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]pkvXIwþ1, e¡wþ3, hne `40

IqSv amknI IhÀ Nn{Xw/

]cnØnXn, Irjn, BtcmKyw F¼dÀ s‑]³-K‑z‑n³
XpS§nb taJeIfn (Emperor Penguins)
ka{Kamb CSs]SÂ t^mt«m/s‑Ì-^‑m³ {‑I‑n-Ì‑v-a‑m³
IhÀ Unssk³/At¡m

06 IhÀt‑Ìm‑ d‑n/ N‑n-{‑X-h‑p‑w N‑n-´-b‑p‑w

35
s]mÅp¶ `qtKmfw t‑U‑m. D-®‑n-I‑r-j‑v-W³ ]‑p-f‑n-¡Â
t‑U‑m. S‑n.h‑n. k-P‑o-h‑v
36 HmÀ½¡pdn¸v
9 tIcf¯nse h‑n-s‑¯-d‑n-ª‑v
"I®oÀ'¯S§Ä h‑n-S-s‑I‑m-ï I‑m-ä‑v
S‑n. F³. {‑]-X‑m-]³ F‑w.FÂ.F. s‑P. F‑w. d-l‑n‑w

12 \‑m‑w I-ï‑p-I-g‑n-ª 38 k-k‑v-X-\‑n-IÄ

Z‑p-c-´-§Ä‑! t‑U‑m. ]‑n.H. \-a‑oÀ
s‑{‑]‑m-^. C I‑p-ª‑n-I‑r-j‑v-W³
40 D-c-K-§Ä
14 I‑m-e‑m-h-Ø‑m a‑m-ä‑w: t‑e‑m-I t‑U‑m. a‑p-l-½-Z‑v P‑m-^À ]‑m-t‑e‑m-«‑v

c‑m-P‑y-§Ä F-´‑p s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p? 42 k-k‑y-P‑m-e-I‑w

s‑{‑]‑m-^. F‑w.s‑I. {‑]-k‑m-Z‑v h‑n.k‑n. _‑m-e-I‑r-j‑v-W³

16 aªn hncnª ]q¡Ä 43 N‑n-d-I-S‑n-IÄ

s‑Ì-^‑m³ {‑I‑n-Ì‑v-a‑m³ s‑P. {‑]-h‑o¬

24
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28
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32 s‑sP
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IqSv 2013 Pqsse 3

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e-¡-t‑¯-¡‑mÄ G-s‑d a-t‑\‑m-l-c-a‑m-
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½-¡‑p-d‑n-¸‑v F-¶‑n-h ]‑p-X‑n-b X-e-a‑p-d h‑m-b‑n-¨‑p
a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-t‑¡-ï-X‑m-W‑v. t‑I-c-f‑o-b-c‑p-s‑S l‑r-Z-
b-¯‑n-s‑e h‑m-S‑n-¡-c‑n-b‑p-¶ ]-¨-¸‑n-t‑e-¡‑v P‑o-h-P- \-ap‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ I‑qS- p‑ I - q‑ «- m‑ w‑ . IqSnsâ {‑]h - À-
e‑w h‑o-g‑v-¯‑p-¶ A-\‑p-`-h-a‑m-W‑v I‑q-S‑v a‑m-k‑n-I-b‑n- ¯-IÀ-¡v A-`n‑ a - m‑ \ - t- ¯ ‑ m‑ s - S‑ D-ds - ¡ ‑
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C‑u \-S-¯-¯‑n-s‑\‑m-¸‑w R-§-f‑p‑w I‑q-s‑S-b‑p-ï‑v. a‑mk - n‑ I - X-s¶ ‑ . s‑Xc - s - ª ‑ S- p‑ ¡
- s - ¸ ‑ «- h - -
F-Ã‑m `‑m-h‑p-I-§-f‑p‑w t‑\-c‑p-¶‑p. c‑pw‑ ,‑ AÀ-lc - m‑ b - h - c - p‑ w‑ \-¶v‑. t‑eJ - \ - -
F³.F. \-k‑oÀ §Ä‑, N‑n{- X ‑ § - Ä‑, t‑eH - u ‑ «- v‑, \‑nd - § - f - p‑ -
s‑S C-Ss - ] ‑ S- Â‑, I‑q«- p‑ I - q‑ S- Â‑, G-äh - p‑ w‑
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þ "-Iq‑ S- v‑'- F-¶ t‑em‑ t- K ‑ m‑ . a-t\ ‑ m‑ l - c - w‑ .
I‑qS- n‑ s - â ‑ s‑ab - v‑þP‑q¬ e-¡§ - Ä I‑n«- n‑ . C-Xn‑  I‑qS- p‑ X -  \-¶m‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ k‑m-
F-Ãm‑ t‑eJ - \ - § - f - p‑ w‑ H-¶n‑ s - \‑ m‑ ¶ - p‑ s‑a¨ - w‑ . a-dn‑ ª- p‑ h‑oW - m‑ Â A-Xn‑ s - â
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s‑aà - m‑ w‑ h-fs - c ‑ \-¶m‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑. t‑Pm‑ ¬-kn‑ a-tä ‑ m‑ D-Å i‑mJ - I - s - f
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a‑mj
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s‑am‑ s - ¡ ‑ h-fs - c ‑ C-ãs - ¸ ‑ «- p‑ . F-sâ ‑ a‑q¶ - v‑ I‑pg - n‑ s
- b‑ S- p‑ ¯ - v‑ {‑Sm‑ ³-kv‑¹ - m‑ â‑v s‑N¿ - p‑ I - . 10 D-sï ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ A-Xn‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ a‑nI - ¨ - X - v‑
h-bÊ - p‑ Å - a-I\ - m‑ W - v‑ ]‑q¼ - m‑ ä - I- s - f ‑ b- p‑ w‑ hÀ-jw‑ I-jv‑S- s - ¸ ‑ «- p‑ h-fÀ-¯p‑ ¶ - a-c¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ C-Xp‑ X-s¶ ‑ . \-ap‑ ¡ - v‑ I‑qS- p‑ I - q‑ «- m‑ w‑ ,‑ h‑n-
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I‑qs - S‑ D-Õm‑ l - w‑ !‑ C-Xn‑ s - â ‑ ]‑n¶ - n‑  {‑]h - À- £‑w. C-X‑p {‑]‑m-t‑b‑m-K‑n-I-a‑m-W‑v. t‑\-c‑n ]-IÀ-¶v‑ \‑pI - c - m‑ w‑
¯‑n¨ - I‑qS- n‑ s - â ‑ F-Ãm‑ S‑ow‑ A‑wK - § - Ä-¡p‑ w‑ I-ï‑n-«‑n-s‑Ã-¦‑n-e‑p‑w I‑p-s‑d hÀ-j-§Ä-¡‑p I‑p-c‑y³ i-_-c‑n-K‑n-c‑n‑,
F-sâ ‑ `‑mh - p‑ I - § - Ä. a‑p³-]‑v X‑r-È‑n-\‑m-¸-Å‑n-b‑n s‑N-b‑v-X-X‑m- X‑n-c‑p-h-\-´-]‑p-c‑w
k-Rv‑P - p‑ c‑mP - ³‑, _‑mw‑ K - v‑f- q‑ À W‑v. N‑n-{‑X-k-l‑n-X‑w l‑n-µ‑p ]-{‑X-¯‑nÂ

I‑qS- v‑ þ K‑w` - o‑ c- a
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k‑n-\‑n-a‑m `‑m-j-b‑n ]-d-ª‑m "k‑q-¸À l‑nä
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B-iw‑ k
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c‑y-§Ä k‑w-`-h‑n-¨‑p s‑I‑m-ï‑n-
c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. {‑]-[‑m-\-a‑m-b‑p‑w k-¼-¶-a‑m-b
h‑m§
X‑ns
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F-dW - m‑ I - p‑ f - w‑ X‑mP - n‑ Â I‑qS- n‑ b - t- ¸ ‑ m‑ Ä \‑n§ - - t‑]‑m-s‑e Z‑n-h-k-§-t‑f‑m-f‑w t‑I‑m-c‑n-s‑¨‑m-c‑n- W‑v "‑ I‑qS- v‑' a‑mk - n‑ I - b- p‑ s
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- p‑ w‑ A-\p‑ ` - h
- ‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w I-g‑n-ª-X‑v.
A-Xn‑ Â '‑ \ - ½ - Ä a-c§ - Ä-¡v‑ t‑he - n‑ b- m‑ h - p‑ I - '‑- C-¡-g‑n-ª P‑q¬ a‑m-k-¯‑n-s‑\ {‑]-I‑r- a-e-b‑m-f-¯‑n-\‑p A-\‑n-h‑m-c‑y-a‑m-b H-c‑p
F-¶ k‑md - «- o‑ ¨ - d - p‑ s - S‑ D-Xv‑t- _ ‑ m‑ [ - \ - w‑ h‑mb - n‑ - X‑n a-g s‑I‑m-ï‑v A-\‑p-{‑K-l‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p- {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c-W-a‑m-W‑v "I‑q-S‑v' F-s‑¶-\‑n-¡‑v
¡‑m\ - p‑ w‑ C-Sb - m‑ b- n‑ . k‑md - «- o‑ ¨ - d - n‑ s
- \ ‑ A-dn‑ - ¶‑p.]‑p-g-I-f‑p‑w t‑X‑m-S‑p-I-f‑p‑w I‑p-f-§-f‑p‑w t‑X‑m-¶‑n. D-Å-S-¡-h‑p‑w B-h‑n-j‑v-I‑m-c-h‑p‑w
b‑n¡ - p‑ h - m‑ ³ H-cp‑ I‑mc - y‑ w‑ ]-db - p‑ I - b - m‑ W - v‑. H-s‑¡ \‑n-d-ª‑p. k‑m-[‑m-c-W X‑p-SÀ-¨- H-s‑¡ a-t‑\‑m-l-c-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. k‑n-\‑n-a‑m
A-Xm‑ b - X - v‑ t‑dm‑ U - v‑s - s ‑ k ‑ U - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ a-äp‑ a - p‑ Å- a-c- b‑m-b‑n s‑]-¿p‑ ¶ - a-g I-ïm‑  \‑m«- p‑ I - m‑ À `‑m-j-b‑n ]-d-ª‑m X‑oÀ-¨-b‑m-b‑p‑w
§Ä s‑h«- m‑ s - X‑ H-cp‑ \‑nh - À-¯n‑ b - p‑ a - n‑ Ã- m‑ ¯ - ]-db - p‑ w‑ "- s‑O!‑ \-in‑ ¨ - a-g... ]‑pd - ¯- n‑ d - - H-c‑p "k‑q-¸À l‑n-ä‑v'.
k‑ml - N - c - y‑ ¯- n‑ Â‑, A-Yh - m‑ a-cw‑ I‑mä - n‑ Â §‑m³ h-¿...'. C‑u a-g¡ - m‑ e - ¯ - n‑ s - \ ‑ h‑n-j‑w I-eÀ-¶ ]-¨-¡-d‑n-IÄ-¡‑v a-d‑p-
B-cp‑ w‑ i-]n‑ ¨ - n‑ Ã - . I‑mc - W - w‑ A-{X ‑ t- b ‑ s - d‑ \‑m-S‑n-s‑\ B-{‑i-b‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w {‑]-I‑r-X‑n
I-Sp‑ ¯ - X - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶
- p‑ I-gn‑ ª - t‑h\ - Â. k‑u-µ-c‑y‑w B-k‑z-Z‑n-¡‑m³ h‑n-t‑Z-i-b‑m-{‑X-
\n§fpsS {‑]-X‑n-I-c-W-§Ä a-gb - p‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ w‑ a-c§ - f - p‑ s - S‑ b- p‑ w‑ \‑nd - ª - IÄ \-S-¯‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿p¶ a-e-b‑m-f‑n-
R§sf Adnbn¡pI ]-¨¸ - n‑ s - â ‑ h‑ne - a-eb - m‑ f - n‑ I
- Ä A-dn‑ ª - p‑ . ¡‑v `‑q-a‑n-b‑n-s‑e k‑zÀ-¤‑w \-½‑p-s‑S I-×‑p-
X‑rÈ - q‑ c - n‑ s
- e ‑ A-¯m‑ W - n‑ b - n‑  H-cp‑ "‑ R‑m- ¶‑n X-s‑¶-b‑m-s‑W-¶‑v "I‑q-S‑v' I‑m-W‑n-¨‑p
IqSv amknI, sImc«n ]n.H. ä‑pt- h ‑ e- N-´'‑ I‑mW - m‑ ³ R‑m³ t‑]m‑ b - n‑ - X-c‑p-¶‑p.
XrÈqÀ 680308 c‑p¶ - p‑ . s‑Nd - p‑ ¸
- ¡ - m‑ c - S- ¡ - w‑ H-cp‑ ] - m‑ S- p‑ t- ] ‑ À \-µ‑n,
CþsabnÂ: koodumasika@gmail.com h‑r£ - s - s ‑ ¯ ‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ ]-¨¡ - d - n‑ h‑n¯ - p‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ k-X‑y³ A-´‑n-¡‑m-S‑v

4 IqSv 2013 Pqsse

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X‑m-Þ-h-a‑m-S‑n
t‑Z-h-`‑q-a‑n
c‑m -P‑y‑w a-c-h‑n-¨‑p-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v, ]‑p-W‑y
l‑n-a-h X‑m-g‑v-h‑m-c-¯‑n Z‑p-c-´-¯‑n-s‑â
a-c-W-a-W‑w ]-c-¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S H-c‑p
s‑N-d‑n-b {‑]-X‑n-I-c-W‑w-t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w D-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶ B-L‑m-
X‑w X‑m-§‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-Å i-à‑n a-\‑p-j‑y-I‑p-e-¯‑n-\‑n-Ã
F-¶ t‑h-Z-\‑n-¡‑p-¶ X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-h‑p-ï‑m-I‑m³ C-¯-
c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å Z‑p-c-´-§Ä h-s‑c \-a‑p-¡‑v I‑m-¯‑n-c‑n-
t‑¡-ï‑n h-c‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑p-Å \-½‑p-s‑S
A-X‑n-c‑p-h‑n-« I-S-¶‑p-I-b-ä‑w A-h-k‑m-\‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å
k-a-b-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¶‑p‑w D-¯À-J-Þ‑v {‑]-f-b-
a-g \-s‑½ t‑_‑m-[‑y-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶‑p.
l‑n-a-hÂ-i‑r‑w-K-§-f‑n-e‑p-ï‑m-b t‑a-L-h‑n-k‑v-
t‑^‑m-S-\‑w {‑]-f-b-¯‑n-s‑â I‑mT‑n-\‑y‑w hÀ-²‑n-¸‑n-
¨‑p F-¶‑p-Å h‑m-Z-§Ä D-b-c‑p-¶‑p-s‑ï-¦‑n-e‑p‑w
A-X‑n-s‑â B-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-I-X-b‑v-¡‑m-b‑n I‑q-S‑p-XÂ ]
T-\‑w \-S-t‑¯-ï‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. X‑oÀ-°‑m-S-IÀ-¡‑p
k‑u-I-c‑y‑w H-c‑p-¡‑m-s‑\-¶ t‑]-c‑n F-Ã‑m a‑m-\-Z-
Þ-§-f‑p‑w I‑m-ä‑nÂ-¸-d-¯‑n \-S-¯‑n-b \‑nÀ-½‑m-W-
{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä \‑n-c-]-c‑m-[‑n-I-f‑m-b P-\-§-s‑f
]‑p-g-b‑n-s‑e-d‑n-ª‑p-I-f-b‑p-¶-X‑n I-e‑m-i‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-
b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑p t‑h-W‑w ]-d-b‑m³.
]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n Z‑pÀ-º-e-{‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑m-s‑W-¶‑v
\‑n-c-h-[‑n i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑o-b ]T-\-§-f‑n I-s‑ï-
¯‑n-b l‑n-a-h‑m-s‑â X‑m-g‑v-h‑m-c-§-f‑n \-S-¸‑n-e‑m-
¡‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ h³-I‑n-S P-e-]-²-X‑n-I-f‑p‑w‑,
\‑nÀ-½‑m-W-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§-f‑p‑w ]‑p-\:¸-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-
t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï‑v. C-¯-c‑w ]-²-X‑n-I-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å
]‑m-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-I‑m-L‑m-X ]T-\-d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S
B-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-I-X X-s‑¶ C‑u A-h-k-c-¯‑n t‑N‑m-
Z‑y‑w s‑N-¿-s‑¸-t‑S-ï-X‑p-ï‑v. a-l‑m-Z‑p-c-´‑w G-ä-h‑p‑w
I‑q-S‑p-XÂ k‑w-l‑m-c-X‑m-Þ-h-a‑m-S‑n-b t‑I-Z‑mÀ-\‑m-Y‑v,
FUnäÀ Hm¬sse³ kt¸mÀ«v
apcfo[c³. hn. kemUv aoUnb
FU‑näÀ H‑m^‑v t‑^‑mt‑«‑m{‑K‑m^‑n D]tZiI kanXn
t‑U‑m. D®‑nI‑rj‑vW³ ]‑pf‑n¡Â s{]m^. C. IpªnIrjvW³
tUm. ]n.Fkv. Cuk
k_v FUntäÀkv
kµo]v Zmkv tUm. ]n.H. \aoÀ
kp\n Xfn¡pfw tUm. a‑p-l-½-Z‑v P‑m-^À ]‑m-t‑e‑m-«‑v
ko\nbÀ Unssk\À
{]ho¬. sP
at\mPv hn. \mbÀ
At¡m Zneo]v A´n¡mSv
sSIv\n¡Â kt¸mÀ«v kn. XmPp±o³
A_p _nem kplmkv tIt¨cn
knhojv inhcma³
_-Z-c‑o-\‑m-Y‑v t‑a-J-e A-X‑o-h ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n Z‑pÀ-º-e-
{‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑m-s‑W-¶‑v A-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-IÄ-¡‑v a‑p-¶-d‑n-b‑n-
¸‑v e-`‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑m-W‑v. F-¶‑m A-¯-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å
a‑p-¶-d‑n-b‑n-¸‑p-I-s‑f-s‑b‑m-s‑¡-¯s¶ X‑o-s‑c A-h-
K-W‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p kÀ-¡‑m-c‑p-IÄ-¡‑p‑w
D-t‑Z‑y‑m-K-ØÀ-¡‑p‑w X‑mÂ-¸-c‑y‑w. h³-I‑n-S d‑n-bÂ
F-t‑Ì-ä‑v I-¼-\‑n-I-s‑f-b‑p‑w C-S-\‑n-e-¡‑m-s‑c-b‑p‑w
k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p C-¯-c‑w a‑p-¶-d‑n-
b‑n-¸‑p-I-s‑f A-h-K-W‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶-s‑X-¶‑v ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n
{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-c‑p‑w k‑m-a‑q-l‑y-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-c‑p‑w ]-c‑m-X‑n
]-d-ª‑m A-h-s‑c I‑p-ä‑w ]-d-b‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑n-Ã.
a-e-b‑m-f‑n-I-s‑f k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨‑v C‑u a-l‑m-{‑]-
f-b-h‑p‑w P‑o-h-l‑m-\‑n-b‑p‑w H-c‑p a‑p-¶-d‑n-b‑n-¸‑m-b‑n
a‑m-t‑d-ï-X‑p-ï‑v. a‑q-¶‑m-d‑n-e‑p‑w a-ä‑p I-t‑¿-ä-{‑]-t‑Z-i-
§-f‑n-e‑p‑w C-¯-c‑w a-\‑p-j‑y-\‑nÀ-½‑n-X Z‑p-c-´-§Ä
D-ï‑m-h‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-b‑n \-a‑p-¡‑v {‑]‑mÀ-°‑n-¡‑m‑w.
]-t‑£‑, H-¸‑w-X-s‑¶ {‑I‑n-b‑m-ß-I-a‑m-b‑, Z‑n-i‑m-t‑_‑m-
[-t‑¯‑m-s‑S-b‑p-Å {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä I‑q-S‑n-b‑p-ï‑m-
h-W-s‑a-¶‑v a‑m-{‑X‑w. C-¯-c‑w {‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑nÂ
]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-¡‑v C-W-§‑p-¶ h‑n-I-k-\-{‑]-hÀ-¯-
\-§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S X‑oÀ-°‑m-S-IÀ-¡‑p‑w h‑n-t‑\‑m-Z-k-
©‑m-c‑n-IÄ-¡‑p‑w B-h-i‑y-a‑m-b k‑u-I-c‑y-§Ä
H-c‑p-¡‑p-¶-X‑n C-\‑n-s‑b-¦‑n-e‑p‑w A-[‑n-I‑r-XÀ {‑i-²-
s‑N-e‑p-t‑¯-ï-X‑p-ï‑v. C‑u t‑a-J-e-I-s‑f ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-
X‑n Z‑pÀ-º-e-{‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑m-b‑n ]-c‑n-c-£‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-
e‑q-s‑S C-h‑n-S-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v b‑m-{‑X \-S-¯‑p-¶-h-c‑p-s‑S
P‑o-h-\‑v k‑w-c-£-W‑w \Â-I‑p-h‑m-\‑p‑w A-t‑X‑m-s‑S‑m-
¸‑w X-s‑¶ {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-\‑m-i‑w X-S-b‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p‑w k‑m-[‑n-
¡‑p‑w F-¶‑m-W‑v R-§Ä-¡‑v ]-d-b‑p-h‑m-\‑p-Å-X‑v.
FUnäÀ
{]Xn\n[nIÄ hnemkw:
J¯À: hnt\mZv \mbÀ IqSv amknI
bp.G.C: tkXpam[h³
ss^kÂ_mh sImc«n ]n.H.
_lv-ssd³: t{]wPn¯v \mcmbW³ XrÈqÀ 680308
\µIpamÀ hn. ]n. t^m¬: 9495504602
CþsabnÂ: koodumasika@gmail.com
www. koodumagazine.com
I‑qS‑n {‑]k‑n²‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶ t‑eJ\§f‑ps‑S
Bib§f‑p‑w A`‑n{‑]‑mb§f‑p‑w t‑eJIc‑pt‑SX‑v a‑m{‑X‑w.
]cky§fnse AhImihmZ§Ä¡v IqSv amknI
D¯chmZnbmbncn¡nÃ.
IqSv 2013 Pqsse 5
 IhÀ kvtämdn B-t‑K‑m-f-X‑m-]-\-w
s]mÅp¶
`qtKmfw
t‑U‑m. S‑n.h‑n. k-P‑o-h‑v
h‑y‑m -h-k‑m-b‑n-I h‑n-¹-h-¯‑n-
\‑p-t‑i-j‑w C-t‑¶-¡‑v
`‑q-a‑n-b‑p-s‑S i-c‑m-i-c‑n X‑m-]-\‑n-e-b‑nÂ
A-©‑v U‑n-{‑K‑n s‑kâ‑n-t‑{‑K-U‑n-s‑â
hÀ-²-\-h‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑p-
Isï¯nbn«pïv. a‑p³-s‑]‑m-c‑n-¡-e‑p‑w
`‑q-a‑n-b‑n k‑w-`-h‑n-¡‑m-¯-X‑p-t‑]‑m-
s‑e-b‑p-Å C‑u hÀ-²-\- a-\‑p-j‑y-s‑â
{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä I‑m-c-W-a‑m-s‑W-¶-
X‑p‑w h‑y-à-a‑m-W‑v. k‑z‑m-`‑m-h‑n-I-a‑m-
b‑p‑w X‑m-]-\‑n-e-b‑n-s‑e C‑u hÀ-²-\
C-\‑n-b‑p‑w X‑p-S-c‑p-t‑a‑m F-¶‑p‑w A-X‑p-
ï‑m-¡‑p-¶ `-h‑n-j‑y-¯‑p-¡-s‑f-s‑´‑m-
s‑¡-s‑b-¶‑p‑w A-§‑-s‑\-b‑p-Å `-h‑n-j‑y-
¯‑p-¡-s‑f t‑\-c‑n-S‑m³ B-h-i‑y-a‑m-b
X-¿‑m-s‑d-S‑p-¸‑p-IÄ F-s‑´‑m-s‑¡-s‑b-¶‑p-
a‑m-W‑v i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-t‑e‑m-I-t‑¯‑m-s‑S‑m-¸‑w
C‑u t‑e-J-\-h‑p‑w A-t‑\‑z-j‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v;
`‑q-a‑n-b‑n-s‑e H-c‑p s‑N-d‑n-b `‑q-i-I-e-a‑m-b
t‑I-c-f-s‑¯ a‑p³-\‑nÀ-¯‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑v.
6 IqSv 2013 Pqsse
t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑â `‑q-{‑]-I‑r-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S
k-h‑n-t‑i-j-X‑, I-SÂ\‑n-c-¸‑n \‑n-¶‑v
k-l‑y-]À-Æ-X-a‑p-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑p-Å h-f-s‑c
s‑N-d‑n-b Z‑q-c-a‑m-W‑v. k-a‑p-{‑Z-X‑o-c-s‑¯
I-ïÂ-¡‑m-S‑p-I-f‑p‑w‑, C‑S\‑m-«‑n-e‑p-Å
AÀ-²-\‑n-X‑y-l-c‑n-X h-\-§-f‑p‑w‑, D-bÀ-
¶ C-S-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v I-b-d‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ
I‑m-W‑p-¶ BÀ-{‑Z C-e-s‑]‑m-g‑n-b‑p‑w
I‑m-S‑p-I-f‑p‑w‑, \‑n-X‑y-l-c‑n-X h-\-§-
f‑p‑w‑, ]À-Æ-X\‑n-c-b‑p-s‑S a-d‑p-`‑m-K-¯‑v
I‑m-W‑p-¶ h-c-ï C-e-s‑]‑m-g‑n-b‑p‑w
I‑m-S‑p-I-f‑p‑w‑, h-e‑n-b D-b-c-¯‑n a-e-a-
S-¡‑p-I-f‑n I‑m-W‑p-¶ t‑N‑m-e-¡‑m-S‑p-I-
f‑p‑w‑, A-X‑n-\‑p N‑p-ä‑p-a‑p-Å h‑n-i‑m-e-a‑m-b
]‑pÂ-t‑a-S‑p-I-f‑p‑w B-W‑v t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e
{‑]-[‑m-\ h-\-§Ä. C-h X-½‑n X-½‑n-
e‑p‑w I‑r-j‑n-b‑p‑w I‑m-S‑p-I-f‑p‑w ]‑p-g-I-
f‑p‑w I‑m-b-e‑p-s‑a‑m-s‑¡-b‑m-b‑n t‑NÀ-¶‑v
F-®‑n-b‑m-s‑e‑m-S‑p-§‑m-¯-{‑X s‑N-d‑p
B-h‑m-k-h‑y-h-Ø-I-‑f-m-W‑v \-½p-sS
Cu sIm-¨p tI-c-f-¯n kr-ãn-¡-
s¸-«n-«p-Å-Xv‑. A-§‑s‑\-b‑p-Å H‑m-t‑c‑m
k-h‑n-t‑i-j B-h‑m-k-h‑y-h-Ø-b‑n-e‑p‑w
P‑o-h‑n-¡‑m³ A-\‑p-I‑q-e-\‑w t‑\-S‑n-b
A-t\-I-a-t\-Iw k-ky-§-fpw Po-
hn-I-fp-am-Wv C‑u {‑]-t‑Z-i-s‑¯ t‑e‑m-I-
¯‑n-s‑e {‑]-[‑m-\ s‑s‑P-h-s‑s‑h-h‑n-[‑y
t‑a-J-e-I-f‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑m-¡‑n a‑m-ä‑n-b-X‑v.
\‑n-d-s‑b a-e-I-f‑p‑w B-g-§-f‑p‑w D-Å-
X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v a-e-b‑m-g‑w F-¶‑v h‑n-f‑n-
¡-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v a-e-b‑m-f-s‑a-¶
`‑m-j‑m \‑m-a-a‑m-b‑n k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-I-
b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X-X‑v. C-{‑X s‑N-d‑n-b Ø-e-
¯‑v C-{‑X-a‑m-{‑X‑w s‑s‑h-h‑n-[‑y-a‑mÀ-¶
B-h‑m-k-h‑y-h-Ø-I-f‑p‑w P‑o-h-P‑m-X‑n-I-
f‑p‑w I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ Ø-e-§Ä C‑u
`‑q-a‑n-b‑n-e-[‑n-I-a‑n-Ã. t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑â
k-h‑n-t‑i-j-a‑m-b {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y-a‑m-W‑n-X‑v.
N‑q-S‑p I‑q-S‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ \-½Ä X-W-e‑n-
t‑e-¡‑v a‑m-d‑p-¶-t‑]‑m-s‑e P‑o-h-P‑m-e-§-
 f‑p‑w X-W‑p-¸‑p-Å Ø-e-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v
a‑m-d‑p‑w. c-ï‑n-S-§-f‑n-e‑m-W‑v X-W‑p-¸‑p-
ï‑m-h‑p-I þ `‑q-a-[‑y-t‑c-J-b‑n \‑n-¶‑v
{‑[‑p-h-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v t‑]‑m-I‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑p‑w
X‑m-g‑v-¶ Ø-e-§-f‑n \‑n-¶‑v a-e-a‑p-I-
f‑n-t‑e-b‑v-¡‑v t‑]‑m-I‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑p‑w. B-t‑K‑m-f
I‑m-e‑m-h-Ø‑m h‑y-X‑n-b‑m-\-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n
_-Ô-s‑¸-«‑v D-ï‑m-I‑p-¶ a‑m-ä-§-f‑nÂ
{‑[‑p-h-§-f‑n-s‑e a-ª‑p-]‑m-f‑n-IÄ A-e‑n-
b‑p-¶-Xp I-g‑n-ª‑m D-ï‑m-I‑p-¶
G-ä-h‑p‑w {‑]-[‑m-\ k‑w-`-h‑w k-ky-§-
fp-sS-bpw a-äp Po-hn-I-fp-sS-bpw C‑u
X-W‑p-¸‑v t‑X-S‑n-b‑p-Å k-©‑m-c-a‑m-W‑v.
s‑s‑P-h-s‑s‑h-h‑n-²‑y-k-¼-¶-a‑m-b `‑q-a-
²‑y-t‑c-J‑m {‑]-t‑Z-i-¯‑v \‑n-¶‑v s‑s‑P-h
s‑s‑h-h‑n-[‑y‑w I‑p-d-ª b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³
\‑m-S‑p-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w a-ä‑p‑w B-{‑^‑n-¡
-t]m-se-bp-Å `‑q-J-W‑v-U-§-f‑nÂ
\‑n-¶‑v k-©-c‑n-s‑¨-¯‑p-I a-t‑\‑m-l-
c-a‑m-b \‑n-d-§-f‑p-Å ]-£‑n-I-f‑p‑w
]‑q-¼‑m-ä-I-f‑p‑w a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã, A-k‑p-J-a‑p-
ï‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w A-X‑v ]-c-¯‑p-I-b‑p‑w
s‑N-¿‑p-¶ k‑q-£‑v-a P‑o-h‑n-I-f‑p‑w j-U‑v-
]-Z-§-f‑p‑w I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-W‑v. b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³
c‑m-P‑y-§Ä-¡‑v B-t‑K‑m-f X‑m-]-\‑w
k-½‑m-\‑n-¡‑p-¶ D-d-¡-a‑n-Ã‑m \‑m-f‑p-IÄ-
¡‑v I‑m-c-W-a‑n-X‑m-W‑v.
t^mt«m/IqSv amknI
H-c‑p {‑]-t‑Z-i-¯‑v X-½‑n X-½‑nÂ
B-l-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑p‑w B-l-c‑n-¨‑p‑w a-ä‑p
\‑n-c-h-[‑n X-c-¯‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«‑p‑w
P‑o-h‑n-¡‑p-¶ P‑o-h-P‑m-e-§-f-{‑X-b‑p‑w
H-c‑p-a‑n-¨-Ã X-WÂ t‑X-S‑n t‑]‑m-I‑p-I.
H‑m-t‑c‑m P‑o-h-P‑m-e-¯‑n-t‑â-b‑p‑w A-X‑n-
P‑o-h-\ k‑m-²‑y-X-s‑b a‑p³-\‑nÀ-¯‑n
H‑m-t‑c‑m-c‑p-¯-c‑p‑w H‑m-t‑c‑m I‑m-e-¯‑m-h‑p‑w
a‑m-d‑n-¯‑m-a-k‑n-¡‑p-I. C-§-s‑\ Ch
h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X k-a-b-§-f‑n \‑m-S‑p-\‑o-
§‑p-¶-t‑X‑m-s‑S‑, H-c‑p k-a‑q-l-a‑m-b‑n‑,
I‑q-«‑m-b‑n \‑nÀ-Æ-l‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶ ]‑m-c‑n-Ø‑n-
X‑n-I [À-½-§-f-{‑X-b‑p‑w X-IÀ-¶-S‑n-
b‑p‑w. `‑q-t‑K‑m-f X‑m-]-\-¯‑n-s‑â G-ä-
h‑p‑w `‑o-X‑n-P-\-I-a‑m-b ^-e‑w Hm-tcm
{]-tZ-i-§-fn-te-bpw P‑o-h-P‑m-e-§Ä
X-½‑n-e‑p-Å C‑u ]‑m-c-k‑v-]-c‑y-¯‑n-s‑â
X-I-c-e‑m-W‑v.
C-g-b‑m-\‑p‑w H‑m-S‑m-\‑p‑w N‑m-S‑m-\‑p‑w
\-S-¡‑m-\‑p‑w ]-d-¡‑m-\‑p‑w I-g‑n-b‑p-¶
P-´‑p-P‑m-e-§Ä C-¯-c-¯‑nÂ
X-W-e‑n-S-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v a‑m-d‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ
C-s‑X‑m-¶‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑m-\‑m-h‑m-¯ s‑N-S‑n-
I-f‑p‑w h-Å‑n-I-f‑p‑w a-c-§-f‑p‑w F-´‑p
s‑N-¿‑p‑w? k-k‑y-§Ä b‑m-{‑X s‑N-¿‑p-I
A-h h‑n-¯‑v B-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑m-W‑v.
H-c‑p k-k‑y-¯‑n \‑n-¶‑v ]-d-¶-I-
C-g-b‑m-\‑p‑w H‑m-S‑m-\‑p‑w N‑m-S‑m-\‑p‑w
\-S-¡‑m-\‑p‑w ]-d-¡‑m-\‑p‑w I-g‑n-
b‑p-¶ P-´‑p-P‑m-e-§Ä C-¯-
c-¯‑n X-W-e‑n-S-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v
a‑m-d‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ C-s‑X‑m-¶‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑m-
\‑m-h‑m-¯ s‑N-S‑n-I-f‑p‑w h-Å‑n-I-f‑p‑w
a-c-§-f‑p‑w F-´‑p s‑N-¿‑p‑w?
e‑p-¶ h‑n-¯‑p-I-f‑n D-bÀ-¶‑, N‑q-S‑p
I‑p-d-ª Ø-e-¯‑v h‑o-W-h-t‑b
a‑p-f-b‑v-¡‑q F-¶‑v h-c‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ H-t‑¶‑m
c-t‑ï‑m X-e-a‑p-d I-g‑n-b‑p-t‑¼‑m-t‑g-¡‑v
B k-k‑y-s‑¯ I‑m-W‑p-¶ Ø-e‑w
a‑m-d‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. ]-e-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w H-c‑p a-\‑p-
j‑y‑m-b‑p-Ê‑n a‑m-{‑X‑w \-½Ä I‑m-g‑v-N
I‑m-W‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ C‑u I‑m-g‑v-N \-j‑v-S-a‑m-
I‑p-s‑a-¦‑n-e‑p‑w.
X‑m-g‑v-¶ C-S-§-f‑n-s‑e P‑o-h-P‑m-e-
§Ä ]À-Æ-X-a‑p-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v I-b-d‑p-
t‑¼‑mÄ k-l‑y-]À-Æ-X-¯‑n-s‑â G-ä-
h‑p‑w a‑p-I-f‑nÂ‑, t‑N‑m-e-¡‑m-S‑p-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w
]‑pÂ-t‑a-S‑p-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w h-k‑n-¡‑p-¶ P‑o-h-
P‑m-e-§Ä F-t‑§‑m-«‑m-W‑v a‑m-d‑n-¯‑m-a-
k‑n-¡‑p-I? C-\‑n t‑]‑m-I‑m-\‑n-S-a‑n-Ã‑m-s‑X-
b‑m-h‑p-¶ C‑u P‑o-h-P‑m-e-§-f‑m-h‑p‑w
B-Z‑y‑w h‑w-i-\‑m-i-`‑o-j-W‑n t‑\-c‑n-S‑p-I.
a-\‑p-j‑y³ F-¶ H--ä P‑o-h-nbpsS
{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä a‑q-e‑w [‑m-c‑m-f-a‑m-
b‑n-§-s‑\ ]-£n-I-fpw, ar-K-§-fpw,
k-ky-§-fpw a-äp kq-£v-a Po-hn-I-fpw
`q-an-bn \n-¶v Xp-S-¨p \o-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-
Xv `q-an-bp-sS N-cn-{X-¯nse I-dp-¯
A-²ym-b-am-Wv.
H-c‑n-¯‑n-c‑n N‑q-S‑p I‑q-S‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ h-ä‑n-
IqSv 2013 Pqsse 7
 IhÀ kvtämdn B-t‑K‑m-f-X‑m-]-\-w
t‑¸‑m-I‑p-¶ a-e-a‑p-I-f‑n-s‑e D-d-h-I-f‑p‑w
\‑oÀ-¨‑m-e‑p-I-f‑p‑w I‑m-c-W‑w Z‑m-l‑w
a‑m-ä‑m-\‑m-h‑m-s‑X k‑m-[‑m-c-W-t‑b-
¡‑m-f‑p‑w Z‑q-c‑w b‑m-{‑X-s‑N-t‑¿-ï‑n-h-c‑p-
I-b‑p‑w A-X‑n-\‑n-s‑S a-c‑n-¨‑p-h‑o-g‑p-I-b‑p‑w
s‑N-¿‑p-¶ Po-hn-I-fpw a-äpw `‑q-t‑K‑m-
f-X‑m-]-\-¯‑n-s‑â C-c-IÄ X-s‑¶.
a-\‑p-j‑y-\‑p‑w h-\‑y-a‑r-K-§-f‑p‑w X-½‑nÂ
hÀ-²n-¨p h-cp-¶ kw-LÀ-j-§Ä-¡v
Im-c-W-am-hp-¶-Xv a-\p-jy-Ip-e-¯n-
sâ Im-«n-te-¡p-Å I-S-¶p I-b-ä-
t¯m-sSm-¸w `q-tKm-f-Xm-]-\-hpw
Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.
B-t‑K‑m-f-X‑m-]-\-¯‑n-s‑â s‑]-s‑«-
¶‑p-ï‑m-I‑m³ k‑m-²‑y-X-b‑p-Å ^-e-
§Ä {‑]-h-N‑n-¡‑m³ X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡-s‑¸-«
I-¼‑y‑q-«À t‑a‑m-U-e‑p-I-f‑p‑w t‑I-c-f-s‑¯
N-X‑n-¨‑p. `‑q-a‑n-b‑p-s‑S H‑m-t‑c‑m `‑m-K-
¯‑n-\‑p-a‑m-b‑n {‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑w {‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑w
X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑n-b t‑a‑m-U-e‑p-I-f-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v
t‑I-c-f-¯‑n a-g I‑q-S‑p‑w F-¶‑m-b‑n-
c‑p-¶‑p {‑]-h-N-\‑w. I‑q-S‑p-XÂ a-g-b‑p‑w
D-bÀ-¶ N‑q-S‑p‑w A-´-c‑o-£-¯‑n-s‑e
D-bÀ-¶ I‑mÀ-_¬ s‑s‑U H‑m-I‑v-s‑s‑k-
U‑n-s‑â A-f-h‑p‑w I‑m-c-W‑w I‑mÀ-j‑n-I
h‑n-f-I-f-S-¡-a‑p-Å k-k‑y-§-f‑p-s‑S D-X‑v-
]‑m-Z-\-£-a-X hÀ-²‑n-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑p‑w I-W-
¡‑p-I‑q-«‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. C-¯-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å
{‑]-h-N-\-§-s‑f-s‑b-Ã‑m‑w s‑X-ä‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-
ï‑m-W‑v t‑I-c-f-¯‑n a-g I‑p-d-ª-
X‑p‑w \-½‑p-s‑S G-ä-h‑p‑w X-W‑p-¸‑p-Å
a‑m-k-§-f‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑m-b U‑n-k‑w-_-d‑nÂ
k‑w-Ø‑m-\-s‑a‑m-«‑m-s‑I h-cÄ-¨-_‑m-[‑n-
X-a‑m-b‑n {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-¡-s‑¸-«-X‑p‑w.
C-¯-c‑w k-µÀ-`-§-f‑n-e‑m-W‑v
8 IqSv 2013 Pqsse
t^mt«m/IqSv amknI
B-t‑K‑m-f-X‑m-]-\-¯‑n-s‑â {]Xy‑ \‑p‑w agshůnsâ t‑h-K-X-I‑p-d-¨‑v
£¯nepÅ ^-e-§-s‑f I‑q-S‑m-s‑X A-X‑n-s‑\ a-®‑n-t‑e-¡‑n-d-¡‑m-\‑p‑w D-]-
]tcm£amb ^-e-§-sf‑bpw \mw c‑n-X-e P-e-t‑{‑k‑m-X-Ê‑p-I-f‑p‑w `‑q-KÀ-`
A`napJnIcns¡ïn hcpI. P-e- P-e-t‑{‑k‑m-X-Ê‑p-I-f‑p‑w k-¼-¶-a‑m-¡‑m-
¯n-epw a-®n-epw D-Å Io-S-\m-in-\n- \‑p‑w I‑m-S‑p t‑h-W‑w. A-c‑p-h‑n-I-f‑n-s‑e-
I-fp-sS B-[n-Iyw, hym-h-km-bn-I b‑p‑w \-Z‑n-I-f‑n-s‑e-b‑p‑w P-e-h‑n-X‑m-\‑w
am-en-\y-§f - p-sS AanX km-¶n-²yw I‑p-d-b‑m-s‑X t‑\‑m-¡‑m-\‑p‑w P-e-¯‑n-s‑â
P‑oh- P- m‑ e- § - Ä t‑\c - n‑ S- p‑ ¶- A-kp‑ J - - X‑m-]-\‑n-e D-b-c‑m-s‑X t‑\‑m-¡‑m-\‑p‑w
§Ä F-¶n‑ § - s - \
‑ X‑m] - \- w‑ a‑qe
- w‑ A-h-b‑p-s‑S C-c‑p-I-c-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w I‑m-S‑v
Z‑pÀ-ºe - a - m‑ b
- a-®p‑ w‑ P-eh - p‑ w‑ P‑oh
- \ - p‑ w‑ t‑h-W‑w. a-®‑n-\-S‑n-b‑n-s‑e P-e-\‑n-c-¸‑v
G-äh - p‑ w‑ s‑Nd - n‑ b
- ]m-cn-Øn-Xn-I hy-Xn- X‑m-g‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑m³ I‑m-S‑n-s‑â s‑N-d‑p
X‑p-c‑p-¯‑p-I-f‑p‑w t‑h-W‑w. \-a‑p-¡‑m-h-i‑y-
a-c-w am-{X-a-Ã a-d‑p-]-S‑n‑, I‑m-S‑p a‑m-b P-e-s‑a-¶‑, ]-I-c‑w h-b‑v-¡‑m-\‑m-
IqSn-b‑m-W‑v. a-e-a‑p-I-f‑n a-g- h‑m-¯ h‑n-`-h-¯‑n-\‑v t‑h-ï‑n a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã‑,
\-a‑p-¡‑p-a‑p-t‑¶ P‑o-h‑n-¡‑p-h‑m³ X‑p-S-
s‑b k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w A-X‑n-s‑\ §‑n-b \‑n-c-h-[‑n P‑o-h-P‑m-e-§Ä-¡‑v,
a-®‑n-t‑e-¡‑n-d-¡‑m-\‑p‑w D-]-c‑n-X-e ^‑m-\‑p‑w F.k‑n.b‑p‑w {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-
P-e-t‑{‑k‑m-X-Ê‑p-I-f‑p‑w `‑q-KÀ-` P-e- \‑m-I‑m-¯-hÀ-¡‑v A-`-b‑w s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑m-
t‑{‑k‑m-X-Ê‑p-I-f‑p‑w k-¼-¶-a‑m-¡‑m- \‑p‑w I‑m-S‑n-s‑â X‑p-c‑p-¯‑p-IÄ B-h-i‑y-
a‑m-W‑v.
\‑p‑w I‑m-S‑p t‑h-W‑w. t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑â ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-s‑b G-ä-
h‑p‑w B-t‑c‑m-K‑y-I-c-a‑m-¡‑n \‑nÀ-¯‑p-I
bm-\s - ¯-t¸m-epw s‑Nd - p‑ ¡
- m‑ \ - m‑ h- m‑ s
- X‑ F-¶-X‑m-W‑v B-t‑K‑m-f-X‑m-]-\-t‑¯‑m-S‑v
_‑p²- n‑ a
- p‑ «- p‑ w‑ . \-½Ä k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-t‑¡-ï \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑v.
F-´m‑ h - W - w‑ B-tK ‑ m‑ f - X - m‑ ]- \- ¯ - n‑ - A-§-s‑\-s‑b-¦‑n a‑m-{‑X-t‑a D-b-c‑p-¶
\‑pÅ
- \-½p‑ s - S‑ a-dp‑ ]
- S- n‑ ? ]-ck - y‑ ¸ - -e- X‑m-]-\‑n-e-s‑b A-X‑n-P‑o-h‑n-¡‑p-h‑m³
I-IÄ ]-d-b‑p-t‑¼‑m-s‑e A-X‑v a-c-w a-\‑p-j‑y-\-S-¡-a‑p-Å P‑o-h-P‑m-e-§Ä-
am-{X-a-Ã. t‑I-c-f-¯‑n h‑o-ï‑p‑w ¡‑v k‑m-[‑y-a‑m-I‑q. A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v
h‑o-ï‑p‑w \«p]nSn¸n¡s¸« a-c-§Ä- X-I‑r-X‑n-b‑m-b‑n \-S-¡‑p-¶ I‑p-¶‑n-S‑n-¡-
s‑I‑m-ï‑p‑am{Xw \ap¡v BtKmf e‑p-I-f‑p‑w \‑oÀ-¯-S \‑n-I-¯-e‑p-I-f‑p‑w
Xm]\¯n\pÅ ]cnlmcw s‑N-¿‑p-¶-h-s‑c-b‑p‑w I-ï‑p-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-
ImWm\mhpIbnÃ. A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï,‑v ¶-h-s‑c-b‑p‑w A-X‑n-s‑\-Ã‑m‑w k-l‑m-
a-c-w am-{X-a-Ã a-d‑p-]-S‑n‑, I‑m-S‑p IqSn- b‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶-h-t‑c-b‑p‑w t‑I-c-f-s‑a-¶
b‑m-W‑v. s‑N-d‑p-`‑q-i-I-e-¯‑n-s‑e P‑o-h-P‑m-e-§-
a-e-a‑p-I-f‑n a-g-s‑b k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m- s‑f-Ã‑m‑w s‑h-d‑p-¡‑p-¶-X‑p‑w.
tIcf¯nse
"I®oÀ'¯S§Ä
S‑n. F³. {‑]-X‑m-]³ F‑w.FÂ.F.

