
c‑p¶ - p‑ C-hn‑ S- s - ¯ ‑ s‑sP ‑ h - s‑sh ‑ h - n‑ [ - y‑ w‑
D-tZ‑ y‑ m‑ K - Ø - c
- p‑ s - S‑ {‑i² - b - n‑ Â h-¶X - v‑.
1989þÂ C-Xv‑ h-\y‑ P - o‑ h - n‑ k-t¦ ‑ X - a - m‑ b - n‑
{‑]J - y‑ m‑ ] - n‑ ¨ - p‑ . C-Xv‑ k‑wc - £ - n‑ X - h-\{- ] ‑ t- Z‑ -
i-am‑ b - X - n‑ \ - m‑ Â C-hn‑ s - S‑ a-äp‑ b‑ms - X ‑ m‑ c - p‑
\‑nÀ-am‑ W - {‑]h - À-¯\ - § - f - p‑ w‑ \-S¶ - n‑ «- n‑ Ã - .
b‑m{- X ‑ h-fs - c ‑ ]-Xp‑ s - ¡ ‑ B-bn‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
t‑\c - w‑ t‑]m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ \ - \ - p‑ k - c - n‑ ¨ - v‑ a‑qS- Â
a-ªv‑ a‑md - n‑ h-¶p‑ . A-hk - m‑ \ - w‑ R-§Ä
F-¯n‑ b - X - v‑ N‑n{- X ‑ i-e`- § - f - p‑ s - S‑ X‑mg- v‑h - c - -
b‑ne - m‑ b - n‑ c- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . X‑mg- v‑h - c- F-¶X - n‑ t- \ ‑ ¡ - m‑ Ä
a-eb - p‑ s - S‑ s‑Nc - n‑ h - v‑ F-¶v‑ ]-db - p‑ ¶ - X - m‑ W - v‑
\-Ãs - X ‑ ¶ - p‑ t‑Xm‑ ¶ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . I‑pd - ¨ - v‑ s‑sa ‑ X - m‑ -
\‑w t‑]m‑ s - e ‑ b - p‑ Å - Ø-e¯ - v‑ e‑ma - m‑ I‑ym‑ -
¼‑v t‑]m‑ s - e ‑ X-s¶ ‑ G-Xm‑ \ - p‑ w‑ s‑Sâ‑pI - -
f‑pw‑ ,‑ a‑pf - I - f - p‑ w‑ S‑mÀ-t] ‑ m‑ f - n‑ \ - p‑ w‑ s‑Im‑ ï - v‑
D-ïm‑ ¡ - n‑ b - I‑pf - n‑ a- p‑ d- n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ I-ïp‑ . C-hn‑ s - S‑
\‑n¶ - v‑ t‑\m‑ ¡ - n‑ b - m‑ Â X‑ms - g ‑ B-km‑ w‑ X‑m- ••C‑u-K‑nÄ s‑\-Ì‑v h-\‑y-P‑o-h‑n k-t‑¦-Xw t^mt«m/A-P‑n-¯‑v b‑p.
g‑vh
- c - a‑pg - p‑ h - \ - m‑ b - n‑ I‑mW - m‑ w‑ .
h‑nZ- q‑ c - X - b - n‑ Â `‑q] - ³ l-km‑ c - n‑ I - b - p‑ s - S‑ i-¯m‑ b - n‑ t‑Im‑ ¬-{I ‑ o‑ ä - v‑ s‑Im‑ ï - v‑ D-ïm‑ -
""Z‑nÂ l‑qw‑ l‑qw‑ I-tc ‑ '‑ '‑ F-¶ h‑nj - m‑ Z- m‑ À-
]‑n-¶‑o-S‑p-Å F-s‑â ]-e k‑z-]‑v-\- ¡‑nb - H-cp‑ X-d I‑mW - m‑ w‑ . b‑p² - I - m‑ e - ¯ - v‑,
{‑Za- m‑ b - K‑m\ - ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ {‑ip‑ X - n‑ a‑o«- p‑ ¶ - X - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ - §-f‑n-e‑p‑w i-e-`-§-f‑p-s‑S X‑m-g‑v- ]-«m‑ f - ¡- m‑ À F-t´ ‑ m‑ B-hi - y‑ ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑
s‑e {‑_Ò - ] - p‑ {- X ‑ m‑ \-Zn‑ H-gp‑ I - n‑ s - b ‑ m‑ g - p‑ I - n‑ h-c-b‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑v B i-e-`-§Ä \‑nÀ-½n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ D-t±‑ i - n‑ ¨- s‑I«- n‑ S- ¯ - n‑ s - â‑
t‑]m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ I‑mW - m‑ w‑ . A-Xn‑ \ - p‑ t‑ij - - h‑n-c‑p-¶‑p h-¶‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. _‑m¡ - n‑ ] - {- X
‑ a - m‑ b- n‑ c
- n‑ ¡ - W - w‑ C-Xv‑. C‑u
a‑pÅ - a‑q¶ - p‑ Z‑nh - k - w‑ s‑Im‑ ï - v‑ G-It- Z‑ i - w‑ X-db - n‑ Â I‑ng - t- ¡ ‑ a‑qe - b - n‑ Â I‑p½ - m‑ b - w‑
a‑p¸ - t- X ‑ m‑ f - w‑ a-t\ ‑ m‑ l - c - a - m‑ b - i-e` - § - s - f ‑ \-Ã H-cp‑ I‑mg - v‑N
- b - m‑ W - v‑. H‑mt- c ‑ m‑ s‑Nd - n‑ b - s‑Im‑ ï - v‑ H-cp‑ t‑{I ‑ m‑ k - v‑ a‑mÀ-¡v‑ C-«n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑.
I-sï ‑ ¯ - n‑ . t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ C-Xp‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ - s‑Nd - n‑ b - s‑{S‑ ¡ - n‑ § - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ h‑nh - n‑ [ - § - f - m‑ b - R‑m³ B-Zy‑ w‑ C-Xv‑ A-{X ‑ {‑i² - n‑ ¨ - n‑ Ã - . ]‑n-
e‑pÅ - Ø-e§ - Ä D-sï ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ ,‑ C-hn‑ s - S‑ i-e` - § - s - f
‑ I-sï ‑ ¯ - n‑ .. C-hn‑ s - S‑ b
- p‑ Å - s‑¶ B-bn‑ c - p‑ ¶- p‑ B t‑{I ‑ ‑m-k‑v a‑mÀ-¡‑n-\‑p
D-Å i-e`- § - Ä a‑n¡ - X - p‑ w‑ X-t±‑ i - o‑ b - a- m‑ b - n‑ C‑u a-t\ ‑ m‑ l - c - a - m‑ b - i-e` - §- Ä a‑n¡ - - k-a‑o-]‑w t‑]‑m-b‑mÂ _‑n.F-k‑v.F³.FÂ.
I‑mW - p‑ ¶ - h - b - m‑ W - v‑. `‑qa - p‑ J - ¯ - v‑ a-äp‑ {‑]t- Z‑ - X‑pw‑ ]-©p‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ w‑ P‑qU - n‑ I - f - p‑ s
- S‑ b- p‑ w‑ s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_-e‑nÂ k‑n-áÂ I‑n-«‑p‑w F-¶‑v
i-§f - n‑ Â C-hs - b ‑ I‑mW - m‑ ³ k‑m[ - n‑ ¡ - n‑ Ã - (Punches and judies Riodinidae)‑ I‑pS- p‑ w‑ - \‑nÀ-½Â ]-d-ª-X‑v. F-\‑n-¡‑v K‑u-X-a‑n-
F-¶v‑ k‑mc - w‑ . a-t\ ‑ m‑ l - c - a - m‑ b - K‑m\ - w‑ t‑]m‑ - _-¯n‑ Â-s¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . Lesser Punch B-bn‑ - s‑â t‑^‑m¬ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v \‑m-«‑n-t‑e-¡‑v
s‑e B-bn‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ C-hn‑ s - S‑ I‑me - m‑ h - Ø - . c‑p¶
- p‑ F-\n‑ ¡ - v‑ C-jv‑S- s - ¸
‑ «- H-cp‑ i-e` - w‑ . t‑^‑m¬ s‑N-¿‑m³ k‑m-[‑n-¨‑p. k‑n-áÂ
N‑ne - t- ¸ ‑ m‑ Ä A-Xn‑ c - m‑ h - n‑ s - e ‑ a‑qS- Â-aª - p‑ - Lycaenidae I‑pS - p‑ w‑ _ - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ Å - {‑Ko‑ ³ I‑n-«‑p-h‑m³ h-f-s‑c _‑p-²‑n-a‑p-«‑v D-ï‑m-b‑n.
ï‑mI - p‑ w‑ . k‑qt- c ‑ y‑ m‑ Z- b - ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ t- i ‑ j - w‑ X‑mg- v‑- k-^b - À A-Xn‑ s - â ‑ X‑nf - ¡- a - p‑ Å - \‑nd - - C‑u X‑m-g‑v-h-c-b‑n-s‑e a‑q-¶‑p Z‑n-h-k-§Ä
h-cb - n‑ Â s‑Nd- n‑ b - I‑mä- v‑ h‑oi - m‑ ³ X‑pS- § - p‑ w‑ . §Ä s‑Im‑ ï - v‑ {‑it- ² ‑ b - a - m‑ W- v‑. h-f-s‑c t‑h-K‑w I-S-¶‑p-t‑]‑m-b‑n. F-\‑n-¡‑v
s‑Nd- n‑ b - I‑mä- n‑ Â a‑qS- Â-aª - v‑ t‑]m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ C-hn‑ s - S‑ R-§f - p‑ s
- S‑ s‑Sâ‑n\ - v‑ F-Xn‑ À-h- X‑n-c‑n-¨‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑m-\‑p-Å k-a-b-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n. N‑n-
{‑X i-e-`-§-f‑p-s‑S X‑m-g‑v-h-c-b‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑v
d‑m-s‑¡‑m-^-d-k‑v S‑m-t‑c‑m-s‑\³-k‑n-k‑v (Rhacophorus Taronensis) t^mt«m/A-P‑n-¯‑v b‑p. R‑m³ a-S-§‑n h-¶‑p-s‑h-¦‑n-e‑p‑w F-s‑â
H‑mÀ-½-IÄ C-¶‑p‑w B X‑m-g‑v-h-c-b‑nÂ
t‑a-ª‑p \-S-¡‑p-¶‑p. t‑]‑m-b h-g‑n X-s‑¶-
b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p X‑n-c‑n-¨‑p-h-¶-X‑p‑w. ]‑n-t‑ä-¶‑v
`‑m-e‑p-I‑v s‑]‑m-§‑v h-g‑n R-§Ä s‑X-k‑v-
]‑q-c‑nÂ F-¯‑n.
K‑p-h‑m-l-¯‑n F-¯‑p-t‑¼‑mtgbv¡pw
k‑q-c‑y‑m-k‑v-X-a-b‑w B-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. {‑_-Ò-]‑p-
{‑X \-Z‑n-b‑nÂ k‑q-c‑y³ X‑m-W‑n-d-§‑n.
A-¶‑p c‑m-{‑X‑n F-«‑p-a-W‑n-¡‑v _‑m‑w-K‑v-f‑q-c‑n-
t‑e-¡‑v R-§Ä h‑n-a‑m-\‑w I-b-d‑n. K‑u-X‑w
IÂ-¡-«-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v s‑{‑S-b‑n-\‑nÂ ]‑p-d-s‑¸-
«‑p. R‑m³ A-¶‑v c‑m-{‑X‑n ]-¯-c-t‑b‑m-
s‑S D-Z‑y‑m-\ \-K-c‑n-b‑nÂ X‑n-c‑n-s‑¨-¯‑n.
]‑n-¶‑o-S‑p-Å F-s‑â ]-e k‑z] - v‑\- § - f - n‑ e- p‑ w‑
i-e` - §- f - p‑ s- S‑ X‑mg - v‑h - c - b - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - v‑ B
i-e` - §- Ä h‑nc - p‑ ¶
- p‑ h-¶n‑ c - p‑ ¶
- p‑ .