h
h‑nj- b
À-¯-\-a‑m-\ a-e-b‑m-f‑w h‑nh
Z-t¯
- a - m‑ W
‑ m‑ s
- t- Ã
- S‑ NÀ-¨ s‑N¿
‑ m‑ ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X
- p‑ ¶
- n‑ k‑w-
-
- m‑ - {‑]t- X
t‑em‑ e
k-´p‑ e
‑ y‑ I
- a
- X
- m‑ b
- n‑ X
- H-¶p‑ s
- \-½p‑ s
- m‑ h - Ø -
- I ‑ m‑ ï
- S‑ ]‑mc
\‑ne - \
- p‑ a - m‑ {- X
- n‑ Ø-
- n‑ À-¯p‑ ¶
‑ w‑ A-Xn‑ -
n‑ X- n‑ I
- -
-
\‑nÀ-¯p‑ ¶
]-¦p‑ h
h‑nI
- k
- l
- \
- X
- n‑ ¡
- ¯
- n‑ Â A-Xn‑ {- ]
- p‑ ¶
- n‑ s
- C‑u `‑qh
- â
‑ a-dh
‑ [- m‑ \
- n‑ `
- n‑ Â F-s¶
- a
- m‑ K
- m‑ b
- § - Ä
‑ -
-

c-£W - h - p‑ w‑ h‑nI - k - \ - h - p‑ w‑ . ]‑pX - n‑ b - X‑n k‑ma - m‑ \ - y‑ P - \ - § - f - p‑ w‑ P-\{- ] ‑ X - n‑ \ - n‑ - t‑¶¡ - p‑ a - m‑ b- n‑ \-ãs - ¸

‑ S- p‑ ¯
- p‑ h - m‑ \ - p‑ Å-
h‑nI- k - \ - \ - b - § - f - p‑ s - S‑ s‑Xä - p‑ w‑ i-cn‑ b - p‑ w‑ [‑nI - f - p‑ w‑ ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ {‑]h - À-¯I - c - p‑ w‑ {‑ia- s- ¯ ‑ F-Xn‑ À-¯p‑ t‑Xm‑ Â-¸n‑ t- ¨ ‑
s‑Xc - b - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ \ - p‑ a‑p³-]v‑ ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ h‑n- s‑sI ‑ t- I ‑ m‑ À-¯v‑ \‑ot- § ‑ ï - X - v‑ I‑me - L - «- - a-Xn‑ b
- m‑ h - q‑ .
j-b§ - f - n‑ Â t‑Ic - f - o‑ b - À H-cp‑ ]‑pX - n‑ b - ¯‑ns - â ‑ B-hi - y‑ a - m‑ W - v‑. c‑mP - y‑ m‑ ´
- c - X- e - ¯
- n‑ Â C-´y‑ b - p‑ Ä-
k‑wk - I v-‑ m‑ c - w‑ D-ïm‑ ¡ - n‑ s - b‑ S- p‑ t- ¡ ‑ ï - t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ h-\{- ] ‑ t- Z‑ i - § - f - p‑ w‑ s‑¸s - ‑S ]-e t‑e‑m-I-c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑p‑w
I‑me - w‑ A-Xn‑ {- I ‑ a - n‑ ¨ - n‑ c- n‑ ¡
- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . h-\y‑ P - o‑ h - n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ k‑wc - £ - n‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ - X-®‑oÀ-¯-S-§-f‑p-s‑S k‑w-c-£-W-
\‑mS- n‑ s - â ‑ h‑nI - k - \ - w‑ B-hi - y‑ a - m‑ - S‑p¶
- X - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ s - e ‑ X-s¶ ‑ k‑wc - £ - n‑ - ¯‑n A-X‑o-h X‑m-e‑v-]-c‑y‑w I-e‑v-¸‑n-¨‑p
s‑W¶ - p‑ Å - X - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ s - e ‑ X-s¶ ‑ {‑]m‑ [ - m‑ - ¡-s¸ ‑ t- S‑ ï - `‑q{- ] ‑ t- Z‑ i - § - f - m‑ W - v‑ \-e‑v-I‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. 1971þÂ C-d‑m-\‑n-s‑e
\‑ya - À-ln‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - p‑ X-s¶ ‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ ]-cn‑ - X-®o‑ À-¯S- § - f - p‑ w‑ s‑\Â-hb - e - p‑ I - - d‑m‑w-k‑mÀ F-¶ Ø-e-¯‑p s‑h-¨‑v
Ø‑nX - n‑ k - w‑ c - £
- W - {‑]h - À-¯\ - § - f - p‑ w‑ . f‑pw‑ . k-l{- k ‑ m‑ Ð - § - f - m‑ b - n‑ \‑mS- n‑ s - â ‑ \-S-¶ A-´‑m-c‑m-{‑ã k-t‑½-f-\-¯‑nÂ
`‑qa
- n‑ i- m‑ k - v‑{- X ‑ ] - c - a - m‑ b - t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ ]‑mc - n‑ Ø - n‑ X- n‑ I - k-´p‑ e - n‑ X - m‑ h - Ø - \‑ne
- - C-´‑y-b-S-¡‑w \qtdmfw c‑m-P‑y-§Ä

t^mt«m/kplmkv tIt¨cn

IqSv 2013 Pqsse 9

 IhÀ kvtämdn B-t‑K‑m-f-X‑m-]-\-w
]-s‑¦-S‑p-¯‑p. C‑u c‑mP - y‑ § - f - n‑ s - e ‑ f‑pw‑ X-®o‑ À-¯S- § - f - p‑ s - S‑ \‑nÀ-ÆN - -
X-eh - · - m‑ À t‑NÀ-¶v‑ X-®o‑ À-¯S- - \-¯n‑ Â DÄ-s¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . d‑mw‑ k - m‑ À
§-fp‑ s - S‑ ]‑mc - n‑ Ø
- n‑ X- n‑ I - ,‑ k‑ma - q‑ l - n‑ I - ,‑ I¬-sh ‑ ³-j³ h-fs - c ‑ h‑ni - m‑ e - h - p‑ w‑
k‑m¼ - ¯ - n‑ I - {‑]m‑ [ - m‑ \ - y‑ s - ¯‑ ¡ - p‑ d - n‑ - h‑yà - h - p‑ w‑ B-b H-cp‑ \‑nÀ-ÆN - \ - a - m‑ W - v‑
¨‑v NÀ-¨ s‑N¿ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ t‑em‑ I - s - ¯ ‑ - X-®o‑ À-¯S- § - Ä-¡v‑ \Â-In‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ Å - -
¼‑mS- p‑ a - p‑ Å- s‑Nd - p‑ X- p‑ w‑ h-ep‑ X - p‑ a - m‑ b - X‑v. C‑u \‑nÀ-ÆN - \ - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ A-Sn‑ -
X-®o‑ À-¯S- § - f - p‑ s - S‑ k‑wc - £
- W - - Ø‑m\ - ¯ - n‑ Â t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ Â G-It- Z‑ -
¯‑n\ - p‑ t- h ‑ ï - n‑ A-´m‑ c - m‑ j - v‑{- S‑ D-S¼ - S- n‑ i‑w ]-¯p‑ X - c - w‑ X-®o‑ À-¯S- § - Ä
D-ïm‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b- p‑ w‑ A-Xv‑ \-S¸ - n‑ e- m‑ ¡ - p‑ - I‑mW - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - p‑ ï - v‑. B-gw‑ I‑pd - ª -
s‑a¶ - v‑ {‑]J - y‑ m‑ ] - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - p‑ . I-SÂ-¯o‑ c - § - Ä‑, I-St- e ‑ m‑ c - I - p‑ ¶ - p‑ -
C‑u D-S¼ - S- n‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ ]‑n¶ - o‑ S- v‑ "d‑mw‑ k - m‑ À" I-fp‑ w‑ ]‑md - I - f - p‑ w‑ ,‑ I-SÂ-¯o‑ c - § - Ä‑,
D-S¼ - S- n‑ F-¶v‑ A-dn‑ b - s - ¸ ‑ «- p‑ X‑pS- § - n‑ b - - i‑p² - P - e - X-Sm‑ I - § - Ä‑, D-¸p‑ s - h ‑ Å -
X‑v. B k-t½ ‑ f - \ - ¯ - n‑ Â ]-s¦ ‑ -S‑p-¯ X-Sm‑ I - § - Ä‑, d‑nk - À-tÆ ‑ m‑ b - d - p‑ I - Ä‑,
t‑e‑m-I t‑\-X‑m-¡Ä F-Ã‑m‑w X-s‑¶ N-Xp‑ ¸ - p‑ h - \ - § - Ä‑, I-ïÂ-h\ - § - Ä‑,
A-X‑-X‑p c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n-s‑e A-´‑m-c‑m-j‑v- s‑\Â-hb - e - p‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ t‑Im‑ Ä-¸m‑ S- § - f - p‑ w‑
{‑S-{‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y-a‑p-Å X-®‑oÀ-¯-S-§Ä F-¶n‑ h - b - m‑ W - n‑ h - . C-¯c - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ Å -
I-s‑ï-¯‑p-s‑a-¶‑p‑w A-h k‑w-c-£‑n- {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f - p‑ s - S‑ ]‑mc - n‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ I - k - m‑ -
¡-s‑¸-S‑m-\‑p-Å {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä ¼-¯n‑ I - k‑ma - q‑ l - n‑ I - {‑]m‑ [ - m‑ \ - y‑ w‑
D-d-¸‑p h-c‑p-¯‑p-s‑a-¶‑p‑w [‑m-c-W-b‑p- t‑em‑ I - P - \ - X - ¡ - v‑ a‑p¶ - n‑ Â s‑Im‑ ï - p‑ h - -
c‑p¶
- X - n‑ \ - v‑ G-sd ‑ k-lm‑ b - w‑ \Â-In‑ b -
h‑n-I-k-\-h‑n-¹-h-s‑a-¶ a-d-h‑n H-¶m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ '‑ d - m‑ w‑ k - m‑ À I¬-
s‑h³-j³-'‑ .
\-i‑n-¸‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v I-®‑p-a-S-¨‑v C‑u `‑qh - n‑ ` - m‑ K - § - Ä-¡v‑ C-{X ‑ t- b ‑ s - d ‑
I-ï‑p-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-h‑m³ t‑I-c-f-¯‑n- ]‑mc - n‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ I - {‑]m‑ [ -- m‑ \ - y‑ w‑ F-´p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ -
s‑e ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ- ï‑v F-¶p‑ Å - t‑Nm‑ Z- y‑ ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ ¯ - c - w‑
¡‑p‑w P-\-{‑]-[‑n-\‑n-[‑n-IÄ-¡‑p‑w e-`n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ \-½p‑ s - S‑ N‑pä - p‑ ] - m‑ S- p‑ I - f - n‑ t- e ‑ -
¡‑v H-¶v‑ {‑i² - X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - m‑ Â F-fp‑ ¸ - w‑
k‑m-[‑n-¡‑m-h-X-Ã. \‑m-S‑n-s‑â a-\Ê - n‑ e - m‑ ¡ - m‑ w‑ . A-XX - p‑ {‑]t- Z‑ i - -
s‑]‑m-X‑p-h‑m-b h‑n-I-k-\-¯‑n-\‑p‑w §-fn‑ s - e ‑ I‑pS- n‑ s - h ‑ Å - e-`y‑ X - D-d¸ - v‑
]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n k‑p-c-£-¡‑p‑w C‑u h-cp‑ ¯ - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ Â X-®o‑ À-¯S- § - f - p‑ s - S‑
]-¦v‑ \‑nÊ - o‑ a - a - m‑ W - v‑. D-Zm‑ l - c - W - ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑
\‑m-«‑n-s‑e \‑oÀ-¯-S-§Ä k‑w-c- s‑Im‑ à - w‑ P‑nà - b - n‑ s - e ‑ k‑nw‑ l - ` - m‑ K - w‑ P-\- t^mt«m/kµo]v- Zmkv
£‑n-t‑¨ a-X‑n-b‑m-h‑q. §Ä-¡p‑ w‑ I‑pS- n‑ s - h ‑ Å - w‑ \Â-Ip‑ ¶ - X - v‑
i‑mk - v‑X - m‑ w‑ t- I ‑ m‑ «- I‑mb - e - m‑ W - v‑. b‑ph - m‑ \ - p‑ Å - I-hN - § - f - m‑ b - p‑ w‑ t‑h\ - Â-
ï‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. C-X‑n³ {‑]-I‑m-c‑w hÀ-j¡ - m‑ e - ¯ - v‑ e-`n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - a-g- ¡‑me - ¯ - v‑ \‑mS- n‑ \ - m‑ I - a - m‑ \ - w‑ P‑oh - P - e - w‑
C-¯-c-¯‑n I-s‑ï-¯‑n-b X-®‑oÀ- s‑hÅ - w‑ t‑iJ - c - n‑ ¨ - v‑ `‑qK - À-`P - e - \ - n‑ c - ¸ - v‑ \Â-Ip‑ ¶ - P-ek - w‑ ` - c - W - n‑ I - f - m‑ b - p‑ w‑
¯-S-§-f‑p-sS‑ Ø‑mb - n‑ b - m‑ b - X - p‑ w‑ i-cn‑ - D-bÀ-¯p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ C‑u \‑oÀ-¯S- § - f - m‑ W - v‑. \‑qä - m‑ ï - p‑ I - f - m‑ b - n‑ \‑ne - \ - n‑ ¶ - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
b‑mb - X - p‑ a - m‑ b - k‑wc - £ - W - {‑]h - À- \‑oÀ-¯S- § - f - p‑ -s‑S A-S‑p-¯‑p-Å I‑n-W- C-¯c - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ Å - `‑qh - n‑ ` - m‑ K - § - Ä h‑n-
¯-\§ - f - n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ C‑u `‑qh - n‑ ` - m‑ K - s - ¯ ‑ d‑p-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w I‑p-f-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w t‑h-\Â-¡‑m- I-k\ - h - n‑ ¹ - h - s - a ‑ ¶ - a-dh - n‑ Â \-in‑ ¸ - n‑ -
B-{i ‑ b - n‑ ¨ - p‑ \‑ne - \ - n‑ Â-¡p‑ ¶ - P‑oh - - e-§-f‑n t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ ¡-s¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ I-®p‑ a - S- ¨ - v‑ I-ïp‑ \ - n‑ Â-
P‑me - § - f - p‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ w‑ a-\p‑ j - y‑ c - p‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ w‑ P-e-e-`‑y-X C-X‑v s‑X-f‑n-b‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. ]‑p-g- ¡‑ph - m‑ ³ t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑
k‑wc - £ - W - w‑ D-d¸ - p‑ h - c - p‑ t- ¯ ‑ ï - X - p‑ ï - v‑. I-f‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w‑, s‑\Â-¸‑m-S-§-f‑n {‑]h - À-¯I - À-¡p‑ w‑ P-\{- ] ‑ [ - n‑ \ - n‑ [ - n‑ I - Ä-
\-½p‑ s - S‑ c‑mP - y‑ s - ¯ ‑ {‑][ - n‑ \ - n‑ [ - o‑ I - c - n‑ ¨ - v‑ \‑n-¶‑p‑w A-a‑n-X-a‑m-b‑n a-s‑®-S‑p-¡‑p-¶ ¡‑pw‑ k‑m[ - n‑ ¡ - m‑ h - X - Ã - . \‑mS- n‑ s - â ‑ s‑]m‑ -
{‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ k - v‑t- \ ‑ l - n‑ b - m‑ b - C-µn‑ c - m‑ K - m‑ Ô - n‑ {‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑n t‑h-\-e‑n I‑m-W- X‑ph - m‑ b - h‑nI - k - \ - ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ w‑ ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X
- n‑
B-bn‑ c - p‑ ¶- p‑ k-t½ ‑ f - \- ¯ - n‑ Â ]-s¦ ‑ S- p‑ - s‑¸-S‑p-¶ P-e-£‑m-a‑w \-½‑p-s‑S I-®‑p k‑pc - £ - ¡ - p‑ w‑ C‑u \‑m«- n‑ s - e ‑ \‑oÀ-¯S- -
¯-Xv‑. X‑p-d-¸‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï‑v. §Ä k‑wc - £ - n‑ t- ¨ ‑ a-Xn‑ b - m‑ h - q‑ .
C‑u D-S¼ - S- n‑ b - \ - p‑ k - c - n‑ ¨ - v‑ X-®o‑ À-¯- C-t‑X {‑]-hÀ-¯-\‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑p-X-s‑¶ \-½p‑ s - S‑ \‑m«- n‑ s - e ‑ X‑oc - {- ] ‑ t- Z‑ i - § - f - n‑ -
S-§Ä I-sï ‑ ¯ - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ \ - p‑ w‑ X-cw‑ X - n‑ - hÀ-j-¡‑m-e-§-f‑n s‑h-Å-s‑¸‑m-¡‑w s‑eb - p‑ w‑ I‑mb -  {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f - n‑ s - e ‑ b - p‑ w‑
c‑n¡
- p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ \ - p‑ w‑ N‑ne - k‑qN - I - § - f - p‑ w‑ X-S-b‑p-h‑m-\‑p‑w C‑u `‑q-h‑n-`‑m-K‑w \-s‑½ {‑][ - m‑ \ - h‑nj - b - § - f - n‑ s - e ‑ m‑ ¶ - m‑ W - t- Ã ‑ m‑
a‑m\ - Z- Þ - §
- f - p‑ w‑ D-ïv‑. A-X\ - p‑ k - c - n‑ - k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. a-g-¡‑m-e-¯‑v H‑mc - p‑ P - e - w‑ . I-SÂ-¯o‑ c - § - f - n‑ s - e ‑ b - p‑ w‑
¨‑v \-½p‑ s - S‑ \‑m«- n‑ Â I‑mW - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - A-a‑n-X-a‑m-b‑n H-g‑p-I‑n-s‑b-¯p‑ ¶ - P-ew‑ I‑mb - Â-¯o‑ c - § - f - n‑ s - e ‑ b - p‑ w‑ X-®o‑ À-
X-®o‑ À-¯S- § - s - f ‑ X‑ms - g ‑ ] - d - b - p‑ ¶ - t‑iJ - c - n‑ ¨ - v‑ \‑mS- n‑ s - \ ‑ s‑hÅ - s - ¸ ‑ m‑ ¡ - - ¯-S§ - f - p‑ s - S‑ t‑im‑ j - W - h - p‑ w‑ \‑mi - h - p‑ w‑
{‑]I - m‑ c - w‑ \‑nÀ-ÆN - n‑ ¡ - m‑ w‑ . G-sX ‑ m‑ c - p‑ ¯‑n \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ c-£n‑ ¨ - p‑ \ - n‑ À-¯n‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ - B-Wv‑ C-Xn‑ \ - p‑ a‑pJ - y‑ I - m‑ c - W - a - m‑ b - n‑
N-Xp‑ ¸ - p‑ {- ] ‑ t- Z‑ i - w‑ ,‑ A-Xm‑ b - X - v‑ A-Xv‑ ¶-Xp‑ w‑ \-½p‑ s - S‑ \‑m«- n‑ s - e ‑ t‑Xm‑ S- p‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ ,‑ I-sï ‑ ¯ - n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ Å - X - v‑. X-®o‑ À-¯S- -
k‑zm‑ ` - m‑ h - n‑ I - a - m‑ h - m‑ w‑ ,‑ a-\p‑ j - y‑ \ - n‑ À-½n‑ X - a - m‑ - I‑pf - § - f - p‑ w‑ h-bt- e ‑ e - I - f - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ - §-fp‑ s - S‑ G-äh - p‑ w‑ h-en‑ b - t‑kh - \ - § - -
h‑mw‑ ,‑ Ø‑mb - n‑ b - m‑ b - B-hm‑ k - h - y‑ h - Ø - s‑h¶ - v‑ \-½p‑ s - S‑ ]‑qÀ-hn‑ I - s - c ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ f‑ns
- e ‑ m‑ ¶ - v‑ A-h A-XX - v‑ {‑]t- Z‑ i - s - ¯ ‑
B-hm‑ w‑ A-sà ‑ ¦ - n‑  X‑me - v‑I - m‑ e - n‑ I - a - m‑ - a-\Ê - n‑ e - m‑ ¡ - n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑. t‑Xm‑ S- p‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑ - "h‑r¡ - " I-fm‑ b - n‑ {‑]h - À-¯n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑
h‑mw‑ (a-g¡ - m‑ e - ¯ - v‑ a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ )‑ ,‑ A-Xn‑ s - e ‑ b‑pw‑ ,‑ I‑pf - § - f - p‑ t- S‑ b - p‑ w‑ \‑mi - w‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - p‑ F-¶p‑ Å - X - m‑ W - v‑. h‑r¡ - \-½p‑ s - S‑
P-ew‑ H-gp‑ I - p‑ ¶ - t- X ‑ m‑ s‑I«- n‑ ¡ - n‑ S- ¡ - p‑ ¶ - - a-g¡ - m‑ e - § - f - n‑ e - p‑ ï - m‑ h - p‑ ¶ - s‑hÅ - s - ¸ ‑ m‑ - i-co‑ c - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ ¯ - p‑ ¶ - P-e¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ b - p‑ w‑
t‑Xm‑ B-hm‑ w‑ . C-\n‑ A-Xn‑ s - e ‑ P-ew‑ ¡-hp‑ w‑ P-eP - \ - y‑ t- c ‑ m‑ K - § - f - p‑ w‑ \-½p‑ s - S‑ `-£W - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ b - p‑ w‑ h‑nj - m‑ w‑ i - § - Ä
D-¸p‑ Å - t- X ‑ m‑ ,‑ i‑p² - P - e - t- a ‑ m‑ A-Xp‑ a - s - Ã ‑ - \‑m«- n‑ s - e ‑ k‑ma - q‑ l - n‑ I - {‑]i - v‑\ - § - f - m‑ b - n‑ «- v‑ A-cn‑ s - ¨ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - v‑ i-co‑ c - s - ¯ ‑ i‑p² - n‑ b - m‑ -
¦‑n H‑mc - p‑ P - e - t- a ‑ m‑ B-hm‑ w‑ . I‑me - § - t- f ‑ s - d ‑ b - m‑ b - n‑ . ¡‑p¶ - X - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ s - e ‑ b - p‑ Å - {‑]h - À-¯\ - -
C-Xp‑ I - q‑ S- m‑ s - X ‑ k-ap‑ {- Z‑ ¯ - n‑ Â B-dp‑ C-¯c - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ Å - \‑oÀ-{] ‑ t- Z‑ i - § - Ä a‑mW- v‑ X-®o‑ À-¯S- § - Ä \‑nÀ-Æl - n‑ -
a‑oä- À h-sc ‑ B-ga - p‑ Å - {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - - a-g¡ - m‑ e - s - ¯ ‑ s‑hÅ - s - ¸ ‑ m‑ ¡ - w‑ X-S- ¡‑p¶ - X - v‑. C-hn‑ S- § - f - n‑ Â h-fc - p‑ ¶ -

10 IqSv 2013 Pqsse

 t‑\c - n‑ «- v‑ a-\Ê - n‑ e - m‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ I-gn‑ ª - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v.‑
C-Xp‑ I - q‑ S- m‑ s - X ‑ h‑wi - \ - m‑ i - `- o‑ j - W - n‑ t‑\c - n‑ -
S‑p¶
- P‑oh - P - m‑ e - § - s - f ‑ k‑wc - £ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ -
X-®o‑ À-¯S- § - f - p‑ w‑ H-cp‑ {‑]t- Z‑ i - ¯ - n‑ -
s‑â i‑p² - P - e - e-`y‑ X - D-d¸ - p‑ h - c - p‑ ¯ - p‑ -
¶-Xp‑ a - m‑ b - X-®o‑ À-¯S- § - f - p‑ s - a ‑ Ã - m‑ w‑
"d‑mw‑ k - m‑ À" {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f - p‑ s - S‑ k‑qN - I - -
§Ä B-Wv.‑ C-¯c - ¯ - n‑  C-´y‑ b - n‑ Â
C-t¶ ‑ h - s - c ‑ {‑]J - y‑ m‑ ] - n‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ «- d‑mw‑ k - m‑ À
{‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f - n‑ Â a‑qs - ¶ ‑ ® - w‑ t‑Ic - f - -
¯‑n \‑n¶ - p‑ Å - h - b - m‑ W - v.‑ s‑Im‑ à - w‑
P‑nÃ- b - n‑ s - e ‑ i‑mk - X v-‑ m‑ w‑ t- I ‑ m‑ «- X-Sm‑ I - w‑ ,‑
s‑Im‑ à - w‑ P‑nà - b - n‑ s - e ‑ X-s¶ ‑ A-ãa - p‑ S- n‑ -
¡‑mb - Â‑, t‑Im‑ «- b - w‑ ,‑ B-e¸ - p‑ g - ,‑ F-dW - m‑ -
I‑pf - w‑ ,‑ ]-¯\ - w‑ X - n‑ «- ,‑ X‑ri - q‑ À‑, a-e¸ - p‑ d - w‑
P‑nÃ- I - f - n‑ e - m‑ b - n‑ h‑ym‑ ] - n‑ ¨ - p‑ I‑nS- ¡ - p‑ ¶ -
t‑h¼ - \ - m‑ «- p‑ I - m‑ b - e - p‑ w‑ t‑Im‑ Ä-\n‑ e - § - f - p‑ w‑
DÄ-s¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f - p‑ w‑ B-Wv‑ C-h.
A-Sp‑ ¯ - I - m‑ e - ¯ - v‑ t‑h¼ - \ - m‑ «- p‑ I‑mb - Â
{‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f - p‑ w‑ t‑Im‑ Ä-\n‑ e - § - f - p‑ w‑ c-ïv‑
h‑yX - y‑ k - X v-‑ d‑mw‑ k - m‑ À {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f - m‑ -
¡‑n a‑mä - n‑ b - X - n‑ s - â ‑ A-Sn‑ Ø - m‑ \ - ¯ - n‑ Â
t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ Â \‑ne - h - n‑ Â \‑me - v‑ d‑mw‑ k - m‑ À
{‑]t- Z‑ i - § - fp-ïv.‑
C-¯c - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ Ã - m‑ w‑ A-Xo‑ h - ]‑mc - n‑ -
Ø‑nX - n‑ I - {‑]m‑ [ - m‑ \ - y‑ w‑ t‑em‑ I - w‑ IÂ-
¸‑n¨ - p‑ \ - Â-In‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ Å - {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f ‑- psS
k‑wc - £ - W ‑ w kÀ-¡m‑ c - p‑ I - Ä a‑m{- X ‑ w‑
h‑nN - m‑ c - n‑ ¨ - m‑ Â \-S¡ - p‑ ¶ - I‑mc - y‑ a - Ã - ,‑
A-Xm‑ X - p‑ {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f - p‑ s - S‑ N‑pä - p‑ h - «- § - -
F-Ã‑m ]-c‑n-[‑n-I-f‑p‑w e‑w-L‑n-¨‑v
\-S-¸‑n-e‑m-¡‑p-¶ \‑nÀ-½‑mW {‑]-hÀ-
I-ïe - p‑ Ä-s¸ ‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ Å - P-ek - k - y‑ - a‑p¸
- ¯ - © - p‑ i - X - a - m‑ \ - h - p‑ w‑ t‑Zi - m‑ S- \ - -
§Ä A-´c - o‑ £ - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ I‑mÀ-_¬ ¡‑me - w‑ s‑Ne - h - g - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ -
¯-\-§-f‑m-W‑v G-s‑X‑m-c‑p {‑]-t‑Z-i-
D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - h-gn‑ I‑me - m‑ h - Ø - m‑ s‑e C-¯c - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ Å - X-®o‑ À-¯S- § - - ¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w \‑m-i-¯‑n-\‑p I‑m-c-
\‑nb- {- ´ ‑ W - ¯ - n‑  ]-ca - {- ] ‑ [ - m‑ \ - a - m‑ b - f‑n B-sW ‑ ¶ - v‑ C-hn‑ S- § - f - n‑  \-S¶ - W-a‑m-b‑n-¯‑o-c‑p-¶-X‑v F-¶‑p-Å
H-cp‑ ]-¦m‑ W - v‑ \‑nÀ-Æl - n‑ ¨ - p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - n‑ c - n‑ - kÀ-th-IÄ s‑Xf - n‑ b - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . C-¯- I‑m-c‑y‑w s‑]‑m-X‑p-t‑h A‑w-K‑o-I-c‑n-¡-
¡‑p¶ - X - v‑. c-¯n‑ Â 1991 a‑pX - Â C-hn‑ S- § - f - n‑ Â
C-Xp‑ h - s - c ‑ \‑mw‑ NÀ-¨ s‑Nb - v‑X - X - n‑ - \-S¶ - i‑mk - v‑{- X ‑ o‑ b - a - m‑ b - I-Ws - ¡ ‑ S- p‑ ¸ - p‑ - s‑¸-«‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑m-W‑v.
\‑pa - ¸ - p‑ d - w‑ X-®o‑ À-¯S- § - f - p‑ s - S‑ k‑m- I-fn‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ a - m‑ W - v‑ hÀ-jw‑ t‑Xm‑ d - p‑ w‑
¼-¯n‑ I - h - p‑ w‑ k‑ma - q‑ l - n‑ I - h - p‑ w‑ B-b C-cp‑ ] - X - n‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ c - ¯ - n‑  I‑qS- p‑ X -  f‑n X‑ma - k - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - P-\§ - f - p‑ w‑ P‑mK - -
h-kv‑X - p‑ X - I - s - f ‑ ¡ - p‑ d - n‑ ¨ - p‑ w‑ \-ap‑ s - ¡ ‑ m‑ - ]-£n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ h-cn‑ C-cï - ,‑ N‑n¶ - a - p‑ ï - n‑ c‑qI- c - m‑ s - b ‑ ¦ - n‑ s - e ‑ b-Ym‑ À-° X-e¯ - n‑ -
¶‑mt- e ‑ m‑ N - n‑ ¡ - m‑ w‑ . C-¯c - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ Å - F-¶o‑ ]-£n‑ b - n‑ \ - § - f - p‑ s - S‑ t‑em‑ I - - e‑pÅ - h‑nI - k - \ - h - p‑ w‑ k‑wc - £ - W - h - p‑ w‑
\-½p‑ s - S‑ A-dn‑ h - v‑ ]-cn‑ a - n‑ X - a - m‑ s - W ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ ¯‑mI - a - m‑ \ - a - p‑ Å - F-®¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ H-cp‑ C‑u {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f - n‑  \-S¸ - m‑ h - p‑ I - b - p‑ Å - q‑ .
t‑Ic - f - I‑mÀ-jn‑ I - kÀ-ÆI - e - m‑ i - m‑ e - X‑r- i-Xa - m‑ \ - ¯ - n‑ e - [ - n‑ I - w‑ C‑u X-®o‑ À-¯S- - F-Ãm‑ ]-cn‑ [ - n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ e‑wL - n‑ ¨ - v‑ \-S¸ - n‑ -
i‑qÀ, s‑]m‑ ¶ - m‑ \ - n‑ t‑Im‑ Ä \‑ne - § - f - n‑ Â §-fn‑ e - m‑ b - n‑ I‑mW - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - p‑ F-¶v‑ t‑em‑ - e‑m¡ - p‑ ¶ - \‑nÀ-½m‑ W {‑]h - À-¯\ - § - -
\-S¯ - n‑ b - H-cp‑ ]T-\w‑ s‑hf - n‑ h - m‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶- I-¯n‑ \ - v‑ a-\Ê - n‑ e - m‑ b - X - v‑. A-´m‑ c - m‑ {- ã ‑ o‑ - f‑mW - v‑ G-sX ‑ m‑ c - p‑ {‑]t- Z‑ i - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ b - p‑ w‑
X‑v ]-Xn‑ \ - m‑ d - m‑ b - n‑ c - t- ¯ ‑ m‑ f - w‑ s‑lÎ - À b-am‑ b - n‑ A‑wK - o‑ I - c - n‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ «- d‑mw‑ k - m‑ À \‑mi - ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ I‑mc - W - a - m‑ b - n‑ ¯ - o‑ c - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑
h-cp‑ ¶ - C‑u t‑Im‑ Ä-{‑]-t‑Z-i-§Ä‑, I‑r- D-S¼ - S- n‑ {‑]I - m‑ c - w‑ F-sX ‑ m‑ c - p‑ {‑]t- Z‑ i - ¯ ‑ v F-¶p‑ Å - I‑mc - y‑ w‑ s‑]m‑ X - p‑ t- h ‑ A‑wK - o‑ -
j‑n a-Õ‑y-_-Ô-\‑w a‑r-K ]-c‑n-]‑m-e-\‑w H-cp‑ ]-£n‑ b - n‑ \ - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ t‑em‑ I - ¯ - m‑ I - - I-cn‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ «- n‑ «- p‑ Å - X - m‑ W - v‑. A-Xn‑ \ - m‑ Â
F-¶‑o `‑q-h‑n-\‑n-t‑b‑m-K-c‑o-X‑n-I-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S a‑m\- a - p‑ Å - F-®¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ H-cp‑ i - X - a - m‑ \ - w‑ t‑I{- µ ‑ k - À-¡m‑ À tImÄ-\n-e§ - f - nÂ
k‑r-jvSn-¡-‑p-¶-X‑v C-c‑p-]-¯-©‑p e-£- I‑mW - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - p‑ t- h ‑ m‑ A-Xs - Ã ‑ ¦ - n‑ Â \-S¸ - m‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ D-t±‑ i - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - 435 t‑Im‑ -
t‑¯‑m-f‑w h‑mÀ-j‑n-I s‑X‑m-g‑nÂ- Zn-\- G-sX ‑ m‑ c - p‑ {‑]t- Z‑ i - ¯ - v‑ X‑pS- À-¨b - m‑ b - n‑ S‑n- cq]b‑ps - S‑ ]-²X - n‑ \-S¸ - n‑ e - m‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - -
§-fm-sW-¶m-Wv. s‑Xm‑ g - n‑ Â-cm‑ l - n‑ X - y‑ w‑ C-cp‑ ] - X - n‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ c - ¯ - n‑ Â I‑qS- p‑ X - Â X‑n\ - p‑ a - p‑ ³-]v‑ ]‑mc - n‑ Ø - n‑ X- n‑ I - B-Lm‑ X -
a‑qe
- h - p‑ w‑ `-£y‑ ¡ - ½ - n‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - p‑ w‑ s‑]m‑ d - p‑ - ]-£n‑ I - s - f ‑ I-sï ‑ ¯ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ t- h ‑ m‑ B ]T-\w‑ \-St- ¯ ‑ ï - X - v‑ A-Xy‑ ´ - m‑ -
X‑n a‑p«- p‑ ¶ - t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ P-\§ - t- f ‑ m‑ S- v‑ {‑]t- Z‑ i - s - ¯ ‑ "d‑mw‑ k - m‑ À" {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f - m‑ - t‑]£ - n‑ X - a - m‑ W - v‑. t‑Im‑ Ä-\‑n-e-§-f‑p‑w
C‑u \‑oÀ-¯S- § - f - p‑ w‑ t‑Im‑ Ä-\n‑ e - § - f - p‑ w‑ b‑n {‑]J - y‑ m‑ ] - n‑ ¡ - W - s - a ‑ ¶ - v‑ X‑oc - p‑ a - m‑ \ - n‑ - X-®‑oÀ-¯-S-§-f‑p‑w H-c‑p {‑]-t‑X‑y-I
k‑wc - £ - n‑ t- ¡ ‑ ï - X - n‑ s - â ‑ {‑]m‑ [ - m‑ \ - y‑ - ¡-s¸ ‑ «- n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . C-¯c - ¯ - n‑ Â C‑u B-h‑m-k-h‑yh - Ø - b
- m‑ s - W ‑ ¶ - p‑ Å - X‑nc - n‑ -
s‑¯¡ - p‑ d - n‑ ¨ - v‑ C-\n‑ b - p‑ w‑ B-hÀ-¯n‑ ¨ - v‑ {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f - n‑  \-S¶ - n‑ «- p‑ Å - kÀ-th ‑ - ¨-dn‑ h - p‑ ï - m‑ b - m‑  a‑m{- X ‑ t- a ‑ C‑u ]-²X - n‑ -
]-dt- b ‑ ï - X - n‑ s - Ã ‑ ¶ - v‑ I-cp‑ X - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . I-fn‑ Â N‑ne - X - n‑ Â ]-s¦ ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ A-h- b‑ps - S‑ e-£y‑ w‑ k‑m[ - m‑ c - W - ¡ - m‑ c - m‑ b -
\-ap‑ t- ¡ ‑ h - À-¡p‑ w‑ A-dn‑ h - p‑ Å - X - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ - k-cw‑ e-`n‑ ¨ - Hcm-sf ‑ ¶ - p‑ Å - \‑ne - b - v¡v‑ \-½p‑ s - S‑ IÀ-jI - À-¡v‑ K‑pW - I - c - a - m‑ b - n‑
s‑e t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ Â t‑Zi - m‑ S- \ - ¯ - n‑ s - \ ‑ - C‑u {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f - p‑ s - S‑ ]‑mc - n‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ I - - `-hn‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ Å - q‑ F-¶p- Iq-Sn {]-_p-²a - -
¯‑p¶ - ]-£n‑ h - À-¤§ - f - n‑  G-It- Z‑ i - w‑ h‑pw‑ k‑ma - q‑ l - n‑ I - h - p‑ w‑ B-b {‑]m‑ [ - m‑ \ - y‑ w‑ e-bm-f\ - m-Sv a-\Ê - n-em-t¡-­-ïXp-­ïv.

IqSv 2013 Pqsse 11

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- m‑ W
‑ -
- v‑
\-S¶
Ø‑mh
- t‑aL
- y‑ X
t‑Wm‑ F-¶v‑ h‑ne
- h
- n‑ b - m‑ \
- n‑ t- Ø
- ¯
- b
‑
- n‑ s
- n‑ c
- â
m‑ S- \

- p‑ ¯
- w‑ I‑me
‑ k‑qN
- m‑ \
- \
- m‑ b
- m‑ h
- b
- n‑ «- n‑ Ã
- -
- m‑ -
-
l‑na - m‑ e - b - ³ k‑p\ - m‑ a - n‑ s - b ‑ ¶ - p‑ ]-ec - p‑ w‑ kÀ-¡m‑ c - p‑ I
- f - p‑ w‑ a-äp‑ k - w‑ h- n‑ [
- m‑ \ - § - f - p‑ w‑ . F-¦n‑ e - p‑ w‑ {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ k‑zm‑ ` - m‑ h - n‑ I -
h‑nt- i ‑ j - n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - C-¯c - s - a ‑ m‑ c - p‑ Z‑p- a‑ne
- n‑ «- d - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ t‑kh - \ - w‑ A-Xn‑ a - l- ¯ - - {‑]X- n‑ I - c - W - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ B-Lm‑ X - w‑ F-{X ‑ -
c-´w‑ t‑I«- p‑ t- I ‑ Ä-hn‑ b - n‑ Ã - m‑ ¯ - X - m‑ W - v‑. b‑mb - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ s - a ‑ ¶ - X - n‑ s - â ‑ H-cp‑ k‑qN - \ -
\‑qd - p‑ I - W - ¡ - n‑ \ - v‑ s‑I«- n‑ S- § - f - p‑ w‑ ]‑me - § - - {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S k‑z‑m-`‑m-h‑n-I {‑]-X‑n- \-ap‑ ¡ - v‑ C‑u a-lm‑ Z- p‑ c - ´ - ¯ - n‑ Â ZÀ-in‑ -
f‑pw‑ t‑dm‑ U - p‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ A-{] ‑ X - y‑ £ - a - m‑ b - n‑ . I-c-W-¯‑n-s‑â B-L‑m-X‑w F-{‑X- ¡‑m\ - m‑ h - p‑ w‑ . B-tK ‑ m‑ f - X - m‑ ] - \ - s - ¯ ‑ ¸ - -
b-ap‑ t- \ ‑ m‑ {- X ‑ n‑ ,‑ K‑wt- K ‑ m‑ {- X ‑ n‑ ,‑ t‑IZ- m‑ À-\m‑ Y - v‑, ä‑nb
- p‑ w‑ ,‑ A-Xp‑ a - q‑ e - a - p‑ ï - m‑ t- b ‑ ¡ - m‑ h - p‑ ¶ -
_-Zc - o‑ \ - m‑ Y - v‑, t‑lw‑ I - p‑ Þ - v‑ X‑pS- § - n‑ b -
b‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-s‑a-¶-X‑n-s‑â H-c‑p I‑me - m‑ h - Ø - m‑ h - y‑ X - n‑ b - m‑ \ - s - ¯ ‑ ¸ - ä - n‑ b- p‑ w‑ ,‑
C-S§ - f - n‑ Â X‑oÀ-°m‑ S- \ - ¯ - n‑ s - \ ‑ ¯ - n‑ b - k‑q-N-\ \-a‑p-¡‑v C‑u a-l‑m-Z‑p-c-´- A-Xn‑ s - \ ‑ ¯ - p‑ S- À-¶v‑ D-ïm‑ h - m‑ ³ k‑m-
A-t\ ‑ I - m‑ b - n‑ c - § - Ä Z‑pc - n‑ X - ] - q‑ À-®a - m‑ b - ¯‑n ZÀ-i‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-h‑p‑w. [‑yX - b - p‑ Å - A-Xn‑ h - r‑ j - v‑S- n‑ s - b ‑ ¡ - p‑ d - n‑ ¨ - p‑ w‑
A-hØ - b
- n‑ Â a-eb - n‑ S- p‑ ¡ - p‑ I - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ ,‑ A-\m‑ h - r‑ j - v‑S- n‑ s - b ‑ ¡ - p‑ d - n‑ ¨ - p‑ s - a ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑
a-äp‑ Ø-e§ - f - n‑ e- p‑ w‑ I‑pS- p‑ § - n‑ ¡ - n‑ S- ¡ - p‑ - c-sa
‑ ¶- p‑ k-½X - n‑ ¡- m‑ s- X
‑ h-¿. t‑am‑ i - w‑ \‑mw‑ NÀ-¨ s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - L-«¯ - n‑  C‑u
¶‑p. l‑na - m‑ e - b - {- K ‑ m‑ a - § - f - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ I‑me- m‑ h- Ø - b
- n‑ e
- p‑ w‑ A-hÀ s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶
- I‑me - h - À-jZ- p‑ c - ´ - ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ {‑]k - à - n‑ t- b ‑ -
F-{X ‑ t‑]À C‑u a-es - h ‑ Å - ¸ - m‑ ¨ - n‑ e - n‑ Â t‑kh - \ - w‑ h‑ne - a- X
- n‑ ¡ - m‑ \
- m‑ h
- m‑ ¯- X - m‑ W - v‑. s‑db - m‑ W - v‑.
H-gp‑ I - n‑ t- ¸ ‑ m‑ s - b ‑ ¶ - v‑ A-[n‑ I - r‑ X - À-¡v‑ l‑na - m‑ e
- b- ¯
- n‑ s - â ‑ s‑\d - p‑ I
- b- n‑ Â A-´c - o‑ £ - ¯ - n‑ Â l-cn‑ X - K - r‑ l - -

12 IqSv 2013 Pqsse

 f‑w \‑nK - a - \ - § - f - p‑ w‑ {‑]h - N - \ - § - f - p‑ w‑ ¡‑mÄ a‑p¶ - n‑ e - m‑ s - W ‑ t- ¶ ‑ m‑ À-¡p‑ I - .
\-S¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ ï - v‑. A-ta ‑ c - n‑ ¡ - ³ s‑sh ‑ k - v‑ a-gs - h‑ Å - k - w‑ ` - c - W - ¯ - n‑ s - â‑ {‑]m‑ [ - m‑ -
{‑]k - n‑ U - â‑mb - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - AÂ-tK ‑ m‑ À s‑hf - n‑ - \‑yw‑ \-s½ ‑ ¡ - m‑ Ä I‑qS- p‑ X - Â A-hÀ
s‑¸S- p‑ ¯ - n‑ b - "‑ k‑pJ - I - c - a - Ã - m‑ ¯ - k-Xy‑ w‑ '‑- a-\Ê - n‑ e - m‑ ¡ - n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ s
- ï ‑ ¶ - p‑ k‑mc - w‑ .
(inconvenient truth)‑ A-Xp‑ Ä-s¡ ‑ m‑ ï - - s‑N¦ - p‑ ¯ - m‑ b - h‑rj - v‑S- n‑ {- ]
‑ t- Z‑ i - §- f - n‑ s
- e
‑
h-cn‑ Â `‑mh - n‑ X-ea - p‑ d - s - b ‑ ¡ - p‑ d - n‑ ¨ - p‑ Å - a-g¡ - m‑ S- p‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ X-®o‑ À-¯S- § - f - p‑ w‑ ]‑pg - -
h‑yY - b - m‑ b - n‑ a‑md - n‑ . t‑Iy‑ m‑ t- «‑ m‑ t‑{] ‑ m‑ t- «‑ m‑ - I-fp‑ s - S‑ a-WÂ-¯n‑ «- I - f - p‑ w‑ s‑\Â-hb - -
t‑¡m‑ f - p‑ w‑ t‑Zm‑ l - D-¨t- I ‑ m‑ S- n‑ b - p‑ s - a ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ e‑pI- f - p‑ a- m‑ W - v‑ `‑qK - À-`P - e - h - n‑ X
- m‑ \
- s - ¯ ‑
F-s´ ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ a‑mä - w‑ D-ïm‑ ¡ - p‑ t- a ‑ m‑ ]-cn‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ j - n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¨- n‑ c - p‑ ¶
- X - v‑. I‑m-e‑m-h-Ø‑m-
F-¶ I‑mc - y‑ w‑ k‑wi - b - a - m‑ W - v‑. h-\\ - m‑ - h‑y-X‑n-b‑m-\-s‑¯ t‑\-c‑n-S‑m³ h-\-§-
i‑w X‑pS- À-¶p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ t- ï ‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . Z‑n- f‑p‑w X-®‑oÀ-¯-S-§-f‑p‑w h-b-e‑p-I-f‑p‑w
\‑wt- X ‑ m‑ d - p‑ w‑ Z-ie - £ - ¡ - W - ¡ - n‑ \ - v‑ S¬ a-WÂ-¯‑n-«-I-f‑p‑w k‑w-c-£‑n-t‑¡-ï‑n-
l-cn‑ X - K - r‑ l - h - m‑ X - I - w‑ ]‑pd - w‑ X - Å - p‑ ¶ - b‑n-c‑p-¶ \‑m‑w s‑N-b‑v-X-X‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p-
h‑ml - \ - _ - m‑ l - p‑ e - y‑ w‑ \‑nb - {- ´ ‑ n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p‑w F-´‑m-W‑v?
B-ßm‑ À-°h - p‑ w‑ {‑In‑ b - m‑ ß - I - h - p‑ a - m‑ b - h-\-¯‑n-s‑â \-s‑Ã‑m-c‑p `‑m-K‑w \-j‑v-S-s‑¸-
{‑]h - À-¯\ - § - Ä \-½p‑ s - S‑ `‑mK - ¯ - p‑ - S‑p-¯‑n. A-©‑p Z-i-I-§Ä-¡‑p-a‑p-t‑¶
\‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ D-ïm‑ I - p‑ ¶ - p‑ t- ï ‑ m‑ ? '‑ a - m‑ Ê - v‑ \-½‑p-s‑S \‑m-«‑n-e‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ F-«‑p-e-
{‑Sm‑ ³-kv‑t- ] ‑ m‑ À-«v‑'- A-hK - W - n‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ «- n‑ c - n‑ - £‑w s‑l-I‑v-SÀ s‑\Â-h-b-e‑p-IÄ C-¶‑v
¡‑p¶ - p‑ . G-hÀ-¡p‑ w‑ h‑ml - \ - w‑ k‑z´ - - c-ï‑p-e-£‑w s‑l-I‑v-S-d‑m-b‑n N‑p-c‑p-§‑n.
a‑m¡ - m‑ h - p‑ ¶ - X-c¯ - n‑ Â h‑mb - v‑] - m‑ \ - b - - \‑n-b-{‑´-W-a‑n-Ã‑m-s‑X a-W-s‑e-S‑p-¯‑v
§Ä c‑q] - I - Â-¸\ - s‑Nb - v‑X - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ ,‑ ]‑p-g-s‑b-¶ `‑q-KÀ-`-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑p-Å s‑]‑m-
A-sà ‑ ¦ - n‑  D-Zm‑ c - a - m‑ ¡ - n‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . ¡‑nÄ-s‑¡‑m-S‑n-b‑p‑w DuäpRc¼pIfpw
X‑nc - p‑ h - \ - ´ - ] - p‑ c - w‑ P‑nà - b - n‑  a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ \‑m‑w A-d‑p-¯‑p-a‑m-ä‑n. A-§-s‑\ \‑m‑w
Z‑nh
- t- k ‑ \ - 300 t‑am‑ t- «‑ m‑ À h‑ml - \ - - h-cÄ-¨ t‑N‑m-Z‑n-¨‑p h‑m-§‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v.
§Ä ]‑pX - p‑ X - m‑ b - n‑ c-Pn‑ Ì - À s‑N¿ - s - ¸ ‑ - hÀ-j-¡‑m-e-¯‑v I-h‑n-s‑ª‑m-g‑p-I‑n-s‑b-
S‑p¶ - p‑ . s‑sl ‑ {- _ ‑ n‑ U - v‑ h‑ml - \ - § - f - p‑ w‑ ,‑
C-eI - v‑{- S‑ n‑ I - v‑ C-Ô\ - h‑ml - \ - § - f - p‑ w‑ I‑m-e‑m-h-Ø‑m-h‑y-X‑n-b‑m-\-s‑¯ t‑\-
k‑ut- c ‑ m‑ À-Ö h‑ml - \ - § - f - p‑ w‑ ,‑ ]-Ic -
C-Ô\ - § - f - p‑ w‑ a-äp‑ w‑ F-©n‑ \ - o‑ b - d - n‑ § - v‑
c‑n-S‑m³ h-\-§-f‑p‑w X-®‑oÀ-¯-S-§-
h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ À-°n‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑ s‑{] ‑ m‑ P - I - v‑ä - p‑ I - f - n‑ Â f‑p‑w h-b-e‑p-I-f‑p‑w a-WÂ-¯‑n-«-I-
B-bp‑ s - Ê ‑ m‑ S- p‑ § - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . C-´y‑ b - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ f‑p‑w k‑w-c-£‑n-t‑¡-ï‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶ \‑m‑w
s‑sN ‑ \ - b - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ IÂ-¡c - n‑ D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K - w‑ s‑N-b‑v-X-X‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-
Z‑n\
- w‑ {- ] ‑ X - n‑ I‑qS- n‑ h - c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
t‑em‑ I - w‑ C‑u \‑ne - b - v‑¡ - v‑ a‑pt- ¶ ‑ m‑ «- p‑ ¡‑p-¶-X‑p‑w F-´‑m-W‑v?
t‑]m‑ I - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä X‑m] - \ - h - p‑ w‑ I‑me - m‑ h - -
Ø‑mh - y‑ X - n‑ b - m‑ \ - h - p‑ w‑ B-tK ‑ m‑ f - X - e - - ¯‑p-¶ s‑h-Å-s‑¯ k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑v
¯‑n t‑\c - n‑ S- m‑ ³ H-cp‑ P-\X - F-¶ C-S-\‑m-«‑n-t‑e-b‑p‑w X‑o-c-{‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑n-t‑e-
\‑ne - b - v‑¡ - p‑ w‑ H-cp‑ c‑mj - v‑{- S‑ w‑ F-¶ \‑ne - - b‑p‑w h-b-e‑p-I-f‑p‑w X-®‑oÀ-¯-S-§-f‑p‑w
b‑v¡ - p‑ w‑ a-Xn‑ b - m‑ b - k‑w` - m‑ h - \ - \Â-Im‑ ³ I‑m-b-e‑p-I-f‑p-a‑m-W‑v. h‑r-j‑v-S‑n-{‑]-t‑Z-i-
\-ap‑ ¡ - v‑ ]-cn‑ a - n‑ X - n‑ I - f - p‑ ï - v‑. F-¶m‑ Â ¯‑p-X-s‑¶ a-g-s‑h-Å-s‑¯ A-X‑n-t‑h-
]‑mc - n‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ I - B-Lm‑ X - § - Ä {‑]X - n‑ - K‑w a-®‑n-e‑m-g‑v-¯‑p-h‑m³ s‑a-¯-¸‑p-d‑w
t‑cm‑ [ - n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ {‑]m‑ t- Z‑ i - n‑ I - X - e - ¯ - n‑ Â t‑]‑m-s‑e ]-X‑p-¯ t‑aÂ-a-®‑p-Å I‑m-S‑p-
\-ap‑ t- ¡ ‑ s - d ‑ s‑N¿ - m‑ \ - p‑ ï - v‑. A-´c - o‑ - IÄ-¡‑p k‑m-[‑n-¡‑p‑w. I-g‑n-ª I‑p-s‑d
h‑mX - I - § - f - p‑ s - S‑ B-[n‑ I - y‑ w‑ I‑mc - W - w‑ £-s¯ ‑ I‑pf - p‑ À-¸n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - a-g¡ - m‑ S- p‑ - Z-i-I-§-f‑m-b‑n l‑n-a‑m-e-b-¯‑n-s‑e
D-fh - m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - B-tK ‑ m‑ f - X - m‑ ] - \ - w‑ a-\p‑ - I-sf ‑ \‑ne - \ - n‑ À-¯Â X-s¶ ‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ h-\-\‑m-i‑w `‑o-a-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. F-Ã‑m‑w
j‑yP - \ - y‑ a - m‑ W - v‑. B-[p‑ \ - n‑ I - t- e ‑ m‑ I - C-Xn‑ Â G-äh - p‑ w‑ {‑][ - m‑ \ - w‑ . t‑Ic - f - - h‑n-I-k-\‑w F-¶ t‑I-h-e ‑"-X-{‑´-‑'-¯‑n-
h‑nI
- k - \ - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ \‑mg - n‑ I - ¡ - à - m‑ b - n‑ \‑mw‑ ¯‑ns - e ‑ \‑mÂ-¸¯ - n‑ \ - m‑ e - p‑ \-Zn‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ s‑â t‑]-c‑nÂ. "N‑n-]‑v-t‑¡‑m' t‑]‑m-e-s‑¯
I-W¡ - m‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - h‑ym‑ h - k - m‑ b - n‑ I - h - n‑ ¹ - h - w‑ £-tb ‑ m‑ ³-ap‑ J - § - f - m‑ W - v‑. I-gn‑ ª - {‑]-Ø‑m-\-§Ä-¡‑v a-c‑w N‑p-ä‑n-¸‑n-S‑n-¨‑p
s‑Xm‑ «- v‑ C-t§ ‑ m‑ «- v‑ A-´c - o‑ £ - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ I‑pd - ¨ - p‑ Z-im‑ _ - v‑Z- § - f - m‑ b - n‑ h‑rj - v‑S- n‑ {- ] ‑ - k‑w-c-£‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p ]-c‑n-a‑n-X‑n-I-f‑p-
H-cp‑ {‑][ - m‑ \ - l-cn‑ X - K - r‑ l - h - m‑ X - I - a - m‑ b - t‑Zi - § - f - n‑ s - e ‑ h-\§ - Ä \-in‑ ¨ - X - m‑ W - v‑ ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. A-X‑n-s‑â ^-e-t‑a‑m?
I‑mÀ-_¬ s‑sU ‑ H‑mI - v‑s - s ‑ k ‑ U - n‑ s - â ‑ A-Xn‑ \ - p‑ Å - {‑][ - m‑ \ - I‑mc - W - w‑ . A-Xn‑ - \‑m‑w I-ï‑p-I-g‑n-ª Z‑p-c-´-§Ä‑!‑!
A-fh - v‑ hÀ-²n‑ ¨ - p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . h‑rj - v‑S- n‑ b - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ A-\m‑ h - r‑ j - v‑S- n‑ b - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ C-¯-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å I‑m-c‑y-§Ä
]-s¯ ‑ m‑ ¼ - X - m‑ w‑ \‑qä - m‑ ï - n‑ s - â ‑ a-²y‑ - D-ïm‑ I - p‑ ¶ - Z‑pc - ´ - § - s - f ‑ s‑Nd - p‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ \-½Ä a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑p‑w‑, `‑q-a‑n-
¯‑n A-´c - o‑ £ - h‑mX - I - I-Wn‑ I - I - - h-\§ - Ä-¡v‑ s‑IÂ-¸p‑ ï - v‑. hÀ-j- b‑p-s‑S {‑[‑p-h-§-f‑n-s‑e a-ª‑p-c‑p-I‑n
f‑n I‑mÀ-_¬ s‑sU ‑ H‑mI - v‑s - s ‑ k ‑ U - n‑ - ¯‑n i-cm‑ i - c - n‑ a‑qh - m‑ b - n‑ c - w‑ a‑n.a‑o. a-g I-SÂ-\‑n-c-¸‑p-b-c‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p‑w
s‑â A-fh - v‑ Z-ie - £ - ¯ - n‑ Â 280 F-¶ e-`n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ Â `‑q{- ] ‑ I - r‑ X - n‑ b - p‑ - D‑u-j-c-¡‑m-ä‑p-IÄ h‑o-i‑n-b-S‑n-¡‑p-¶-
t‑Xm‑ X - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ 2013þÂ A-Xv‑ 400 s‑S {‑]t- X ‑ y‑ I - X - I‑mc - W - w‑ `‑qK - À-`P - e - - X‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p‑w h‑y‑m-I‑p-e-s‑¸-«‑p k-a-
B-bn‑ hÀ-²n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . C-Xn‑ \ - \ - p‑ - ¯‑ns - â ‑ ]‑p\ - À-\n‑ d - b - Â (‑recharging)‑ b‑w I-f-b‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p ]-I-c‑w \-a‑p-¡‑p
k‑rX - a - m‑ b - n‑ A-´c - o‑ £ - D‑uj - v‑a - m‑ h - p‑ w‑ F-äh - p‑ w‑ t‑am‑ i - w‑ A-hØ - b
- n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑. \-½‑p-s‑S I‑m-S‑p-I-s‑f-b‑p‑w‑, ]‑p-g-I-s‑f-
hÀ-²n‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ F-¶m‑ W - v‑ i‑mk - v‑{- X ‑ \ - n‑ K - - a-gs - h ‑ Å - w‑ `‑qK - À-`P - e - a - m‑ ¡ - n‑ a‑mä - p‑ ¶ - - b‑p‑w‑, X-®‑oÀ-¯-S-§-s‑f-b‑p‑w k‑w-c-£‑n-
a-\w‑ . B-tK ‑ m‑ f - X - e - ¯ - n‑  i-cm‑ i - c - n‑ X‑n t‑Ic - f - w‑ h-fs - c ‑ ]‑n¶ - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑. ¡‑m³ t‑h-ï‑n-b‑p-Å {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§-
A-´c - o‑ £ - D‑uj - v‑a - m‑ h - n‑ s - â‑ hÀ-²\ - h‑mÀ-jn‑ I - i-cm‑ i - c - n‑ hÀ-j] - m‑ X - w‑ f‑n-t‑eÀ-s‑¸-S‑m‑w. I‑q-S‑p-XÂ I‑q-S‑p-XÂ
D-ïm‑ ¡ - n‑ t- b ‑ ¡ - m‑ h - p‑ ¶ - ]‑mc - n‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ I - A-ªq‑ d - v‑ a‑n.a‑o. Â X‑ms - g ‑ a‑m{- X ‑ a - p‑ Å - ]-¨-¸‑p-ï‑m-¡‑m‑w‑, A-X‑n-\‑p I‑m-h-e‑n-c‑n-
{‑]X- y‑ m‑ L - m‑ X - § - s - f ‑ ¡ - p‑ d - n‑ ¨- v‑ [‑mc - m‑ - c‑mP - Ø - m‑ ³ C-¡m‑ c - y‑ ¯ - n‑ Â \-s½ ‑ - ¡‑m‑w‑, \‑m-t‑f-b‑v-¡‑v s‑s‑I-a‑m-d‑m‑w-.