D-c-K-§Ä Cgbp¶ kuµcyw
i‑w-Jph-c-b³
t‑U‑m. a‑p-l-½-Z‑v P‑m-^À ]‑m-t‑e‑m-«‑v
\
C-\a - m‑ W
½
- p‑ s
f‑nÂ G-äh
- v‑ i‑wJ
- S‑ \‑m«- n‑ Â I‑mW
- p‑ w‑ I‑qS- n‑ b
- p‑ h-cb
- p‑ ¶
- ³. s‑hÅ
- h‑nj
- h‑nj
- h
- n‑ s
- ¸
- o‑ c
- m‑ ¼
- ¡
- y‑ a
‑ «- ³‑,
- p‑ I
- p‑ Å-
- - h-c-b-s‑\ I‑r-X‑y-a‑m-b‑n X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-b‑m³ k-l‑m-
b‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. C-´‑y-s‑b‑m-«‑p-¡‑v C‑u ]‑m-¼‑n-s‑\
I-s‑ï-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v ]‑m-¡‑n-Ø‑m³‑, _‑w-¥‑m-t‑Z-
b‑p-a‑m-W‑v Z‑w-i-\‑w _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-I. Bdp a‑n.
{‑K‑m‑w h‑n-j‑w a-X‑n H-c‑m-s‑f s‑I‑m-Ã‑m³. H-c‑p
I-S‑n-b‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p‑w G-I-t‑Z-i‑w 20þ22 a‑n.{‑K‑m‑w
h-gh - f - ¸ - ³‑, h-fb - c - ¸ - ³‑, I‑m«- p‑ ] - n‑ c - n‑ b - ³‑, s‑I- i‑v‑, t‑\-¸‑mÄ‑, {‑i‑o-e-¦ F-¶‑o c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w h-s‑c h‑n-j‑w A-I-t‑¯-¡‑v I-S-¡‑p-¶‑p. a‑qÀ-
«‑ph
- c - b - ³‑, I-cn‑ t- h ‑ e - ,‑ h-fs - I ‑ m‑ g - p‑ ¸ - ³‑, t‑am‑ X - n‑ - i‑w-J‑p h-c-b-\‑p-ï‑v. J-s‑â h‑n-j-s‑¯-¡‑mÄ ]-X‑n-\-©‑n-c-«‑n h‑o-
c-hf - b - ³‑, s‑I«- p‑ h - f - b - ³‑, h-fb - n‑ ¸ - m‑ ³ F-¶o‑ s‑]‑m-X‑p-s‑h \‑m-W‑w I‑p-W‑p-§‑n-I-f‑m-b C‑u c‑y-a‑p-ï‑v C-h-b‑p-s‑S h‑n-j-¯‑n-\‑v. C‑u-b‑n-s‑S
H-«\ - h - [ - n‑ t‑]c - p‑ I - f - n‑ Â C‑u ]‑m¼ - d - n‑ b - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ - ]‑m-¼‑p-IÄ I‑p-ä‑n-¡‑m-S‑p-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w h‑o-«‑p-]-d-¼‑p- \-S-¶ H-c‑p ]T-\-¯‑nÂ i‑w-J‑p h-c-b-s‑â I-S‑n
¶‑pï - v‑. t‑]c - p‑ I
- Ä k‑qN - n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ t‑]m‑ s - e ‑ I-f‑n-e‑p-a‑m-W‑v X‑m-a-k‑w. A-]‑qÀ-Æ-a‑m-b‑n h‑o- I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑m-b‑p‑w I‑n-«‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v X-d-b‑nÂ
X‑nf - § - p‑ ¶ - I-dp‑ ¯ - i-co‑ c - ¯ - n‑ Â \‑nd - s - b ‑ s‑h- S‑n-\‑p-Å‑n-e‑p‑w F-¯‑m-d‑p-ï‑v. c‑m-{‑X‑n-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v I‑n-S-¶‑p-d-§‑p-¶ ]‑m-h-s‑¸-«-hÀ-¡‑m-s‑W-¶‑p
Å‑nh - f - I - f - p‑ ï - v‑. ]‑qÀ-® h-fÀ-¨s - b ‑ ¯ - n‑ b - H-cp‑ C-c-t‑X-S‑m-\‑n-d-§‑p-¶-X‑v. s‑N-d‑p-]‑m-¼‑p-I-f‑m- I‑m-W‑p-¶‑p. h‑n-j-¸-Ã‑v s‑N-d‑p-X‑m-b-X‑n-\‑mÂ
]‑m¼ - n‑ \ - v‑ \‑me - v‑] - t- X ‑ m‑ f - w‑ h-fb - w‑ I‑mW - p‑ a - t- {‑ X ‑ . W‑v {‑]-[‑m-\-`-£-W‑w. ]-Ã‑n‑, A-c-W‑, H‑m-´‑v, D-d‑p-¼‑p I-S‑n-¨-X‑p t‑]‑m-s‑e-b‑m-W‑v A-\‑p-`-h-
F-¶m‑ Â h-fb - § - Ä X‑os - c ‑ b - n‑ Ã - m‑ ¯ - i‑wJ - p‑ F-e‑n- F-¶‑n-h-s‑b-b‑p‑w A-I-¯‑m-¡‑m-d‑p-ï‑v. s‑¸-S‑p-I. a-ä‑p h‑n-j-¸‑m-¼‑p I-S‑n-¨-X‑p t‑]‑m-s‑e
h-cb - s - \ ‑ IÀ-®m‑ S- I - b - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ C‑ub - n‑ s - S‑ X-c‑w-I‑n-«‑n-b‑mÂ k‑z-´‑w h‑w-i-s‑¯-t‑¸‑m-e‑p‑w t‑h-Z-\-t‑b‑m h‑o-¡-t‑a‑m A-\‑p-`-h-s‑¸-S‑m-d‑n-Ã.
I-sï ‑ ¯ - n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑. D-¯c - t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ X‑o- `-£‑n-¡‑p-¶ k‑z-`‑m-h-h‑p-a‑p-ï‑v. I-S‑n I‑n-«‑n-b‑mÂ a-b-¡-a-\‑p-`-h-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w
c-tZ‑ i - ¯ - v‑ I‑mW - s - ¸
‑ S- p‑ ¶ - i‑wJ - p‑ h-cb - ³-am‑ À a‑mÀ-¨‑v a‑p-XÂ s‑a-b‑v a‑m-k‑w h-s‑c-b‑m-W‑v I‑q-S‑p-XÂ D-d-§‑m-\‑p-Å a-\:Ø‑n-X‑n D-ï‑m-
`‑wK- n‑ I‑qS- n‑ b - h - b - p‑ w‑ X‑qs - h‑ Å - \‑nd - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ Å - {‑]-P-\-\-I‑m-e‑w. t‑{‑]-a-t‑N-j‑vT-b‑p-s‑S `‑m-K-a‑m-b‑n h‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-a-t‑{‑X. D-d-¡-¯‑nÂ ]‑m-¼‑p
h-fb - § - f - p‑ Å - h - b - p‑ a - m‑ W- v‑. Elapidae I‑pS- p‑ w‑ _ - - t‑N-c-¸‑m-¼‑n-s‑\ t‑]‑m-s‑e B-W‑p-§Ä X-½‑n- I-S‑n-t‑b-ä‑p a-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-h-c‑nÂ `‑q-c‑n-]-£-h‑p‑w i‑w-
¯‑nÂ-s¸ ‑ «- C‑u ]‑m¼ - n‑ s - â ‑ C‑w¥ - o‑ j - v‑ \‑ma - w‑ e‑p-Å s‑I-«‑p-]‑n-c‑n-ª‑p-Å \‑r-¯‑w (Combat J‑p h-c-b-s‑â I-S‑n-t‑b-ä‑m-s‑W-¶‑v ]T-\-§Ä
Indian Krait F-¶p‑ w‑ ,‑ i‑mk - v‑{- X ‑ o‑ b - \ - m‑ a - w‑ Bun- Dance) {‑i-²-b‑nÂ-s‑¸-«‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. C-h H-t‑c k-a- s‑h-f‑n-h‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p.
garus caeruleus F-¶p‑ a - m‑ W - v‑. C‑u P-\p‑ Ê - n‑ Â b‑w Bdp a‑p-XÂ 15 h-s‑c a‑p-«-I-f‑n-S‑p-¶‑p. i‑w-J‑p h-c-b³ ]‑m-¼‑n-t‑\m‑ S- v‑ G-sd ‑ c‑q] -
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¶‑p-a‑p-ï‑v. I-c‑n-a‑p-¯‑v t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å I-®‑v, \‑o-ï b‑m-W‑v I‑p-ª‑p-§Ä ]‑p-d-¯‑n-d-§‑p-¶-X‑v. ]‑m¼ - p‑ I- f - p‑ w‑ (Bridal Snakes) \-½p‑ s - S‑ \‑m«- n‑ -
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H-cp‑ h-\y‑ P - o‑ h- n‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ h-en‑ b - (C-ý‑ ³‑) H-ä- a‑m{- X‑ a- m‑ W - v‑ ]-cm‑ a- À-in‑ ¡ - m‑ d- p‑ Å - X - v‑. F-¶m‑ Â B-Zy‑ I - m‑ e - _‑wK - m‑ Ä c‑mP - y‑ ¯ - n‑ s - â‑ `‑mK - -
s‑¡m‑ ¼ - ³ I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - w‑ Indian Rhinoceros N‑oä- ¸ - p‑ e - n‑ s - b ‑ ¡ - m‑ Ä a‑p¼ - p‑ X - s - ¶ ‑ C-ý‑ b - n‑ Â a‑mb
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(Rhinoceros unicornis). t‑em‑ I - ¯ - v‑ A-©n‑ - h‑wi - \ - m‑ i - w‑ k‑w` - h - n‑ ¨ - h-\y‑ P - o‑ h - n‑ I - f - m‑ W - v‑ a-lm‑ c - m‑ P - m‑ h - v‑ 1932 h-sc ‑ I‑mï - m‑ a- r‑ K - \ - m‑ b - m‑ «- v‑
\‑w I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - § - f - m‑ W - v‑ I‑mW - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. k‑pa - m‑ {- S‑ ³ I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - h - p‑ w‑ (1935‑),‑ P‑mh - ³ \-S¯ - n‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶- p‑ h - s - {‑ X‑ . _‑wK - m‑ Ä 1932þÂ
c-ïn‑ \ - § - Ä B-{^ ‑ n‑ ¡ - b - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ a‑q¶ - n‑ \ - § - Ä I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - h - p‑ w‑ (1900‑). I‑mï - m‑ a- r‑ K - k‑wc - £ - W - \‑nb - a- w‑ ]‑mk - m‑ ¡ - p‑ -
G-jy‑ b - n‑ e- p‑ w‑ I-ïp‑ h - c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . h-en‑ b - H-ä- B-hm‑ k - h - y‑ h - Ø - b - p‑ s- S‑ t‑im‑ j - W - h - p‑ w‑ ,‑ I-bp‑ w‑ ,‑ I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - \ - m‑ b - m‑ «- v‑ H‑ut- Z‑ y‑ m‑ K - n‑ I
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s‑¡m‑ ¼ - ³ I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - w‑ ,‑ k‑pa - m‑ {- S‑ ³ I‑m- \‑mb - m‑ «- p‑ a- m‑ W - v‑ I‑mï - m‑ a- r‑ K - § - f - p‑ s
- S‑ h‑wi - \ - m‑ - b‑n _‑wK - m‑ f - n‑ Â \‑nt- c‑ m‑ [ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - p‑ .
ï‑ma - r‑ K - w‑ ,‑ P‑mh - ³ I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K- w‑ F-¶n‑ h - - i-¯n‑ \ - p‑ I‑mc- W - w‑ . C-ý‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ I‑mï - m‑ a- r‑ K - - 1877þ-\p‑ w‑ 1904þ-\p‑ w‑ C-Sb - v‑¡ - v‑ a-lm‑ c - m‑ P - m‑ h - v‑
b‑mW - v‑ G-jy‑ b - n‑ Â I‑mW - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - h - . C-h \‑mb - m‑ «- n‑ s - \ ‑ ¡ - p‑ d - n‑ ¨ - p‑ Å - B-Zy‑ t- ¯ ‑ s - X ‑ ¶ - p‑ 132 I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K
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- p‑ w‑ C-ý‑ b - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ I-ïn‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ s - h ‑ ¦ - n‑ e
- p‑ w‑ I-cp‑ X - p‑ ¶ - h‑nh - c - § - Ä N-cn‑ {- X ‑ I - m‑ c - \ - m‑ b - F-®s - ¯ ‑ ]-cn‑ t- ¡ ‑ Â-¸n‑ ¨ - X - m‑ b - p‑ w‑ I‑pd - n‑ -
k‑pa - m‑ {- S‑ ³ I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - h - p‑ w‑ ,‑ P‑mh - ³ I‑mï - m‑ - AÂ-þs - _ ‑ d - p‑ W - n‑ (Al Beruni)‑ 1030þ-If - n‑ Â ¨‑n«- p‑ ï
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a‑rK- h - p‑ w‑ C-ý‑ b - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ h‑wi - \ - m‑ i- w‑ X-s¶ ‑ F-gp‑ X - n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑. I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - § - s - f ‑ - C-¯c - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ Å - \‑mb - m‑ «- n‑ s - â ‑ ^-ea - m‑ b - n‑

I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - § - Ä 1850þÂ X-s¶ ‑ _‑ol - m‑ d- n‑ s - e ‑ I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - § - f - p‑ s - S‑ h‑mW - n‑ P - y‑ m‑ S- n‑ Ø - m‑ \ - - s‑Nd - n‑ b - a‑pg - I - Ä I‑mW - m‑ w‑ . H-äs - ¡ ‑ m‑ ¼ - ³ I‑m-
c‑mP - v‑a - l - Â (Rajmahal)‑ a-eI - f - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ ,‑ ¯‑ne - p‑ Å - t‑h«- \-S¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ {‑][ - m‑ \ - a - m‑ b - p‑ w‑ ï‑ma - r‑ K - § - s - f ‑ H-cp‑ k-ab - ¯ - v‑ l‑na - m‑ e - b - ³
1878þÂ D-¯À-{] ‑ t- Z‑ i - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ X‑nt- c ‑ m‑ [ - m‑ - A-hb - p‑ s - S‑ s‑Im‑ ¼ - n‑ \ - p‑ t‑hï - n‑ b - m‑ W - v‑. I‑mï - m‑ a- r‑ - X‑mg - v‑h - c - I - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ k‑nÔ - p‑ ,‑ K‑wK - ,‑ {‑_Ò - ] - p‑ {- X ‑
\‑w s‑N¿ - p‑ I - b - p‑ ï - m‑ b - n‑ . 1890 B-bt- ¸ ‑ m‑ t- g‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ K-§f - p‑ s - S‑ s‑Im‑ ¼ - v‑ b-Ym‑ À-°¯ - n‑ Â A-hb - p‑ s - S‑ \-Zo‑ X - S- § - f - p‑ s - S‑ X‑oc - § - f - n‑ Â c‑q] - w‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï -
h-S¡ - v‑þ- I - n‑ g - ¡ - ³ C-ý‑ b - n‑ Â a‑m{- X ‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ C-h t‑cm‑ a - w‑ c‑q] - m‑ ´ - c - w‑ {‑]m‑ ] - n‑ ¨ - v‑ D-ïm‑ I - p‑ ¶ - h - b - m‑ - ]‑pÂ-ta ‑ S- p‑ I - f - n‑ Â ]-Sn‑ ª - m‑ d - v‑ ]‑m¡ - n‑ Ø - m‑ ³
N‑pc - p‑ § - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - p‑ . 1896 h-sc ‑ _‑wK - m‑ Ä W‑v. ]-c¼ - c - m‑ K - X - a- m‑ b - ]‑uc - k - v‑X - y‑ N‑nI - n‑ Õ - m‑ c - o‑ - a‑pX
- Â I‑ng - ¡ - v‑ t‑\¸ - m‑ Ä‑, `‑q«- m‑ ³‑, _‑w¥ - m‑ t- Z‑ -
kÀ-¡m‑ À s‑Im‑ Ã - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - H‑mt- c ‑ m‑ I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ - X‑nI- f - n‑ Â h‑ym‑ ] - I - a - m‑ b - n‑ D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K - n‑ ¨
- p‑ h-cp‑ ¶ - i‑v F-¶o‑ c‑mP - y‑ § - f - n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ I-S¶ - v‑ a‑ym‑ · - m‑ À
K-¯n‑ \ - p‑ w‑ 20 c‑q] - C-\m‑ w‑ \Â-In‑ bncp¶p‑!. I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ s‑Im‑ ¼ - v‑, ]-\n‑ ,‑ k-Ôn‑ - h-sc ‑ b - p‑ w‑ I‑mW - s - ¸ ‑ «- n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . F-¶m‑ Â C-¶v‑
1910þÂ C-\m‑ w‑ \Â-In‑ I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - § - s - f ‑ t‑hZ- \ - ,‑ NÀ-½t- c ‑ m‑ K - § - Ä‑, i‑zm‑ k - t- I ‑ m‑ i - k - w‑ - A-h C-ý‑ b - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ ,‑ t‑\¸ - m‑ f - n‑ e - p‑ a - p‑ Å - ]-¯p
s‑Im‑ Ã - p‑ ¶ - GÀ-¸m‑ S- v‑ H‑ut- Z‑ y‑ m‑ K - n‑ I - a - m‑ b - n‑ \‑nÀ- _-Ôa- m‑ b - t‑cm‑ K - § - Ä‑, I‑m³-kÀ X‑pS- § - n‑ b - h - - k‑wc - £ - n‑ X - t- a ‑ J - e - I - f - n‑ Â a‑m{- X ‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ A-ht- i ‑ -
¯-em‑ ¡ - n‑ b - t- ¸ ‑ m‑ t- g ‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ G-It- Z‑ i - w‑ 12 I‑m- b‑ps - S‑ N‑nI - n‑ Õ - b - v‑¡ - v‑ D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ ï - t- {‑ X ‑ . j‑n¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . B-km‑ a - n‑ s - e ‑ I‑mk - n‑ c - w‑ K - ,‑ a-\m‑ k - v‑,
ï‑ma - r‑ K - § - Ä a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ I‑mk - n‑ c - w‑ K - b - n‑ Â A-h- I‑qS- m‑ s - X‑ s‑se ‑ w‑ K - n‑ I - D-²m‑ c - W - H‑uj - [ - a - m‑ b - p‑ w‑ H-dm‑ § - v‑, t‑]m‑ _ - n‑ t- ä‑ m‑ d- ,‑ ]-Ýn‑ _ - w‑ K - m‑ f - n‑ s - e ‑ PÂ-
t‑ij - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - A-hØ - b
- n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ A-hb - p‑ s - S‑ (aphrodisiac) I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K
- ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ s‑Im‑ ¼ - v‑ D-]- U-¸m‑ d - ,‑ t‑Km‑ c - p‑ a - m‑ d - ,‑ D-¯À-{] ‑ t- Z‑ i - n‑ s - e ‑ U‑pU - v‑-
F-®w‑ I‑q¸ - p I‑p¯ - n‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . t‑bm‑ K - n‑ ¨ - p‑ h-cp‑ ¶ - p‑ ï - v‑. I-cn‑ © - ´ - b - n‑ Â H-cp‑ h‑m,‑ I-tS‑ À-\n‑ b - L - «- v‑ F-¶o‑ Ø-e§ - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑
`‑mK - y‑ h - i - m‑ Â X‑pS- À-¶t- § ‑ m‑ «- p‑ Å - N‑n«- b - m‑ b - I‑nt- e ‑ m‑ {- K ‑ m‑ w‑ I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ s‑Im‑ ¼ - n‑ s - â ‑ t‑\¸ - m‑ f - n‑ s - e ‑ t‑dm‑ b - Â N‑nä - m‑ h - ³‑, _‑mÀ-Un‑ b -
k‑wc - £ - W - {‑]h - À-¯\ - § - f - p‑ s - S‑ ^-ea - m‑ b - n‑ h‑ne
- H-cp‑ I‑nt- e ‑ m‑ {- K ‑ m‑ w‑ k‑zÀ-®¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ h‑ne - - F-¶o‑ Ø-e§ - f - n‑ e - p‑ a- m‑ W - v‑ C-¶v‑ H-äs - ¡ ‑ m‑ ¼ - ³
(1908þÂ I‑mk - n‑ c - w‑ K - H-cp‑ d‑nk - À-hv‑ h-\a - m‑ b - n‑ t‑b¡ - m‑ Ä A-[n‑ I - w‑ . h‑ne - a - X - n‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - m‑ h - m‑ ¯ - I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - s - ¯ ‑ I-ïp‑ h - c - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. F-¶n‑ c - p‑ -
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H-cp‑ ]‑p\ - x‑ {- ] ‑ m‑ ] - v‑X - n‑ b - p‑ ï - m‑ h - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ A-hb - p‑ s - S‑ i-ò‑ j - W - n‑ t‑\c - n‑ S- p‑ ¶ - k-kv‑X - \ - n‑ b - m‑ ¡ - n‑ b - X - p‑ w‑ . I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - § - f - p‑ w‑ k‑wc - £ - n‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ I‑m-
F-®w‑ {‑Ia - a - m‑ b - n‑ hÀ-²n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - p‑ . k‑nc - w‑ K - t‑Zi - o‑ t- b ‑ m‑ Z- y‑ m‑ \ - ¯ - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑.
I‑mk - n‑ c - w‑ K - s - b ‑ 1950þÂ h-\y‑ P - o‑ h - n‑ k - t- ¦ ‑ X - a - m‑ - H-ä-s‑¡‑m-¼³ I‑m-ï‑m-a‑r-K‑w I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - § - Ä k‑m[ - m‑ c - W - b - m‑ b - n‑ H-äb - v‑-
b‑pw‑ ,‑ 1974þÂ t‑Zi - o‑ t- b ‑ m‑ Z- y‑ m‑ \ - a - m‑ b - p‑ w‑ a‑mä - p‑ I - - I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - § - Ä H-ä¡ - p‑ f - ¼ - p‑ Å - ,‑ A-bh - n‑ - ¡‑mW - v‑ P‑oh - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. F-¶m‑ Â A-½b - p‑ w‑
b‑pï - m‑ b - n‑ . X-Xv‑^ - e - a - m‑ b - n‑ I‑mk - n‑ c - w‑ K - b - n‑ s - e ‑ d-¡p‑ ¶ - (ruminants)‑ a‑rK - § - f - p‑ s - S‑ K-W- I‑pª - p‑ § - f - p‑ a - S- § - n‑ b - I‑q«- s - ¯ ‑ b - p‑ w‑ I‑mW - m‑ -
I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - § - f - p‑ s - S‑ F-®w‑ 1960þÂ 400, ¯‑nÂ-s¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - h-\y‑ P - o‑ h - n‑ I - f - m‑ W - v‑. G-jy‑ ³ h‑p¶- X - m‑ W - v‑. A-¯-cw‑ I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - § - f - p‑ s - S‑
1980þÂ 939, 1995þÂ 1200 F¶ tXmXnÂ h³-Ic - b - n‑ s - e ‑ k-kv‑X - \ - n‑ I- f - p‑ s - S‑ ]-«n‑ I - b - n‑ Â I‑q«- s - ¯ ‑ {‑Im‑ j - v‑ (Crash) F-¶m‑ W - v‑ h‑nf - n‑ -
hÀ-²n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ ï - m‑ b - n‑ . h-ep‑ ¸ - ¯ - n‑ Â c-ïm‑ w‑ Ø - m‑ \ - ¡ - m‑ c - \ - m‑ W - v‑ H-ä- ¡‑p¶ - X - v‑. k-ky‑ ` - p‑ ¡ - p‑ I - f - m‑ b - C-h ]‑pÃ - m‑ -
]-t£ ‑ ,‑ I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - \ - m‑ b - m‑ «- p‑ w‑ ,‑ C-\m‑ w‑ s‑¡m‑ ¼ - ³ I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - w‑ . B¬-Im‑ ï - m‑ a - r‑ K - - W‑v {‑][ - m‑ \ - a - m‑ b - p‑ w‑ `-£n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. I‑qS- m‑ s - X ‑
\Â-In‑ I‑mï - m‑ a- r‑ K - § - s - f ‑ s‑Im‑ Ã - p‑ ¶ - c‑oX - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ §Ä-¡v‑ G-It- Z‑ i - w‑ 12 A-Sn‑ t- b ‑ m‑ f - w‑ \‑of - h - p‑ w‑ ,‑ s‑NS- n‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑ C-eI - Ä‑, i‑mJ - I - Ä‑, ]‑q¡ - Ä‑,
a‑md- n‑ b - t- ¸ ‑ m‑ Ä h‑mW - n‑ P - y‑ m‑ S- n‑ Ø - m‑ \ - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ Å - Bd-Sn‑ t- b ‑ m‑ f - w‑ D-bc - h - p‑ w‑ D-ïm‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ . I‑qS- m‑ - ^-e§ - Ä F-¶n‑ h - b - p‑ w‑ `-£n‑ ¡ - m‑ d - p‑ ï - v‑. ]-Xn‑ -
A-\[ - n‑ I - r‑ X - t- h ‑ «- {‑It- a ‑ W - I‑qS- n‑ h-cn‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑X c−p S¬ h-sc ‑ X‑q¡ - h - p‑ w‑ C-hb - v‑¡ - p‑ ï - v‑. \‑md - p‑ a‑mk - t- ¯ ‑ m‑ f - a - m‑ W - v‑ C-hb - p‑ s - S‑ KÀ-Ì - m‑ -
A-Xv‑ I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - § - f - p‑ s - S‑ \‑ne - \ - n‑ Â-¸n‑ \ - v‑ `‑oj - - s‑]¬-Im‑ ï - m‑ a - r‑ K- § - Ä B¬-Im‑ ï - m‑ a - r‑ K - § - - e‑w. k‑m[ - m‑ c - W - b - m‑ b - n‑ H-cp‑ {‑]k - h - ¯ - n‑ Â H-cp‑
W‑nb - m‑ b - n‑ C-¶p‑ w‑ X‑pS- c - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . h‑m- s‑f A-t] ‑ £ - n‑ ¨ - v‑ AÂ-¸w‑ s‑Nd - p‑ X - m‑ W - v‑. H-ä- I‑pª - m‑ W - v‑ P-\n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. B-km‑ a - n‑ s - â ‑ k‑w-
W‑nP - y‑ m‑ S- n‑ Ø - m‑ \ - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ Å - I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - t- h ‑ «- - s‑¡m‑ ¼ - ³ I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - § - Ä-¡v‑ B¬-þs - ] ‑ ¬ Ø‑m\ - a - r‑ K - a - m‑ W - v‑ H-äs - ¡ ‑ m‑ ¼ - ³ I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - w‑ .
b‑ps - S‑ X‑pS- ¡ - w‑ 1960þ-If - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑. 1965þ-\p‑ w‑ ,‑ t‑`Z- s
- a ‑ t- \ ‑ y‑ a‑q¡ - n‑ \ - p‑ a‑pI - f - n‑ Â H-cp‑ s‑Im‑ ¼ - p‑ - B-dp‑ t‑Im‑ S- n‑ hÀ-j§ - t- f ‑ m‑ f - a - m‑ b - n‑ C‑u `‑qa - p‑ -
1969þ-\p‑ w‑ C-Sb - n‑ Â I‑mk - n‑ c - w‑ K - b - n‑ Â a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ 53 ï‑mb - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ . F-¶m‑ Â P-\n‑ ¨ - p‑ h‑og - p‑ ¶ - I‑p- J-¯v‑ \‑ne - \ - n‑ ¶ - p‑ t‑]m‑ c - p‑ ¶ - , I-cp‑ ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ {‑]X - o‑ -
I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - § - Ä t‑h«- b - m‑ S- s - ¸ ‑ «- X - m‑ b - n‑ I‑mW - - ª‑p§ - Ä-¡v‑ C‑u s‑Im‑ ¼ - p‑ ï - m‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡- p‑ I - b - n‑ Ã - . I-§f - m‑ b - I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - § - Ä G-It- Z‑ i - w‑ 10‑,000
s‑¸S- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . 1980þ-If - n‑ Â I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - t- h ‑ «- A-Xn‑ - {‑]Y
- a - Z- r‑ ã - y‑ m‑ ]-S¨ - «- b - W - n‑ ª - t‑]m‑ c - m‑ f - n‑ s - b ‑ hÀ-j¡ - m‑ e - w‑ a‑m{- X ‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ `‑qa - p‑ J - ¯ - v‑ \‑ne - s - I ‑ m‑ -
s‑â a‑qÀ-²\ - y‑ ¯ - n‑ Â F-¯p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ 1980þ-\p‑ w‑ t‑]m‑ s - e ‑ t‑Xm‑ ¶ - p‑ ¶ - C-hb - p‑ s - S‑ s‑Xm‑ e - n‑ b - v‑¡ - v‑ Å‑p¶ - a-\p‑ j - y‑ h - À-¤¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ ]-Wt- ¯ ‑ m‑ S- p‑ Å -
1990þ-\p‑ a - n‑ S- b - n‑ Â 483 I‑mï - m‑ a - r‑ K - § - Ä s‑Im‑ - I-Sp‑ ¯- X-hn‑ «- p‑ \ - n‑ d - a - m‑ W - v‑. t‑Xm‑ Ä-`m‑ K - ¯ - p‑ w‑ ,‑ A-Xy‑ m‑ À-¯n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ `‑mK - a - m‑ b - n‑ h‑wi - a - ä - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ -
Ã-s¸ ‑ S- p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - p‑ . ]‑n³-Im‑ e - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ A-cn‑ ¼ - m‑ d - I - Ä t‑]m‑ e - p‑ Å - h‑pI- b - n‑ Ã - F-¶v‑ \-ap‑ ¡ - v‑ {‑]X - y‑ m‑ i - n‑ ¡ - m‑ w‑ .