IqSv 2013 Pqsse 13

 IhÀ kvtämdn B-t‑K‑m-f-X‑m-]-\-w

t^mt«mkv/X¼pcm³

I‑m-e‑m-h-Ø‑m a‑m-ä‑w:
t‑e‑m-I c‑m-P‑y-§Ä
F-´‑p s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p?
s‑{‑]‑m-^. F‑w.s‑I. {‑]-k‑m-Z‑v

`‑q
X-am‑ b
a
- n‑ b
{‑]X
- I‑mÀ-_¬ h‑nk
- n‑ s - e
- n‑ t- c
‑ I‑me
‑ m‑ [ - n‑ ¡
- m‑ h
- m‑ \
- Ø -
- p‑ w‑ A-\n‑ b
- À-Ö\
m‑ a - m‑ ä

- §
- s - ¯
- {- ´
- Ä-
‑
‑ n‑ -
k‑v H‑m^ - v‑ ]‑mÀ-Sn‑ k
h-¨v‑ I‑qS- n‑ .
2009þÂ P‑n8 c‑mP
- v‑ t‑am‑ ¬-{S‑ n‑ b

- y‑ §
- Ä B-tK
- b - n‑ Â

‑ m‑ f-
\-S¶- X
¶‑p I‑mc
- v‑. A-Xn‑ Â X‑ms
- y‑ §
- Ä X‑oc
1. t‑Iy‑ m‑ t- S‑ m‑ t‑{]
- p‑ a
‑ m‑ t- «‑ m‑ t- ¡
- g ‑ ]-db
- m‑ \- n‑ ¡
- s
‑ m‑ Ä F-«p‑
- p‑ ¶
- ¸
- a‑q-
‑ «- p‑ .

¡‑v I-Sn‑ ª - m‑ W - n‑ S- m‑ \ - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ H-t«‑ s - d ‑ X‑m] - \ - n‑ e

- 2 U‑n{- K ‑ n‑ s‑kÂ-jy‑ k - n‑ Â s‑Im‑ Ã- ¡ - m‑ e - t- ¯ ‑ ¡ - p‑ I‑qS- n‑ Z‑oÀ-Ln‑ ¸ - n‑ -
I‑me - m‑ h - Ø - m‑ D-¨t- I ‑ m‑ S- n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ B-tK ‑ m‑ - I‑qS- p‑ X
- Â I‑qS- m‑ ³ ]‑mS- n‑ Ã - F-¶v‑ ¡‑pI.
f-Xe - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ Å - t‑Im‑ ¬-^d - ³-kp‑ I - - k-½X - n‑ ¨ - p‑ . A-Xv‑ t‑\S- W - s - a
‑ ¦- n‑ Â 2. 2007þÂ B-cw‑ ` - n‑ ¨
- Z‑oÀ-LI - m‑ e -
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- À-P\ - w‑ 50% k-lI - c - W - {‑]h - À-¯n‑ I - Ä A-hk - m‑ -
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- n‑ ¡- p‑ I - .
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- -
I‑me - m‑ h - Ø - m‑ h‑yX - n‑ b - m‑ \ - h - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ `‑q-c‑n-]-£‑w c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑p‑w C‑u s‑¸S- p‑ ¶ - ]‑pX - n‑ b - D-S¼ - S- n‑ b - p‑ s
- S‑ B-Zy‑
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- p‑ I - .
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c‑p¶
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\-S¶ - X - v‑. t‑em‑ I - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ F-Ãm‑ ]-cn‑ - a-s‑¯ I‑m-e-L-«‑w 2013 P-\‑p-h-c‑n {‑]-[‑m-\ {‑]-t‑a-b-§Ä
Ø‑nX - n‑ k - v‑t- \ ‑ l - n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ h-fs - c ‑ B-Im‑ w‑ - H-¶‑m‑w X‑o-b-X‑n a‑p-XÂ 2020
£-tb ‑ m‑ s - S‑ I‑m¯ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - H-¶m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ c-ïm‑ w‑ L-«¯ - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ I-S¡ - p‑ ¶ -
A-Xv‑. U‑n-k‑w-_À 31 h-s‑c-b‑m-W‑v. t‑Iy‑ m‑ t- S‑ m‑ t‑{] ‑ m‑ t- «‑ m‑ t- ¡ ‑ m‑ Ä.
1977þÂ A‑wK - o‑ I - c - n‑ ¡- s - ¸ ‑ «- B-tK ‑ m‑ f
-
I‑m-e‑m-h-Ø‑m k-t‑½-f-\-§-f‑p-s‑S I-kn‑ X- c- m‑ P
- y‑ §- Ä A-Xv‑ 80% I-ïv‑ l-cn‑ X - K - r‑ l
- h - m‑ X - I - h‑nk - À-P\ - w‑ I‑p-
N-c‑n-{‑X‑w I‑pd
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- n‑ ¨
- p‑ . d-bv‑¡ - m‑ ³ D-ïm‑ ¡ - n‑ b - D-S¼ - S- n‑ 2012
1992---þs- e
‑ d‑nt- b
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c‑mP- y‑ §
- Ä I‑me - m‑ h - Ø - m‑ D-S¼ - S- n‑ b - n‑ Â J-¯d - n‑ s- e ‑ t‑Zm‑ l - b - n‑ Â 2012 \-hw‑ _ - À D-S¼
- S- n‑ \‑o«- m‑ ³ B-{K ‑ l - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - h - c - m‑ -
H-¸p‑ h
- ¨ - p‑ . 26 a‑pX - e - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ 18þ‑ma - s - ¯
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1997þÂ X-s¶ ‑ t‑Iy‑ m‑ t- S‑ m‑ t‑{] ‑ m‑ t- «‑ m‑ - e‑mh
- Ø - m‑ t‑Im‑ ¬-^d - ³-kv‑. B-tK ‑ m‑ - I‑me - L - «- w‑ 2013 P-\p‑ h - c - n‑ H-¶m‑ w‑
t‑¡m‑ Ä A‑wK - o‑ I - c - n‑ ¡ - s - ¸‑ «- p‑ . f-Xm‑ ] - \ - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ B-Lm‑ X - w‑ I‑pd - b- v‑- X‑ob - X - n‑ a‑pX - Â 2020 U‑nk - w‑ _ - À 31
2000þÂ s‑lK - n‑ Â h-¨v‑ D-¨t- I ‑ m‑ S- n‑ ¡‑m³ A‑wK - c - m‑ P - y‑ §
- Ä s‑N¿ - m‑ s - a ‑ ¶ - v‑ h-sc ‑ b - m‑ W- v‑.
\-S¶ - p‑ . F-än‑ c - p‑ ¶ - t‑]m‑ s - e ‑ s‑Nb - v‑X
- p‑ t- h‑ m‑ F-¶v‑ t‑Iy‑ m‑ t- S‑ m‑ t‑{] ‑ m‑ t- «‑ m‑ t- ¡ ‑ m‑ f - n‑ s
- â ‑
2005þÂ C-Xv‑ A-´m‑ c - m‑ j- v‑{- S‑ \‑nb - a - - ]-cn‑ t- i ‑ m‑ [ - n‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - p‑ w‑ C-\n‑ a‑pt- ¶ ‑ m‑ «- p‑ - \‑o«- n‑ b - I‑me - m‑ h - [ - n‑ {‑]I - m‑ c - w‑ A-Xv‑
a‑mb
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2005þÂ H-¶m‑ a - s- ¯ ‑ t‑Im‑ ¬-^d - ³- s‑N¿ - m‑ \ - p‑ a - m‑ W- v‑ C‑u t‑Im‑ ¬-^d - ³-kv‑ ¡‑pw‑ _‑m[ - I - a - m‑ h - n‑ Ã - . B D-S¼ - S- n‑

14 IqSv 2013 Pqsse

k‑m[ - p‑ h - m‑ ¡ - n‑ b - h‑yh - k - m‑ b - h - Â-Ir‑ X - ¯‑pI - b - p‑ w‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ w‑ . k‑z´ - w‑ \‑m«- n‑ Â Z‑oÀ-L-I‑m-e k-l-I-c-W {‑]-hÀ-¯-
c‑mP- y‑ § - Ä-¡v‑ (A-Xm‑ b - X - v‑ b‑qt- d ‑ m‑ - A-an‑ X - h - n‑ k- À-Ö\ - w‑ \-S¯ - p‑ ¶ - H-cp‑ \‑w A-©‑p hÀ-j‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑v X‑m-s‑g
]‑y³ b‑qW - n‑ b - ³‑, B-kv‑t- {‑ S‑ e - n‑ b - ,‑ c‑mP
- y‑ ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ H-cp‑ h‑nI - k - z‑ c - c- m‑ P - y‑ ¯- n‑  ]-d-b‑p-¶ e-£‑y-§Ä t‑\-S‑n:
t‑\m‑ À-th ‑ ,‑ k‑zn‑ ä - v‑k - À-eâ‑v X‑pS- § - n‑ b - t‑Im‑ S- n‑ ¡ - W - ¡ - n‑ \ - v‑ t‑Um‑ f - À a‑pS- ¡ - n‑ 1. l-cn‑ X - K- r‑ l- h‑mX- I- B-Lm‑ X - w‑
c‑mP- y‑ § - Ä-¡v‑) a‑m{- X ‑ t- a ‑ _‑m[ - I - a - m‑ h - q‑ . s‑Im‑ Ã - w‑ t- X ‑ m‑ d - p‑ w‑ h‑mX - I - h - n‑ k - À-Ö\ - w‑ X-Sb -
- p‑ I
t‑{]
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- m‑ ³ ]‑pX- n‑ b
-
P-¸m‑ ³‑, I‑ym‑ \ - U - ,‑ \‑yq‑ k - n‑ e - m‑ â‑v F-¶o‑ b‑m kÂ-t¸ ‑ c - v‑ (credit) I‑n«- p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ {‑]h- À-¯\ - ¹‑m³
c‑mP- y‑ § - Ä Z‑oÀ-Ln‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ «- I‑me - m‑ h - [ - n‑ - s‑N¿ - p‑ w‑ . t‑em‑ I - w‑ a‑pg - p‑ h- \ - p‑ a - p‑ Å - h‑m- 3. h-\\ - i- o‑ I- -c-W‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑p‑w h-\‑w
b‑n ]-¦m‑ f - n‑ I - f - m‑ b - n‑ à - . A-Xn‑ \ - v‑ A-hÀ X-Ih - n‑ k - À-Ö\ - s - ¯‑ \‑nb - {- ´‑ n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ t‑I-S‑p-h-c‑p-¯‑p-¶-X‑p s‑I‑m-ï‑p‑w h‑m-
]-db - p‑ ¶ - I‑mc - W - w‑ C‑u D-S¼ - S- n‑ b - n‑ Â I-gn‑ b
- p‑ ¶ - H-cp‑ D-S¼ - S- n‑ B-kq‑ {- X ‑ W - w‑ X-I-h‑n-kÀ-P-\‑w I‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑m³ \-b‑w
G-äh - p‑ w‑ {‑][ - m‑ \ - s - ¸ ‑ «- h‑nk - À-Ö\ - - s‑N¿ - m‑ ³ C‑uh - I - I‑mc - y‑ §
- Ä D-XI - p‑ w‑ c‑q-]‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-I.
c‑mP- y‑ § - Ä H-¸p‑ h - ¨ - n‑ «- n‑ Ã - F-¶m‑ W - v‑. F-¶v‑ I-cp‑ X - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . 4. l-c‑n-t‑X‑mÀ-P k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I h‑n-Z‑y h‑n-
A-ta ‑ c- n‑ ¡ - H-¸n‑ s - «‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ A-hn‑ S- p‑ s - ¯ ‑ I-k-\-h‑p‑w c‑m-j‑v-{‑S‑m-´-c‑o-b s‑s‑I-a‑m-ä-
s‑k\ - ä - v‑ A‑wK - o‑ I - c - n‑ ¨ - n‑ Ã - . h‑nI - k - z‑ c - c‑m- Z‑oÀ-LI- m‑ e
- k-lI - c- W
- {‑]h- À-¯- h‑p‑w h‑n-I-k‑n-¸‑n-¡Â
P‑y§ - f - m‑ b - s‑sN ‑ \ - b - p‑ w‑ C-´y‑ b - p‑ w‑ h‑n- \-¯n‑ \
- m‑ b
- p‑ Å
- C-S¡
- m‑ e
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- v‑ 5. t‑aÂ-¸-d-ª \-S-]-S‑n-IÄ-¡‑v B-h-
kÀ-Ö\ - ¯ - n‑  a‑p¼ - n‑ e - m‑ s - W ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ (Longterm Co‑operative Action Adhoc i‑y-a‑m-b ]-W‑w h‑n-I-k‑z-c c‑m-P‑y-§Ä-
h‑nk - À-Ö\ - w‑ I‑pd - b - v‑¡ - m‑ ³ _‑m² - y‑ - Group)\‑nc
- p‑ Õ
- m‑ l
- s
- ¸
‑ S- p‑ ¯
- p‑ ¶
- p‑ . ¡‑m-b‑n k‑z-c‑q-]‑n-¡‑p-I.
Ø-cà - . C-Xv‑ t‑Zm‑ l - t‑Im‑ ¬-^d - ³-kn‑ s - â‑ 6. NÀ-¨-b‑p-s‑S A-h-k‑m-\-¯‑n ]-c‑n-
I‑me - w‑ Z‑oÀ-Ln‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ «- ]‑pX - p‑ ¡ - n‑ b - h‑nP
- b - I- c - a - m‑ b
- H-cp‑ D-ev‑] - ¶ - a- m‑ W - v‑. ]‑m-S‑n \-S-¸‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑v B-c‑p-s‑S N‑p-
D-S¼ - S- n‑ t- b ‑ m‑ S- v‑ d-jy‑ ³ s‑^U - t- d ‑ j - \ - v‑ b‑p.F³. I‑me - m‑ h
- Ø
- D-S¼ - S- n‑ b
- p‑ - a-X-e-b‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w F-¶ k-t‑µ-l‑w
F-Xn‑ À-¸m‑ W - v‑. B-Zy‑ t‑{] ‑ m‑ t- «‑ m‑ t- ¡ ‑ m‑ Ä s‑S ZÀ-_m‑ \ - n‑ Â \-S¶ - NÀ-¨b - n‑ Â _‑m-¡‑n-b‑m-b‑n.
I‑me - m‑ h - [ - n‑ b - n‑ Â N‑ne - c‑mP - y‑ § - Ä D-cp‑ ¯
- n‑ c - n‑ ª
- A-`n‑ {- ]
‑ m‑ b- w‑ ,‑ 2012þÂ
A-hÀ-¡v‑ AÀ-lX - s - ¸ ‑ «- {‑]t- X ‑ y‑ I - h‑n- C-\n‑ b - t- §‑ m‑ «- p‑ Å - NÀ-¨I - Ä F-Ãm‑ w‑ I‑m-e‑m-h-Ø‑m ^-ï‑v
l‑nX - w‑ (hot air-)‑ D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K - n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - n‑ à - . 2009þ2012 I‑m-e-b-f-h‑n h‑n-I-k‑n-X-
C‑u h‑nl - n‑ X - w‑ ,‑ Z‑oÀ-Ln‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ «- c‑m-P‑y-§Ä C-X‑n-t‑e-¡‑v 30 _‑n-e‑y¬
I‑me - m‑ h - [ - n‑ b - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K - y‑ a - m‑ ¡ - n‑ - t‑U‑m-fÀ \Â-I‑n. ]-t‑£‑, _‑m-¡‑n
b-Xn‑ s - \ ‑ ]-e c‑mP - y‑ § - f - p‑ w‑ F-Xn‑ À-¯p‑ . X‑p-I k‑w-`-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑\-¸-ä‑n t‑Z‑m-
d-jy‑ ³ s‑^U - t- d ‑ j - \ - m‑ I - s - «‑ D-]t- b ‑ m‑ - l-b‑n B-c‑p‑w H-¶‑p‑w ]-d-ª‑n-Ã.
A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-X-s‑¶ 2013þ2015 I‑m-
2007þÂ _‑m-e‑n B-£³ ¹‑m³ e-t‑¯-¡‑v hÀ-²‑n-¨ k‑w-`‑m-h-\-¯‑p-I
I‑m-e‑m-h-Ø‑m-a‑m-ä‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑v \‑n-Ý-b‑n-¡‑m-t‑\‑m‑, B-s‑I t‑h-ï‑n-h-
c‑p-¶ 100 _‑n-e‑y¬ t‑U‑m-fÀ D-ï‑m-
h‑n-I-k‑z-c c‑m-P‑y-§Ä-¡‑p-ï‑m-b ¡‑p-¶-X‑v B-k‑q-{‑X-W‑w s‑N-¿‑m-t‑\‑m‑,
\‑m-i-\-j‑v-S-§Ä ]T‑n-¡-W-s‑a-¶‑v C-§-s‑\ D-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶ {‑K‑o³ s‑s‑¢-a-ä‑v
\‑nÀ-t‑±-i‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ^-ï‑v F-¶‑p-a‑p-XÂ D-]-t‑b‑m-K-{‑]-Z-
a‑m-I‑p-s‑a-t‑¶‑m X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\-a‑m-b‑n-Ã.
K‑n¡- m‑ s - a ‑ ¶ - v‑ h‑mi - n‑ ] - n‑ S- n‑ ¨ - p‑ . I-½y‑ q‑ -
W‑nk - w‑ X-IÀ-¶t- ¸ ‑ m‑ Ä k‑m¼ - ¯ - n‑ I - I‑m-e‑m-h-Ø‑m-a‑m-ä‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑p-ï‑m-
a‑mµ - y‑ w‑ t‑\c - n‑ «- I‑ng - ¡ - ³ b‑qt- d ‑ m‑ ] - y‑ ³ h‑p-¶ t‑I-S‑p-]‑m-S‑p-I-f‑p‑w \-j‑v-S-h‑p‑w
c‑mP - y‑ § - Ä-¡m‑ W - v‑ t‑lm‑ «- v‑ F-bÀ h‑nl - n‑ - 2007þÂ _‑m-e‑n B-£³ ¹‑m³ I‑m-
X‑w A-\p‑ h - Z- n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. H-cp‑ c‑mP - y‑ ¯ - n‑ - e‑m-h-Ø‑m-a‑m-ä‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑v h‑n-I-k‑z-c
\‑pÅ - C‑u {‑]t- X ‑ y‑ I - B-\p‑ I - q‑ e - y‑ w‑ 2% c‑m-P‑y-§Ä-¡‑p-ï‑m-b \‑m-i-\-j‑v-S-
h-sc ‑ a-sä ‑ m‑ c - p‑ c‑mP - y‑ ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ h‑ne - b - v‑¡ - v‑ §Ä ]T‑n-¡-W-s‑a-¶‑v \‑nÀ-t‑±-i‑n-¨‑n-
h‑m§ - m‑ w‑ . F-¦n‑ e - p‑ w‑ B-kv‑t- {‑ S‑ e - n‑ b - ,‑ b‑q- c‑p-¶‑p. k-a‑p-{‑Z-P-e h‑n-X‑m-\ D-bÀ-
t‑dm‑ ] - y‑ ³ b‑qW - n‑ b - ³‑, P-¸m‑ ³‑, s‑am‑ W - m‑ - ¨‑, k-a‑p-{‑Z P-e A-¾-hÂ-¡-c-W‑w
t‑¡m‑ ,‑ t‑\m‑ À-sh ‑ ,‑ k‑zn‑ ä - v‑k- À-em‑ â‑v,‑ e‑nI - v‑- F-¶‑n-h a‑q-e-h‑p‑w Z‑n-\‑m-h-Ø-b‑v-¡‑v
S³-Ìo‑ ³ F-¶o‑ c‑mP - y‑ § - Ä C-§s - \ ‑ h-c‑p-¶ X‑o-{‑h-a‑m-b a‑m-ä-§Ä-a‑q-e-
h‑m§ - n‑ s - Ã ‑ ¶ - v‑ {‑]X - n‑ Ú - s
- b‑ S- p‑ ¯ - p‑ . h‑p‑w D-ï‑m-h‑p-¶ A-h-Ø‑m-h‑n-t‑i-j-
t‑{]
‑ m‑ t- «‑ m‑ t- ¡ ‑ m‑ Ä c-ïm‑ w‑ L-«¯ - n‑ t- e ‑ - §Ä H-s‑¡ A-d‑n-b-W‑w. C-s‑X‑m-¶‑p‑w
¡‑v \‑o«- s - ¸ ‑ s - «‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ B-tK ‑ m‑ f - h - m‑ X - I - A-hk - m‑ \ - n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - W - w‑ F-¶m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶- - t‑Z‑m-l-b‑n NÀ-¨-b‑v-¡‑v h-¶‑n-Ã.
h‑nk - À-P\ - {‑]{- I ‑ n‑ b - b - n‑ Â \‑nÊ - m‑ c - t‑Ãm‑ . ]-t£ ‑ ,‑ C‑u NÀ-¨I - f - p‑ s- S‑ h‑nj - - C-X‑m-W‑v t‑Z‑m-l t‑I‑m¬-s‑^-d³-k‑v
^-et- a ‑ D-ïm‑ ¡ - n‑ b - p‑ Å - q‑ . I‑mc - W - w‑ Z‑oÀ- b-§f - n‑ Â ]-e _‑p² - n‑ a- p‑ «- p‑ I- f - p‑ w‑ t‑\- h‑n-t‑i-j‑w. s‑I‑m-Ã‑w-t‑X‑m-d‑p‑w B-t‑K‑m-f
L‑n¸ - n‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ «- D-S¼ - S- n‑ ¡ - m‑ e - w‑ _‑m[ - I - - c‑nt- S‑ ï- n‑ h - ¶ - p‑ . h‑nI - k - z‑ c - c‑mP - y‑ § - Ä NÀ-¨-IÄ I‑r-X‑y-a‑m-b‑n \-S-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v.
a‑mb - c‑mP - y‑ § - Ä F-Ãm‑ w‑ t‑NÀ-¶m‑ e - p‑ w‑ I‑me - m‑ h - Ø - m‑ h‑yX - n‑ b - m‑ \ - w‑ s‑Im‑ ï - v‑ B-t‑K‑m-f I‑m-e‑m-h-Ø‑m a‑m-ä-§Ä
B-tK ‑ m‑ f - h‑nk - À-Ö\ - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ 15% A-\p‑ ` - h - n‑ t- ¡ ‑ ï - n‑ h-¶ \‑mi - \ - j - v‑S- - X‑o-{‑h-a‑m-b‑n X‑p-S-c‑p-¶‑p. I‑q-S‑p-XÂ
a‑m{- X ‑ t- a ‑ h-cq‑ . ]-t£ ‑ ,‑ A-Xv‑ \‑nÊ - m‑ c - a - m‑ - §Ä-¡v‑ ]-cn‑ l - m‑ c - ¯ - p‑ I - \Â-IW - t- a ‑ m‑ F-®‑w s‑I‑m-S‑p-¦‑m-ä‑p-IÄ‑, i-à‑n-
¡‑n¡ - f - t- b ‑ ï - XnÃ. Z‑oÀ-Ln‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ «- t‑hï - t- b ‑ m‑ F-¶ k-tµ ‑ l - w‑ . C-Xv‑ I‑q-S‑n-b N‑p-g-e‑n-IÄ‑, ]-X‑n-h‑n-Ã‑m-¯
I‑me - m‑ h - [ - n‑ ¡ - v‑ H-cp‑ k-hn‑ t- i ‑ j - X - b - p‑ ï - v‑. \Â-Im‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ h‑nI - k - n‑ X - c‑mP - y‑ § - Ä- h-cÄ-¨-IÄ‑, t‑]-a‑m-c‑n-IÄ... A-§-s‑\
A-Xn‑ e - p‑ Ä-s¸ ‑ «- c‑mP - y‑ § - Ä-¡v‑ A-Xv‑ ¡‑v ]-¦v‑ \‑nÀ-Wb - n‑ ¡ - W - t- a ‑ m‑ ? 2009þ Z‑p-c-´-§Ä‑! kÀ-¡‑m-c‑p-IÄ I-½‑n-
\‑nb - a - ] - c - a - m‑ b - _‑m² - y‑ X - \Â-Ip‑ ¶ - p‑ - t‑Im‑ ¸ - ³-tl ‑ K - \ - n‑ Â \-S¶ - NÀ-¨b - n‑ Â ä‑n-IÄ D-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p. X-¿‑m-s‑d-S‑p-¸‑v
ï‑v. h‑nk - À-Ö\ - ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ A-\p‑ h - Z- n‑ - C-§s - \ ‑ \‑nÀ-tZ‑ i - w‑ D-ïm‑ b - n‑ . hÀ- \-S-¡‑p-¶‑p. I‑p-t‑d-t‑¸À C-X‑v D-]-P‑o-
¡-s¸ ‑ «- h‑nl - n‑ X - w‑ a-äv‑ c‑mP - y‑ § - Ä-¡v‑ j‑wt- X ‑ m‑ d - p‑ w‑ 100 _‑ne - y‑ ¬ t‑Um‑ f - À h-\‑w \-S-¯‑m³ a‑mÀ-¤-a‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p.
h‑nÂ-¡p‑ ¶ - F-S] - m‑ S- v‑ (Clean Devel‑ \‑o¡ - ‑n-h-b‑v-¡-W‑w F-¶-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p \-½Ä C-t‑X-¸-ä‑n-s‑b‑m-s‑¡ C-S-b‑v-¡‑p
opment Mechanism)‑ D-d¸ - n‑ ¨ - v‑ \‑nÀ- X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑w. N‑n-´‑n-¡-W‑w.

IqSv 2013 Pqsse 15

 IhÀ kvtämdn B-t‑K‑m-f-X‑m-]-\-w

Aâ‑mÀ-«‑n-¡-b‑n-s‑e A-S‑v-I‑m
DÄ-¡-S-e‑n-s‑e(Atka Bay) PÀ-½³
K-t‑h-j-W-Ø‑m-]-\-a‑m-b \‑q-t‑a-bÀIII
(Neumayer III Station) Â 2011
U‑n-k‑w-_À a‑p-XÂ 2013 s‑^-{‑_‑p-h-c‑n
h-s‑c ]-c‑y-t‑h-j-W‑w \-S-¯‑n-b
K-t‑h-j-I-k‑w-L‑m‑w-K-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶
h-\‑y-P‑o-h‑n t‑^‑m-t‑«‑m-{‑K‑m-^-d‑p‑w
i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-Ú-\‑p-a‑m-b
s‑Ì-^‑m³ {‑I‑n-Ì‑v-a‑m³
X-s‑â s‑I‑m-S‑p‑w X-W‑p-¸‑mÀ-¶
A-\‑p-`-h-§Ä I‑q-S‑n-\‑p t‑h-ï‑n
]-¦‑p-h-b‑v-¡‑p-¶‑p.

www.nature-in-focus.de

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16 IqSv 2013 Pqsse
IhÀ kvtämdn B-t‑K‑m-f-X‑m-]-\-w

t^mt«m/s‑Ì-^‑m³ {‑I‑n-Ì‑v-a‑m³

s‑Ì-^‑m³ {‑I‑n-Ì‑v-a‑m³ / h‑n-hÀ-¯-\‑w: h‑m-W‑n t‑a-t‑¨-c‑nÂ

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- b ‑ m‑ c - p‑ Ø-ea - m‑ W- v‑ F-s¶ ‑ k‑w- h-¨v‑ I-«n‑ b - p‑ Å- P‑m¡ - ä - p‑ w‑ [-cn‑ ¨ - v‑ I‑me - p‑ - B-Im‑ i - w‑ . N-{I ‑ h - m‑ f - ¯ - n‑ Â I‑mW - m‑ -
_-Ôn‑ ¨ - n‑ S- t- ¯ ‑ m‑ f - w‑ Aâ‑mÀ-«n‑ ¡ - . IÄ _‑q«- v‑k - n‑ t- e ‑ b - v‑¡
- v‑ I-bä - n‑ h-bv‑¡ - p‑ - b‑nh-cp‑ ¶ - B t‑\À-¯ X‑nf - ¡ - a - m‑ À-¶
C‑u `‑qJ - Þ - t- ¯ ‑ m‑ S- p‑ Å - F-sâ ‑ t‑¼m‑ g - p‑ w‑ R‑m³ ]‑mX - n‑ b - p‑ d - ¡ - ¯ - n‑ e - m‑ b - n‑ - s‑hf - n‑ ¨- ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ t‑cJ - b - n‑ Â {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ Z- -
A-Xn‑ b - m‑ b - I‑uX - p‑ I - w‑ s‑hf - n‑ s
- ¸ ‑ S- p‑ - c‑p¶
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¯‑m³ F-sâ ‑ b - o‑ F-gp‑ ¯ - p‑ w‑ N‑n{- X ‑ - ]-Xn‑ s - b ‑ D-Wc - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ R‑m\ - d - n‑ ª- p‑ . t‑aL- § - Ä h‑nZ- q‑ c - X - b - n‑ Â D-cp‑ f - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
§-fp‑ w‑ k-lm‑ b - I - a - m‑ I- p‑ s - a ‑ ¶- v‑ R‑m³ I-XI - p‑ X‑pd - ¶- X - p‑ w‑ H-cp‑ X-Wp‑ ¯ - F-\n‑ ¡ - p‑ N‑pä - p‑ w‑ F-sâ ‑ ]-cn‑ k - c - w‑
h‑ni
- z‑ k- n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . A-Xv‑ A-[n‑ I - s - a ‑ m‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ I‑mä - v‑ a‑pJ - t- ¯ ‑ ¡ - v‑ X-Ån‑ b - S- n‑ ¨ - p‑ . B I‑qS- p‑ X- Â h‑yà - a - m‑ h - p‑ ¶- p‑ ; A-sX ‑ ,‑
k‑v]- À-in‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ «- n‑ «- n‑ Ã - m‑ ¯ - h-\y‑ X - b - m‑ - \‑na- n‑ j
- ¯ - n‑ Â-¯s - ¶
‑ a‑q¡ - n‑ s - e ‑ C‑uÀ- t‑em‑ I - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ G-äh - p‑ w‑ A-ä¯ - m‑ W - v‑
W‑v. A-Xv‑ A-§s - \ ‑ X-s¶ ‑ ]-äm‑ h - p‑ ¶- n‑ - ¸‑w D-d¨ - p‑ . Z‑zm‑ c - § - f - p‑ Å- H-cp‑ IÀ-«\ - p‑ R‑m\ - n‑ t- ¸ ‑ m‑ Ä þ Aâ‑mÀ-«n‑ ¡ - b - n‑ Â.

IqSv 2013 Pqsse 17

 IhÀ kvtämdn B-t‑K‑m-f-X‑m-]-\-w

koÂ‑ Weddell Seal (Leptonychotes weddellii)

]‑nÌ - ³ _‑pÅ - n‑ ¡ - S- p‑ t- ¯ ‑ ¡ - v‑ k-k‑v-XÀ-K‑n F-¶-X‑v I‑m-ä‑p-a‑q-e- X-Wp‑ ¯ - I‑mä - n‑ Â D-WÀ-t¶ ‑ m‑ f - p‑ w‑ !‑ 3.45

(a-ªp‑ \ - o‑ ¡ - n‑ s - ¡ ‑ m‑ ï - v‑ a-ªn‑ e - q‑ - B-bt- ¸ ‑ m‑ t- g ‑ ¡- p‑ w‑ R‑m³ l‑na - h - k - v‑-
s‑S k-©c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ h - m‑ \ - p‑ ] - t- b ‑ m‑ K - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ -
h‑p‑w a-ä‑p‑w a-ª‑n c‑q-]-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ {‑X§ - Ä [-cn‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ X‑pS- § - n‑ . B-Zy‑ w‑
PÀ-½³ \‑nÀ-½n‑ X - h‑ml - \ - w‑ )‑ R‑m³ \‑n-Ý‑n-X B-I‑r-X‑n-b‑n-Ã‑m-¯ h‑n-S- I-«n‑ I‑pd - ª- v‑ \‑of - w‑ I‑qS- n‑ b - H-cS- p‑ ¡ - v‑
\-S¡ - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä F-sâ ‑ I‑me - p‑ I - Ä-¡S- n‑ - h‑p-I-f‑m-W‑v. C-X‑v b‑m-{‑X _‑p-²‑n-a‑p- A-Sn‑ h - k - v‑{- X ‑ § - Ä‑, ]‑ns - ¶ ‑ I-«n‑ b - p‑ Å -
b‑nÂ-t¸ ‑ m‑ e - p‑ w‑ D-dª - a-ªp‑ I - «- I - Ä «‑p-Å-X‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w _‑p-Å‑n-IÄ- t‑km‑ I - v‑k - v‑, ]‑ns - ¶ ‑ H-cS- p‑ ¡ - v‑ I-«n‑ b - p‑ Å -
¥‑mk - v‑ s‑]m‑ «- p‑ ¶ - i-_v‑Z- t- ¯ ‑ m‑ s - S‑ s‑]m‑ - ^‑vf - o‑ k - v‑ ]‑pÄ H‑mh - d - p‑ w‑ ^‑vf - o‑ k - v‑ ]‑mâ‑v-
«‑n¨
- n‑ X - d - n‑ a‑p³-]n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ s‑Xd - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ - ¡‑p‑w a-ä‑p‑w t‑I-S‑p-f-h‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w k‑pw‑ . F-sâ ‑ N‑ph - ¸ - v‑ l‑na - h- k - v‑{- X ‑ ¯ - n‑ -
ï‑mb - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . t‑am‑ t- «‑ m‑ d - n‑ s
- â ‑ t‑»m‑ ¡ - v‑ s‑N-¿‑p‑w. t‑e¡ - v‑ R‑m³ I-S¶ - p‑ I‑qS- n‑ b - t- ¸ ‑ m‑ Ä-
l‑oä - À H‑m¬ s‑Nb - v‑X - p‑ . C‑u b-{´ ‑ w‑ ¯-s¶ ‑ F-\n‑ ¡ - v‑ A-\§ - m‑ ³ t‑]m‑ e - p‑ w‑
k‑pc - £ - n‑ X - a - m‑ b - n‑ {‑]h - À-¯n‑ ¡ - W - s - a ‑ - t‑g¡ - p‑ w‑ F-\n‑ ¡ - m‑ b - n‑ ¥‑mk - n‑ Â I‑m¸ - n‑ _‑p² - n‑ a - p‑ «- m‑ b - n‑ . A-{X ‑ ^‑mj - \ - _ - n‑ Ä
¦‑n I‑pd - ª - X
- v‑ 45 a‑n\ - n‑ s - ä ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ ]-Ic - p‑ ¶ - e‑mÀ-kn‑ s - \ ‑ R‑m³ I-ïp‑ . H-¶p‑ a - s - Ã ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ A-Xn‑ \ - v‑ ]‑pd - ¯ - p‑ Å - -
l‑oä - À {‑]h - À-¯n‑ ¡ - W - w‑ . H-¸w‑ e‑mÀ-kv‑ R-§f - p‑ s
- S‑ {‑Sn‑ ¸
- n‑ \- p‑ X‑nt- \ ‑ ¡ - m‑ Ä a‑p¡ - m‑ Â-`m‑ K - w‑ I‑qS- p‑ X - Â
k-ab - w‑ 3.15 B-bn‑ . R‑m³ F-sâ ‑ X-¿m‑ d - m‑ h - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ I‑qS- n‑ b - m‑ W- v‑. k‑qc - y‑ - N‑qS- p‑ X - c - m‑ ³ I-gn‑ b - p‑ w‑ . t‑N© - n‑ § - v‑ d‑q-
K‑nb - À ]‑m¡ - v‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - p‑ . s‑e³-kp‑ I - - \‑pZ- n‑ ¡
- p‑ w‑ a‑p³-]p‑ Å - H-cp‑ DÄ-¡S-  a‑n e‑mÀ-kv‑ F-t¶ ‑ m‑ s - S‑ m‑ ¸ - w‑ t‑NÀ-¶p‑ .
f‑pw‑ _‑mä - d - n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ F-Iv‑k - v‑{- S‑ m‑ s‑a½ - d - n‑ k-hm‑ c - n‑ ¡
- p‑ X-¿m‑ d - m‑ h - m‑ ³ F-\n‑ ¡ - m‑ - R-§Ä c-ïp‑ t- ] ‑ c - p‑ w‑ t‑NÀ-¶v‑ A-h-
I‑mÀ-Up‑ s - a ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ h-¨n‑ «- p‑ s - ï ‑ ¶ - v‑ D-d- h-iy‑ s - ¸ ‑ S- m‑ h - p‑ ¶- h-fs - c ‑ N‑pc - p‑ ¡
- w‑ k‑m\ - h - «- ]-cn‑ t- i ‑ m‑ [ - \ - I - Ä \-S¯ - n‑ ,‑
¸‑ph - c - p‑ ¯ - n‑ . s‑s{‑ S‑ t- ¸ ‑ m‑ U - n‑ s - â ‑ t‑\m‑ _ - p‑ - t‑]c - n‑ s- e ‑ m‑ c - m‑ f - m‑ W
- v‑ e‑mÀ-kv‑. e‑mÀ-kn‑ - t‑dU - n‑ t- b ‑ m‑ b - p‑ w‑ P‑n.]‑n.F-kv‑. b‑qW - n‑ ä - p‑ I- -
I-sf ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ A-b¨ - p‑ h - ¨ - p‑ . A-sà ‑ ¦ - n‑  s‑âb - p‑ w‑ D-d¡ - w‑ i-cn‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ h‑n«- p‑ a - m‑ d
- n‑ b- n‑ - f‑ps- a ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ . ]‑n¶ - o‑ S- v‑ F-Ãm‑ k‑m[ - \ - § - -
A-h X-Wp‑ ¸ - ¯ - v‑ A-gn‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - m‑ h - m‑ ¯ - - «‑nÃ
- . ]‑pd - t- ¯ ‑ ¡ - p‑ Å - B-Zy‑ I‑mÂ-h- f‑pw‑ ]‑pd - t- ¯ ‑ b - v‑s - ¡ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - p‑ . Ì‑mÀ-«m‑ h - p‑ -
h-®w‑ a‑pd - p‑ I - n‑ t- ¸ ‑ m‑ I - p‑ w‑ . 3.30 B-bt- ¸ ‑ m‑ - b‑v¸- n‑ Â-¯s - ¶ ‑ a‑pJ - t- ¯ ‑ ¡ - S- n‑ ¡- p‑ ¶ - ¶-Xn‑ \ - p‑ a‑p³-]v‑ _‑pÅ - n‑ ]-eX - h - W -

18 IqSv 2013 Pqsse

 I-« C-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä-¯s - ¶ ‑ I‑mW - m‑ w‑ . A-Xn‑ - ]‑n¦- v‑ \‑nd - w‑ h-¨p‑ X‑pS- § - n‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
s‑â h‑nN - n‑ {- X ‑ c - q‑ ] - w‑ I‑mc - W - a - m‑ W - v‑ A-Xn‑ - {‑]Z- À-i\ - w‑ X‑pS- § - n‑ ¡ - g - n‑ ª - p‑ !‑ !‑
\‑o t‑]c - p‑ h-¶X - v‑. F-Ãm‑ {‑]` - m‑ X - § - f - n‑ - A-Sp‑ ¯ - \‑me - p‑ a-Wn‑ ¡ - q‑ d - p‑ I - Ä
e‑ps - a ‑ ¶ - t- ] ‑ m‑ s - e ‑ 4.30 t‑\m‑ S- S- p‑ ¯ - v‑ A-Xv‑ H-cp‑ \‑na - n‑ j - w‑ s‑Im‑ ï - v‑ I-S¶ - p‑ t‑]m‑ b - n‑ .
R-§Ä-¡p‑ a‑p³-]n‑  {‑]X - y‑ £ - s - ¸ ‑ «- p‑ . C-{X ‑ b - p‑ w‑ t‑\c - w‑ ]‑pd - ¯ - p‑ s‑Ne - h - g - n‑ -
I‑mä - v‑ A-Xn‑ s - â ‑ i-Ie - § - s - f ‑ R-§f - p‑ - ¨‑p F-¶p‑ ]-db - m‑ \ - p‑ Å - H-tc ‑ H-cp‑
s‑S a‑pJ - t- ¯ ‑ ¡ - v‑ s‑Xd - n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¨ - p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - n‑ - I‑mc - W - w‑ F-sâ ‑ a‑pJ - ¯ - p‑ w‑ h‑nc - e - p‑ I - -
c‑p¶
- p‑ . B s‑Fk - v‑ d‑mw‑ ] - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - v‑ f‑ne
- p‑ w‑ _‑m[ - n‑ ¨ - a-ch - n‑ ¸ - m‑ W - v‑. F-sâ ‑
s‑Fk - v‑ I-Se - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ \‑o§ - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä ]‑mZ- § - f - p‑ w‑ a-ch - n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ X‑pS- § - n‑ b - t- X ‑ m‑ -
(C-d§ - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä‑) H-cp‑ ]-cn‑ N - n‑ X - a - m‑ b - K‑o- s‑S k‑m[ - \ - § - f - p‑ w‑ ]‑mb - v‑¡ - v‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - v‑
X‑w F-sâ ‑ s‑Nh - n‑ I - f - n‑ t- e ‑ s - ¡ ‑ ¯ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . R‑m³ _‑pÅ - n‑ ¡ - c - n‑ I - ‑n-t‑e-¡‑p \-S-¶‑p.
]-¯p‑ a‑n\ - n‑ ä - n‑ \ - p‑ Å - n‑  R-§Ä R-§- B h‑m-l-\-¯‑n-e‑p-Å‑n-s‑e N‑q-S‑n-t‑e-
f‑ps- S‑ e-£y‑ Ø - m‑ \- s - ¯ ‑ ¯ - n‑ t- ¨ ‑ c - p‑ w‑ þ ¡‑p {‑]-t‑h-i‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ F-\‑n-s‑¡‑m-c‑p
A-Sv‑I - m‑ DÄ-¡S- e - n‑ s - e ‑ (Atka Bay) F‑w- h‑n-P-b-`‑m-h-a‑m-W‑v. Aâ‑mÀ-«‑n-¡b‑n-s‑e
]-dÀ s‑]³-Kz‑ n‑ ³ t‑Im‑ f - \ - n‑ (Emperor k‑p-µ-c-a‑m-b H-c‑p k‑q-t‑c‑y‑m-Z-b-¯‑n-\‑p-
Penguin Colony). Aâ‑mÀ-«n‑ ¡ - b - n‑ s - e ‑ I‑q-Sn‑ R‑m³ k‑m£ - y‑ w‑ h-ln‑ ¨ - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ -
G-äh - p‑ w‑ h-en‑ b - s‑]³-Kz‑ n‑ ³ t‑Im‑ f - \ - n‑ - ¶‑p; F-sâ ‑ A-em‑ w‑ t‑¢m‑ ¡ - n‑ s - \ ‑ X - n‑ c - m‑ b -
I-fn‑ s - e ‑ m‑ ¶ - n‑ s - â ‑ A-Sp‑ ¯ - p‑ X‑ma - k - n‑ - b‑p² - w‑ h‑oï - p‑ w‑ P-bn‑ ¨ - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ ,‑
¡‑m³ a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ A-hn‑ i - z‑ k - \ - o‑ b - a - m‑ b - F-t¸ ‑ m‑ g - p‑ w‑ F-s¶ ‑ A-Xn‑ i - b - n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ -
`‑mK - y‑ w‑ k‑n² - n‑ ¨ - h - c - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ R-§Ä. {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ A-hn‑ i - z‑ k - \ - o‑ b - a - m‑ b -
h-gn‑ b - n‑ Â‑, H-äX - n‑ c - n‑ ª - s‑]³-Kz‑ n‑ \ - p‑ - k‑uµ - c - y‑ w‑ h‑oï - p‑ w‑ F-s¶ ‑ A-¼c - ¸ - n‑ -
IÄ a‑o³-]n‑ S- n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ I-Se - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - p‑ ¨‑nc - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . A-t§ ‑ b - ä - w‑ k‑u` - m‑ K - y‑ a - p‑ -
\‑o§ - p‑ ¶ - X - p‑ I-ïp‑ . a-äp‑ Å - h - s - b ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ Å-h\ - m‑ b - n‑ t‑Xm‑ ¶ - n‑ b - X - n‑ \ - v‑ B-tc ‑ m‑ s - S‑ -
A-Sp‑ § - n‑ t- ¨ ‑ À-¶v‑ H-cp‑ I‑qS- m‑ c - w‑ t‑]m‑ - ¶‑nà - m‑ s - X ‑ F-\n‑ ¡ - v‑ \-µn‑ t‑Xm‑ ¶ - n‑ .
s‑e \‑nÂ-¡p‑ I - b - m‑ W - v‑ þ I‑mä - n‑ s - \ ‑ b - p‑ w‑ Aâ‑mÀ-«n‑ ¡ - F-sâ ‑ t‑^m‑ t- «‑ m‑ {- K ‑ m‑ -
X-Wp‑ ¸ - n‑ s - \ ‑ b - p‑ w‑ {‑]X - n‑ t- c ‑ m‑ [ - n‑ ¡ - m‑ - ^‑nI - v‑ k‑z] - v‑\ - § - f - n‑ s- e ‑ m‑ ¶ - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
\‑pÅ - B-bp‑ [ - a - m‑ W - n‑ X - v‑. R‑m³ k‑mU - v‑ a-äv‑ F-«p‑ t- ] ‑ t- c ‑ m‑ s - S‑ m‑ ¸ - w‑ X‑pS- À-¨b - m‑ b -
t‑¥k - n‑ b - d - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ X‑nc - n‑ ª - p‑ t- \ ‑ m‑ ¡ - n‑ . ]-Xn‑ \ - m‑ e - v‑ a‑mk - § - Ä R‑m\ - h - n‑ s - S‑
R-§f - p‑ s - S‑ B ]-gb - k‑pl - r‑ ¯ - v‑ Z‑m,‑ I-gn‑ ª - p‑ . A-Xn‑ Â X‑nI - ¨ - p‑ w‑ H-ä-

F¼dÀ s‑]³-Kz‑ n‑ ³‑(Emperor Penguins) t^mt«mkv/s‑Ì-^‑m³ {‑I‑n-Ì‑v-a‑m³

I-cb - p‑ ¶ - i-_v‑Z- w‑ ]‑pd - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ h - n‑ ¨ - p‑ .

_‑pÅ - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ t‑hK - X - a-Wn‑ ¡ - q‑ dnÂ
12 I‑ntema‑oädm-Wv‑. A-Xp‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - v‑
\‑mÂ-¸¯ - © - p‑ a‑n\ - n‑ s- ä ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - H-cp‑
b‑m{- X ‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ \-½p‑ t- S‑ X - v‑. \‑ne - s - a ‑ m‑ s- ¡ ‑ -
b‑pd - ª - v‑ I-«n‑ b - m‑ b - n‑ ]‑md - t- ] ‑ m‑ s - e ‑ I‑nS- -
¡‑p¶ - p‑ . H‑mt- c ‑ m‑ k-kv‑X - À-Kn‑ b - p‑ w‑ (Sas‑
turgi) H-cp‑ _‑oä - ¬ {‑Sm‑ ¡ - n‑ s - e ‑ (Beaten
Track) Ip-­ïpw Ip-gn-bpw(Pot-hole)
t‑]m‑ s - e ‑ t‑Xm‑ ¶ - n‑ ¨ - p‑ . k-kv‑X - À-Kn‑ F-¶-
X‑v I‑mä - p‑ a - q‑ e - h - p‑ w‑ a-äp‑ w‑ a-ªn‑ Â c‑q] - -
s‑¸S- p‑ ¶ - \‑nÝ - n‑ X - B-Ir‑ X - n‑ b - n‑ Ã - m‑ ¯ -
h‑nS- h - p‑ I - f - m‑ W - v‑. C-Xv‑ b‑m{- X ‑ _‑p² - n‑ a - p‑ «- p‑ -
Å-Xm‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ _‑pÅ - n‑ I - Ä-¡p‑ w‑ a-äp‑ w‑
t‑IS- p‑ f - h - m‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ w‑ . R-§Ä
a-ªp‑ ] - m‑ f - n‑ I - s - f‑ (Shelf Ice)‑ k-ao‑ ] - n‑ -
¡‑pt- ´ ‑ m‑ d - p‑ w‑ N-{I ‑ h - m‑ f - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ B
s‑hÅ - n‑ t- c ‑ J - I‑qS- p‑ X - Â X‑nf - ¡ - a - m‑ À-Ön‑ -
¨‑ps - I ‑ m‑ ï - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . A-§p‑ Z‑qs - c ‑ b - m‑ b - n‑
k‑mU - v‑ t‑¥k - n‑ b - À (Sad Glacier) F-¶p‑
h‑nf- n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - a-ªp‑ a - q‑ S- n‑ b - H-cp‑ s‑Fk - v‑

IqSv 2013 Pqsse 19

 IhÀ kvtämdn B-t‑K‑m-f-X‑m-]-\-w
s‑¸«- p‑ X‑ma - k - n‑ ¨ - H³-]X - v‑ a‑mk - - {‑X§ - s - f ‑ S- p‑ ¯- C‑u I‑ma - d - s - b‑ R‑m³ R-§Ä G-It- Z‑ i - w‑ Ggv a‑pX -  H³]
§-fn‑ Â R-§s - f ‑ ]‑pd - w‑ t- e ‑ m‑ I - - {‑It- a ‑ W - C-jv‑S- s - ¸ ‑ «- p‑ X‑pS- § - n‑ . i‑oX - - Xv I‑nt- e ‑ m‑ h-sc ‑ `‑mc - a - p‑ Å - h-kv‑{- X ‑ -
h‑pa - m‑ b - n‑ _-Ôn‑ ¸ - n‑ ¨ - X - v‑ k‑mä - s - s ‑ e ‑ ä - v‑ I‑me - ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ t‑ij - a - p‑ Å - B-Zy‑ s - ¯ ‑ §Ä I‑qS- p‑ X - e - m‑ b - n‑ [-cn‑ ¨ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
h‑n\ - n‑ a - b - w‑ a‑m{- X ‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . \‑me - v‑ h‑na- m‑ \ - ¯ - n‑ Â h-¶ D800þ-Dw‑ C-tX ‑ - ]‑qÀ-® B-tc ‑ m‑ K - y‑ a - p‑ Å - H-cm‑ Ä-¡p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ -
i‑mk - v‑{- X ‑ Ú - À‑, H-cp‑ i-kv‑{- X ‑ {- I ‑ n‑ - t‑]m‑ s - e ‑ X-s¶ ‑ b - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶- p‑ . F-sâ ‑ e‑pw‑ a‑p¶ - q‑ d - S- n‑ H‑mS- n‑ b - X - n‑ \ - p‑ t‑ij - w‑
b‑m h‑nZ- K - v‑² - \ - m‑ b - t‑Um‑ I - v‑S- À‑, H-cp‑ K‑nä
- v‑t- k ‑ m‑ s‑s{‑ S‑ t- ¸ ‑ m‑ U - n‑ s - â ‑ (Gitzo i‑zm‑ k - s ‑ aSp¡m³ \‑nÂ-t¡ ‑ ï - n‑ h-cp‑ w‑ .
I-½y‑ q‑ W - n‑ t- ¡ ‑ j - ³-kv‑ F-©n‑ \ - o‑ b - À‑, Tripod) t‑em‑ ¡ - p‑ I - Ä h-fs - c ‑ s- ¸‑ s - «‑ ¶ - v‑ C\n s‑Fk - v‑_ - À-Kn‑ s - â ‑ I‑qÀ-¯` - m‑ K - -
H-cp‑ s‑j^ - v‑, H-cp‑ s‑a¡ - m‑ \ - n‑ ¡ - v‑, H-cp‑ D-dª - p‑ s- ]‑ m‑ b - v‑s- ¡ ‑ m‑ ï - n‑ c - p‑ ¶- p‑ . s‑si ‑ - ¯‑mb - n‑ k‑qc - y‑ \ - p‑ Z- n‑ ¨ - p‑ h-cp‑ ¶ - X - m‑ W - v‑
C-eI - v‑{- S‑ o‑ j - y‑ ³ F-¶n‑ h - c - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ X‑yI - m‑ e - ¯ - v‑ a‑n¡ - h - m‑ d - p‑ w‑ k-ab - § - f - n‑ Â \½p¡v I‑mt- W ‑ ï - X - v‑. C-tX ‑ m‑ S- p‑ t‑NÀ-
R-§f - p‑ s - S‑ k‑wL - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ ï - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - - A-Xn‑ s - â ‑ s‑]m‑ k - n‑ j - ³‑, t‑em‑ /s‑sl ‑ ¯‑p h‑mb - n‑ t- ¡ ‑ ï - H-cp‑ I‑mc - y‑ w‑ ,‑ h‑yq‑
X‑v. I‑q«- m‑ b - {‑]h - À-¯\ - ¯ - n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ ,‑ B (Low/High)‑ ,‑ F-\n‑ ¡ - v‑ B-Zy‑ w‑ X-s¶ ‑ s‑s^ ‑ ³-Ud - n‑ \ - p‑ t‑\À-¡p‑ t‑]m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - H‑m-
Aâ‑mÀ-«n‑ ¡ - ³ ]-cy‑ S- \ - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ S- \ - o‑ f - w‑ X‑oc - p‑ a - m‑ \ - n‑ t- ¡ ‑ ï - n‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶- p‑ . I‑mc - W - w‑ ,‑ t‑cm‑ i‑zm‑ k - h - p‑ w‑ H-sc ‑ m‑ ä - \‑na - n‑ j - w‑ s‑Im‑ -
R-§Ä R-§f - p‑ s - S‑ i‑mk - v‑t- {‑ X ‑ m‑ ] - - ]p-d¯ - n-d§ - n-bm A-Xn‑ s - â ‑ t‑\m‑ _ - p‑ - ï‑pX - s - ¶ ‑ D-dª - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ I - p‑ w‑ . ¥‑uk - v‑
I-cW - § - Ä t‑IS- p‑ I - q‑ S- m‑ s - X ‑ {‑]h - À- I-fn‑ Â AÂ-¸m‑ Â-¸a - m‑ b - n‑ t‑]m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - D‑uc - n‑ s‑sI ‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - v‑ A-\m‑ b - m‑ k - w‑
¯‑n¸ - n‑ ¨ - p‑ . k‑m[ - m‑ c - W - Aâ‑mÀ-«n‑ ¡ - h‑r¯ - n‑ b - m‑ ¡ - m‑ h - p‑ ¶ - t- X ‑ b - p‑ Å - q‑ C-Xv‑ þ
k-µÀ-in‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - h - À s‑Xc - s - ª ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - p‑ I - h-e‑n-¸-¯‑n A-©‑m‑w Ø‑m-\- h‑nc - e - n‑ \ - ä - s - ¯ ‑ s‑Xm‑ e - n‑ I‑mW - n‑ s - à ‑ ¶ - p‑
h-S¡ - ³ D-jv‑W - I - m‑ e - a - m‑ W - v‑. k‑qc - y‑ \ - k - v‑- a‑m-W‑v Aâ‑mÀ-«‑n-¡-b‑v-¡‑p-Å-X‑v. a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ . A-sà ‑ ¦ - n‑  ¥‑uk - v‑ [-cn‑ ¨ - p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ -
X-an‑ ¡ - m‑ ¯ - ,‑ X‑m] - \ - n‑ e - A-]q‑ À-Æa - m‑ b - n‑
G-ä-h‑p‑w h‑n-Z‑q-c-a‑m-b C‑u `‑q-J- ï‑p X-s¶ ‑ (ISO) s‑kä - n‑ § - v‑k - v‑ H‑m¬
a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ ]‑qP - y‑ ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ X‑ms - g ‑ b - m‑ h - p‑ ¶ - s‑N¿ - W - w‑ . A-§n‑ s - \ ‑ t‑hW - s - a ‑ ¦ - n‑ Â
I‑me - w‑ . R-§Ä X‑ma - k - n‑ ¨ - 700 40‑'h-S- Þ‑w h-c-ï-X‑p‑w X-W‑p-¯-X‑p‑w F-\n‑ ¡ - v‑ X‑pS- À-¶p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ t- ï ‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - m‑ w‑ .
¡‑v A-£m‑ w‑ i - ¯ - n‑ Â X‑pS- À-¨b - m‑ b - I‑m-ä‑p \‑n-d-ª-X‑p-a‑m-W‑v. X-·‑q-e‑w H‑mt- c ‑ m‑ a‑n\ - n‑ ä - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ i-co‑ c - w‑ D-db - p‑ ¶ - X - p‑ w‑
G-gv‑ B-gv‑N - I - t- f ‑ m‑ f - w‑ k‑qc - y‑ \ - p‑ Z- n‑ ¡ - m‑ t- d ‑ - "s‑h-f‑p-¯ `‑q-J-Þ‑w-‑' F-¶‑p‑w h‑nc - e - p‑ I - Ä a-ch - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - p‑ w‑ R‑m³
b‑nà - ,‑ X‑m] - \ - n‑ e - t- b ‑ m‑ þ45 U‑n{- K ‑ n‑ b - n‑  i-cn‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ B-kz‑ Z- n‑ ¨ - p‑ . I‑qS- m‑ s - X ‑ {‑[p‑ h - -
X‑ms - g ‑ b - p‑ w‑ B-hp‑ w‑ . C-¸d - ª - h
- c-ïp‑ w‑ "s‑h-f‑p-¯ a-c‑p-`‑q-a‑n-‑' F-¶‑p‑w C-X‑v §-fn‑ s - e ‑ hÀ-®{- ] ‑ ` - I - Ä-¡p‑ t‑hï - n‑
a-\p‑ j - y‑ t- \ ‑ b - p‑ w‑ b-{´ ‑ § - t- f ‑ b - p‑ w‑ s‑h- A-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. I‑m¯ - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä _‑mä - d - n‑ I - Ä-¡v‑
Ã‑ph - n‑ f - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - A-hØ - I
- f - m‑ W - v‑. t‑^m‑ - A-hb - p‑ s - S‑ b-Ym‑ À-° I-¸m‑ k - n‑ ä - n‑ b - n‑ Â
t‑«m‑ {- K ‑ m‑ ^ - n‑ s - b ‑ k‑w_ - Ô - n‑ ¨ - n‑ S- t- ¯ ‑ m‑ f - w‑ CuÀ-¸w t‑]m‑ e - p‑ w‑ D-dª - v‑ H-Sp‑ h - n‑  {‑]h - À-¯n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ X-¡h - ® - w‑ R-§Ä
X‑m] - \ - n‑ e - b - m‑ W - v‑ Aâ‑mÀ-«n‑ ¡ - b - n‑ e - p‑ ï - m‑ - A-Xn‑ s - â ‑ N-e\ - w‑ X-s¶ ‑ X-SÊ - s - ¸ ‑ - F-Iv‑t- Ì ‑ W - Â _‑mä - d - n‑ A-Um‑ ] - v‑t- ä ‑ g - v‑k- v‑
I‑mh - p‑ ¶ - G-äh - p‑ w‑ h-en‑ b - s‑hà - p‑ h - n‑ - S‑p¯
- n‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . s‑]³-Kz‑ n‑ ³ t‑Im‑ f - \ - n‑ (External Battery Adapters) D-ïm‑ -
f‑n. I‑ma - d - {‑]h - À-¯n‑ ¡ - m‑ X - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - k-µÀ-i\ - ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ t- i ‑ j - w‑ t^m-t«m-{Km- ¡‑pI - b - p‑ w‑ _‑mä - d - n‑ I - Ä R-§f - p‑ s - S‑
A-hØ - F-\n‑ ¡ - v‑ h-fs - c ‑ ¡ - p‑ d - t- ¨ ‑ ^n D-]I - c - W - § - Ä F-sâ ‑ _‑mK - n‑ Â t‑]m‑ ¡ - ä - n‑ Â k‑q£ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑N-
t‑\c - n‑ t- S‑ ï - n‑ h-¶n‑ «- p‑ Å - q‑ s - h ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ I‑m- I‑nS- ¶ - v‑ ]-Xn‑ s - b ‑ h‑mw‑ A-¸v‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - p‑ - b‑vX- p‑ . R-§f - p‑ s - S‑ k‑vI - n‑ U - q‑ k - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑
a-db - p‑ s - S‑ a‑nd - À s‑a¡ - m‑ \ - n‑ I - v‑k - p‑ w‑ (Mirror h-cm‑ ³ H-cp‑ a‑pg - p‑ h - ³ Z‑nh - k - w‑ t‑hï - n‑ (Skidoos) _-Ôn‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ ]-äp‑ ¶ - l‑o-
Mechanics) s‑e³-kn‑ s - â ‑ A-¸À-¨À h-¶p‑ . X‑oÀ-¨b - m‑ b - p‑ w‑ ,‑ t‑Ìj - \ - n‑ s - e ‑ - ä‑n§
- v‑ d-kn‑ t- Ì ‑ g - v‑k - v‑ (Heating Resistors)
e‑q{- _ ‑ n‑ t- ¡ ‑ j - \ - p‑ (Aperture Lubrica‑ ¯‑pw‑ a - p‑ ¼ - p‑ X-s¶ ‑ R‑m³ Nn-{X-§Ä D-Å K‑vf - u ‑ k - v‑ R-§Ä-¡p‑ ï - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ -
tion) s‑am‑ s - ¡ ‑ I‑rX - y‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ {‑]h - À-¯n‑ - \n-dª - s‑a½ - d - n‑ I‑mÀ-Up‑ I - Ä F-sâ ‑ ¶‑p. a‑n¡ - h - m‑ d - p‑ w‑ k-ab - § - f - n‑ Â R-§-
¡‑ms - X ‑ h-fs - c ‑ k‑mh - [ - m‑ \ - ¯ - n‑ e - m‑ b - n‑ - t‑]m‑ ¡ - ä - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑ k‑q£ - n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. f‑ps - S‑ {‑]i - v‑\ - § - f - p‑ w‑ A-hb - p‑ s - S‑ ]-cn‑ -
t‑¸m‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑. H-cn‑ ¡ - Â F-sâ ‑ D700, D-]I - c - W - § - Ä I‑rX - y‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ {‑]h - À- l‑mc - § - f - p‑ w‑ h-fs - c ‑ e-fn‑ X - a - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
\‑mÂ-¸¯ - © - p‑ a‑n\ - n‑ ä - p‑ I - Ä-¡p‑ t‑ij - w‑ ¯‑n¡ - m‑ X - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - X - à - m‑ s - X ‑ R‑m³ ]‑pX - n‑ b - B-ib - § - f - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ I-S¶ - p‑ h - c - p‑ -
{‑]h - À-¯n‑ ¡ - m‑ X - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑ (þ42 {‑]X- o‑ £ - n‑ ¡ - m‑ X - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - N‑ne - {‑]i - v‑\ - - ¶-Xp‑ w‑ i-cn‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ c-kI - c - a - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
U‑n{- K ‑ n‑ s‑kÂ-jy‑ k - v‑ X‑m] - \ - n‑ e - b - n‑ Â §-fp‑ a - p‑ ï - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . D-Zm‑ l - c - W - - h-en‑ ¸ - ¯ - n‑ Â A-©m‑ w‑ Ø‑m\ - a - m‑ -
I‑mä - n‑ s - â ‑ K-Xn‑ aWn¡qdn 37In.ao ¯‑n\ - v‑, \‑n§ - Ä l‑na - h - k - v‑{- X ‑ § - Ä W‑v Aâ‑mÀ-«n‑ ¡ - b - v‑¡ - p‑ Å - X - v‑. G-äh - p‑ w‑
B-bn‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä‑). ]-t£ ‑ ,‑ H‑mt- c ‑ m‑ [-cn‑ ¨ - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - m‑ s - W ‑ ¦ - n‑ Â \‑n§ - Ä-¡v‑ h‑nZ- q‑ c - a - m‑ b - C‑u `‑qJ - Þ - w‑ h-cï - X - p‑ w‑
X-hW - b - p‑ w‑ h‑ma - n‑ § - v‑ A-¸n‑ \ - p‑ t- i ‑ j - w‑ A-\m‑ b - m‑ k - a - m‑ t- b ‑ m‑ k‑zX - {- ´ ‑ a - m‑ t- b ‑ m‑ X-Wp‑ ¯ - X - p‑ w‑ I‑mä - p‑ \‑nd - ª - X
- p‑ a - m‑ -
A-Xv‑ I‑mc - y‑ £ - a - X - t- b ‑ m‑ s - S‑ {‑]h - À-¯n‑ - N-en‑ ¡ - m‑ t- \ ‑ m‑ s‑]s - «‑ ¶ - v‑ \‑n§ - f - p‑ s - S‑ W‑v. X-·q‑ e - w‑ "s‑hf - p‑ ¯ - `‑qJ - Þ - w‑ '‑-
¨‑n«- p‑ ï - v‑. H-cp‑ ]-S¡ - p‑ X - n‑ c - s - b ‑ t- ¸ ‑ m‑ s - e ‑ Ø‑m\ - w‑ a‑mä - m‑ t- \ ‑ m‑ k‑m[ - y‑ a - Ã- . ]‑pd - - F-¶p‑ w‑ "s‑hf - p‑ ¯ - a-cp‑ ` - q‑ a - n‑ '‑- F-¶p‑ w‑
{‑]h - À-¯n‑ ¨ - v‑ F¬-]X - n‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ c - w‑ N‑n- ¯‑v j‑q«- n‑ § - n‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ C-d§ - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä C-Xv‑ A-dn‑ b - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . Aâ‑mÀ-«n‑ ¡ -