N‑n-d-I-S‑n-IÄ ]-£‑n-t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S
s‑h-Å‑n F-d‑n-b‑m³ s‑P. {‑]-h‑o¬
H
F-dn‑ b
m‑ S- n‑ s
h-¨m‑ W
- m‑ s
- ¡
- \
‑ m‑ −-n‑ c
- v‑ R‑m³ B-Zy‑ a
‑ (Blackwinged Kite-Elanus-
- p‑ ¶ - k‑vI - q‑ Ä _-Ên‑ Â
- m‑ b - n‑ s‑hÅ - n‑
Ø-e§
W‑v s‑hÅ
s‑\Â-]m‑ S- §
- f - n‑ Â I‑mW
- n‑ F-dn‑ b
- Ä-¡p‑ k-ao‑ ]
- p‑ ¶
- m‑ ³. t‑Ic
- H-cp‑ ]-£n‑ b
- a - p‑ Å
- f
-
- ¯ - n‑ Â
s‑sh
- m‑ -
‑ -
caeruleus) I‑mW - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. H-cp‑ s‑sh ‑ Z- y‑ p‑ X - n‑ - Z‑yp‑ X - n‑ ¡ - ¼ - n‑ I - f - n‑ Â s‑Im‑ b - v‑¯ - p‑ I - m‑ e - ¯ - p‑ w‑
I-¼n‑ b - n‑ Â C-cn‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - B ]-£n‑ H-cp‑ D-gp‑ X - p‑ I - g - n‑ ª - p‑ w‑ C-hs - b ‑ I‑mW - m‑ d - p‑ ï - v‑.
s‑hÅ - {‑]m‑ h - m‑ s - W ‑ ¶ - m‑ W - v‑ R‑m³ h‑nN - m‑ - \‑m«- p‑ ] - \ - ¦ - m‑ ¡ - ,‑ B-\d - m‑ © - n‑ F-¶o‑
c‑n¨
- X - v‑. H-cp‑ t‑\m‑ ¡ - p‑ a - m‑ {- X ‑ t- a ‑ I-− ‑ p-Åq‑ ]-£n‑ I - Ä-s¡ ‑ m‑ ¸ - w‑ C‑u ]-cp‑ ´ - v‑ {‑]m‑ W - n‑ -
F-¦n‑ e - p‑ w‑ F-sâ ‑ I‑q«- p‑ I - m‑ À X‑oÀ-¯p‑ ] - - I-sf ‑ b - p‑ w‑ a-äv‑ C-gP - ´ - p‑ ¡ - s - f ‑ b - p‑ w‑ ]-d¶ - v‑
d-ªp‑ A-Xv‑ ]-cp‑ ´ - p‑ h - À-K¯ - n‑ Â-s¸ ‑ «- C-c] - n‑ S- n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . C-ch - n‑ I - p‑ f - w‑ t‑]m‑ e - p‑ Å -
G-tX ‑ m‑ H-cp‑ ]-£n‑ b - m‑ s - W ‑ ¶ - v‑. A-[y‑ m‑ ] - n‑ I - D-bÀ-¶ ]‑pÂ-ta ‑ S- p‑ I - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ C-hs - b ‑ N‑ne - -
h-¶p‑ \‑nÈ - _ - v‑Z- c - m‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - p‑ h - s - c ‑ R-§Ä t‑¸m‑ Ä I‑mW - m‑ w‑ . ]‑mS- § - f - p‑ s - S‑ a‑pI - f - n‑ Â
A-tX ‑ s - ¨ ‑ m‑ Ã - n‑ h‑mZ- n‑ ¨ - p‑ . H-Sp‑ h - n‑ Â e-hI - p‑ - N‑nd - I - n‑ s - â ‑ X‑p¼ - ¯ - p‑ Å - X‑qh - e - p‑ I - Ä a‑m-
a‑mÀ I‑m¨ - À c-Nn‑ ¨ - "‑ Sixty Indian Birds' {‑Xw‑ N-en‑ ¸ - n‑ ¨ - v‑ I‑mä - v‑ N-hp‑ «- n‑ \ - n‑ Â-¡p‑ ¶ - X - v‑
F-¶ ]‑pk - v‑X - I - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ N‑n{- X ‑ § - f - p‑ - ]-Xn‑ h - p‑ - I‑mg - v‑N - b - m‑ W - v‑. C-cs - b ‑ ¡ - − ‑- mÂ
s‑Sb - n‑ S- b - n‑ Â C‑u ]-£n‑ s - b ‑ I‑mW - p‑ w‑ H-cp‑ I-Ãp‑ I-Ws - ¡ ‑ X‑mt- g ‑ ¡ - p‑ h - ¶ - v‑ C-c-
h-sc ‑ A-sX ‑ m‑ c - p‑ a‑nY - y‑ b - m‑ b - n‑ X‑pS- À-¶p‑ . s‑b I‑me - m‑ Â aÀ-±n‑ ¨ - v‑ A-Xn‑ s - \ ‑ ]‑n¨ - n‑ ¨ - o‑ -
c‑mP - I - o‑ b - - a-«p‑ w‑ _-et- a ‑ d - n‑ b - I‑m- ´‑n ]‑qÀ-Wa - m‑ b - p‑ w‑ `-£n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . ]-eX - -
e‑pI - f - p‑ w‑ I-¯n‑ t- h ‑ j - [ - m‑ c - n‑ I - f - p‑ a - m‑ b - c‑w {‑]m‑ W - n‑ I - Ä‑, ]‑pg - p‑ ¡ - Ä‑, N‑ne - t- ¸ ‑ m‑ Ä
]-cp‑ ´ - p‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑ I‑q«- ¯ - n‑ Â s‑hÅ - n‑ s‑Nd - p‑ ] - m‑ ¼ - p‑ I - Ä‑, ]-£n‑ I - Ä‑, X-hf - I - Ä
F-dn‑ b - m‑ s - \ ‑ s‑]S- p‑ ¯ - m‑ ³ B-cp‑ w‑ H-¶p‑ F-¶n‑ h - s - b ‑ C-Xv‑ B-lm‑ c - a - m‑ ¡ - m‑ d - p‑ ï - v‑-.
i-¦n‑ ¨ - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ I - p‑ w‑ . C-cn‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - I‑mW - p‑ - B-lm‑ c - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ e-`y‑ X - b - \ - p‑ k - c - n‑ ¨ - v‑
t‑¼m‑ Ä H-cp‑ I‑m¡ - t- b ‑ m‑ f - w‑ a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ hÀ-jw‑ a‑pg- p‑ h - ³ C-h {‑]P - \ - \ - w‑ \-S¯ - m‑ -
h-ep‑ ¸ - w‑ h-cp‑ ¶ - C‑u ]-cp‑ ´ - n‑ s - â ‑ \‑o- d‑p−-v. I‑m¡ - b - p‑ t- S‑ X - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ e - s - ¯ ‑ I‑q-
− s‑hÅ - n‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ e - p‑ Å - N‑mc - N - n‑ d- I - p‑ I - Ä S‑p−‑- m-¡n‑ A-Xn‑ Â a‑qt- ¶ ‑ m‑ \‑mt- e ‑ m‑
h‑me - n‑ s - â ‑ A-{K ‑ w‑ h-sc ‑ s - b ‑ ¯ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . C-h- a‑p«- b - n‑ S- p‑ w‑ . k‑m[ - m‑ c - W - b - m‑ b - n‑ a-cs - ¡ ‑ m‑ -
b‑v¡ - v‑ s‑hf - p‑ ¯ - i-co‑ c - h - p‑ w‑ N‑nd - I - n‑ s - â ‑ ¼‑pI - f - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑ I‑qS- p‑ I - q‑ «- m‑ d - p‑ Å - X - v‑. k‑u-
a-S¡ - p‑ I - f - n‑ Â I-dp‑ ¸ - p‑ \ - n‑ d - h - p‑ w‑ B-Wv‑. I-cy‑ ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ a-cw‑ I‑n«- m‑ s - X ‑ h-cp‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä
I-dp‑ ¯ - ]-«t- b ‑ m‑ S- p‑ I - q‑ S- n‑ b - I-Sp‑ w‑ N - p‑ h - ¸ - v‑ s‑Se - n‑ t- ^ ‑ m‑ ¬/s‑sh ‑ Z- y‑ p‑ X - n‑ t‑]m‑ Ì - p‑ I - f - n‑ Â
I-®p‑ I - Ä i-co‑ c - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ a-äp‑ \‑nd - § - - I‑qS- p‑ I - q‑ «- m‑ d- p‑ ï - v‑-. H-tc ‑ I‑qS- p‑ X - s - ¶ ‑ h‑oï - p‑ w‑
f‑mb - N‑mc - w‑ ,‑ s‑hf - p‑ ¸ - v‑, I-dp‑ ¸ - v‑ F-¶o‑ \‑nd- - D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K - n‑ ¡ - m‑ d - n‑ s - Ã ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ h-cp‑ w‑ hÀ-j-
§-fp‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ t‑NÀ-¶v‑ H-cp‑ {‑]t- X ‑ y‑ I - ` - w‑ K - n‑ §-fn‑ epw A-tX ‑ a-cw‑ X-s¶ ‑ bmWv k‑zo‑ -
\Â-Ip‑ ¶ - p‑ . I-cn‑ ¡ - m‑ d- v. B¬-]£ - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ s‑]¬-]£ - n‑ -
]-d¡ - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä \‑o−- N‑nd - I - p‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑ b‑pw‑ t‑NÀ-¶m‑ W - v‑ I‑qS- p‑ − ‑- m-¡m‑ d - p‑ Å - X - v‑.
A-{K ‑ ` - m‑ K - w‑ I-dp‑ ¸ - p‑ w‑ _‑m¡ - n‑ s‑hf - p‑ - I‑qS- v‑ ]‑qÀ-¯n‑ b - m‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ G-It- Z‑ i - w‑ H-cm‑ -
¸‑pa - m‑ W - v‑. ]‑pÂ-ta ‑ S- p‑ I - Ä [‑mc - m‑ f - a - p‑ Å - g‑vN
- t- b ‑ m‑ f - s - a ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ . B-Zy‑ s - ¯ ‑ a‑p«- b - n‑ «-
D-S³ s‑]¬-]£ - n‑ A-Sb - n‑ c- p‑ ¶ - p‑ X‑pS- § - p‑ w‑ .
I‑pª - p‑ h - n‑ c - n‑ b - m‑ ³ 28 a‑pX - Â 32 Z‑nh - k - w‑
h-sc ‑ s - b ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ . C-WI - Ä c-ïp‑ w‑ A-S-
b‑nc - n‑ ¡ - p‑ s - a ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ s‑]¬-]£ - n‑ b - m‑ W - v‑
I‑qS- p‑ X - Â t‑\c - w‑ A-Sb - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. a‑p«-
h‑nc - n‑ ª - p‑ I‑pª - p‑ § - Ä ]‑pd- ¯ - p‑ h - ¶ - m‑ Â
s‑]¬-]£ - n‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ I‑qS- n‑ \ - p I‑mh - e - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ -
¶-Xv‑. A-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä B¬-]£ - n‑ C-ct- X ‑ S- n‑
I‑pª - p‑ § - Ä-¡v‑ I‑q«- n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ B-lm‑ c - w‑
F-¯n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
I‑mS- v‑ s‑h«- n‑ s - ¯ ‑ f - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ t- \ ‑ m‑ -
S-\p‑ _ - Ô - n‑ ¨ - p‑ − ‑- m-Ip‑ ¶ - X‑pd - Ê - m‑ b -
{‑]t- Z‑ i - § - Ä s‑hÅ - n‑ F-dn‑ b - m‑ ³ h‑mk - -
Ø-ea- m‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . B-lm‑ c- k - m‑ [ - \ - § - f - p‑ s - S‑
e-`y‑ X - A-\p‑ k - c - n‑ ¨ - v‑ A-hb - p‑ s - S‑ F-®-
¯‑nÂ h‑yX - y‑ m‑ k - w‑ h-cm‑ d - p‑ ï - v‑-. I‑rj - n‑ b - n‑ -
S-§f - n‑ Â [‑mc - m‑ f - a - m‑ b - n‑ I‑oS- § - s - f ‑ b - p‑ w‑
]‑pg - p‑ ¡ - s - f ‑ b - p‑ w‑ `-£n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - v‑
- m‑ ³ ( Black-winged Kite)
sh-Ån‑ F-dn‑ b {‑]I - r‑ X - y‑ m‑ D-Å H-cp‑ I‑oS- \ - m‑ i - n‑ \ - n‑ b - m‑ b - n‑
t^mt«m/¢aâv {^m³knkv C-Xp‑ {‑]h - À-¯n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .

i-e-`-N‑n-{‑X-§Ä ]‑q-¼‑m-ä-¨‑n-d-I‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S a-t‑\‑m-l‑m-c‑n-X-b‑n-t‑ebv-¡‑v
B-cc - ³ (Indian Awlking) t^mt«m/t‑U‑m. I-t‑e-j‑v k-Z‑m-i‑n-h³

- m‑ P
B-c-c‑m-P³
t‑U‑m. I-t‑e-j‑v k-Z‑m-i‑n-h³
X‑p -Å‑n-s‑¯-d‑n-¨‑v ]-d-¡‑p-¶ i-e-`-