F¼dÀ s‑]³-Kz‑ n‑ ³‑(Emperor Penguins)

t^mt«mkv/s‑Ì-^‑m³ {‑I‑n-Ì‑v-a‑m³

20 IqSv 2013 Pqsse

IqSv 2013 Pqsse 21
 IhÀ kvtämdn B-t‑K‑m-f-X‑m-]-\-w
\‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ 290 Z-ie - £ - w‑ S¬ F-¶X - n‑ -
t‑e¡ - v‑ a-ªp‑ c - p‑ I - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ s - â ‑ \‑nc - ¡ - v‑
hÀ-²n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
G-äh - p‑ w‑ A-Sp‑ ¯ - I - m‑ e - ¯ - p‑ ï - m‑ b -
N‑ne - I-sï ‑ ¯ - e - p‑ I - Ä {‑]I - m‑ c - w‑
]-Sn‑ ª - m‑ d - ³ Aâ‑mÀ-«n‑ ¡ - b - n‑ s - e ‑ 60%
a-ªp‑ ] - m‑ f - n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ D-cp‑ I - n‑ ¯ - o‑ À-¶n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ -
I-bm‑ W - v‑. k‑qc - y‑ {- ] ‑ I - m‑ i - s - ¯ ‑ X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - v‑
i‑q\ - y‑ m‑ I - m‑ i - ¯ - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - p‑ {‑]X - n‑ ^ - e - n‑ ¸ - n‑ -
¡‑p¶ - X - n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ `‑qa - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ X‑m] - \ - n‑ e -
\‑nb - {- ´ ‑ n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ Â a-ªp‑ ] - m‑ f - n‑ I - Ä
{‑][ - m‑ \ - ]-¦p‑ h - l - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ ï - v‑. C‑u
a-ªp‑ ] - m‑ f - n‑ I - Ä D-cp‑ I - n‑ I-SÂ-Pe - a - m‑ -
b‑n¯ - o‑ c - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä A-Xn‑ s - â ‑ \‑oe - \ - n‑ d - w‑
a‑qe
- w‑ k‑qc - y‑ X - m‑ ] - s - ¯ ‑ B-Kn‑ c - W - w‑
s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . C-Xv‑ t‑em‑ I - s - ¯ ‑ i‑p² - P - e - -
¯‑ns - â ‑ 61% DÄ-s¡ ‑ m‑ Å - p‑ ¶ - I‑ng - ¡ - ³
Aâ‑mÀ-«n‑ ¡ - b - n‑ s - e ‑ a-ªp‑ c - p‑ I - e - n‑ s - \ ‑
t‑hK - ¯ - n‑ e - m‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . C‑us - b ‑ m‑ c - p‑ I‑m-
c‑yw‑ a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ I-SÂ-Pe - \ - n‑ c - ¸ - v‑ 200 a‑pX - Â
- À III t‑Ìj
\‑yq‑ t‑ab - (Neumayer III Station)
- ³ 230 A-Sn‑ h - s - c ‑ D-bc - m‑ ³ I‑mc - W - a - m‑ -
t‑b¡ - m‑ w‑ . C‑u \‑nc - ¡ - n‑ Â I-SÂ-Pe - -
c-ïp‑ `‑mK - § - f - m‑ b - n‑ h‑n` - P - n‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ «- n‑ - X‑m] - \ - n‑ e - a-ªp‑ ] - m‑ f - n‑ I- f - p‑ s- S‑ b - p‑ w‑ \‑nc - ¸ - p‑ b - c - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ X‑pS- c - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ h-fs - c ‑
c‑n¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ þ I‑ng - ¡ - ³ Aâ‑mÀ-«n‑ ¡ - - a-ªp‑ s - X ‑ m‑ ¸ - n‑ I - f - p‑ s- S‑ b- p‑ w‑ D-cp‑ I - e - n‑ s - \ ‑ A-]q‑ À-Æa - m‑ b - n‑ a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ D-ïm‑ I - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ -
b‑pw‑ ]-Sn‑ ª - m‑ d - ³ Aâ‑mÀ-«n‑ ¡ - b - p‑ w‑ . (Melting) X‑zc - n‑ X
- s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . \‑mk - - c‑p¶- X‑oc - t- Z‑ i - s - h ‑ Å - s - ¸ ‑ m‑ ¡ - § - s - f ‑
B-kv‑t- {‑ S‑ e - n‑ b - s - b ‑ ¡ - m‑ Ä c-ïn‑ c - «- n‑ b‑ps - S‑ I-W¡ - p‑ I - f - \ - p‑ k- c - n‑ ¨
- v‑ {‑[p‑ h - {- ]
‑ - H-cp‑ Ø‑nc - w‑ {‑]X - n‑ ` - m‑ k - a - m‑ ¡ - n‑ a‑mä - p‑ w‑ .
h-en‑ ¸ - a - p‑ ï - n‑ X - n‑ \ - v‑. t‑em‑ I - ¯ - v‑ a‑pg - p‑ h - \ - p‑ - t‑Zi- s - ¯ ‑ s‑Fk - v‑ ]‑mf - n‑ I - Ä ]-¯p‑ A-Xn‑ t- h ‑ K - w‑ I-SÂ-Pe - \ - n‑ c - ¸ - p‑ b - c - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑
a‑pÅ- X - n‑ s - â ‑ 90% s‑Fk - p‑ w‑ a‑pg - p‑ h - ³ i‑p- hÀ-j¯ - n‑ Â 9% F-¶ `‑oX - n‑ Z- a - m‑ b - X‑oc - {- ] ‑ t- Z‑ i - s - ¯ ‑ I‑pS- n‑ s - b ‑ m‑ g - n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - e - n‑ -
²-Pe - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ 70%h‑pw‑ C‑u `‑qJ - Þ - w‑ I-W¡ - n‑ Â D-cp‑ I - n‑ s- ¡ ‑ m‑ ï - n‑ c - n‑ ¡
- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . \‑pw‑ Z‑zo‑ ] - p‑ I - Ä I-Se - n‑ e - m‑ ï - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - -
DÄ-s¡ ‑ m‑ Å - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . A-Xn‑ s - â ‑ G-äh - p‑ w‑ C‑ub - h - k - c - ¯ - n‑ Â {‑Ko‑ ³-em‑ ³-Un‑ Â X‑n\ - p‑ w‑ I‑mc - W - a - m‑ I - p‑ w‑ .
I-«n‑ b - p‑ Å - `‑mK - s - ¯ ‑ s‑Fk - v‑ ]‑mf - n‑ ¡ - v‑ a-ªp‑ c - p‑ I- e - n‑ Â h-¶ a‑mä - § - Ä C-Xn‑ Â-\n‑ s - ¶ ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ ,‑ B-tK ‑ m‑ f - X - m‑ ] - -
4.7 I‑n.a‑o. B-gw‑ h-cp‑ w‑ . {‑i² - m‑ À-la - m‑ W - v‑. 1990-þI-fn‑ Â D-ïm‑ b - n‑ - \‑w F-§s - \ ‑ Z‑pÀ-ºe - a - m‑ b - B-hm‑ k - -
B-tK ‑ m‑ f - X - m‑ ] - \ - w‑ (Global Warming)‑ c‑p¶
- X - n‑ s - â ‑ A-©p‑ a-S§ - v‑ t‑hK - ¯ - n‑ Â h‑yh - Ø - b
- p‑ s - S‑ k-´p‑ e - n‑ X - m‑ h - Ø - s
- b ‑
F-¶ {‑]X - n‑ ` - m‑ k - w‑ X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - d - n‑ ª- t- X ‑ m‑ - A-Xv‑ D-cp‑ I - n‑ ¯ - o‑ À-¶p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - n‑ c - n‑ ¡- p‑ - X-Ic - m‑ d - n‑ e - m‑ ¡ - p‑ s - a ‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ a-\p‑ j - y‑ c - m‑ i - n‑ -
s‑Sb - m‑ W - v‑ A-´À-t±‑ i - o‑ b - ]T-\§ - Ä ¶‑p. XÂ-^e - a - m‑ b - n‑ ,‑ hÀj¯n 55 ¡‑pX - s - ¶ ‑ h³-Zp‑ c - ´ - w‑ h-cp‑ ¯ - n‑ h - b - v‑¡ - p‑ -
Aâ‑mÀ-«n‑ ¡ - s - b ‑ t‑I{- µ ‑ o‑ I - c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. Z-ie - £ - w‑ S¬ F-¶ I-W¡ - n‑ Â ¶-sX ‑ § - s - \ ‑ s - b ‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ a-\Ê - n‑ e - m‑ ¡ - m‑ h - p‑ -
C‑u `‑qJ - Þ - ¯
- n‑ s - â ‑ ]-cn‑ X - Ø - n‑ X - n‑ I - - ¶-tX ‑ b - p‑ Å - q‑ . B-tK ‑ m‑ f - X - m‑ ] - \ - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑
f‑ne
- p‑ ï - m‑ h - p‑ ¶ - a‑mä - w‑ ]-e c‑mP - y‑ § - s - f‑ - G-ä-h‑p‑w A-S‑p-¯-I‑m-e-¯‑p-ï‑m-b I‑mc - W - w‑ a-\p‑ j - y‑ c - m‑ b - X - p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - p‑ -
b‑pw‑ ,‑ Z‑zo‑ ] - p‑ I - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ X‑oc - {- ] ‑ t- Z‑ i - § - f - n‑ - N‑n-e I-s‑ï-¯-e‑p-IÄ {‑]-I‑m-c‑w X-s¶ ‑ A-Xn‑ s - \ ‑ a-\p‑ j - y‑ À-¡p‑ \‑nb - -
e‑pw‑ X‑ma - k - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - e-£¡ - W - ¡ - n‑ \ - v‑ ]-S‑n-ª‑m-d³ Aâ‑mÀ-«‑n-¡-b‑n-s‑e {‑´W - ¯ - n‑ e - m‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - p‑ w‑ k‑m[ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ .
P-\§ - f - p‑ s - S‑ P‑oh - n‑ X - s - ¯ ‑ b - p‑ w‑ h-cp‑ w‑ A-ht- i ‑ j - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - I‑mS- p‑ I - s - f ‑ \-½p‑ s - S‑
Z-iI - § - f - n‑ Â {‑]X - n‑ I - q‑ e - a - m‑ b - n‑ _‑m[ - n‑ - 60% a-ª‑p-]‑m-f‑n-I-f‑p‑w D-c‑p-I‑n- {‑Kl - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ i‑zm‑ k - t- I ‑ m‑ i - § - f - m‑ b - n‑
¡‑pw‑ . t‑em‑ I - ¯ - m‑ I - a - m‑ \ - w‑ D-bc - p‑ ¶ - ¯‑oÀ-¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. I-ïv‑ k‑wc - £ - n‑ t- ¡ ‑ ï - X - p‑ ï - v‑. a‑p³-Im‑ -

koÂ‑ Weddell Seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) t^mt«mkv/s‑Ì-^‑m³ {‑I‑n-Ì‑v-a‑m³

22 IqSv 2013 Pqsse

e-§f - n‑ Â \-S¯ - n‑ b
- h-\\ - i - o‑ I
- c - W
- - ]‑p-\À-h‑n-\‑n-t‑b‑m-K‑w \-S-¯‑m-h‑p-¶ \‑mi - § - Ä t‑\c - n‑ S- p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ A-hs - b ‑
¯‑n\ - p‑ ]-Ic - w‑ h-bv‑¡ - m‑ ³ ]‑pX - p‑ X
- m‑ b - n‑ D‑uÀ-Ö-h‑p‑w C-Ô-\-§-f‑p-a‑pÄ-s‑¸-s‑S A-Xn‑ P - o‑ h - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑.
a-c§ - Ä h-¨p‑ ]‑nS- n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I- . X-t±‑ i - o‑ - l-c‑n-X-k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y-IÄ D-]-t‑bm‑ - F-¶m‑ Â a-\p‑ j - y‑ c - m‑ i - n‑ ¡ - v‑ A-§s - \ ‑ -
b-hp‑ w‑ ]-gI - m‑ ¯ - X - p‑ a- m‑ b- `-£W - w‑ K‑n¡
- p‑ I - . I‑me - m‑ h - Ø- m‑ h
- y‑ X
- n‑ b
- m‑ \ - s - ¯‑ s‑bm‑ c - p‑ A-Xn‑ P - o‑ h - \ - w‑ k‑m² - y‑ a - m‑ h - n‑ Ã - .
I-gn‑ ¡
- p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ `-£W - ¯ - n‑ s - â‑ I-bä - p‑ a
- - X-Sp‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ c‑q] - o‑ I
- c - n‑ ¨
- t‑Iy‑ m‑ t- «‑ m‑ C-¯c - s - a ‑ m‑ c - p‑ ]-cn‑ X - m‑ ] - I - c - a - m‑ b - A-h-
X‑ns
- b ‑ b- p‑ w‑ A-Xn‑ s - â‑ k‑w` - c - W - w‑ a‑qe - w‑ D-S¼- S- n‑ (Kyotto Protocol) I‑rX - y‑ a- m‑ b- n‑ Ø-bm‑ W - v‑ Aâ‑mÀ-«n‑ ¡ - b - n‑ Â \‑nc - h - [ - n‑
]‑pd- ´- Å - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶
- {‑Ko‑ ³-lu ‑ -k‑v h‑m-X- ]‑me - n‑ ¡- p‑ I- . B-tK ‑ m‑ f - K - t- h ‑ j - W - t- I ‑ {- µ ‑ § - f - p‑ s - S‑
I-§-s‑f \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p‑w. C-Xv‑ `‑qa - n‑ b- p‑ s- S‑ a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ k‑wc - £- - Ø‑m] - \ - ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ h-gn‑ s‑Xf - n‑ ¨ - X - v‑. `‑qJ - -
h‑y-h-k‑m-b I-¼-\‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S I‑mÀ-_-W‑v W-s¯ ‑ D-t±‑ i - n‑ ¨- p‑ Å- X - Ã - . `‑qa - n‑ A-Xn‑ - Þ-§f - p‑ s - S‑ D-Ûh - w‑ ,‑ I‑me - m‑ h - Ø - m‑
s‑s‑U H‑m-I‑v-s‑s‑k-U‑v h‑n-kÀ-Ö-\- s‑â 450 tImSn hÀ-j§ - Ä \‑oï - h‑yX - n‑ b - m‑ \ - w‑ ,‑ I‑me - m‑ h - Ø - m‑ \‑nc - o‑ £ - -
s‑¯-b‑p‑w \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑m-b‑p-ï‑v. P‑oh - n‑ X- ¯ - n‑ \ - n‑ S- b- n‑ Â h-fs - c‑ b
- [ - n‑ I- w‑ W-hp‑ w‑ a-en‑ \ - o‑ I - c - W - h - p‑ w‑ ,‑ `‑qa - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ -
b‑pw‑ Aâ‑mÀ-«n‑ I - v‑ B-hm‑ k - h - y‑ h - Ø - b
- p‑ -
s‑Sb - p‑ w‑ ]-cn‑ W - m‑ a - w‑ ,‑ s‑sP ‑ h - s - s ‑ h ‑ h - n‑ [ - y‑ w‑ ,‑
]‑mc - n‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ I - L-S\ - ,‑ t‑km‑ f - m‑ À s‑Sd - -
k‑v{- S‑ n‑ b - Â t‑{] ‑ m‑ k - Ê - v‑, ]‑mc - n‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ I - m‑ -
L‑mX - ] - T-\h - p‑ w‑ A-Xn‑ s - â ‑ t‑aÂ-t\ ‑ m‑ -
«-hp‑ w‑ ,‑ `‑qI - ¼ - § - s - f ‑ ¸ - ä - n‑ b - p‑ Å - ]T-\w‑
F-¶n‑ h - s - b ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ C-¯c - w‑ K-th ‑ j - W - -
t‑I{- µ ‑ § - f - p‑ s - S‑ ]-cn‑ [ - n‑ b - n‑ e - p‑ Ä-s¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
k‑ok - v‑a - n‑ I - v‑ X-cw‑ K - § - s - f ‑ b - p‑ w‑ `‑ua - -
I‑m´ - n‑ I - a-Þe - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ h‑yX - n‑ b - m‑ \ - -
§-sf ‑ b - p‑ w‑ k‑w_ - Ô - n‑ ¨ - X - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑
R-§f - p‑ s - S‑ K-th ‑ j - W - w‑ . Aâ‑mÀ-«n‑ I - v‑
h‑r¯ - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ Å - `‑qN - e - \ - § - Ä-¡v‑
{‑]t- X ‑ y‑ I - {- ] ‑ m‑ [ - m‑ \ - y‑ w‑ s‑Im‑ S- p‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - t- X ‑ m‑ -
s‑Sm‑ ¸ - w‑ t‑em‑ I - a - m‑ I - a - m‑ \ - w‑ k‑w` - h - n‑ -
G-ä-h‑p‑w {‑]-X‑n-I‑q-e-a‑m-b I‑m-e‑m-h-
Ø-b‑p-Å {‑]-t‑Z-i-¯‑n-s‑â h-\‑y-X
I-s‑ï-¯‑m-\‑p-Å H-c-h-k-c-h‑p‑w
R‑m³ ]‑m-g‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-Ã. F-s‑â P‑o-
h‑n-X-¯‑n-s‑e A-h‑n-k‑v-a-c-W‑o-b-a‑m-b
N‑n-e a‑p-l‑qÀ-¯-§Ä F-\‑n-¡‑v
k-½‑m-\‑n-¨-X‑v A-h‑n-S-a‑m-W‑v.
¡‑p¶ - `‑qI - ¼ - § - s - f ‑ b - p‑ w‑ R-§Ä ]
T‑n¨- p‑ . `‑qa - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ B-´c - n‑ I - L - S- \ - s - b ‑ -
¸-än‑ b - p‑ Å - h‑nh - c - § - f - m‑ W - v‑ C‑u ]
T-\§ - Ä s‑hf - n‑ s
- ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - n‑ b - X - v‑.
14 a‑mk - t- ¯ ‑ m‑ f - a - p‑ Å - \‑yq‑ t‑ab - À
t‑Ìj - \ - n‑ s - e ‑ (Neumayer III Station)
X‑ma - k - ¯ - n‑ \ - n‑ S- b - v‑¡ - v‑ I‑ma - d - b - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑
]‑pd - ¯ - n‑ d - § - n‑ C‑u `‑qa - n‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ G-äh - p‑ w‑
{‑]X - n‑ I - q‑ e - a - m‑ b - I‑me - m‑ h - Ø - b
- p‑ Å -
{‑]t- Z‑ i - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ h-\y‑ X - I-sï ‑ ¯ - m‑ -
\‑pÅ - H-ch - k - c - h - p‑ w‑ R‑m³ ]‑mg - m‑ ¡ - n‑ -
b‑nà - . F-sâ ‑ P‑oh - n‑ X - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ A-hn‑ k - v‑-
a-cW - o‑ b - a - m‑ b - N‑ne - a‑pl - q‑ À-¯§ - Ä
F-\n‑ ¡ - v‑ k-½m‑ \ - n‑ ¨ - X - v‑ A-hn‑ S- a - m‑ W - v‑.
A-Sp‑ ¯ - Z‑nh - k - h - p‑ w‑ c‑mh - n‑ s - e ‑ H-cp‑
t‑^m‑ t- «‑ m‑ {- K ‑ m‑ ^ - n‑ {‑Sn‑ ¸ - v‑ R‑m\ - p‑ w‑ e‑mÀ-
k‑pw‑ I‑qS- n‑ ¹‑m³ s‑Nb - v‑X - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑. X-te ‑ -
Z‑nh
- k - w‑ X-s¶ ‑ C-¯c - s - a ‑ m‑ c - p‑ {‑Sn‑ ¸ - n‑ s - â‑
X-¿m‑ s - d ‑ S- p‑ ¸ - p‑ I - Ä B-cw‑ ` - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
B-Zy‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ _‑mä - d - n‑ I - Ä F-Ãm‑ w‑ N‑mÀ-
P‑v s‑N¿ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ k‑wc - £ - W - K‑nb - À
s‑dU - n‑ b - m‑ ¡ - n‑ k‑q£ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑N-
¿-Ww‑ . h‑ml - \ - § - s - f ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ ]-cn‑ t- i ‑ m‑ -
[‑n¨ - v‑ C-Ô\ - w‑ \‑nd - b - v‑¡ - W - w‑ . a-sä ‑ m‑ c - p‑
k‑ml - k - n‑ I - k‑wc - w- `-¯n‑ s - â ‑ {‑]X - o‑ £ - -
I-fp‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ R-§Ä c‑m{- X ‑ n‑ t‑\c - t- ¯ ‑
I‑nS- ¶ - p‑ .

IqSv 2013 Pqsse 23

 A`napJw

]¨
]mTw H¶v;

]‑q-«‑n-t‑¸‑m-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ H-c‑p kÀ-¡‑mÀ

s‑s‑{‑]-a-d‑n h‑n-Z‑y‑m-e-b-s‑¯ H-c‑p P‑m-e-h‑n-Z‑y-
¡‑m-c-s‑\-t‑¸‑m-s‑e t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-\‑p a‑p-g‑p-h³
a‑m-X‑r-I-b‑m-¡‑m-h‑p-¶ H-c‑p s‑s‑P-h-s‑s‑h-h‑n-
²‑y D-Z‑y‑m-\-a‑m-¡‑n a‑m-ä‑n-b X‑r-È‑qÀ t‑I‑m-S‑m-
e‑n k‑v-I‑q-f‑n-s‑e t‑a‑m-l³-Z‑m-k‑v a‑m-j‑p-a‑m-b‑n
\-S-¯‑n-b A-`‑n-a‑p-J‑w.
a‑p-c-f‑n h‑m-f‑qÀ

t‑Im‑
i‑qÀ P‑nà - b - n‑ s - e
S- m‑ e
s‑Im‑ ¼
- n‑ k‑vI

‑ t‑Im‑ S- m‑ e
- p‑ t- ï
- q‑ f
‑ m‑ ?‑!!‑ X‑r-
- n‑ k‑vI
- n‑ s - \ ‑ ´

- q‑ f
- m‑

- n‑ -
k-Ie
`‑pX
- s
t‑¯¡
- ¸
- h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ e
‑ S- p‑ ¯
- p‑ Å
- n‑ b
- A-Uv‑a
- b
- X
- § - s
- v‑. A-Sp‑ ¯
- n‑ j
- f

- ³ a‑q¶
‑ b - p‑ w‑ A-Zv‑-
-
- m‑ e
hÀ-j-
- p‑
s‑\b - p‑ w‑ t‑am‑ l - ³-Zm‑ k - v‑ a‑mj - n‑ s - \ ‑ b - p‑ w‑ a‑mk - w‑ a‑pt- ¶ ‑ t‑¢m‑ k - v‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - n‑ «- p‑ w‑
I‑pd - n‑ ¨ - v‑ h-en‑ b - [‑mc - W - b - n‑ Ã - m‑ ¯ - h - c - m‑ - D-¶X - § - f - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - v‑ ip-]mÀ-iI - f - p-am-
W‑v C-§s - \ ‑ t‑Nm‑ Z- n‑ ¨ - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. bn I‑p«- n‑ I - s - f ‑ t‑NÀ-¡m‑ ³ \‑m«- p‑ I - m‑ À
I‑pd - ¨ - p‑ \‑mf - p‑ I - f - m‑ b - n‑ C‑u kÀ-¡m‑ À a-Õc - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . I‑mc - W - w‑ a-sä ‑ m‑ ¶ - p‑ a - Ã - ,‑
s‑s{‑ ] ‑ a - d
- n‑ h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ e - b - w‑ a‑m[ - y‑ a - § - f - n‑ Â h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ e - b - w‑ X-s¶ ‑ ]‑mT-]p‑ k - v‑X - I - w‑
\‑nd - ª - p‑ \‑nÂ-¡p‑ I - b - m‑ W - v‑. ]‑pc - k - v‑- F-¶ h‑mN - I - w‑ H‑mt- c ‑ m‑ A-²y‑ m‑ ] - I - c - p‑ w‑ ,‑
I‑mc - § - Ä C-\n‑ I‑mc - y‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ H-¶p‑ w‑ a‑mX - m‑ ] - n‑ X - m‑ ¡ - f - p‑ w‑ A-£c - w‑ {- ] ‑ X - n‑ s‑\-
_‑m¡ - n‑ b - n‑ Ã - e-`n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³. C‑u k‑vI - q‑ f - n‑ - ©‑nt- e ‑ ä - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
s‑â A-Sp‑ ¯ - {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f - n‑ s - e ‑ s - b ‑ Ã - m‑ w‑ G-äh - p‑ w‑ \-Ã ]T-\m‑ ´ - c - o‑ £ - w‑ .
I‑p«- n‑ I - Ä C‑u h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ e - b - ¯ - n‑ Â ] I‑ym‑ ¼ - k - n‑ Â \‑nd - ª - p‑ \‑nÂ-¡p‑ ¶ -
T‑n¡- m‑ ³ I-gn‑ ª - n‑ c - p‑ s - ¶ ‑ ¦ - n‑ Â F-¶v‑ a-c§ - f - p‑ w‑ ,‑ s‑NS- n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ ,‑ h-fÀ-¯p‑ -
s‑Im‑ X - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . H-cp‑ Z‑nh - k - w‑ F-s´ ‑ ¦ - n‑ - a‑rK- § - f - p‑ w‑ ,‑ ]-£n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ ,‑ H‑uj - [ -
e‑pw‑ I‑mc - W - ¯ - m‑  A-h[ - n‑ {‑]J - y‑ m‑ - k-ky‑ § - f - p‑ w‑ ,‑ ]-¨¡ - d - n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ C‑u
]‑n¡ - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä a-äv‑ k‑vI - q‑ f - p‑ I - f - n‑ s - e ‑ I‑p- h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ e - b - s - ¯ ‑ k‑wØ - m‑ \ - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑
«‑nI
- Ä X‑pÅ - n‑ ¨ - m‑ S- p‑ I - b - m‑ h - p‑ w‑ . ]-t£ ‑ , B-Zy‑ s - ¯ ‑ s‑sP ‑ h - s - s ‑ h ‑ h - n‑ ² - y‑ D-Zy‑ m‑ \ - -
t‑Im‑ S- m‑ e - n‑ k‑vI - q‑ f - n‑ s - e ‑ I‑p«- n‑ I - Ä a‑m¡ - n‑ a‑mä - n‑ . G-sX ‑ m‑ c - p‑ I‑p«- n‑ t- b ‑ b - p‑ w‑
¢‑mÊ - n‑ Â t‑]m‑ I - m‑ ³ ]-äm‑ ¯ - H‑mt- c ‑ m‑ s‑Im‑ X - n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - a-t\m-lc - a - m-sbm-cp
Z‑nh
- k - t- ¯ ‑ b - p‑ w‑ s‑hd - p‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . D-Zym-\w h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ e - b - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ ï - v‑. c‑mh - n‑ s- e ‑
F-´m‑ W - v‑ C‑u a‑mP - n‑ I - v‑? 2007þÂ G-gc - ¡ - v‑ F-¯p‑ ¶ - a‑mX - m‑ ] - n‑ X - m‑ ¡ - f - p‑ w‑
C-hn‑ s - S‑ N‑mÀ-sÖ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - {‑][ ‑ m‑ \ - m‑ [ - y‑ m‑ - a-äp‑ w‑ k‑vI - q‑ f - n‑ s - â ‑ H‑mt- c ‑ m‑ I‑mc - y‑ ¯ - n‑ -
]-I³ t‑am‑ l - ³-Zm‑ k - v‑ a‑mj - m‑ W - v‑ C‑u e‑pw‑ {‑i² - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . s‑sh ‑ I - n‑ «- v‑ A-©v‑
P‑me - h - n‑ Z- y‑ I‑mW - n‑ ¨ - v‑ t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ a-Wn‑ ¡ - v‑ k‑vI - q‑ f - n‑ s - e ‑ ¯ - p‑ ¶ - ]‑n.S‑n.F.

24 IqSv 2013 Pqsse

 A‑wK - § - Ä-¡v‑ c‑m{- X ‑ n‑ H-¼X - v‑ I-gn‑ ª - m‑ -
e‑pw‑ X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - p‑ t‑]m‑ I - m‑ ³ a-Sn‑ b - m‑ W - v‑.
I-te ‑ m‑ Õ - h - § - f - n‑ s- e ‑ Ã - m‑ w‑ t‑Im‑ S- m‑ -
e‑n k‑vI - q‑ Ä H-¶m‑ w‑ Ø‑m\ - ¯ - m‑ W - v‑.
I-gn‑ ª - hÀ-js - ¯‑ G-äh - p‑ w‑ \-Ã
A-²y‑ m‑ ] - I - \ - p‑ Å - k‑wØ - m‑ \ - ]‑pc - k - v‑-
I‑mc - w‑ t‑am‑ l - ³-Zm‑ k - v‑ a‑mj - n‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
H‑mt- c ‑ m‑ Z‑nh - k - h - p‑ w‑ t‑Ic - f
- ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ ]-e
`‑mK
- § - f - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ À-°n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑
A-²y‑ m‑ ] - I - c - p‑ w‑ C‑u h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ e - b - s - ¯ ‑
I-ïv‑ ]T‑n¡ - m‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ F-¯n‑ t- ¨ ‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
s‑Im‑ g - n‑ ª - p‑ t- ]‑ m‑ ¡ - n‑ s - â ‑ B-[n‑ b - n‑ Â
a-²y‑ t- h ‑ \ - e - h - [ - n‑ a‑pg - p‑ h - ³ I‑p«- n‑ I - s - f ‑
N‑m¡ - n‑ «- p‑ ]‑nS- n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ s‑\t- «‑ m‑ «- t- a ‑ m‑ S- p‑ ¶ -
A-²y‑ m‑ ] - I - c - p‑ w‑ h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ e - b - m‑ [ - n‑ I- r‑ X - c - p‑ w‑
t‑am‑ l - ³-Zm‑ k - v‑ a‑mj - n‑ s - â‑ C‑u \‑nk - v‑-
X‑pe - t‑\«- ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ a‑p¼ - n‑ Â A-¼c - ¶ - p‑
\‑nÂ-¡p‑ ¶ - p‑ .

{‑]I - r‑ X- n‑ b - p‑ s- S‑ H-cp‑ X-\X - v‑ ]-Xn‑ -

¸‑mW - v‑ t‑Im‑ S- m‑ e - n‑ k‑v¡ - pÄ. ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ -
X‑ns - b ‑ ¡ - p‑ d - n‑ ¨- p‑ Å - A-ht- _ ‑ m‑ [ - w‑
F-§s - \ ‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ I‑p«- n‑ I - f - n‑ t- e
‑ ¡ - v‑
]-Ic - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑?
{‑]I - r‑ X- n‑ b - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡- v‑ a-S§- m‑ s - X‑ ,‑ {‑]I - r‑ -
X‑ns- b ‑ A-dn‑ b - m‑ s - X ‑ C-\n‑ s - b‑ m‑ c - p‑ X-ea - p‑ -
d-bv‑¡ - v‑ `‑qa - n‑ b
- n‑ Â P‑oh - n‑ X
- w‑ k‑m² - y‑ a
- Ã
- .
I‑mc - W - w‑ \-½‑p-s‑S ]‑qÀ-Æ‑n-I-s‑c‑m-s‑¡
{‑]-I‑r-X‑n-s‑b k‑v-t‑\-l‑n-¨‑p. {‑]-I‑r-X‑n
h‑n-`-h-§-s‑f‑m-s‑¡ h-c‑p‑w X-e-a‑p-d-b‑v-
¡‑m-b‑v I‑m-¯‑p h-¨‑p. C-¶‑n-t‑¸‑mÄ B
\-Ã {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-s‑b F-Ã‑m h‑n-[-¯‑n-e‑p‑w
N‑q-j-W‑w s‑N-¿‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. C-t‑¸‑mÄ
I‑y‑m-¼-k‑n \‑n-d-ª‑p \‑nÂ-
¡‑p-¶ a-c-§-f‑p‑w‑, s‑N-S‑n-I-f‑p‑w‑,
h-fÀ-¯‑p-a‑r-K-§-f‑p‑w‑, ]-£‑n-I-f‑p‑w‑,
H‑u-j-[ k-k‑y-§-f‑p‑w‑, ]-¨-¡-d‑n-I-
f‑p‑w C‑u h‑n-Z‑y‑m-e-b-s‑¯ k‑w-Ø‑m-
\-¯‑n-s‑e B-Z‑y-s‑¯ s‑s‑P-h-s‑s‑h-
h‑n-²‑y D-Z‑y‑m-\-a‑m-¡‑n a‑m-ä‑n.
I‑p-S‑n-s‑h-Åw‑ I‑p¸ - n‑ b - n‑ e - m‑ ¡ - n‑ s‑Im‑ ï - p‑
h-cn‑ I - b - m‑ W - ,v‑ C-\n‑ i‑p² - h - m‑ b - p‑ h - p‑ w‑
_‑mK - n‑ e - m‑ ¡ - n‑ s‑Im‑ ï - p‑ h - t- c ‑ ï- I‑me - w‑
h-cn‑ I - b - m‑ W - !v‑ A-Xp‑ s - I‑ m‑ ï - p X-s¶ ‑
\-½f - X - v‑ {‑]h - À-¯n‑ b - n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ Ip«nIsf
t‑_m‑ ² - y‑ s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - W - w‑ . a-ca - n‑ Ã- m‑ s - X‑
P‑oh - n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ ]-än‑ Ã - . F-´m‑ W - v‑ {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ ,‑
B-hm‑ k - h - y‑ h - Ø - ,‑ s‑sP ‑ h- s‑sh ‑ h - n‑ [ - y‑ -
¯‑ns - â ‑ {‑]t- X ‑ y‑ I - X - A-sX ‑ Ã - m‑ w‑ t‑_m‑ -
²‑ys - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - n‑ s - ¡ ‑ m‑ ï - p‑ Å - H-cp‑
]T-\a - m‑ W - n‑ h - n‑ s - S‑ \-S¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v.‑ A-Xp‑ -
s‑Im‑ ï - p X-s¶ ‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ \-½Ä C‑u
s‑sP ‑ h - s - s‑ h ‑ h - n‑ [ - y‑ ¯- n‑ \ - v‑ C-{X ‑ t- b ‑ s - d ‑
{‑]m‑ [ - m‑ \ - y‑ w‑ s‑Im‑ S- p‑ ¯ - X - .v‑ CX‑v sIm‑
SIc F‑w.FÂ.F. a\Ênem¡pIbpw
t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e B-Z‑y-s‑¯ s‑s‑P-
h-s‑s‑h-h‑n-²‑y D-Z‑y‑m-\-a‑m-b‑n C‑u
I‑y‑m-¼-k‑n-s‑\ {]Jym]n¡pIbpw
sNbvXp. C-h‑n-S‑p-s‑¯ h‑r-£-§-t‑f‑m-
t^mt«m/IqSv amknI S‑p‑w h‑r-£-k‑w-c-£-W-t‑¯‑m-S‑p-a‑p-Å

IqSv 2013 Pqsse 25

 A`napJw
A-²y‑ m‑ ] - I - c - p‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ w‑ I‑p«- n‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑ - B-g¯ - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - p‑ Å - AÀ-°w‑ A-dn‑ - k‑vI- q‑ Ä ]-cn‑ k - c - s - a‑ m‑ ¶ - v‑ h‑r¯ - n‑ b - m‑ ¡ - n‑
b‑pw‑ c-£m‑ I - À-¯m‑ ¡ - f - p‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ w‑ k‑v- b‑m\ - m‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ Å - A-hk - c - w‑ C-¶s - ¯‑ ]‑m¼ - n‑ s - \ ‑ s - b ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ s - b ‑ m‑ ¶ - v‑ H‑mS- n‑ ¨ - p‑ I - -
t‑\l - a - m‑ W - v‑ C-¯h - W - s - ¯ ‑ h-\a - n‑ {- X ‑ I‑p«- n‑ I- Ä-¡v‑, C-¶s - ¯‑ X-ea - p‑ d
- b- v‑¡ - v‑ f-bm‑ w‑ F-t¶ ‑ m‑ À-¯v‑ I‑mS- p‑ w‑ ]-Se - p‑ -
A-hm‑ À-Uv‑ C‑u h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ e - b - ¯ - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ D-ïm‑ I - p‑ ¶ - n‑ à - . A-hs - c ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ CâÀ-s\ ‑ - s‑am‑ s - ¡‑ s‑h«- n‑ s - ¯ ‑ f - n‑ ¨ - t- ¸ ‑ m‑ Ä \-Ã
h-cm‑ ³ I‑mc - W - w‑ . '‑ a - c - w‑ H-cp‑ h-ca - m‑ W - v‑, ä‑n I‑pS- p‑ § - n‑ ¡ - n‑ S- ¡ - p‑ I - b - m‑ W - v‑. F-Ãm‑ - \-à s‑Nd - n‑ b - t‑¹m‑ «- p‑ I - Ä I‑n«- n‑ . C-sX ‑ m‑ -
A-Xv‑ ]-¯p‑ ]‑p{- X ‑ · - m‑ À-¡v‑ X‑pe - y‑ a - m‑ - h-cp‑ w‑ N‑mä - v‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ I- b - m‑ W - v‑. A-Xm‑ b - - c‑p IÀ-jI - {‑Km‑ a - a - m‑ W - v‑. ]-e {‑]m‑ b - ¯ - n‑ -
W‑v'‑- F-¶ k-tµ ‑ i - w‑ H‑mt- c ‑ m‑ I‑p«- n‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ X‑v H-cp‑ \‑na - n‑ j - w‑ I‑n«- n‑ b - m‑ Â A-hÀ e‑pÅ- IÀ-jI - À C-hn‑ s - S‑ h-cn‑ I - b - p‑ w‑
A-dn‑ b - m‑ w‑ . s‑\ä - n‑ s - â‑ t‑em‑ I - t- ¯‑ ¡ - v‑ t‑]m‑ I - p‑ w‑ . A-hÀ X-s¶ ‑ \-So‑ Â h-kv‑X - p‑ ¡ - Ä
]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ h‑nj - b - § - f - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - v‑ A-Ñ\ - p‑ a- ½ - b - p‑ w‑ C-cp‑ ¶ - m‑ e - p‑ w‑ k‑mc - a - n‑ Ã
- . s‑Im‑ ï - p‑ h-cn‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ I‑p«- n‑ I - s - f‑ s - ¡ ‑ m‑ ï - v‑
]‑pX - n‑ b - X-ea - p‑ d - A-I¶ - p‑ t‑]m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - p‑ - A-hc - p‑ s- S‑ s - b ‑ m‑ s - ¡‑ a‑p³-]n‑ Â h-¨p‑ C-sX ‑ Ã - m‑ w‑ \-«v‑ ]-cn‑ ] - m‑ e - n‑ ¨- v‑ h‑nf - s - h ‑ -
s‑h¶ - v‑ t‑Xm‑ ¶ - n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ t- ï ‑ m‑ ? X-s¶ ‑ A-hÀ t‑hs - d ‑ m‑ c - p‑ t‑em‑ I - t- ¯ ‑ ¡ - v‑ S‑p¡
- p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . A-§n‑ s - \ ‑
]‑pX - n‑ b - X-ea - p‑ d - b - v‑¡ - v‑ a-®v‑, ]-cn‑ - h-¶t- ¸ ‑ m‑ Ä ]-cn‑ k - c - ]T-\h - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑
Ø‑nX - n‑ F-¶s - X ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ A-\y‑ a - m‑ b - a-®‑n-s‑\-b‑p‑w a-c-§-s‑f-b‑p‑w A-d‑n- _-Ôs - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - n‑ I‑rj - n‑ H-cp‑ ]T-\a - m‑ -
]-Z§ - f - m‑ W - v‑. I‑mc - W - w‑ A-hÀ H-cp‑ b-W‑w. A-§‑n-s‑\-s‑b‑m-c‑p X-e-a‑p-d h‑p¶ - p‑ . \-½p‑ s - S‑ I‑ym‑ ¼ - k - n‑ Â X-s¶ ‑
k‑z] - v‑\ - t- e ‑ m‑ I - ¯ - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑ P‑oh - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - - A-Xn‑ \ - h - k - c - s - a ‑ m‑ c - p‑ ¡ - n‑ . I‑rj - n‑ H-cp‑
X‑v. I‑pd - p‑ t- ´ ‑ m‑ «- n‑ b - p‑ w‑ s‑Xm‑ «- m‑ h - m‑ S- n‑ b - p‑ w‑
h-fÀ-¶‑m-t‑e `‑q-a‑n-¡‑p‑w \-a‑p-¡‑v \-Ã k‑wk - v‑I - m‑ c - a - m‑ s - W ‑ ¶ - v‑ I‑p«- n‑ s - b ‑
t‑]m‑ e - p‑ w‑ A-dn‑ b - n‑ Ã - m‑ ¯ - H-cp‑ I‑me - ¯ - n‑ - X-s‑¶-b‑p‑w \‑n-e-\‑nÂ-¸‑p-Å‑q. t‑_m‑ ² - y‑ s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - n‑ k‑ne - _ - k - n‑ s - \ ‑ ¡ - q‑ -
e‑qs - S‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ \-½Ä I-S¶ - p‑ t‑]m‑ h - p‑ ¶ - - S‑n A-Xn‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ s‑Im‑ ï - p‑ t‑]m‑ b - n‑ .
X‑v. \-½s - f ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ ]T‑n¨ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - I‑me - ¯ - v‑ t‑]m‑ h - p‑ I- b- m‑ W - v‑. A-sX ‑ m‑ s - ¡‑ a‑md - W
- w‑ ,‑
a‑q¶- v‑ A-sà ‑ ¦ - n‑  \‑me - p‑ I - n‑ t- e ‑ m‑ a - o‑ ä - À a-®n‑ s - \‑ b - p‑ w‑ a-c§ - s - f
‑ b - p‑ w‑ A-dn‑ b - W - w‑ . H-cp‑ kÀ-¡m‑ À ]-Ån‑ ¡ - q‑ S- w‑ F-¶p‑
\-S¶ - v‑ B ]-d¼ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ C‑u ]-d¼ - n‑ - A-§n‑ s - \
‑ s- b ‑ m‑ c
- p‑ X-ea - p‑ d
- h-fÀ-¶m‑ t- e ‑ ]-dª - m‑ Â I‑ps - d ‑ H-Sn‑ ª - _-©p‑ w‑
e‑pw‑ I-bd - n‑ ,‑ A-hn‑ S- p‑ s - ¯ ‑ a‑m§ - b - p‑ w‑ `‑qa
- n‑ ¡
- p‑ w‑ \-ap‑ ¡ - p‑ X-s¶ ‑ b - p‑ w‑ \‑ne- \ - n‑ Â- U-kv‑I - p‑ w‑ s‑]m‑ f - n‑ ª - S- À-¶ N‑pa - c - p‑ w‑ ,‑
C-cp‑ ¼ - ³-]p‑ f - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ k-Ie - X - p‑ w‑ ]-dn‑ ¨ - v‑, ¸‑pÅ- q‑ . C-§s - \‑ b - p‑ Å- H-cp‑ Nn{Xa‑mW - v‑ a-\-
]‑q¡ - t- f ‑ m‑ S- p‑ w‑ ]‑q¼ - m‑ ä - I - t- f ‑ m‑ S- p‑ w‑ k-Ã] - n‑ - Ê‑n B-Zy‑ w‑ h-cn‑ I - . A-Xv‑ A-§s ‑ \ ‑
s‑¨m‑ s - ¡ ‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ k‑vI - q‑ f - n‑ Â t‑]m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ - I‑rj - n‑ c
- o‑ X
- n‑ I
- Ä F-§s - \‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ X-s¶ ‑ I‑nS- ¶ - m‑ e - p‑ w‑ {‑]t- X ‑ y‑ I- n‑ ¨- v‑
¶-Xv‑. C-¶n‑ t- ¸ ‑ m‑ Ä A-§s ‑ \ ‑ s - b ‑ m‑ ¶ - p‑ - I‑p«- n‑ I- s - f‑ ]-cn‑ N - b - s- ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑? B-sc ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ t‑Nm‑ Z - n‑ ¡- m‑ t- \ ‑ m‑ A-t\ ‑ z‑ -
a‑nÃ
- . A-¶v‑ \-½Ä \‑mS- d - n‑ ª - n‑ c- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . I‑rj - n‑ H-cp‑ k‑wk - v‑I - m‑ c - a- m‑ b- n‑ «- m‑ W - v‑ j‑n¡
- m‑ t- \ ‑ m‑ C-t¸ ‑ m‑ g - s - ¯ ‑ A-hØ - -
C-¶v‑ \‑mS- d - n‑ b - m‑ ³ ]-äp‑ ¶ - n‑ Ã - ,‑ a-®n‑ s - \ ‑ B-Zy‑ w‑ \‑mw‑ F-Sp‑ ¯ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶
- X - v‑. R-§Ä- b‑n k‑m² - y‑ X - I‑pd - h - m‑ W - v‑. F-¶n‑ «- p‑ w‑
A-dn‑ b - m‑ ³ ]-äp‑ ¶ - n‑ Ã - . A-Xp‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - v‑ ¡‑mZ- y‑ w‑ I‑rj - n‑ s
- N ‑ ¿ - m‑ \
- p‑ Å - D-t±‑ i - y- a‑m- C-§s - \‑ s - b‑ m‑ c - p‑ a‑mä - w‑ t‑hW - s - a‑ ¶ - v‑
{‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ s‑hd - p‑ s - X ‑ H-cp‑ ]-Zw‑ . A-Xn‑ s - â ‑ b‑nc
- p‑ ¶- n‑ Ã - . I‑mS- p‑ ]‑nS- n‑ ¨ - p‑ I‑nS- ¡ - p‑ ¶ - t‑Xm‑ ¶ - m‑ ³ I‑mc - W - s - a ‑ ´ - m‑ W - v‑?

26 IqSv 2013 Pqsse

 s‑]m‑ X - p‑ h - n‑ Z- y‑ m‑ ` - y‑ m‑ k - t‑aJ - e - b - n‑ e - p‑ -
ï‑mb - n‑ s - ¡ ‑ m‑ ï - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ X-IÀ-¨
X-s¶ ‑ b - m‑ W - v‑, X-fÀ-¨ X-s¶ ‑ b - m‑ W - v‑.
s‑]m‑ X - p‑ h - n‑ Z- y‑ m‑ ` - y‑ m‑ k - t‑aJ - e - b - n‑ s - e ‑
C-t¸ ‑ m‑ g - p‑ Å - G-It- Z‑ i - w‑ 12000 h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ e - -
b-§f - n‑ Â 4617 F-®w‑ A-\m‑ Z- m‑ b - I - c - -
a‑mb - k‑vI - q‑ f - p‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑ ]-«n‑ I - b - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑.
A-Xn‑ Â-¯s - ¶ ‑ ]-eX - p‑ w‑ A-¼X - p‑ w‑
C-cp‑ ] - X - p‑ w‑ H-s¡ ‑ I‑p«- n‑ I - Ä D-Å k‑vI - q‑ -
f‑pI - f - m‑ W - v‑. \-sà ‑ m‑ c - p‑ `‑qX - I - m‑ e - a - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ -
¶‑p t‑Im‑ S- m‑ e - n‑ k‑vI - q‑ f - n‑ t- â ‑ X - p‑ w‑ . 1000þÂ
X‑pS- § - n‑ 750þÂ h-¶v‑ h-¶v‑ R‑m³
h-cp‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä 264 B-Wv‑ {‑]o‑ s - s ‑ {‑ ] ‑ a - d - n‑
A-S¡ - w‑ k‑vs - {‑ S‑ § - v‑¯ - v‑. B A-hØ - -
b‑nÂ‑, R‑m³ d‑n«- b - À s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - 2013þÂ
50þÂ X‑ms - g ‑ I‑p«- n‑ I - f - p‑ ï - m‑ h - m‑ t- \ ‑ k‑m-
²‑yX - D-ïm‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ Å - q‑ . F-´m‑ W - v‑
A-§‑-s‑\ k‑w-`-h‑n-¡‑m³ I‑m-c-W‑w? t^mt«mkv/IqSv amknI
A-X‑v X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v R‑m-\‑n-h‑n-s‑S
h-¶‑n-«‑v B-Zy‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ Ì‑m^ - n‑ s - â ‑ a‑p³- k-aq‑ l - ¯ - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ ]-Ic - p‑ I- . A-§s ‑ \
‑ I‑mÀ-jn‑ I - h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ e - b - a - m‑ ¡ - n‑ . ]‑ns - ¶ ‑
]‑n A-hX - c - n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¨ - X - v‑. \-ap‑ ¡ - n‑ s - X ‑ m‑ c - p‑ h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ À-°n‑ I - f - n‑ e
- q‑ s- S‑ ,‑ c-£n‑ X - m‑ ¡ - - H-cp‑ \-Ã ]‑qt- ´ ‑ m‑ «- a - p‑ ï - m‑ ¡ - n‑ . H‑mt- c ‑ m‑
s‑{]
‑ m‑ P - I - v‑ä - m‑ b - n‑ G-sä ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - v‑ h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ e - - f‑ne- q‑ s- S‑ \‑m«- n‑ Â h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ e - b - ¯ - n‑ s - â‑ h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ À-°n‑ b - p‑ w‑ A-hc - p‑ s- S‑ ]‑nd - ¶ - m‑ f - n‑ \- v‑
b-s¯ ‑ F-Ãm‑ X-c¯ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ i-àn‑ s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ - a‑nI
- h - v‑ A-dn‑ b - n‑ ¡
- p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ A-Xn‑ e - q‑ s- S‑ H-cp‑ N-«n‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ k‑vI - q‑ f - n‑ \- v‑ k‑w` - m‑ h - \ -
¯‑n P-\§ - f - p‑ s - S‑ ,‑ A-Xm‑ b - X - v‑ k-aq‑ l - - C‑u I‑p«- n‑ I - f - p‑ s
- S‑ F-®¯ - n‑  hÀ-²\ - \Â-Ip‑ I - . C-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä 519 N-«n‑ I - f - p‑ ï - v‑.
¯‑ns - â ‑ h‑ni - z‑ m‑ k - w‑ t‑\S- n‑ s - b ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - m‑ Â k‑m² - y‑ a - m‑ h- p‑ I
- b - p‑ w‑ s‑Nb - v‑X- v‑ C-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä ]‑ns- ¶ ‑ H‑uj - [ - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ \-sà ‑ m‑ c- p‑ H‑uj - -
]‑ns - ¶ ‑ \-½Ä h‑nP - b - ]‑mX - b - n‑ e - m‑ h - p‑ w‑ . C-hn‑ s - S‑ 519 I‑p«- n‑ I - Ä D-ïv‑. [-t¯ ‑ m‑ «- w‑ . k‑m[ - m‑ c - W - t‑Im‑ ¬-sh ‑ â‑v
A-Xn‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ B-Zy‑ w‑ X-s¶ ‑ `‑uX - n‑ I - k‑vI - q‑ f - p‑ I - f - n‑ Â a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ I‑mW - m‑ ³ h‑n[ - n‑ -
h‑nI - k - \ - § - Ä s‑Nb - v‑X - p‑ ,‑ ]‑ns - ¶ ‑ s‑a- h-fs - c ‑ b - [ - n‑ I - w‑ ]-Ws - ¡ ‑ m‑ g - p‑ - ¡-s¸ ‑ «- ]-eX - p‑ w‑ A-Xn‑ s - â ‑ ]-Xn‑ · - S- § - v‑
¨-s¸ ‑ «- h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ ` - y‑ m‑ k - c‑oX - n‑ ,‑ I‑p«- n‑ I - - ¸‑pÅ - k‑zI - m‑ c - y‑ k‑vI - q‑ f
- p‑ I - f - n‑ s
- e ‑ h - - t‑im‑ ` - b - n‑  A-sà ‑ ¦ - n‑  i-àn‑ b - n‑ Â
f‑ne- q‑ s - S‑ h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ ` - y‑ m‑ k - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ a‑nI - h - v‑ s‑c {‑][ - m‑ \ - m‑ [ - y‑ m‑ ]
- I- À h-¶v‑ C‑u t‑Im‑ S- m‑ e - n‑ k‑vI - q‑ f - n‑ s - â ‑ I‑m¼ - k - n‑ Â
k‑vI - q‑ Ä ]T-\ h‑nt- [ ‑ b- a - m‑ ¡ - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä‑, h-fc - p‑ ¶ - p‑ ,‑ ]-Sc - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . A-§s - \ ‑ k‑pµ - c - ,‑
F-´m‑ W - v‑ a‑mj - v‑¡- v‑ t‑Xm‑ ¶ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑? l-cn‑ X - ,‑ IÀ-jI - ,‑ a‑nI - ¨ - h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ e - b - -
\-½p‑ s - S‑ IÀ-½w‑ k‑mÀ-°I - a - m‑ - ¯‑n \‑n¶ - v‑ C-t¸ ‑ m‑ f - n‑ s - X ‑ m‑ c - p‑ k-µÀ-
b‑n F-s¶ ‑ m‑ c - p‑ s‑Nm‑ Ã - p‑ ï- t- Ã ‑ m‑ . B-dv‑ i-I h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ e - b - a - m‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . H‑mt- c ‑ m‑
hÀ-jw‑ a‑p³-]v‑ H-cp‑ k‑m[ - m‑ c - W- h‑n- Z‑nh
- k - h - p‑ w‑ \‑me - v‑] - X - p‑ w‑ A³-]X - p‑ w‑
Z‑ym‑ e - b
- a - m‑ b- n‑ c - p‑ ¶
- p‑ C-Xv‑. s‑]m‑ «- n‑ s - ¸ ‑ m‑ - t‑]c - S- § - p‑ ¶ - k‑wL - § - Ä k‑vI - q‑ Ä
f‑nª
- N‑pa - c- p‑ w‑ t‑ai - b - p‑ w‑ _-©p‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ ,‑ k-µÀ-in‑ ¡ - m‑ s - \ ‑ ¯ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
F-h‑n-s‑S t‑\‑m-¡‑n-b‑m-e‑p‑w ]T‑n-¡‑m- I‑p«- n‑ I - Ä-¡v‑ F-§s - \ ‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ C‑u
\‑p-Å-X‑v, I‑m-W‑m-\‑p-Å-X‑v, A-\‑p-`- A-´c - o‑ £ - w‑ A-\p‑ ` - h - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - X - v‑?
C-hn‑ S- p‑ s - ¯ ‑ I‑p«- n‑ I - Ä-¡v‑ a-äv‑ h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ -
h‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å-X‑v. h‑n-Z‑y‑m-e-b‑w X-s‑¶ e-b§ - f - n‑ s - e ‑ I‑p«- n‑ I - s - f ‑ A-t] ‑ £ - n‑ ¨ - v‑
a‑n-I-¨ ]‑mT-]‑p-k‑v-X-I‑w F-¶ ZÀ- B-kp‑ c - `- m‑ h - w‑ I‑pd - h - m‑ W - v.‑ DÄ-s¡ ‑ m‑ -
i-\-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v R-§Ä H-c‑p-a‑n-¨‑p t‑Åï - X - m‑ b - a‑qe - y‑ w‑ a‑pg - p‑ h - ³ DÄ-s¡ ‑ m‑ -
{‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. ï‑ps - I ‑ m‑ ï - m‑ W - v‑ A-hÀ h-fc - p‑ ¶ - X - v.‑
]-cp‑ ´ - p‑ w‑ t‑Im‑ g - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ _-²s - s ‑ h ‑ c - n‑ I - f - m‑ -
W‑,v‑ ]-t£ ‑ , C-hn‑ s - S‑ A-h H-cp‑ a - n‑ ¨ - p‑
I‑mS- p‑ ]‑nS- n‑ ¨ - p‑ I‑nS- ¡ - p‑ ¶ - N‑pä - p‑ ] - m‑ S- p‑ w‑ . I-gn‑ b - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . A-hÀ I-el - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - n‑ Ã - . h‑n-
F-¶m‑ Â C-¶v‑ C-Xn‑ s - â ‑ a‑p¡ - p‑ w‑ a‑qe - - h‑n[
- § - f - m‑ b - P‑oh - P - m‑ e - § - f - p‑ s - S‑ ]-ck - v-‑
b‑pw‑ F-hn‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ w‑ F-s´ ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ s - a ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ ]-c k‑tv- \ ‑ l - w‑ I-ïm‑ W - v‑ I‑p«- n‑ I - Ä
I‑mW - m‑ \ - p‑ ï- v‑. F-hn‑ s - S‑ t‑\m‑ ¡ - n‑ b - m‑ - h-fc - p‑ ¶ - X - v.‑ c-ïm‑ w‑ ¢‑mÊ - n‑ Â ]T‑n¡ - p‑ ¶ -
e‑pw‑ ]T‑n¡ - m‑ \ - p‑ Å - X - v‑, I‑mW - m‑ \ - p‑ Å - X - v‑, I‑p«- n‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ e - p‑ w‑ ¢‑mk - v‑ A-Sn‑ ¨ - v‑ X‑pS- ¨ - v‑ h‑r-
A-\p‑ ` - h - n‑ ¡- m‑ \ - p‑ Å - X - v‑. h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ e - b - w‑ ¯‑nb - m‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ . B-Zy‑ s - a ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ s‑hà - p‑ h - n‑ f - n‑
X-s¶ ‑ a‑nI - ¨ - ]‑mT-]p‑ k - v‑X - I - w‑ F-¶ X-s¶ ‑ b - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . R-§f - p‑ s - S‑ a-¡s - f ‑
ZÀ-i\ - ¯ - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑ R-§Ä H-cp‑ a - n‑ ¨ - p‑ ]-Wn‑ s - b ‑ S- p‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - à - ,‑ ]‑pà - p‑ ] - d - n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - m‑ -
{‑]h - À-¯n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. B-Zy‑ w‑ X - s - ¶ ‑ \-Ã k‑I v- q‑ f - n‑ Â h‑nS- p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ F-¶v‑ c-£n‑ -
h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ e - b - s - ¯ ‑ H-cp‑ k‑pµ - c - h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ - X‑m¡ - Ä ]-cm‑ X - n‑ ]-db - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
e-ba - m‑ ¡ - n‑ . A-¼X - n‑ e - [ - n‑ I - w‑ a-c- ]-t£ ‑ , t‑Im‑ S- m‑ e - n‑ k‑vI - q‑ f - n‑ s - e ‑ I‑p«- n‑ bm-
§Ä h-¨p‑ . c-ïv‑ hÀ-jw‑ s‑Im‑ ï - v‑ s‑W¦ - n‑  a-®n‑  s‑Xm‑ S- p‑ w‑ ,‑ a-®n‑ Â
A-sX ‑ Ã - m‑ w‑ X-WÂ h‑nc - n‑ ¨ - p‑ . \‑nd - s - b ‑ \-S¡ - p‑ w‑ ,‑ I‑me - n‑ Â a‑pÅ - p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ Å - p‑ w‑ ,‑
s‑NS- n‑ I - Ä \-«p‑ ] - n‑ S- n‑ ¸
- n‑ ¨ - p‑ . A-§s -‑ \ ‑ I-¿n‑ Â t‑Nd - v‑ ]-äp‑ w‑ ,‑ A-§s ‑ \ ‑ b - m‑ s - W ‑ -
l-cn‑ X - h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ e - b - a - m‑ ¡ - n‑ . IÀ-jI - c - p‑ s - S‑ ¦‑nt- e ‑ A-hs - â ‑ a-\Ê - n‑ Â s‑hf - n‑ ¨ - w‑
I‑q«- m‑ b - v‑a - s‑Im‑ ï - v‑ h‑nh - n‑ [ - X - c - w‑ I‑r- D-ïm‑ h - q‑ . A-Ãm‑ s - X ‑ A-dn‑ h - v‑ I‑p¯ - n‑
j‑n¯ - «- p‑ I - f - p‑ ï - m‑ ¡ - n‑ . A-§s ‑ \ ‑ H-cp‑ \‑nd- ¡ - p‑ ¶ - H-cp‑ k-©n‑ bà I‑p«- n‑ IÄ.

IqSv 2013 Pqsse 27

 Ahtijn¡p¶ ]-¨-¯‑p-c‑p-¯‑p-IÄ

]-d-¼‑n-¡‑p-f‑wþ
h\NmcnIfpsS
]dpZok
t‑U‑m. ]n. Fkv. C‑u-k

B -\-I-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å ]
T-\‑w ]-d-¼‑n-¡‑p-f-¯‑v
B-¡‑m-s‑a-¶‑v X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¨ I‑m-e‑w.
]-d-¼‑n-¡‑p-f-t‑¯-¡‑p-Å B-Z‑y b‑m-{‑X
H‑mÀ-½-b‑n X-§-W‑w. h‑m-g-¨‑m-e‑n-
s‑e h-\‑w-h-I‑p-¸‑v D-t‑Z‑y‑m-K-س H-c‑p
h-g‑n-I‑m-«‑n-s‑b h‑n-«‑p X-¶‑p. X‑r-i‑qÀ
s‑kâ‑v t‑X‑m-a-k‑v t‑I‑m-t‑f-P‑n-s‑e ^‑n-k‑n-
I‑v-k‑v A-²‑y‑m-]-I³ d‑m-t‑^-e‑p-a‑m-b‑n
H-c‑p k‑p-{‑]-`‑m-X-¯‑n h‑m-g-¨‑m-e‑nÂ
\‑n-¶‑v \-S-¶‑p X‑p-S-§‑n. d‑m-t‑^Â
I‑p-c‑n-b‑mÀ-I‑p-«‑n ]-£‑n \‑n-c‑o-£-
IÀ-¡‑v {‑]‑n-b-s‑¸-«-X‑m-W‑v. C-h‑n-s‑S
k‑m-e‑n‑w A-e‑n X‑m-a-k‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶ ]-g-b
H-c‑p s‑I-«‑n-S-a‑p-ï‑v. A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â
]‑p-k‑v-X-I-§-f‑n C-S‑w I-s‑ï-
¯‑n-b C-h‑n-S‑w h-\‑w-h-I‑p-¸‑v t‑a‑m-S‑n-]‑n-
S‑n-¸‑n-¨‑v k‑m-e‑n‑w A-e‑n-b‑p-s‑S H‑mÀ-½-
bv¡‑m-b‑n ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v k-aÀ-¸‑n-¨‑p.
H-c‑p {‑]-I‑r-X‑n k‑v-t‑\-l‑n-b‑m-W‑v,
{‑]-I‑r-X‑nP‑o-h-\-¯‑n-s‑â D-¯-a h‑n-
i‑z‑m-k‑n. I‑m-S‑n-s‑â `‑w-K‑n B-k‑z-Z‑n-¨‑v,
I‑m-«‑p-t‑]‑m-¯‑n-s‑\-b‑p‑w ¾‑m-h‑n-s‑\-b‑p‑w
I-ï‑v, B-\-I-s‑f I-ï‑v H-g‑n-ª‑p-a‑m-d‑n
H-c‑p-s‑I‑m-¼³ F-¶ Ø-e-s‑¯-¯‑n-
b-t‑¸‑mÄ {‑]-X‑o-£‑n-¨-X‑n-e‑p‑w s‑s‑h-I‑n.
H-c‑p-s‑I‑m-¼-\‑n-e‑m-W‑v ]-d-¼‑n-¡‑p-f-¯‑n-
s‑â ]-S‑n-ª‑m-t‑d A-X‑nÀ-¯‑n-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S
H-g‑p-I‑p-¶ I‑m-c-¸‑m-d \-Z‑n ]-d-¼‑n-¡‑p-
f‑w B-d‑p-a‑m-b‑n t‑NÀ-¶‑v N‑m-e-¡‑p-

t^mt«m/{]`p sa³Ê¶

28 IqSv 2013 Pqsse

S‑n-¸‑p-g-b‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑v. C-h‑n-s‑S \‑n-¶‑p‑w
]-d-¼‑n-¡‑p-f-t‑¯-¡‑p-Å b‑m-{‑X ]-g-b
{‑S‑m‑w-t‑h-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v. H-c‑p I‑m-e-¯‑v
\‑n-_‑n-U-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ ]-d-¼‑n-¡‑p-f-s‑¯
h-\-§-f‑p-s‑S \‑m-i-¯‑n-s‑â H-c‑p {‑]-[‑m-
\ I‑m-c-W-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p C‑u {‑S‑m‑w-t‑h.
1894þÂ t‑I‑m-l‑v-t‑e‑m-^‑v F-¶ h‑n-t‑Z-
i‑n-b‑p-s‑S k‑z-]‑v-\‑w‑, BÂ-h‑mÀ-s‑N-«‑n
F-¶ \‑m-«‑p-I‑m-c-s‑â F-©‑n-\‑o-b-d‑n-
§‑v s‑s‑h-Z-K‑v-²‑y‑w. 1907þÂ {‑S‑m‑w-t‑h
\‑n-e-h‑n h-¶‑p. I‑m-«‑p X-S‑n-IÄ
IS¯ns‑¡‑m-ï‑p-t‑]‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ C-X‑v
1951þÂ N-c‑n-{‑X-a‑m-b‑n. A-X‑n-\‑n-S-b‑nÂ
]-d-¼‑n-¡‑p-f-s‑¯ {‑]-I‑r-X‑y‑m h-\-§-
f‑p-s‑S \-s‑Ã‑m-c‑p `‑m-K‑w s‑h-«‑n-s‑¯-f‑n-
¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ]-d-¼‑n-¡‑p-f-t‑¯-¡‑p-Å
b‑m-{‑X‑m-a-t‑²‑y B-W‑v I‑p-c‑n-b‑mÀ-I‑p-«‑n
I‑m-SÀ t‑I‑m-f-\‑n. I‑m-S‑n-s‑\-b‑p‑w I‑m-«‑n-
s‑e h‑n-`-h-§-s‑f-b‑p‑w B-{‑i-b‑n-¡‑p-¶
C-h-c‑p-s‑S _-Ô‑p-¡Ä h‑m-g-¨‑mÂ‑,
N‑m-e-¡‑p-S‑n‑, s‑\-Ã‑n-b‑m-¼-X‑n h-\-§-f‑n-
e‑p-ï‑v. ]-d-¼‑n-¡‑p-f‑w A-W-s‑¡-«‑n-\‑v
k-a‑o-]‑w X-s‑¶ C-h-c‑p-s‑S c-ï‑v t‑I‑m-
f-\‑n-I-f‑p-ï‑v. X‑q-W-¡-S-h‑n-\-S‑p-¯
k‑p-¦‑w t‑I‑m-f-\‑n-b‑n-s‑e a-e-a-e-i-c‑p‑w‑,
I‑p-c‑n-b‑mÀ-I‑p-«‑n‑, ]-d-¼‑n-¡‑p-f‑w‑, FÀ-
¯v-U‑m‑w F-¶‑n-h‑n-S-§-f‑n-s‑e I‑m-S-
c‑p‑w‑, ]‑q¸- m‑ d
- b
- n‑ s- e
‑ a‑pX - p‑ h
- m‑ \
- p‑ w‑ t‑NÀ-
¶‑mt- e ‑ ]-d¼ - n‑ ¡- p‑ f
- w‑ ]‑qÀ-®a
I‑p-c‑n-b‑mÀ-I‑p-«‑n ]-£‑n \‑n-c‑o-£-
IÀ-¡‑v {‑]‑n-b-s‑¸-«-X‑m-W‑v. C-h‑n-s‑S
k‑m-e‑n‑w A-e‑n X‑m-a-k‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶ ]-g-b
H-c‑p s‑I-«‑n-S-a‑p-ï‑v. A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â
]‑p-k‑v-X-I-§-f‑n C-S‑w I-s‑ï-¯‑n-b
I‑p-c‑n-b‑mÀ-I‑p-«‑n-b‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w
]-d-¼‑n-¡‑p-f-t‑¯-¡‑p-Å b‑m-{‑X
G-X‑m-ï‑v C-c‑p-«‑n-e‑q-s‑S t‑\-c‑n-b
t‑S‑mÀ-¨‑v s‑h-f‑n-¨-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v. h-g‑n-I‑m-
«‑n C-S-b‑v-¡‑n-s‑S I-b-d‑n-b‑n-d-§‑p-¶
I‑p-d‑p-¡‑p-h-g‑n-I-s‑f `-b-t‑¯‑m-s‑S-
b‑m-W‑v I-ï-X‑v.
C-h‑n-S‑w h-\‑w-h-I‑p-¸‑v t‑a‑m-S‑n-]‑n-S‑n-¸‑n-¨‑v
k‑m-e‑n‑w A-e‑n-b‑p-s‑S H‑mÀ-½-bv¡‑m-b‑v
]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v k-aÀ-¸‑n-¨‑p. I‑p-c‑n-b‑mÀ-I‑p-«‑n-
b‑n X‑q-W-¡-S-hm-d‑p‑w h‑o-«‑n-b‑m-d‑p‑w
t‑NÀ-¶‑v H-¶‑m-b I‑p-c‑n-b‑mÀ-I‑p-«‑nbmd‑v
]-d-¼‑n-¡‑p-f‑w B-d‑p-a‑m-b‑n t‑N-c‑p-¶‑p.
- m‑ I- q‑ . I‑p-c‑n-b‑mÀ-I‑p-«‑n-b‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w
]-d-¼‑n-¡‑p-f-t‑¯-¡‑p-Å b‑m-{‑X G-X‑m-
ï‑v C-c‑p-«‑n-e‑q-s‑S t‑\-c‑n-b t‑S‑mÀ-¨‑v
s‑h-f‑n-¨-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v. h-g‑n-I‑m-«‑n C-S-b‑v-
¡‑n-s‑S I-b-d‑n-b‑n-d-§‑p-¶ I‑p-d‑p-¡‑p-h-
g‑n-I-s‑f `-b-t‑¯‑m-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v I-ï-X‑v.
]-d-¼‑n-¡‑p-f‑w A-W-s‑¡-«‑n-s‑â ]-c‑n-
k-c-¯‑v F-¯‑n-b-t‑¸‑mÄ h-\‑w-h-I‑p-¸‑v
D-t‑Z‑y‑m-K-Ø-c‑p-s‑S k-l‑m-b-t‑¯‑m-s‑S
A-h‑n-s‑S X-§‑n.
1950þ-I-f‑n \‑nÀ-½‑n-¡-s‑¸-« a‑q-¶‑v
A-W-s‑¡-«‑p-I-f‑p‑w d‑n-kÀ-t‑Æ‑m-b-d‑p-I-
f‑p‑w ]-d-¼‑n-¡‑p-f‑w h-\‑y-P‑o-h‑n k‑w-c-
£-W t‑I{- µ ‑ ¯ - n‑ s- â‑ `‑mK - a- m‑ b
- n‑ a‑md - n‑ .
]-d¼ - n‑ ¡
- p‑ f
- w‑ ,‑ X‑qW
- ¡ - S- h - v‑, s‑]c - p‑ h
- m‑ -
c‑n¸
- Å- w‑ F-¶n‑ h - n‑ S- §- f- n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ Å -
I‑m-«‑p-t‑]‑m-¯‑v-(Gaur)
t^mt«m/{‑]-h‑o¬ ]n. taml³Zmkv
IqSv 2013 Pqsse 29
 Ahtijn¡p¶ ]-¨-¯‑p-c‑p-¯‑p-IÄ
s‑hÅ - w‑ S-WÂ-am‑ À-¤w‑ kÀ-¡m‑ À
]-Xn‑ b- n‑ Â F-¯n‑ s‑sh ‑ Z- y‑ p‑ X
- n‑ b
- v‑¡
- p‑ w‑
P-et- k‑ N - \- ¯
- n‑ \
- p‑ a
- m‑ b
- n‑ D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K
- n‑ -
¡‑p¶ - p‑ .
1960þ-I-f‑n k‑p-¦‑w t‑^‑m-d-Ì‑v
d‑n-kÀ-Æ‑n-s‑â G-I-t‑Z-i‑w 30 N-X‑p-
c-{‑i-s‑s‑a `‑m-K‑w ]-d-¼‑n-¡‑p-f‑w
h-\‑y-P‑o-h‑n k‑w-c-£-W t‑I-{‑µ-a‑m-b‑n
{‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑p. C-X‑n-s‑â `-c-W‑w
]‑o-c‑p-t‑a-S‑v s‑s‑hÂ-U‑v s‑s‑e-^‑v {‑]‑n-kÀ-
t‑h-j³ H‑m-^‑o-kÀ-¡‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
C-t‑X-k-a-b‑w, asäÃm `‑m-K-§-f‑p‑w
]-d-¼‑n-¡‑p-f‑w t‑X-¡‑v ¹‑m-t‑â-j³ U‑n-
h‑n-j-s‑â-b‑p‑w s‑\-·‑m-d h-\‑w U‑n-h‑n-
j-t‑â-b‑p‑w I‑o-g‑n-e‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. 1973þÂ
271 N.I‑n.a‑o. h‑n-k‑v-X‑r-X‑n-b‑p-Å `‑m-K‑w
h-\‑y-P‑o-h‑n k‑w-c-£-W t‑I-{‑µ-a‑m-s‑b-
¦‑n-e‑p‑w A-X‑n-s‑â H-c‑p ]-c‑n-]‑m-e-\
c‑o-X‑n-t‑b‑m {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§-t‑f‑m H-¶‑p‑w-
X-s‑¶ C-Ã‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. 1985þ-e‑m-W‑v
285 N.I‑n.a‑o. h‑n-k‑v-X‑r-X‑n-b‑n F-Ã‑m
AÀ-°-¯‑n-e‑p‑w ]-d¼ - n‑ ¡
- p‑ f- w‑ ]‑qÀ-
®-a‑m-b H-c‑p h-\‑y-P‑o-h‑n k‑w-c-£-W
t‑I-{‑µ-a‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑v.
]-d-¼‑n-¡‑p-f-¯‑n-s‑â {‑]-t‑X‑y-I-X
t‑X-¡‑v t‑X‑m-«-§-f‑p‑w A-X‑n-\‑p-Å‑n-s‑e
h-e‑n-b h-\‑y-P‑o-h‑n-I-f‑p-a‑m-W‑v. 1916þÂ
B-Z‑y t‑X-¡‑v-t‑X‑m-«‑apïm¡n. 1920þ-a‑p-
]-£‑n-\‑n-c‑o-£-I-c‑p-s‑S ]-d‑p-Z‑o-k-
b‑m-W‑v ]-d-¼‑n-¡‑p-f‑w. G-I-t‑Z-i‑w
268 C-\‑w ]-£‑n-IÄ C-h‑n-s‑S
\‑n-¶‑p‑w t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v.
XÂ X‑pS- À-¨b - m‑ b - n‑ H‑mt- c ‑ m‑ hÀ-jh - p‑ w‑
t‑Xm‑ «- § - f - p‑ ï - m‑ b - n‑ . G-Xm‑ ï - v‑ 1983
h-sc ‑ sb-¦n‑ e - p‑ w‑ H‑mt- c ‑ m‑ t‑X¡ - p‑ t‑Xm‑ «- -
¯‑n\ - v‑ N‑pä - p‑ w‑ {‑]I - r‑ X - y‑ m‑ h - \ - § - f - p‑ s - S‑ ,‑
{‑]t- X ‑ y‑ I - n‑ ¨ - v‑ BÀ-{Z‑ C-es - ] ‑ m‑ g - n‑ b - p‑ w‑
I‑mS- p‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑ H-cp‑ I-hN - w‑ \‑ne - \ - n‑ À-
¯‑n. C-tX ‑ m‑ s - S‑ m‑ ¸ - w‑ X-s¶ ‑ G-It- Z‑ i - w‑
113þ-Hm‑ f - w‑ C‑uÀ-¸a - p‑ Å - h-be - p‑ I - f - p‑ w‑
h-\y‑ P - o‑ h - n‑ k-¼¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ A-\p‑ {- K ‑ l - -
a‑mb - n‑ . t‑X¡ - p t‑Xm‑ «- § - f - p‑ w‑ BÀ-{Z‑ -
þ-hc - ï - C-es - ] ‑ m‑ g - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ I‑mS- p‑ I - f - p‑ w‑
\‑nX - y‑ l - c - n‑ X - þ- A - À-²\ - n‑ X - y‑ l - c - n‑ X -
h-\§ - f - p‑ w‑ h-be - p‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ F-Ãm‑ w‑ I‑qS- n‑
h-fs - c ‑ k-¼¶ - a - m‑ b - s‑sP ‑ h - k-¼¯ - n‑ -
\‑v I‑mc - W - a - m‑ b - n‑ .
t‑em‑ I - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ G-äh - p‑ w‑ h-en‑ b - t‑X-
¡‑v (48.75 a‑oä - À D-bc - w‑ 6.45 a‑oä - À N‑p-
ä-fh - v‑) F-¶p‑ h‑nt- i ‑ j - n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ -
I-¶n‑ a - m‑ c - t- X ‑ ¡ - v‑ ]-d¼ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ f - s - ¯ ‑
h-en‑ s - b ‑ m‑ c - m‑ I - À-jW - a - m‑ W - v‑. t‑eJ - I - s - â
‑
]T-\I - m‑ e - a - m‑ b - 1981þ84 I‑me - L - «- § - -
f‑ns- e ‑ m‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ C-Ãm‑ X - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - ,‑ B-Zn‑ h - m‑ -
k‑nI - f - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ _-Ôs - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - n‑ bpÅ
H-cp‑ Z‑nh - y‑ ] - c - n‑ t- h ‑ j - w‑ I-¶n‑ a - m‑ c - t- X ‑ ¡ - n‑ -
\‑v ]‑n¶ - o‑ S- v‑ h-¶p‑ t‑NÀ-¶p‑ . I-\y‑ m‑ -
a-dn‑ b - h - p‑ a - m‑ b - p‑ w‑ B-Zn‑ h - m‑ k - n‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑
Z‑nh
- y‑ a - c - a - m‑ b - p‑ w‑ a‑m² - y‑ a - § - Ä C-Xn‑ s - \ ‑
Icn¦pc§‑v-(Nilgiri langur) h‑nt- i ‑ j - n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¨ - p‑ . ]-gb - I - m‑ e - L - «- ¯ - n‑ Â
t^mt«m/{‑]-h‑o¬ ]n. taml³Zmkv 1900þ-If - n‑ Â a-Zn‑ c - m‑ i - n‑ K-hÀ-Wd - m‑ b - n‑ -