§Ä A-Y-h‑m skippers F-¶-
d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ Hesperiidae F-¶ I‑p-S‑p‑w-
`‑w ]-d-¶‑p \-S-¡‑p-¶-X‑p I‑m-W‑m‑w. ]-c‑n-i‑o-
e-\‑w k‑n-²‑n-¨ H-c‑p i-e-`-\‑n-c‑o-£-I-s‑â
I-®‑p-IÄ-¡‑p t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w ]‑n-´‑p-S-c‑m-\‑m-h‑m-
F-¶‑o c-ï‑n-\‑w k-k‑y-§-s‑f e‑mÀ-h
`-£‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑m-b‑n \‑n-c‑o-£‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. C-e-
b‑p-s‑S H-c-ä‑w N‑p-c‑p-«‑n D-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶ C-e-¡‑q-
_-¯‑n-s‑e B-c-i-e-` (Awl butterflies‑) ¯-{‑X t‑h-K-¯‑n-e‑m-h‑p‑w C-h-b‑p-s‑S ]-d- S‑n-\-I-¯‑m-W‑v e‑mÀ-h-b‑p-s‑S h‑m-k‑w. e‑mÀ-
h‑n-`‑m-K-¯‑n-e‑pÄ-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ H-c‑p a-t‑\‑m-l-c- ¡Â. ]-e-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w h-f-s‑c t‑h-K-¯‑n-e‑p-Å h-Z-i-b‑p-s‑S A-h-k‑m-\-a‑m-I‑p-t‑¼‑m-t‑g-b‑v-¡‑p‑w
i-e-`-a‑m-W‑v B-c-c‑m-P³ (Indian Awlking). C-h-b‑p-s‑S N‑n-d-I-S‑n i-_‑v-Z‑w a‑m-{‑X-t‑a D-W-§‑n-¨‑p-c‑p-ï‑v I-c‑n-b‑n-e-t‑]‑m-s‑e-b‑m-h‑p-¶
N‑n-d-I‑n-s‑â A-S‑n-h-i-¯‑p-Å \‑o-e I-eÀ- \-a‑p-¡‑p t‑IÄ-¡‑m-\‑m-h‑q. s‑h-b‑n-e‑n-t‑\‑m- C‑u C-e-¡‑q-S‑v, C-c-]‑n-S‑n-b-·‑m-c‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p‑w
¶ ]-¨-b‑p‑w‑, ]‑n³-N‑n-d-I‑n-s‑â A-ä-¯‑m- S‑p X‑o-s‑c X‑m-X‑v-]-c‑y-a‑n-Ã‑m-¯ B-c-c‑m-P³ c-£-t‑\-S‑m³ ]‑p-g‑p-h‑n-s‑\ k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
b‑p-Å N‑p-h-¸‑p‑w hÀ-®-§Ä t‑N-c‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ i-e-`-§Ä s‑]‑m-X‑p-t‑h C-c‑p-ï-b‑n-S-§-f‑nÂ t‑I-c-f-¯‑nÂ t‑_‑m-W-¡‑m-S‑v, A-K-k‑v-
I‑m-g‑v-N-b‑nÂ i-c‑n-¡‑p‑w H-c‑p c‑m-P³ (king‑) I-g‑n-b‑m-\‑m-W‑v C-j‑v-S-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v. ]-IÂ X‑y-a-e‑, s‑i-´‑p-c‑p-W‑n h-\‑y-P‑o-h‑n-k-t‑¦-X-
X-s‑¶. B-c-c‑m-P-s‑â N‑n-d-I‑n-s‑â D-]-c‑n-`‑m-K- k-a-b-¯‑v a‑n-¡-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w G-s‑X-¦‑n-e‑p‑w C-e- ¯‑n-s‑e ]‑m-ï‑n-s‑a‑m-«‑, A-¨³-t‑I‑m-h‑nÂ‑,
¯‑n-\‑v X‑n-f-§‑p-¶ \‑o-e-\‑n-d-a‑m-W‑v. b‑p-s‑S A-S‑n-b‑nÂ h‑n-{‑i-a‑n-¡‑p‑w. F-¶‑mÂ s‑]-c‑n-b‑mÀ‑, K-h‑n‑, a‑q-¶‑mÀ‑, s‑s‑k-eâ‑v
s‑]‑m-X‑p-s‑h t‑I-c-f-¯‑nÂ A-{‑X k‑m- N‑n-e-t‑¸‑m-s‑g‑m-s‑¡ s‑I‑m-§‑n-W‑n (Lantana) h‑m-e‑n‑, s‑\-Ã‑n-b‑m-¼-X‑n‑, X‑n-c‑p-s‑\-Ã‑n‑, B-d-
[‑m-c-W-a-s‑Ã-¦‑n-e‑p‑w‑, \-½‑p-s‑S ]-Ý‑n-a-L-«- s‑N-S‑n-b‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p‑w t‑X³ \‑p-I-c‑p-¶-X‑v f‑w‑, I‑qÀ-K‑p-a‑m-b‑n A-X‑nÀ-¯‑n ]-¦‑n-S‑p-¶
a-e-\‑n-c-I-f‑n-s‑e D-bÀ-¶ {‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑nÂ I‑m-W‑m‑w. I‑m-«-c‑p-h‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S X‑o-c-s‑¯ \-\- I‑m-kÀ-t‑K‑m-U‑n-s‑â I‑n-g-¡³ a-e-\‑n-c-IÄ
]-e-b‑n-S-¯‑p‑w B-c-c‑m-P-s‑\ I-ï-X‑m-b‑n ª a-®‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p‑w ]-£‑n-þ-a‑r-K I‑m-j‑vT- F-¶‑n-h‑n-S-§-f‑nÂ \‑n-s‑¶-Ã‑m‑w B-c-c‑m-
i-e-`-\‑n-c‑o-£-IÀ t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. §-f‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p‑w e-h-W‑w \‑p-W-b‑m-d‑p-a‑p-ï‑v. P-s‑\ i-e-`-\‑n-c‑o-£-IÀ d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v s‑N-
k-a‑p-{‑Z-\‑n-c-¸‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p‑w F-®‑q-d‑p a‑o-ä-d‑n-\‑p t‑N‑m-e-h-\-§-f‑nÂ I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ Me- b‑v-X‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. ]-Ý‑n-a-L-«-¯‑n-\‑p ]‑p-d-t‑a
a‑p-I-f‑n-e‑p-Å \‑n-X‑y-l-c‑n-X h-\-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w liosma P-\‑p-Ê‑nÂ-s‑¸-« k-k‑y-§-f‑n-e‑m-W‑v C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S h-S-¡‑p-I‑n-g-¡³ k‑w-Ø‑m-\-
t‑N‑m-e-¡‑m-S‑p-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w A-X‑n-c‑m-h‑n-s‑e-b‑p‑w B-c-c‑m-P³ a‑p-«-b‑n-S‑m-d‑p-Å-X‑v. t‑I-c-f-¯‑nÂ §-f‑n-e‑p‑w s‑X-¡‑p-I‑n-g-¡-t‑\-j‑y³ c‑m-P‑y-§-
k-Ô‑y-b‑v-¡‑p‑w A-X‑n-t‑h-K-¯‑nÂ C‑u i-e- Meliosma pinnata, Meliosma simplicifolia f‑n-e‑p‑w C-h-s‑b I‑m-W‑m‑w.

k-k‑y-P‑m-e-I‑w \‑m-«‑p-k-k‑y-§Ä
\‑oÀ-a‑m-X-f‑w
]‑q-¯-I‑m-e‑w
h‑n.k‑n. _‑m-e-I‑r-j‑v-W³
"\‑o À-a‑m-X-f-¸‑q-¡-f‑p-s‑S k‑p-K-Ô‑w

I‑m-ä‑nÂ h-s‑¶-¯‑p-¶ F-{‑X-t‑b‑m
t‑\À-¯ H-c‑p K‑m-\-i-I-e‑w t‑]‑m-s‑e-b‑m-W‑v...
]‑q-¯-I‑m-e‑w‑) X-s‑â k‑v-a-c-W-I-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S
a-e-b‑m-f‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S a-\-Ê‑n-t‑e-¡‑v \‑oÀ-a‑m-X-f-
¸‑q-¡-f‑p-s‑S k‑p-K-Ô-s‑a-¯‑n-¨‑p. A-h-c‑p-s‑S
k‑v-{‑X-\‑m-a‑w {‑I-t‑«-h a‑m-á (Crataeva magna)
F-¶‑m-W‑v. C‑w-¥‑o-j‑nÂ Three Leaved Caper
F-¶-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. h-c‑p-W‑m‑, ]-i‑p-K-Ô‑m‑,
\‑oÀ-a‑m-X-f-¸‑q-¡-f‑p-s‑S a-W‑w A-½-b‑p-s‑S X‑m-c‑m- a-c-W‑m-\-´-c‑w‑, B-c‑m-[-I-c‑p‑w h‑m-b-\-¡‑m-c‑p- A-i‑v-a-c‑o-L‑v-\‑, {‑`-a-c-{‑]‑n-b F-¶‑n-h-b‑m-W‑v
«‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. c‑m-{‑X‑n-I‑m-e-§-f‑nÂ R‑m³‑, D-d-§‑n- a‑m-b N‑n-e-s‑c-¦‑n-e‑p‑w X-§-f‑p-s‑S {‑]‑n-b-s‑¸-« k‑w-k‑v-I‑r-X-\‑m-a-§Ä. {‑I-t‑«-h-b‑p-s‑S c-ï‑v
¡‑n-S-¡‑p-¶ A-½-b‑p-s‑S B-t‑Ç-j-¯‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑v I-Y‑m-I‑m-c‑n-b‑p-s‑S k‑v-a-c-W-b‑v-¡‑m-b‑n a‑p-ä-t‑¯‑m k‑v-]‑o-j‑n-k‑p-I-f‑m-W‑v t‑I-c-f-¯‑nÂ I‑m-W-
k‑z-´‑w i-c‑o-c-s‑¯ t‑a‑m-N‑n-¸‑n-¨‑v F-{‑X-t‑b‑m ]-d-¼‑n-t‑e‑m \-«‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v \‑oÀ-a‑m-X- s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v. h‑n-j-{‑]-t‑b‑m-K-¯‑nÂ {‑]-k‑n-²-
X-h-W P-\-e‑n-t‑e-¡‑v H‑m-S‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v, ]‑q-¯‑p- f-¯‑n-s‑â s‑s‑X-IÄ t‑X-S‑n A-e-ª‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. \‑p‑w {‑K‑o-¡‑v ]-¨-a-c‑p-¶‑v h‑n-Z-K‑v-[-\‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶
\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶ \‑oÀ-a‑m-X-f‑w H-c‑p t‑\‑m-¡‑q-I‑q-S‑n I-¸‑m-t‑c-k‑n-t‑b (Capparaceae) k-k‑y-I‑p-S‑p‑w- Kratevas‑ s‑â t‑]-c‑n-e‑m-W‑v C‑u k-k‑y-P-\‑p-Ê‑v
I‑m-W‑p-h‑m³.‑' a‑m-[-h‑n-¡‑p-«‑n (\‑oÀ-a‑m-X-f‑w _-¯‑nÂ DÄ-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ \‑oÀ-a‑m-X-f-¯‑n-s‑â i‑m- A-dn‑ b- s
- ¸‑ S- p‑ ¶
- X
- v‑. a‑má
- F-¶ k‑v] - o‑ j
- n‑ k
- v‑
\‑oÀ-a‑m-X-f‑w (Three Leaved Caper) t^mt«mkv/h‑n.k‑n. _‑m-e-I‑r-j‑v-W³

\‑oÀ-a‑m-X-f‑Im‑ b
- v‑I
- Ä
\‑ma - ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑, h-ep‑ X - v‑ a-l¯ - c - w‑ F-¶n‑ § - s - \ ‑ - F-¶‑o H‑u-j-[-§-f‑n-s‑e {‑]-[‑m-\ t‑N-c‑p-h-I-

b‑mW - v‑ e‑mä - n‑ ³ `‑mj - b - n‑ Â AÀ-°w‑ . f‑nÂ H-¶‑m-W‑n-X‑v.
C-t´ ‑ m‑ þ- a - t- e ‑ j - y‑ m‑ ,‑ s‑sN ‑ \ - F-¶o‑ t‑aJ - - "{‑`-a-c-{‑]‑n-b‑' F-¶ k‑w-k‑v-I‑r-X-\‑m-a‑w k‑q-
e-If - n‑ Â h-fc - p‑ ¶ - C‑u s‑Nd - p‑ h - r‑ £ - w‑ t‑Ic - - N‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v t‑]‑m-s‑e [‑m-c‑m-f‑w j-U‑v-]-Z- B-b‑n-c‑w h‑m-¡‑p-I-f‑p-
f-¯n‑ s - e ‑ AÀ-²\ - n‑ X - y‑ l - c - n‑ X - h-\§ - f - n‑ s - e ‑ §Ä ]‑q-t‑´³ \‑p-I-c‑m-\‑m-b‑n \‑oÀ-a‑m-X-f-¸‑q- s‑S D-b‑n-c‑p-Å H-c‑p
]‑pg - t- b ‑ m‑ c - § - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ A-cp‑ h - n‑ t- b ‑ m‑ c - §- f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ ¡-f‑nÂ F-¯‑m-d‑p-ï‑v. ]‑o-d‑n-t‑U (Pieridae‑) N‑n-{‑X‑w A-£-c-§-
I‑mW - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . A-e¦ - m‑ c - h - r‑ £ - a - m‑ b - n‑ h‑o«- p‑ - i-e-` I‑p-S‑p‑w-_-¯‑nÂ-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ t‑N‑m-¡-t‑e-ä‑v
]-d¼ - p‑ I - f - n‑ Â s‑h¨ - p‑ ] - n‑ S- n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - m‑ d - p‑ ï - v‑. BÂ-_-t‑{‑S‑m-k‑v, s‑N-©‑n-d-I³ (Great Orange t‑f-¡‑m-t‑f-s‑d k‑w-h-
]-¯p‑ a‑oä - À h-sc ‑ D-bc - ¯ - n‑ Â h-fc - m‑ d - p‑ Å - Tip)‑, s‑]‑m-«‑p-s‑h-Å‑m-«‑n (Psyche‑) F-¶‑n-h-b‑p- Z‑n-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑v \‑n-§-s‑f-
\‑oÀ-am‑ X - f - ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ a‑q¶ - v‑ k-l] - {- X ‑ § - f - p‑ Å - C-e- s‑S e‑mÀ-h‑m `-£-W-k-k‑y‑w I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-W‑n-X‑v. t‑¸‑m-s‑e R-§-f‑p‑w
I-fm‑ W
W‑v h‑n\
- p‑ Å
- y‑ k
- X
- n‑ ¨
- v‑. C-eI
- n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶
- Ä G-Im‑ ´
- X - v‑. A-Wv‑U
- c - {‑Ia- ¯
- m‑ I
- n‑ e
- m‑ c - ¯ - n‑ -
- m‑ - \-½‑p-s‑S \‑m-«‑n³ ]‑p-d-§-f‑nÂ \‑oÀ-a‑m-X-f a-c-
§Ä I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑mÂ t‑N‑m-¡-t‑e-ä‑v
X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-b‑p-¶‑p.
e‑pÅ- k-l] - {- X ‑ § - f - p‑ s- S‑ A-äw‑ I‑qÀ-¯X - m‑ W - v‑. BÂ-_-t‑{‑S‑m-k‑v i-e-`-§Ä k‑m-[‑m-c-W-b‑m-b‑n
i‑mJ - m‑ {- K ‑ § - f - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑ ]‑q¡ - f - p‑ ï - m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v.
I‑m-S‑p‑w h-\‑y-P‑o-h‑n-I-f‑p‑w {‑]-I‑r-X‑n
P-\p‑ h - c - n‑ þ G-{] ‑ n‑ Â a‑mk - § - f - m‑ W - v‑ ]‑q¡ - m‑ - C-S‑p-¡‑n‑, ]‑m-e-¡‑m-S‑v, t‑I‑m-g‑n-t‑¡‑m-S‑v P‑n-Ã-I- k‑w-c-£-W-h‑p‑w s‑s‑P-h-I‑r-j‑n-b‑p‑w
e‑w. ]‑q¦ - p‑ e - h - r‑ ´ - w‑ \‑of - w‑ I‑pd - ª - X
- p‑ w‑ X-Sn‑ - f‑n-s‑e h-c-ï C-e-s‑]‑m-g‑n-b‑p‑w h-\-§-f‑nÂ h-f- B-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-« \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S \-Ã
¨-Xp‑ a - m‑ W - v‑. \‑me - p‑ _‑ml - y‑ Z- f - § - f - p‑ w‑ \‑me - p‑ c‑p-¶ a‑m-h-e‑n‑w-K-h‑p‑w \‑oÀ-a‑m-X-f-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n G-s‑d N‑n-{‑X-§Ä I‑q-S‑v a‑m-k‑n-I-b‑nÂ {‑]-k‑n-
Z-f§ - f - p‑ a - p‑ Å - ]‑q¡ - Ä B-Zy‑ w‑ s‑hÅ - t- b ‑ m‑ k‑m-Z‑r-i‑y-a‑p-Å-X‑m-W‑v. Crataeva adansonii ssp. ²‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-h‑m³ B-{‑K-l‑n-¡‑p-¶-hÀ
{‑Io‑ w‑ \‑nd - ¯ - n‑ t- e ‑ m‑ ,‑ ]‑qÀ-®a - m‑ b - n‑ h‑nc - n‑ ª - p‑ odora F-¶‑m-W‑v C‑u s‑N-d‑p h‑r-£-¯‑n-s‑â X‑m-s‑g I‑m-W‑p-¶ C-þ-s‑a-b‑n-e‑n-t‑e-¡‑v
I-gn‑ ª - m‑ Â C-fw‑ a-ª \‑nd- ¯ - n‑ t- e ‑ m‑ B-bn‑ c - n‑ - i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-\‑m-a‑w. C-h-b‑p-s‑S ]‑q-¡Ä-¡‑v s‑h-Å- A-b-¨‑p-X-c‑n-I. 10F‑w-_‑n-b‑nÂ X‑m-s‑g-
¡‑pw‑ . t‑Ik - c - § - Ä-¡v‑ Z-f§ - t- f ‑ ¡ - m‑ Ä h-fs - c ‑ \‑n-d-h‑p‑w ]‑qÀ-®-a‑m-b‑n h‑n-c‑n-ª‑p I-g‑n-ª‑mÂ b‑p-Å s‑s‑l s‑d-k-e‑y‑q-j³ N‑n-{‑X-§-
I‑qS- p‑ X - Â \‑of - a - p‑ ï - v‑. t‑Ik - c - § - f - p‑ s - S‑ \‑nd - w‑ {‑I‑o‑w \‑n-d-h‑p-a‑m-W‑v. t‑I-k-c-§Ä-¡‑v \‑oÀ-a‑m-X- f‑m-W‑v A-b-t‑¡ï-X‑v. N‑n-{‑X-t‑¯‑m-
X-hn‑ «- p‑ I-eÀ-¶ N‑ph - t- ¸ ‑ m‑ t‑e‑m-l‑n-X hÀ-®- f-¸‑q-¡-f‑p-s‑S t‑I-k-c-§-f‑p-s‑S A-{‑X-b‑p‑w h-e‑p- s‑S‑m-¸‑w \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S ]‑qÀ-®-h‑n-h-c-§Ä
DÄ-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m³ a-d-¡-c‑p-X‑v.
t‑a‑m B-W‑v. s‑N-d‑p-\‑m-c-§-b‑p-s‑S h-e‑p-¸-a‑p-Å ¸-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑n-Ã. I‑m-b‑v-IÄ-¡‑p‑w h-e‑p-¸‑w
I‑m-b‑v-I-f‑p-s‑S ]‑p-d‑w s‑X‑m-e‑n-¡‑v X-h‑n-«‑p-I-eÀ-¶ I‑p-d-h‑m-W‑v. ]‑m-I-a‑m-b I‑m-b‑v-IÄ-¡‑v N‑p-h-¸‑p kooduphotodesk@gmail.com
N‑m-c-\‑n-d-a‑m-W‑v. I‑m-b‑v-¡‑p-Å‑n-s‑e a‑m‑w-k-f-a‑m-b \‑n-d-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. 18þ‑m‑w \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑nÂ P‑o-h‑n-
]Ä-¸‑n-\‑p-Å‑nÂ [‑m-c‑m-f‑w s‑N-d‑n-b h‑n-¯‑p-IÄ ¨‑n-c‑p-¶ {‑^-©‑v i-k‑v-{‑X-{‑I‑n-b‑m h‑n-Z-K‑v-[-\‑p‑w
D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. s‑a-b‑v-þ-P‑q-s‑s‑e a‑m-k-§-f‑nÂ k-k‑y-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-Ú-\‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ s‑s‑a-¡Ä
I‑m-b‑v-IÄ h‑n-f-b‑p-¶‑p. B-U³-k-t‑\‑m-S‑p-Å B-Z-c-k‑q-N-I-a‑m-b‑m-W‑v
]-ï‑p-I‑m-e‑w a‑p-XÂ-t‑¡ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑p C‑u k‑v-]‑o-j‑n-k‑n-\‑v B-U³-t‑k‑m-s‑s‑W F-¶
h-¶‑n-c‑p-¶ H‑u-j-[-k-k‑y-a‑m-W‑v \‑oÀ-a‑m-X-f‑w. t‑]-c‑v \Â-I‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
C-e-I-f‑p‑w ]-«-b‑p‑w t‑h-c‑n-t‑·Â s‑X‑m-e‑n-b‑p-a‑m- h‑n-¯‑p-a‑q-e-a‑m-W‑v k‑z‑m-`‑m-h‑n-I ]‑p-\-c‑p-Û-h‑w
W‑v H‑u-j-[ t‑b‑m-K‑y-a‑m-b `‑m-K-§Ä. "C-e \-S-¡‑p-¶-Xv‑. F-¶m‑ Â {‑]m‑ b - a - m‑ b - \‑oÀ-am‑ X - f -
A-c-¨ N‑m-d‑nÂ X‑p-W‑n-a‑p-¡‑n A-S‑n-h-b-ä‑nÂ a-c§ - f - p‑ s- S‑ t‑hc - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - v‑ s‑]m‑ «- n‑ a - p‑ f- b
- v‑¡
- p‑ ¶ -
h-¨‑mÂ a‑q-{‑X‑w t‑]‑m-I‑p‑w. I‑m-b‑v-IÄ s‑]‑m-S‑n-¨‑v s‑sX ‑ I - f - m‑ W - v‑ \-«p‑ ] - n‑ S- n‑ ¸
- n‑ ¡
- p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ \
- v‑ F-fp‑ ¸ - w‑ . I‑q-S‑m-s‑X t‑aÂ-h‑n-j-b-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«
D-¸‑p‑w IÀ-¸‑q-c-h‑p‑w ]‑q-¨-¡‑m-j‑vT-h‑p‑w t‑NÀ-¯‑v H‑uj - [ - k-ky‑ a - m‑ b- p‑ w‑ A-e¦ - m‑ c - h‑r£ - a - m‑ b- p‑ w‑ \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S-t‑b‑m‑, \‑n-§Ä {‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑m-\‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶
I‑p-g-¼‑m-¡‑n t‑X-¨‑m-e‑p‑w C-t‑X K‑p-W-a‑m-W‑v"þ C-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä \‑oÀ-am‑ X - f - w‑ h‑ym‑ ] - I - a - m‑ b- n‑ \-«p‑ ] - n‑ S- n‑ - k‑w-L-¯‑n-s‑â-t‑b‑m {‑]‑m-t‑Z-i‑n-I-a‑m-b h‑mÀ-¯-I-
f‑p‑w A-d‑n-b‑n-¸‑p-I-f‑p‑w {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§-f‑p‑w A-b-¨‑p
(t‑l‑mÀ-¯‑q-k‑v a-e-_‑m-d‑n-¡‑q-k‑v) ¸‑n¨- p‑ h-cp‑ ¶ - p‑ ï- v‑. A-Xn‑ \ - m‑ Â C-h XÂ-¡m‑ e - w‑ X-¶‑mÂ‑, C‑u h‑n-j-b-¯‑nÂ A-X‑o-h-XÂ-¸-c-c‑m-b
h‑m-X‑w‑, a‑q-{‑X‑m-i-b t‑c‑m-K-§Ä‑, a‑q-{‑X‑m-i-b- h‑wi - \ - m‑ i- `‑oj - W - n‑ t‑\c - n‑ S- p‑ ¶- n‑ s - ‑Ã-¶‑v t‑h-W‑w B-f‑p-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v F-¯‑n-¡‑m³ R-§Ä-¡‑m-h‑p‑w.
¡-Ã‑v, h‑r-j-W-h‑o-¡‑w X‑p-S-§‑n-b t‑c‑m-K-§- I-c‑p-X‑m³. H-c‑p ]-t‑£‑, a-e-b‑m-f‑n-b‑v-¡‑v a‑m- t‑e-J-\-§-f‑p‑w h‑mÀ-¯-I-f‑p‑w A-b-¡‑p-I.
f‑p-s‑S N‑n-I‑n-Õ-b‑nÂ \‑oÀ-a‑m-X-f‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n- [-h‑n-¡‑p-«‑n-t‑b‑m-S‑p-Å A-S‑p-¸-h‑p‑w B-Z-c-h‑p‑w koodumasika@gmail.com
¡‑p-¶‑p. h-c‑p-W‑m-Z‑n I-j‑m-b‑w‑, {‑]-`‑m-R‑v-P-\‑w \‑oÀ-a‑m-X-f-t‑¯‑m-S‑p-Å A-S‑p-¸-a‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑n-¡-
I‑p-g-¼‑v, [‑m-\‑z-´-c‑w L‑r-X‑w‑, N-{‑µ-{‑]-` K‑p-f‑n-I g‑n-ª‑n-«‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡-W‑w‑!

]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ
I-\-e-W-b‑m-s‑X I‑m-X‑n-¡‑p-S‑w
N‑m-
b-tX ‑ m‑ s - S‑ b - m‑ W
e-¡p‑ S- n‑ ¸
k¯nÂ a-Õy‑ §
- v‑ t‑Ic
- p‑ g- b
- f - ¯
- n‑ Â Ignª sabv am‑
- n‑ s
- Ä N-¯p‑ s
- â ‑ {‑i² - a‑pg- p‑ h
- ] ‑ m‑ ´
- ³
- n‑ -
I‑mX - n‑ ¡ - p‑ S- t- ¯ ‑ ¡ - v‑ X‑nc - n‑ ª - X
- v‑. \‑nä- m‑ P-em‑ ä- n‑ ³ -
I¼\n ]p-g-b‑n-t‑e-s‑¡‑m-g‑p-¡‑p-¶ a-e‑n-\-P-e‑w
a‑qe - a - m‑ W - v‑ Cu a-Õy‑ ¡ - p‑ c - p‑ X - n‑ \-S¶ - s - X ‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ ,‑
k-ao‑ ] - t‑Zi - § - f - n‑ Â h-kn‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - P\§-fp‑ s - S‑
P‑oh - \ - v‑ h‑ne - I - Â-¸n‑ ¡ - W - s - a‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ B-hi - y‑ s - ¸ ‑ «- v‑
I‑mX - n‑ ¡ - p‑ S- w‑ k-ac - k- a- n‑ X - n‑ A-t© ‑ m‑ f - w‑ ]-©m‑ b - -
¯‑pI - f - n‑ Â lÀ-¯m‑ Â \-S¯ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ , X‑pS- À-
¶‑v H-¶c - a - m‑ k - t- ¯ ‑ m‑ f - a - m‑ b - n‑ \‑nc - m‑ l - m‑ c - k - acw
s‑Nb - v‑X - p‑ h - c - n‑ I - b - p‑ am-bn‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . t‑Ic - f- ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑
F-Ãm‑ c‑mj - v‑{- S‑ o‑ b - ¸ - m‑ À-«n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ ,‑ a-Xþ- k - m‑ a - p‑ Z- m‑ -
b‑nI - , k‑mw‑ k - v‑I - m‑ c - n‑ I - c‑wK - s - ¯ ‑ {‑]a - p‑ J - c - p‑ w‑
k-ac - s - ¯ ‑ ]‑n´ - p‑ W - ¨ - p‑ .
a-Õy-§f - p-sS Iq-«¡ - p-cp-Xn-¡p-a¸ - p-dw
Cu ]p-gb - nÂ \n-¶p-Å am-en-\yw I-eÀ-¶
sh-Åa - m-Wv \n-ch - [ - n ]-©m-b¯ - p-If - n-epw
ap-\n-kn-¸m-en-än-If - n-epw Ip-Sn-sh-Å¯ - n-\pw
P-et- k-N\ - ¯ - n-\pw D-]t- bm-Kn-¡p-¶X - v F-¶-
Xm-Wv kw-`h - ¯ - n-sâ Ku-ch - w C-{X-b[ - n-Iw
hÀ-[n-¡m³ Im-cW - w.
a-Õy‑ ¡ - p‑ c - p‑ X - n‑ b - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ _-Ôs - ¸ ‑ «- v‑ A-t\ ‑ z‑ -
j-Ww‑ \-S¯ - n‑ b - s‑]m‑ e - y‑ q‑ j - ³ I-t{‑ ï ‑ m‑ Ä
t‑_m‑ À-Un‑ s - â ‑ s‑SÌ - v‑ d‑nt- ¸ ‑ m‑ À-«n‑ Â s‑s\ ‑ t- {‑ S‑ - t^mt«m/I‑m-X‑n-¡‑p-S‑w k-a-c-k-a‑n-X‑n
ä‑ns- â ‑ b - p‑ w‑ A-ta ‑ m‑ W - n‑ b - b - p‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ w‑ B-[n‑ I - y‑ w‑
s‑hÅ - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ ï - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ F-¶p Is−¯n. F-¶‑n-h-b‑p-s‑S k‑m-¶‑n-²‑y‑w h-f-s‑c I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑m- ¯‑p\ - n‑ ¶- p‑ w‑ {‑]X - n‑ t- j ‑ [ - w‑ £-Wn‑ ¨ - p‑ h - c - p‑ ¯- n‑ .
F¶mÂ, I-¼\ - n‑ s‑s\ ‑ t- {‑ S‑ t- ä ‑ m‑ A-ta ‑ m‑ W - n‑ b - - s‑W-¶‑v X‑r-È‑qÀ P-\-\‑o-X‑n C³-Ì‑n-ä‑y‑q-«‑n-s‑â B-`y‑ ´ - c - a - {- ´‑ n‑ A-t\ ‑ z‑ j - W - ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ D-¯c - -
t‑bm‑ D-Xv‑] - m‑ Z- \ - h - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ _-Ôs - ¸ ‑ «- v‑ ]‑pd - ¯ - p‑ - ]T-\‑w h‑y-à-a‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p. h‑n«- p‑ . a-\p‑ j - y‑ m‑ h - I - m‑ i - I-½o‑ j - ³ k‑zt- a ‑ [- b - m‑
h-cp‑ ¶ - n‑ s - Ã ‑ ¶ - v‑ {‑]J - y‑ m‑ ] - n‑ ¨ - p‑ . ]-t£ ‑ , CtX ]‑p-g- a‑e‑n-\oIcWhpa‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-« s‑S- t‑It- k ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - p‑ . I ‑ ¼ - \ - n‑ ¡ - v‑ \Â-In‑ b - t‑]m‑ e - o‑ k - v‑
Z‑nh
- k - § - f - n‑ Â h‑m«- À A-tX ‑ m‑ d - n‑ ä- n‑ t‑iJ - c - n‑ ¨ - I‑v-\‑n-¡Â I-½‑n-ä‑n d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v A-\´ - a - m‑ b - n‑ k‑wc - £ - W - w‑ k-ac - ¡ - m‑ s - c ‑ A-Sn‑ s - ¨ ‑ m‑ X - p‑ ¡ - m‑ -
k‑m¼ - n‑ f - p‑ I - f - n‑ Â s‑hÅ - ¯ - n‑ Â H‑mI - v‑k - ‑n-P-s‑â s‑sh ‑ I - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ Â {‑]X - n‑ t- j ‑ [ - n‑ ¨ - v‑ k-ac - k - a - n‑ X - n‑ - \‑pÅ - X - s - Ã ‑ ¶ - v‑ s‑sl ‑ t- ¡ ‑ m‑ S- X - n‑ - hyàam¡n.
A-f-h‑v h-f-s‑c-¡‑p-d-h‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p IqSmsX, I‑m- b‑pw‑ \‑m«- p‑ I - m‑ c - p‑ w‑ ]‑pg- b - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ Ø‑m] - n‑ ¨ - n‑ «- p‑ Å- XpSÀ¶v a‑pJ - y‑ a - {- ´ ‑ n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ t‑\X - r‑ X - z‑ ¯ - n‑ Â
Õ‑y-¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w I‑m-U‑v-a‑n-b-¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w A-f-h‑v a‑me- n‑ \ - y‑ s - s‑ ] ‑ ¸ - v‑ \‑o¡ - w‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ s - a‑ ¶ - p‑ {‑]J - y‑ m‑ ] - n‑ - \-S¶ - NÀ-¨ X‑oc - p‑ a - m‑ \ - s - am¶ps‑aS- p‑ ¡ - m‑ s - X ‑
A-\‑p-h-Z-\‑o-b-a‑m-b-X‑n-e‑p‑w IqSpXemb‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ¨‑v P‑qs - s‑ e ‑ 21-þ\ - v‑ a‑mÀ-¨v‑ \-S¯ - n‑ . CXv t‑]m‑ e - o‑ - ]‑nc - n‑ b - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ ]‑nt- ä ‑ ¶ - p‑ a‑pX - Â I-¼\ - n‑ X‑pd - -
i‑p-²‑o-I-c‑n-¨ s‑h-Å-a‑m-W‑v ]‑p-g-b‑n-t‑e- k‑v X-Sb - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ P-\§ - Ä I-¼\ - n‑ ¸
- S- n‑ ¡- Â ¶‑p {‑]h - À-¯n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - p‑ . X‑pS- À-¶v‑
s‑¡‑m-g‑p-¡‑p-¶-s‑X-¶‑v I-¼-\‑n-b‑p‑w F-¦‑nÂ D-]t- c ‑ m‑ [ - w‑ B-cw‑ `- n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑Nb - v‑X
- p‑ . A-¶v‑ B-£³ I‑u¬-kn‑ e - n‑ s - e ‑ A‑wK - § - Ä I‑pd - -
B s‑h-Å‑w X-s‑¶ ]‑p-\-c‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑p-I‑q- s‑sh ‑ I - o‑ «- v‑ \-S¶ - e‑m¯ - n‑ ¨ - m‑ À-Pn‑ Â k‑v{- X ‑ o‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ ¨‑pt- ] ‑ À h‑oX - w‑ Z‑nh - k - h - p‑ w‑ I-¼\ - n‑ D-]t- c ‑ m‑ [ - n‑ ¨ - v‑
t‑S-s‑b-¶‑v \‑m-«‑p-I‑m-c‑p‑w t‑N‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. Z-i-e- I‑p«- n‑ I - f - p‑ a
- S- ¡ - a - p‑ Å
- \‑nc - h - [ - n‑ k-ac - k - a - n‑ X - n‑ A-dÌ - v‑ h-cn‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ P-bn‑ e - n‑ Â \‑nc - m‑ l - m‑ c - a - -
£-¡-W-¡‑n-\‑v e‑n-äÀ i‑p-²-P-e‑w ]‑p-g-b‑nÂ {‑]h - À-¯I - À-¡p‑ w‑ ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X- n‑ {‑]h - À-¯I - À- \‑pj - v‑Tn‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
\‑n-¶‑v {‑]-X‑n-Z‑n-\‑w D‑u-ä‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¡‑p-¶ I-¼-\‑n ¡‑pw‑ \‑m«- p‑ I - m‑ À-¡p‑ w‑ K‑pc - p‑ X - c - a- m‑ b - ]-cn‑ ¡ - p‑ I - Ä i‑p² - h - m‑ b - p‑ h - n‑ \ - p‑ w‑ s‑hÅ - ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ w‑ a-®n‑ \ - p‑ w‑
X‑n-c‑n-¨‑v ]‑p-g-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v H-g‑p-¡‑n-h‑n-S‑p-¶- a-e‑n-\- ]-än‑ . h‑oS- p‑ I - f - n‑ Â t‑]m‑ e - p‑ w‑ I-bd - n‑ k‑m[ - m‑ c - W - - t‑hï - n‑ b - p‑ Å - I‑mX - n‑ ¡ - p‑ S- ¯ - p‑ I - m‑ c - p‑ s - S‑ k-ac - w‑
P-e¯‑nÂ I-d‑p-¯‑o-b‑w‑, \‑n-¡Â‑, t‑{‑I‑m-a‑n-b‑w ¡‑ms - c ‑ aÀ-±n‑ ¨ - t‑]m‑ e - o‑ k - v‑ \-S] - S- n‑ F-Ãm‑ b - n‑ S- - I-\e - W - b - m‑ s - X‑ C-t¸ ‑ m‑ g - p‑ w‑ X‑pS- c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
I‑mX
- n‑ ¡
- p‑ S- w‑ : ]n³XpWbpambn I‑p«- n‑ I
- Ä
I‑m -X‑n-¡‑p-S‑w \‑n-ä‑m P-e‑m-ä‑n³ h‑n-c‑p-² k-a-c-k-a‑n-X‑n-¡‑v s‑F-I‑y-Z‑mÀ-
V‑y‑w {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v P‑n.h‑n.F-¨‑v.F-k‑v.F-k‑v. h-e-¸‑m-S‑n-s‑e
I‑p-«‑n-IÄ c‑w-K-¯‑v. Cu h‑n-j-b-¯‑nÂ a‑p-J‑y-[‑m-c‑m c‑m-j‑v-{‑S‑o-b-¡‑mÀ I‑m-W‑n-
¡‑p-¶ A-e‑w-`‑m-h‑w A-h-k‑m-\‑n-¸‑n-¡-W-sa ‑ ¶- v‑ B-hi - y‑ s - ¸
‑ «- p‑ s - I
‑ m‑ ï - v‑ k‑vI - q‑ -
f‑ns- e‑ ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X- n‑ ¢-ºn‑ s - â‑ B-`n‑ a - p‑ J- y‑ ¯ - n‑ Â d‑me - n‑ \-S¯ - n‑ . "-ip‑ ² - h - m‑ b - p‑ h
- p‑ w‑
P
- e- h - p‑ w‑ R-§f - p‑ s
- S‑ P-·m‑ h - I - m‑ i - w‑ ,‑ t‑Ic - f- ¯ - n‑ s - e‑ a‑pg - p‑ h
- ³ \-Zn‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ a‑me - n‑ -
\‑ya - p‑ à
- a - m‑ ¡ - p‑ I - ,‑ ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X
- n‑ a-en‑ \ - o‑ I - c - W- w‑ X-Sb - p‑ I- ,‑ \‑nä - m‑ P-em‑ ä - n‑ ³ t‑]m‑ -
s‑e ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ s‑sP ‑ h- s - s‑ h ‑ h - n‑ [- y‑ ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ w‑ t‑Im‑ «- w‑ X-«p‑ ¶ - ,‑ a‑me - n‑ \ - y‑ §- Ä
]‑pd - ¯ - p‑ h - n‑ S- p‑ ¶ - I-¼\ - n‑ I
- Ä A-S¨ - p‑ ] - q‑ «- p‑ I
- '- X‑pS- § - n‑ b - a‑p{- Z‑ m‑ h - m‑ I- y‑ § - f - S- §- n‑ b -
¹-¡m‑ À-Up‑ I - f - p‑ t- a ‑ ´ - n‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ a‑pg - p‑ h
- ³ I‑p«- n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ s‑Xc - p‑ h- n‑ e - n‑ d
- § - n‑ b - X - v‑. k‑vI - q‑ Ä
]‑mÀ-es - a‑ â‑wK - § - f - p‑ s
- S‑ t‑\X - r‑ X- z‑ ¯ - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑ d‑me - n‑ \-S¯ - n‑ b - X - ‑v.

I‑q-S-¦‑p-f‑wþ
t‑]‑m-c‑m-«‑w
X‑p-S-c‑p-¶‑p
I‑q
a‑mb - n‑ {‑]I
S- ¦
t‑Ic
- p‑ f
- S- n‑ ¸
- w‑ B-Wh
- f - ¯
- n‑ ¨
- n‑ s
- p‑ s - I
- â ‑ {‑]X
‑ m‑ ï
- ]-²X
- v‑ P‑qs
- n‑ t- j
- s
‑ [
- n‑ s
‑ e
- ¡‑ X
- w‑ i-à-
‑ 5þ-\v‑ X‑r-
- n‑ s - c‑
i‑qÀ G-Po‑ k - v‑ H‑m^ - o‑ k - v‑ D-]t- c ‑ m‑ [ - n‑ ¨ - p‑ . X‑ri - q‑ À

s‑Xs - ¡ ‑ t‑Km‑ ] - p‑ c - \-Sb - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - v‑ 500-þH - m‑ f - w‑
h-cp‑ ¶ - {‑]h - À-¯I - À P‑mY - b - m‑ b - n‑ G-Po‑ k - v‑ H‑m-
^‑ok - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ a‑mÀ-¨v‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ D-¨b - v‑¡ - v‑
Hcpa-Wn‑ h-sc ‑ H‑m^ - o‑ k - v‑ D-]t- c ‑ m‑ [ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I- b - p‑ w‑
s‑Nb - v‑X - p‑ . D-]t- c ‑ m‑ [ - ]-cn‑ ] - m‑ S- n‑ X‑oÀ-¯p‑ w‑ k-am‑ -
[‑m\ - ] - c - a- m‑ b - n‑ \-S¶ - p‑ . t‑Ic - f - ¯- n‑ s - â ‑ G-Xm‑ ï - v‑
a‑pg
- p‑ h - ³ P‑nÃ - I - f - p‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ w‑ {‑]m‑ X - n‑ \ - n‑ [ - y‑ w‑ {‑]X - n‑ -
t‑j[ - ]-cn‑ ] - m‑ S- n‑ b - n‑ e - p‑ ï - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶- p‑ . ¹‑m¨ - ‑n-a-S t^mt«m/]n.än. tXmakv
k-a-c-k-a‑n-X‑n‑, F³-t‑U‑m-kÄ-^‑m³ ]‑o-U‑n-X
P-\-I‑o-b k-a‑n-X‑n‑, I‑m-X‑n-¡‑p-S‑w k-a-c-k-a‑n- ••I‑p-«‑n-I-f‑p‑w a‑p-X‑nÀ-¶-h-c‑p-a‑m-b‑n A-d‑p-¶q-d‑n-t‑e-s‑d-t‑¸À-¡‑v k‑u-c-b‑q-Y-¯‑n-s‑e c-ï‑m-a-s‑¯ h-e‑n-b
{‑K-l-a‑m-b i-\‑n-s‑b s‑S-e-k‑v-t‑I‑m-¸‑n-e‑q-s‑S A-S‑p-¯‑p-I‑m-W‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v, P‑q-s‑s‑e 12 s‑h-Å‑n-b‑m-g‑v-N
X‑n F-¶‑n-h-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ I‑q-«-t‑¯‑m-s‑S s‑s‑h-I‑p-t‑¶-c‑w G-g‑p-a-W‑n a‑p-XÂ ]-¯‑p-a-W‑n h-s‑c _-l‑v-s‑s‑d³ t‑I-c-f‑o-b k-a‑m-P‑w A-¦-W-
F-¯‑n-b-X‑v F-Ã‑m-hÀ-¡‑p‑w B-t‑h-i‑w ]-IÀ- ¯‑nÂ \-S-¶ ‑"F t‑¢‑m-kÀ e‑p-I‑v A-ä‑v k‑m-t‑ä¬-‑' F-¶ ]-c‑n-]‑m-S‑n-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S A-h-k-c‑w I‑n-«‑n.
¶‑p. A-d‑p-]-¯‑n-t‑b-t‑g‑m-f‑w k‑w-L-S-\I - f - p‑ s - S‑ _‑n.s‑I.F-k‑v. k-b³-k‑v t‑^‑m-d‑w‑, _‑n.s‑I.F-k‑v. k-½À I‑y‑m-¼‑v 2013þs‑â k-l-I-c-W-t‑¯‑m-s‑S
{‑]m‑ X - n‑ \ - n‑ [ - y‑ w‑ D-]t- c ‑ m‑ [ - ]-cn‑ ] - m‑ S- n‑ b - n‑ e - p‑ ï - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ - k-a‑m-P‑w A‑w-K-§-f‑p-s‑S I‑p-«‑n-IÄ-¡‑p‑w k-½À I‑y‑m-¼‑n-s‑e I‑p-«‑n-IÄ-¡‑p-a‑m-b‑m-W‑v C‑u A-h-k-c-
s‑a‑m-c‑p-¡‑n-b-X‑v. k-a‑m-P‑w A‑w-K-h‑p‑w {‑]-i-k‑v-X A-k‑v-t‑{‑S‑m t‑^‑m-t‑«‑m-{‑K‑m-^-d‑p-a‑m-b t‑{‑]‑w-P‑n-X‑v \‑m-c‑m-
¶‑p. I‑qS- ¦ - p‑ f - w‑ ]-²X - n‑ \‑nÀ-¯n‑ s - h ‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ h-sc ‑ b-W³ C-X‑n-\‑p t‑\-X‑r-X‑z‑w \Â-I‑n. Celestron CPC 800 F-¶ Computerized GPS Telescope B-W‑v
t‑]m‑ c - m‑ «- w‑ X‑pS- c - p‑ I - X - s - ¶ ‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ s - a ‑ ¶ - v‑ X‑rÈ - q‑ À i-\‑n-{‑K-l-s‑¯ h‑o-£‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨-X‑v.
P‑nÃ- m‑ k‑wL - m‑ S- I - k-an‑ X - n‑ A-dn‑ b - n‑ ¨ - p‑ .
]-cn‑ Ø- n‑ X
- n‑ -
\‑mi
- ¯ - n‑ s- â ‑ t^mt«m/{‑]-h‑o¬ ]n. taml³Zmkv
k‑m¼ - ¯- n‑ I - h - i
- w‑ I-Sp‑ h
- I
s‑Im‑ Ã
- Ä
- s- ¸
‑ S- p‑ ¶
- p‑
]- c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-\‑m-i‑w k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I h-fÀ-
¨-s‑b ]‑p-d-t‑I‑m-«‑p h-e‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¶‑v
G-ä-h‑p‑w ]‑p-X‑n-b t‑e‑m-I-_‑m-¦‑v ]T-\-§Ä.
]T-\‑w h‑y-à-a‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p. i‑p-²-a-Ã‑m-¯ s‑h-
Å-¯‑n-s‑â D-]-t‑b‑m-K-h‑p‑w i‑p-N‑n-b-Ã‑m-¯
N‑p-ä‑p-]‑m-S‑p-I-f‑p‑w k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I h-fÀ-¨-s‑b C‑u hÀ-jw‑ ]‑nd
\‑pÅ - n‑ Â t‑Ic
- ¶- v‑ B-dp‑ a‑mk
- f - ¯ - n‑ e - n‑ X
- ¯
- m‑ a‑q-
- n‑ -
h‑m-b‑p-þ-P-e a-e‑n-\‑o-I-c-W-¯‑n-\‑v D-S-\-S‑n ]-c‑n- X‑m-t‑g-¡‑v h-e‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. H‑m-t‑c‑m hÀ-j-h‑p‑w ¶‑ma - s - ¯ ‑ I-Sp‑ h - b - p‑ w‑ s‑Im‑ Ã - s - ¸ ‑ «- n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
l‑m-c‑w I-ï‑n-s‑Ã-¦‑nÂ C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S ]‑p-t‑c‑m-K- 3,75,000 t‑]À \-K-c-§-f‑n-s‑e _‑m-l‑y-h‑m-b‑p- ]‑me - ¡ - m‑ S- v‑ P‑nÃ - b - n‑ s - e ‑ s‑\· - m‑ d - t‑^m‑ d - Ì - v‑ U‑n-
X‑n-b‑p-s‑S I‑m-c‑y‑w X‑oÀ-¯‑p‑w A-\‑nÀ-Æ-N-\‑o-b- a-e‑n-\‑o-I-c-W‑w a‑q-e‑w NnInÕ tXSp-¶‑p-ï‑v. h‑nj - \ - n‑ s - e‑ I‑mc - ¸ - m‑ d - F-¶ F-tÌ ‑ ä - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑
a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑v C‑u h‑n-j-b-¯‑nÂ \-S-¶ C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e i‑n-i‑p-a-c-W-§-f‑nÂ C-c‑p-]-¯- P‑qs - s ‑ e ‑ ]-Xn‑ \ - m‑ d - n‑ \ - v‑ a‑q¶ - p‑ h - b - Ê - v‑ {‑]m‑ b - a - m‑ b -
B-Z‑y-]T-\‑w X-s‑¶ X‑m-¡‑o-X‑p-s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p. ©‑v i-X-a‑m-\-t‑¯‑m-f-h‑p‑w t‑i‑m-N-\‑o-b-a‑m-b I-Sp‑ h - ¡ - p‑ «- n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ i-hi - c - o‑ c - w‑ I-sï ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - X - v‑.
C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S B-`‑y-´-c D-X‑v-]‑m-Z-\-¯‑n-s‑â ]‑m-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-I‑m-h-Ø-I-f‑p‑w‑, i‑p-²-P-e Z‑uÀ- h-\w‑ h - I - p‑ ¸ - v‑ D-tZ‑ y‑ m‑ K - Ø - À A-¿¸ - ³ F-¶-
5.7 i-X-a‑m-\-t‑¯‑m-f-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w (A-X‑m- e-`‑y-h‑p‑w‑, i‑p-N‑n-X‑z-a‑n-Ã‑m-¯ N‑p-ä‑p-]‑m-S‑p-I-f‑p‑w b‑ms - f ‑ t‑h«- b - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ _-Ôs - ¸ ‑ «- v‑ A-dÌ - v‑ s‑N-
b-X ‑v3.75 e£w t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-]‑) C‑u \-j‑v-S‑w a‑q-e-a‑m-W‑v k‑w-`-h‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. b‑vX - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑. C-Xn‑ \ - p‑ a‑p³-]v‑ h-b\ - m‑ S- v‑ h-\y‑ P - o‑ -
F-¶‑p‑w I-W-¡‑p-I‑q-«‑p-¶‑p. t‑^‑m-k‑nÂ C-Ô- I‑q-S‑p-XÂ IÀ-i-\-a‑m-b ]‑m-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-I h‑n k-t¦ ‑ X - ¯ - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - v‑ C‑u hÀ-jw‑ a‑mÀ-¨v‑
\-§Ä I-¯‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑p-ï‑m-h‑p-¶ h‑m-b‑p-a- \‑n-b-a-§-f‑p‑w \‑nÀ-t‑±-i-§-f‑p‑w h-g‑n Z‑oÀ- a‑mk - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ s‑ab - v‑ a‑mk - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ I-Sp‑ h - I - f - p‑ -
e‑n-\‑o-I-c-W‑w X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v G-ä-h‑p‑w {‑]-[‑m-\ L-I‑m-e k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I t‑\-«-§Ä G-ä-h‑p‑w s‑S a-cW - w‑ d‑nt- ¸ ‑ m‑ À-«p‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑. I-Sp‑ h -
h‑n-Ã³. B-`‑y-´-c D-X‑v-]‑m-Z-\-¯‑n-s‑â a‑q-¶‑p I‑p-d-ª s‑N-e-h‑nÂ {‑l-k‑z-I‑m-e¯nÂ B-{I ‑ a - n‑ ¨ - X - n‑ \- v‑ \-jv‑S- ] - c - n‑ l- m‑ c - w‑ B-hi - y‑ s - ¸ ‑ -
i-X-a‑m-\-t‑¯‑m-f‑w I-h-c‑p-¶-X‑v A-s‑Ã-¦‑nÂ \-S-¸‑m-¡‑m‑w. h‑n-I-k-\-a‑m-t‑W‑m ]-c‑n-Ø‑n- «‑ps- I ‑ m‑ ï - v‑ A-¿¸ - ³ c-ïm‑ g- v‑N - a - p‑ ³-]v‑ ]‑me - ¡ - m‑ -
\-j‑v-S-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶-X‑v h‑m-b‑p-a-e‑n-\‑o-I-c-W-a‑m- X‑n-b‑m-t‑W‑m {‑]-[‑m-\‑w F-¶ t‑N‑m-Z‑y-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n S‑v I-fI - v‑S- s - d ‑ k-ao‑ ] - n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ h - t- {‑ X ‑ . t‑Nm‑ Z- y‑ w‑
W‑v. I‑q-S‑m-s‑X 1,09,000 a‑p-X‑nÀ-¶-h-c‑p‑w 7,513 _-Ô-s‑¸-«‑v C-X‑p-h-s‑c \-S-¶ NÀ-¨-IÄ- s‑N¿ - e - n‑ Â I-Sp‑ h - s - b ‑ F-t´ ‑ m‑ B-bp‑ [ - w‑ h-¨v‑
A-©‑p-h-b-Ê‑nÂ X‑m-s‑g-b‑p-Å I‑p-«‑n-I-f‑p‑w ¡‑v H-c‑p ]‑p-X‑n-b a‑m-\‑w \Â-I‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v A-Sn‑ ¨ - X - m‑ b - n‑ A-¿¸ - ³ k-½X - n‑ ¨ - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑. C-Xp‑ -
hÀ-j‑w t‑X‑m-d‑p‑w \-K-c-§-f‑n-s‑e _‑m-l‑y-h‑m- t‑e‑m-I-_‑m-¦‑n-s‑â C‑u G-ä-h‑p‑w ]‑p-X‑n-b ] a‑qe - a - m‑ W - v‑ a-cW - w‑ k‑w` - h - n‑ ¨ - s - X ‑ ¶ - v‑ t‑]m‑ Ì - v‑-
b‑p-a-e‑n-\‑o-I-c-W‑w a‑q-e‑w a-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑ï-¶‑v T-\-d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v. t‑am‑ À-«w‑ d‑nt- ¸ ‑ m‑ À-«n‑ e - p‑ w‑ h‑yà - a - m‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑.

]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ
a‑m-S‑m-b‑n-¸‑m-d-b‑nÂ
]‑q-¡‑m-e-k-l-h‑m-k‑w
k‑o -¡‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w a-e-_‑mÀ \‑m-N‑p-dÂ
l‑n-Ì-d‑n s‑k‑m-s‑s‑k-ä‑n-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w
k‑w-b‑p-à‑m-`‑n-a‑p-J‑y-¯‑nÂ B-K-Ì‑v 24‑, 25 X‑n-
¿-X‑n-I-f‑nÂ ]‑q-¡‑m-e-k-l-h‑m-k‑w \-S-¯‑p-¶‑p.
C-S-\‑m-S³ s‑N-¦Â-¡‑p-¶‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S ]‑m-c‑n-Ø‑n-
X‑n-I {‑]-t‑X‑y-I-X-I-f‑p‑w s‑s‑P-h-s‑s‑h-h‑n-[‑y-h‑p‑w
t‑\-c‑n-«-d‑n-b‑m-\‑p-Å H-c‑p A-k‑p-e-`‑m-h-k-c‑w.
t^mt«m/At\mPv sNdnbm³ A-ª‑q-d‑n-e-[‑n-I‑w k-]‑p-j‑v-]‑n k-k‑y-§-f‑p‑w
\‑q-ä‑n a‑p-¸-t‑¯-g‑n-\‑w N‑n-{‑X-i-e-`-§-f‑p‑w A-[‑n-
P-\n‑ X
- I
- a- m‑ ä
- w‑ h-cp‑ ¯- n‑ b
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2013 BKkväv, hne `40

Car Rental Logistics

Heavy Equipment General Services

Telephone: +974 44 440 969/70

Fax : +974 44 440 980

06 IhÀt‑Ìm‑ d‑n/ D-c-K-§Ä

18 I-e‑v-]h‑r-£ F-¶ 45 i-e-`-N‑n-{‑X-§Ä

t^mt«m/{‑]-h‑o¬ ]n. taml³Zmkv

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I‑qS- v‑, H-cp‑ ]‑mT-am‑ h

R‑m ³ k‑m-[‑m-c-W H-c‑p

I‑q -S‑v I‑q-«‑m³ t‑X‑m-¶‑p-¶‑p C‑u I‑q-S‑v

`‑q-a‑n-t‑Z-h‑n-b‑v-¡‑p-t‑h-ï‑n... {] -Ir-Xn-sb i-cn-bm-bn A-dn-bp-

4 IqSv 2013 BKkväv

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FUnäÀ Hm¬sse³ kt¸mÀ«v {]Xn\n[nIÄ hnemkw:

IqSv 2013 BKkväv 5

F-k‑v. D-j‑, X-WÂ

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6 IqSv 2013 BKkväv

IqSv 2013 BKkväv 7

8 IqSv 2013 BKkväv

IqSv 2013 BKkväv 9

t‑cm‑ K - m‑ {- I‑ a- W - w‑ X‑pS- § - n‑ b - {‑]i - v‑\

10 IqSv 2013 BKkväv

IqSv 2013 BKkväv 11

12 IqSv 2013 BKkväv

k‑mt- ¦ ‑ X - n‑ I - h‑nZ- y‑ I - Ä D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K - n‑ ¨ - n‑ -

IqSv 2013 BKkväv 13

kÀ-Æ-t‑c‑m-K-{‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[ t‑i-j‑n-b‑p-Å h‑n-¯‑v t‑I-h-e‑w

i-{‑X‑p I‑o-S-§-s‑f s‑N-d‑p-¡‑p-¶ {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-Z-¯-a‑m-b

Ir{Xna cmk-h-f- t‑c‑m-K-{‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[-t‑i-j‑n-b‑p-Å

14 IqSv 2013 BKkväv

_‑nÂ t‑am‑ f - n‑ k - s - â ‑ s‑]À-aI - Ä-¨À

I‑r-j‑n-s‑b H-c‑p k‑w-k‑v-I‑m-c-a‑m-b‑n-«‑m-W‑v K-W‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v..

a-®‑n-f-¡Â h‑n-f-IÄ I-f-IÄ t‑c‑m-K-§Ä B-ß‑o-b-X a-®‑v

G-I-h‑n-f i-{‑X‑p-¡-f‑m-W‑v t‑c‑m-K‑m-W‑p a‑q-e‑w a-®‑n-s‑\ ]-c-a‑m-h-[‑n

IqSv 2013 BKkväv 15

B ]‑pk - v‑X - I - ¯ - n‑ Â X-s¶ ‑ ]-dª - n‑ -

16 IqSv 2013 BKkväv

IqSv 2013 BKkväv 17

""DXv]‑m-Z-\-¡‑p-d-h‑v'‑' F-¶‑v ^‑p-¡‑p-

A-Xn‑ t- \ ‑ m‑ S- v‑ G-äh - p‑ w‑ C-W§ - n‑ \ - n‑ ¶ - p‑ P‑oh - n‑ -

18 IqSv 2013 BKkväv

IqSv 2013 BKkväv 19

20 IqSv 2013 BKkväv

IqSv 2013 BKkväv 21

k‑z-b‑w ]-c‑y‑m-]‑v-X-a‑m-s‑b‑m-c‑p I‑r-j‑n-

22 IqSv 2013 BKkväv

c-am‑ b- n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - N-¡. _-lp‑ c - m‑ j - v‑{- S‑ `‑oa - · - m‑ - h‑r£ - § - f - m‑ h - m‑ ³ ]-cn‑ N - c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ -

IqSv 2013 BKkväv 23

X-Å-¹‑m-h‑n-s‑â N‑n-Ã-I-f‑nÂ D-ï‑m-

24 IqSv 2013 BKkväv

H-c‑p-¯-c-a‑m-W‑v \-h‑w-_-d‑nÂ-¯-s‑¶ I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-d-¡‑n. I‑p-

IqSv 2013 BKkväv 25

26 IqSv 2013 BKkväv

H- c‑m-f‑p-s‑S k-X‑v-IÀ-½-§Ä a-s‑ä‑m-c‑m-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-hr¯‑n-b‑nÂ

IqSv 2013 BKkväv 27

t^mt«m/t‑U‑m. D-®‑n-I‑r-j‑v-W³ ]‑p-f‑n-¡Â

28 IqSv 2013 BKkväv

t‑U‑m. ]‑n.F-k‑v. C‑u-k

t‑Z -i‑o-b A-´À-t‑Z-i‑o-b X-e-¯‑nÂ