30 IqSv 2013 Pqsse

c‑p¶- t‑Im‑ W - n‑ a - m‑ c - {‑]` - p‑ h - n‑ s - â ‑ t‑]c - p‑ - h-cb - m‑ S- p‑ I - s - f ‑ s‑j«- n‑ h-c a-eb - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ C-\w‑ ]-£n‑ I - sf C-hn‑ s - S‑ \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑
a‑mb - n‑ C-Xn‑ \ - v‑ _-Ôa - p‑ s - ï ‑ ¶ - v‑ C‑u I-cn‑ a - e- t‑Km‑ ] - p‑ c - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ I‑p¨ - n‑ a - p‑ S- n‑ b
- n‑ - t‑cJ - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑. C-cp‑ ] - ¯ - n‑ \ - m‑ -
t‑eJ - I - ³ h‑ni - z‑ k - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ (s‑Ns - ¶ ‑ b - n‑ - e‑pw‑ I‑mW - m‑ w‑ . I-Sp‑ h - b - p‑ w‑ ,‑ ]‑pÅ - n‑ ¸ - p‑ e - n‑ - e‑n\- w‑ D-`b - P - o‑ h - n‑ I - f - p‑ ï - v‑. C-hn‑ S- p‑ s - ¯ ‑
s‑e t‑Im‑ W - n‑ a - m‑ c - s‑se ‑ {- _ ‑ d - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ a-äp‑ w‑ b‑pw‑ s‑N¶ - m‑ b - b - p‑ w‑ F-Ãm‑ w‑ t‑NÀ-¶m‑ Â A-cp‑ h - n‑ I - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ d‑nk - À-th ‑ m‑ b - d - p‑ I - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑
H‑mÀ-½n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - )‑ . C-Xn‑ s - â ‑ t‑hc - p‑ I - Ä a‑mw‑ k - ` - p‑ ¡
- p‑ I - f - m‑ b- n‑ . I-cS- n‑ I - Ä-¡v‑ 47 C-\w‑ a-Õy‑ § - s - f ‑ I-sï ‑ ¯ - n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ -
t‑XS- n‑ I‑pt- d ‑ h‑mb - n‑ s - ¨ ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ H-¶p‑ w‑ {‑]k - n‑ ² - a - m‑ W - v‑ ]-d¼ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ f- w‑ . A-]q‑ À- ï‑v. c‑mP - s - h ‑ ¼ - m‑ e - X‑pS- § - n‑ 61þ-Hm‑ f - w‑
i-àa - m‑ b - s‑Xf - n‑ h - m‑ b - n‑ Ã - . F-¦n‑ e - p‑ w‑ Æ-sa ‑ ¶ - v‑ I-cp‑ X - p‑ ¶ - \‑oe - K- n‑ c - n‑ a‑mÀ-«n‑ ³ D-cK - § - Ä. N‑n{- X ‑ i - e - ` - § - f - p‑ w‑ \‑ni - m‑ i - -
\-Ã H-cp‑ k‑m² - y‑ X - \‑ne - \ - n‑ Â-¡p‑ ¶ - p‑ . a‑pX
- Â s‑hc - p‑ I - p‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ a‑pb - e - p‑ w‑ hsc e-`§ - f - p‑ w‑ A-S¡ - w‑ {‑]m‑ W - n‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑ H-cp‑
]-d¼ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ f - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ B-IÀ-jW - w‑ 39 k-kv‑X - \ - n‑ I - f - n‑ Â-s¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶- p‑ . h-en‑ b - s‑sP ‑ h - k-¼¯ - v‑ ]-d¼ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ f - -
I‑m«- p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ ¯ - p‑ I - Ä X-s¶ ‑ b - m‑ W - v‑. ]-£n‑ \ - n‑ c - o‑ £ - I - c - p‑ s - S‑ ]-dp‑ Z- o‑ k - - ¯‑n\ - v‑ k‑z´ - w‑ .
h-en‑ b - I‑q«- § - Ä‑, k‑zÀ-® \‑nd - - b‑mW - v‑ ]-d¼ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ f - w‑ . G-It- Z‑ i - w‑ 268 C‑u k-¼¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ {‑][ - m‑ \ - I‑mc - W - w‑
a‑pÅ
- I‑pª - p‑ § - Ä‑, a-kn‑ Â s‑h«- n‑ ¨ - v‑ B-hm‑ k - h‑yh - Ø - b
- p‑ s - S‑ s‑sh ‑ h - n‑ ² - y‑ -
\-S¡ - p‑ ¶ - I-dp‑ ¼ - ³ t‑]m‑ ¯ - p‑ I - Ä C-h‑n-s‑S-b‑p-Å h-\‑w-h-I‑p-¸‑v P‑o-h-\- h‑pw‑ 1835 C-\w‑ t‑cJ - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - s - ¸ ‑ «-
F-Ãm‑ w‑ h-fs - c ‑ \-Ã I‑mg - v‑N- b - m‑ W - v‑. ¡‑mÀ F-¶‑p‑w t‑k-h-\ {‑]-hÀ-¯-\ k-ky‑ § - f - p‑ a - m‑ W - v‑. h‑wi - \ - m‑ i - w‑ k‑w` - h - n‑ -
B-\¡ - q‑ «- § - f - p‑ w‑ ¾‑mh - p‑ w‑ ]‑pÅ - n‑ a - m‑ \ - p‑ w‑ ¨‑ps - h ‑ ¶ - v‑ I-cp‑ X - n‑ b - ]-e k-ky‑ § - f - p‑ w‑
t‑Ig - b - p‑ w‑ F-Ãm‑ w‑ t‑NÀ-¶v‑ ]-d¼ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ f - w‑
\‑n-c-X-c‑m-W‑v. A-X‑n-s‑â {‑]-[‑m-\ C-hn‑ s - S‑ \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ I-sï ‑ ¯ - n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑.
k-µÀ-i\ - w‑ A-hn‑ k - v‑a - c - W - o‑ b - a - m‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ . s‑X-f‑n-h‑m-W‑v \‑m-S³ I-¶‑p-I‑m- 2009þ ]-d¼ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ f - w‑ h-\y‑ P - o‑ h - n‑ -
I‑mS- p‑ a‑pg - p‑ h - ³ i-_v‑Z- a - p‑ J - c - n‑ X - a - m‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - e‑n-I-s‑f a‑p-g‑p-h³ k‑z-t‑a-[-b‑m k‑wc - £ - W - t‑I{- µ ‑ w‑ s‑sS‑ K - À d‑nk - À-hv‑
a-eb - ® - m‑ \ - p‑ w‑ I-cn‑ ¦ - p‑ c - § - p‑ w‑ a‑pX - Â ]-d-¼‑n-¡‑p-f-¯‑n-s‑â A-X‑nÀ-¯‑n B-¡p‑ h - m‑ \ - p‑ Å - {‑ia - w‑ B-cw‑ ` - n‑ ¨ - p‑ .
k‑nw‑ l - h - m‑ e - ³ I‑pc - § - p‑ I - Ä h-sc ‑ . h‑nh - n‑ [ - t‑Im‑ f - \ - n‑ I - f - n‑ s - e ‑ P-\§ - f - p‑ -
D-bÀ-¶ {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f - n‑ Â I‑mW - p‑ ¶ - I-S-¯‑n-b-X‑v. a‑mb
- p‑ w‑ ]-d¼ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ f - s - ¯ ‑ s‑Xm‑ «- S- p‑ ¯ -
{‑]t- Z‑ i - § - s - f ‑ B-{i ‑ b - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - h‑yh - k - m‑ -
b-§f - p‑ a - m‑ b - p‑ w‑ F-Ãm‑ w‑ NÀ-¨ s‑Nb - v‑X - p‑ .
]-d¼ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ f - h - p‑ w‑ N‑pä - p‑ ] - m‑ S- p‑ a - p‑ Å - h-\{- ] ‑ -
t‑Zi - § - f - p‑ s - S‑ {‑]t- X ‑ y‑ I - X - I - Ä‑, s‑sP ‑ h -
k-¼¯ - v‑ X‑pS- § - n‑ \‑nc - h - [ - n‑ a‑m\ - Z- W - ‑v-
U-§Ä D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v h‑m-g-¨‑m-e‑n-s‑â-
b‑p‑w N‑m-e-¡‑p-S‑n-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w s‑\-·‑m-d-
b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w I‑p-t‑d `‑m-K-§Ä t‑NÀ-¯‑v
2009 U‑n-k‑w-_-d‑n ]-d-¼‑n-¡‑p-f‑w
I-S‑p-h‑m-k-t‑¦-X-a‑m-b‑n {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-¡-
s‑¸-«‑p. G-I-t‑Z-i‑w 390 N.I‑n.a‑o. `‑m-K‑w
t‑I‑mÀ B-b‑p‑w 253 N.I‑n.a‑o. _-^À
B-b‑p‑w {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-¨‑p. C-c‑p-]-t‑X‑m-f‑w
I-S‑p-h-I-f‑p-Å ]-d-¼‑n-¡‑p-f-h‑p‑w s‑X‑m-
«-S‑p-¯ B-\-a-e s‑s‑S-KÀ d‑n-kÀ-Æ‑p‑w
t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e a-ä‑v h-\-`‑m-K-§-f‑p‑w
t‑NÀ-¶‑m h-e‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p `‑q-h‑n-`‑m-K‑w
I-S‑p-h-b‑v-¡‑p‑w I‑q-«‑p-I‑mÀ-¡‑p‑w [‑m-c‑m-f‑w.
]-d-¼‑n-¡‑p-f-¯‑n-s‑â `‑m-K‑y-s‑a-t‑¶
]-d-t‑b-ï‑q. C-h‑n-s‑S-b‑p-Å h-\‑w-h-
I‑p-¸‑v P‑o-h-\-¡‑mÀ F-¶‑p‑w t‑k-h-\
{‑]-hÀ-¯-\ \‑n-c-X-c‑m-W‑v. A-X‑n-s‑â
{‑]-[‑m-\ s‑X-f‑n-h‑m-W‑v \‑m-S³ I-¶‑p-
I‑m-e‑n-I-s‑f a‑p-g‑p-h³ k‑z-t‑a-[-b‑m
]-d-¼‑n-¡‑p-f-¯‑n-s‑â A-X‑nÀ-¯‑n I-S-
¯‑n-b-X‑v. B-Z‑n-h‑m-k‑n b‑p-h‑m-¡-s‑f
k‑w-L-S‑n-¸‑n-¨‑v ]-d-¼‑n-¡‑p-f-¯‑n-s‑â
k‑w-c-£-W-¯‑n ]-¦‑m-f‑n-I-f‑m-¡‑n.
k-µÀ-i-IÀ-¡‑p‑w k‑w-c-£-IÀ-¡‑p‑w
B-Z‑n-h‑m-k‑n-IÄ-¡‑p‑w {‑]-t‑b‑m-P-\-{‑]-Z-
a‑m-b S‑q-d‑n-k‑w ]-²-X‑n \-S-¸‑n-e‑m-¡‑n.
K-t‑h-j-W \‑n-c‑o-£-W-¯‑n-s‑â I‑m-c‑y-
¯‑n-e‑p‑w‑, a-t‑ä-X‑v k‑w-c-£‑n-X {‑]-t‑Z-i-
s‑¯-¡‑m-f‑p‑w ]-d-¼‑n-¡‑p-f‑w a‑p³-]-´‑n-
b‑n-e‑m-W‑v. \‑n-c-h-[‑n s‑h-Ã‑p-h‑n-f‑n-IÄ
C-\‑n-b‑p-a‑p-s‑ï-¦‑n-e‑p‑w ]-d-¼‑n-¡‑p-f‑w
a-e-b‑m-f‑n-b‑p-s‑S‑, {‑]-I‑r-X‑n k‑w-c-£-W-
¯‑n X‑m-e‑v-]-c‑y-a‑p-Å-h-c‑p-s‑S A-`‑n-a‑m-
\-a‑m-W‑v.

B-\-(Asiatic elephant)
t^mt«m/{]`p sa³Ê¶

IqSv 2013 Pqsse 31

 s‑s‑P-hIrjn

s‑sP
‑ h
- w,
taml\w!
I‑q-S‑v S‑o‑w

t‑N
l³-Zm‑ k - v‑ H-cp‑ I‑ma
À-¯e
I-cp‑ W
- I-S¡
- m‑ e - b
- p‑ I
- ¯
- \
- c

- m‑ W
- ¸
- n‑ Â t‑am‑ -
- n‑ Å

- v‑. X-sâ
- n‑

‑
t‑Xm‑ «- a
t‑Pm‑ e
S-bs - â
- n‑ s
‑ c-tï
- p‑ ï
- N
- m‑ ¡
‑ b - v‑X
‑ ¡
- n‑ . k‑uZ- n‑ - Atd_yb‑nÂ
- n‑ c
- t- d
- p‑ ¶ - t- ¸
‑ m‑ f
‑ m‑ Ä H-cp‑ B-«n‑ -
- w‑ Ø-e¯ - v‑
N‑pä - p‑ a - p‑ Å - {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ t- b ‑ b - p‑ w‑ k-Ie - P - o‑ - I‑rj - n‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - v‑ I‑nt- e ‑ m‑ ¡ - W - ¡ - n‑ \ - v‑
h-Pm‑ e - § - s - f ‑ b - p‑ w‑ {‑]W - b - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - h - ³. ]-¨¡ - d - n‑ I - Ä h‑nÂ-¡m‑ d - p‑ ï - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶
- p‑ .
I‑rj - n‑ H-cp‑ t‑Pm‑ e - n‑ F-¶X - n‑ e - p‑ ] - c - n‑ H-cp‑ k‑z´ - a - m‑ b - n‑ I‑rj - n‑ Ø - e
- w‑ h‑m§ - p‑ ¶ - -
P‑oh - n‑ X - c - o‑ X - n‑ b - m‑ h - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä‑, D-Zm‑ ¯ - - X‑n\ - m‑ W - v‑ X-sâ ‑ k-¼m‑ Z- y‑ w‑ a‑pg - p‑ h
- ³
a‑mb - B-ib - § - f - p‑ w‑ N‑n´ - I - f - p‑ w‑ I‑r- s‑Ne - h - g - n‑ ¨ - X - v‑.
j‑nI - f - n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ h‑nf - b - n‑ s - ¨ ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä G-¡d - p‑ I - W - ¡ - n‑ \ - v‑ Ø-e¯ - v‑ h‑n-
H-cp‑ b-Ym‑ À-° IÀ-jI - s - â ‑ P‑oh - n‑ - f-ªp‑ \‑nÂ-¡p‑ ¶ - N‑pc - ¡ - b - p‑ w‑ ]‑mh - -
X‑w [-\y‑ a - m‑ h - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . F-«p‑ h-bÊ - n‑ Â e-pw ]-Sh - e - h - p‑ w‑ N‑oc - b - p‑ w‑ ]-bd - p‑ -
]-¨¡ - d - n‑ I - Ä I‑p«- b - n‑ e - m‑ ¡ - n‑ I‑nt- e ‑ m‑ - s‑am‑ s - ¡ ‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ h‑oS- n‑ \ - v‑ ]‑pd - ¯ - v‑
a‑oä- d - p‑ I - Ä \-S¶ - v‑ t‑NÀ-¯e - N-´- \‑n§ - s - f ‑ k‑zm‑ K - X - w‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ I - .
b‑n s‑Im‑ ï - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - s‑Nd - n‑ b - k‑ma - q‑ l - y‑ h - n‑ c - p‑ ² - À \-in‑ ¸ - n‑ ¨ - n‑ -
I‑p«- n‑ b - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - v‑ C-¶s - ¯ ‑ t‑am‑ l - ³- Ã‑mb - n‑ c - p‑ s - ¶ ‑ ¦ - n‑ Â C-Xn‑ t- e ‑ -
Z‑mk - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - p‑ Å - Z‑qc - w‑ G-sd ‑ A-²z‑ m‑ - s‑db - p‑ ï - m‑ I - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - t- {‑ X ‑ .
\-¯n‑ s - â ‑ b - p‑ w‑ k-l\ - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ b - p‑ w‑ h‑nä - g - n‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - p‑ Å - {‑]i - v‑\ - w‑
I‑qS- n‑ b - m‑ W - v‑. I‑rj - n‑ b - n‑ Â e‑m` - \ - j - v‑S- § - - C-s¸ ‑ m‑ g - p‑ w‑ D-ÅX - m‑ b - n‑ t‑am‑ -
s‑f¡ - p‑ d - n‑ ¨ - v‑ N‑n´ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä \-½Ä l³-Zm‑ k - v‑ k‑m£ - y‑ s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ -
I‑rj - n‑ ¡ - m‑ c - \ - Ã - m‑ X - m‑ h - p‑ ¶ - p‑ F-¶X - m‑ W - v‑ ¯‑p¶ - p‑ . h‑nä - g - n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ ]-äm‑ -
A-t±‑ l - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ a-Xw‑ . F-¦n‑ e - p‑ w‑ c‑m- ¯-Xp‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - v‑ ]-et- ¸ ‑ m‑ g - p‑ w‑
k-hf - § - t- f ‑ m‑ h‑nj - I - o‑ S- \ - m‑ i - n‑ \ - n‑ I - t- f ‑ m‑ D-Xv‑] - m‑ Z- \ - w‑ I‑pd - ¨ - n‑ «- p‑ h - -
H-«p‑ w‑ X-s¶ ‑ {‑]t- b ‑ m‑ K - n‑ ¨ - n‑ «- n‑ Ã - m‑ ¯ - s‑cb - p‑ ï - v‑. I‑pf - § - f - p‑ w‑
h‑nf - I - Ä-¡v‑ a‑mÀ-¡ä - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - v‑ H-cp‑ t‑Xm‑ S- p‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ I‑mh - p‑ s - a ‑ m‑ -
c‑q]
- t‑]m‑ e - p‑ w‑ I‑qS- p‑ X - Â I‑n«- m‑ ¯ - X - n‑ ³ s‑¡b - m‑ b - n‑ s‑sP ‑ h - s - s ‑ h ‑ -
Z‑p:J‑nX - \ - m‑ W - v‑ a-äv‑ ]-e s‑sP ‑ h - I - À-jI - - h‑n[ - y‑ ¯ - m‑  k-¼¶ - -
s‑cb - p‑ w‑ t‑]m‑ s - e ‑ C-t±‑ l - h - p‑ w‑ . I‑rj - n‑ ,‑ a‑mb - ]‑pc - b - n‑ S- ¯ - n‑ Â
P‑oh - n‑ X - ¯ - n‑ Â F-¶p‑ w‑ t‑am‑ l - ³-Zm‑ - a‑n{- i ‑ h - n‑ f - I - f - m‑ W - v‑
k‑ns - â ‑ H-¸w‑ D-ïm‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . t‑]m‑ e - o‑ - I‑rj - n‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ -
k‑pI - m‑ c - \ - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - t- ¸ ‑ m‑ Ä‑, t‑Pm‑ e - n‑ ¶-Xv‑. H-tc ‑ ]-´e - n‑ Â
s‑Nb - v‑X - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - t‑Ìj - \ - p‑ I - f - n‑ s - e ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ X-s¶ ‑ N‑pc - ¡ - b - p‑ w‑

I‑r-j‑n-¡‑m-c‑\‑p- A-h-\À-l‑n-¡‑p-¶
A‑w-K‑o-I‑m-c‑w k-a‑q-l-¯‑nÂ
\‑n-¶‑v I‑n-«‑p-¶‑p-t‑ï‑m?
\-½p‑ s - S‑ k-aq‑ l - ¯ - n‑ Â IÀ-jI - \- v‑ b‑ms - X‑ m‑ c - p‑ h‑ne - -
b‑pa- n‑ Ã
- . \-Ã t‑hj - w‑ [-cn‑ ¨ - v‑ N-S§ - p‑ I - f - n‑ s
- e ‑ m‑ s
- ¡‑ s‑N-
¶‑m B-fp‑ I - Ä s‑\ä - n‑ N‑pf - n‑ ¡- p‑ w‑ ,‑ H-¸w‑ H-cp‑ ]‑pÑ - -
h‑pw‑ . I‑rj - n‑ ¡- m‑ c - ³ F-¶m‑ Â H-cp‑ t‑Xm‑ À-¯p‑ a- p‑ S- p‑ ¯ - v‑
i-co‑ c- w‑ \‑nd - s - b ‑ s‑Nf - n‑ b- p‑ a- m‑ b
- n‑ X‑nc - È- o‑ e - ¡ - p‑ ]‑n¶ - n‑ Â
\‑nÂ-t¡ ‑ ï - h - \ - m‑ s - W‑ ¶ - v‑ k-aq‑ l - w‑ a‑p{- Z ‑ I‑p¯ - n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ -
ï‑v. t‑em‑ I - ¯ - p‑ Å - BÄ-¡m‑ s - c ‑ a‑pg - p‑ h- ³ X‑oä - n‑ t- ¸‑ m‑ ä - p‑ -
¶-Xv‑ A-h\ - m‑ s - W ‑ ¶ - v‑ B-cp‑ w‑ H‑mÀ-¡p‑ ¶ - t- X ‑ b - n‑ Ã - .
32 IqSv 2013 Pqsse
H-c‑p IÀ-j-I-\‑v I‑r-j‑n s‑N-¿‑m³
t‑h-ï A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\ t‑b‑m-K‑y-X-s‑b-´‑m-W‑v?
\-Ã-X‑p t‑]‑m-s‑e I-j‑v-S-s‑¸-S‑m-\‑p‑w k-l-P‑o-h‑n-I-s‑f G-s‑d
k‑v-t‑\-l‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w I-g‑n-b‑p-¶ H-c‑p \-Ã a-\-Ê‑v, ]‑n-s‑¶ F-f‑n-a.
C-X‑n-Ã‑m-s‑X \‑n-§Ä-¡‑v \-s‑Ã‑m-c‑p IÀ-j-I-\‑m-h‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑n-Ã.

]‑mh - e - p‑- w‑ ]-Sh - e - h- p‑ w‑ \‑nX - y‑ h - g - p‑ X - - t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m-h‑p-¶-h-b‑p-ï‑v.' C-¯-h-

\-bp‑ w‑ ]-SÀ-¶p‑ I‑nS- ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . a-s® ‑ - W-s‑¯ t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e G-ä-h‑p‑w \-Ã
S‑p¯
- v‑ I‑pg - n‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ s - e‑ b - m‑ ¡- n‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶
- s‑s‑P-h-IÀ-j-I-\‑p-Å ]‑p-c-k‑v-I‑m-c‑w
A-be - s - ¯ ‑ Ø-ew‑ C-t±‑ l - w‑ h‑m§ - n‑ C-t‑±-l-¯‑n-\‑m-W‑v. C-X‑n-\‑p a‑p³-]‑p‑w
A-Xn‑ Â a‑pg - p‑ h - ³ t‑X§ - b - p‑ s - S‑ s‑Xm‑ ï - v‑ H-«-\-h-[‑n A-h‑mÀ-U‑p-IÄ e-`‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-Å
\‑nc- ¯ - n‑ \‑nI - ¯ - n‑ C-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä A-hn‑ s - S‑ C-t‑±-l‑w ]-t‑£ H‑m-t‑c‑m ]‑p-c-k‑v-I‑m-
h‑nf- I - Ä \‑nd - ª - p‑ h-fc - p‑ ¶- p‑ . c-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w I‑q-S‑p-XÂ h‑n-\-b‑m-\‑z‑n-
a‑pÅ - ³-]m‑ b - e - p‑ w‑ N‑mW - I - h - p‑ w‑ I-¸e - - X-\‑m-h‑p-¶‑p. t‑NÀ-¯-e t‑]‑m-s‑e
ï‑n¸ - n‑ ® - m‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ t‑NÀ-¶ H-cp‑ {‑]t- X ‑ y‑ I - ]‑q-g‑n-a-WÂ \‑n-d-ª {‑]-t‑Z-i-¯‑v
h-f¡ - q‑ «- n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ I‑rj - n‑ s‑Nb - v‑X- n‑ c - p‑ ¶
- I‑r-j‑n-¸-W‑n F-{‑X-a‑m-{‑X‑w {‑]‑m-t‑b‑m-K‑n-
A-ѳ X-s¶ ‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ C-t±‑ l - ¯ - ‑n-s‑â I-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑v t‑N‑m-Z‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ A-t‑±-l‑w
]‑p-d-¯‑v ^-e-`‑q-b‑n-j‑vT-a‑m-b‑n-¡‑n-S-
C-¯-h-W-s‑¯ t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e ¡‑p-¶ X-s‑â I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-S-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v
G-ä-h‑p‑w \-Ã s‑s‑P-h-IÀ-j-I- s‑s‑I-N‑q-ï‑n. A-X‑n-\‑p-Å D-¯-c‑w B
h‑n-f-IÄ \Â-I‑p‑w.
\‑p-Å ]‑p-c-k‑v-I‑m-c‑w C-t‑±-l-¯‑n- t‑a‑m-l³-Z‑m-k‑v I‑r-j‑n-t‑b‑m-S‑p-Å
\‑m-W‑v. H-«-\-h-[‑n A-h‑mÀ-U‑p-IÄ X-s‑â {‑]-W-b‑w X‑p-SÀ-¶‑p-s‑I‑m-
e-`‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-Å C-t‑±-l‑w H‑m-t‑c‑m t‑ï-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. A-t‑±-l‑w h‑n-f‑n-
]‑p-c-k‑v-I‑m-c-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w I‑q-S‑p-X ¨‑m B t‑X‑m-S‑p-I-f‑n-s‑e a‑o-\‑p-IÄ
h‑n-f‑n-¸‑p-d-¯‑m-W‑v. `-£-W‑w I-g‑n-
h‑n-\-b‑m-\‑z‑n-X-\‑m-h‑p-¶‑p. ¡‑m-\‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ A-S‑p-¯‑p-Å
I-t‑k-c-b‑n H-c‑p I‑m-¡ F-¶‑p‑w
I‑mÀ-j‑n-I-K‑p-c‑p. h-¶‑n-c‑p-¶‑v ]-¦‑p-]-ä‑m-d‑p-ï‑v. A-t‑±-
s‑s‑P-h h-f-§-s‑f-Ã‑m‑w h-f-s‑c s‑N-e- l‑w a‑m-h‑n³-s‑s‑X-I-s‑f s‑I-«‑n-¸‑n-S‑n-¨‑v
t‑h-d‑n-b-X-t‑Ã‑, k‑m-[‑m-c-W IÀ-j-I-\‑v D-½ s‑I‑m-S‑p-¯‑v k‑w-k‑m-c‑n-¡‑m-d‑p-ï‑v.
F-§‑s‑\ C‑u {‑]-i‑v-\‑w a-d‑n-I-S-¡‑m‑w? N‑n-Ã \‑n-d-s‑b ]‑q-¯‑p-e-ª‑v A-h
"-\-a‑p-¡‑v D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m³ ]-ä‑n-b {‑]-X‑n-I-c‑n-¡‑m-d‑p-a‑p-ï‑v. N‑p-ä‑p-a‑p-Å
h‑n-e I‑p-d-ª ]-e-X‑p‑w N‑p-ä‑p-a‑p-ï‑v, k-l-P‑o-h‑n-I-t‑f‑m-S‑v C-{‑X \‑n-j‑v-I-f-¦-
A-X‑n-s‑\-s‑b‑m-s‑¡ k-aÀ-°-a‑m-b‑n a‑m-b‑n‑, l‑r-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n C-S-]-g-I‑p-s‑¼‑m-
D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-I F-¶-X‑m-W‑v h‑n- g‑p‑w t‑a‑m-l³-Z‑m-k‑v k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-\‑v
e-I‑q-S‑n-b s‑s‑P-h-h-f-§Ä-¡‑p-Å IÀ-j-I-t‑\‑m-S‑p-Å A-k‑v-]‑r-i‑y-X-s‑¡-
{‑]-X‑n-h‑n-[‑n. R‑m³ a‑mÀ-¡-ä‑n \‑n-¶‑v X‑n-s‑c B-ª-S‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p.
a-Õ‑y-¯‑n-s‑â t‑h-s‑Ì‑m-s‑¡ t‑i-J-c‑n- h‑n-«‑p-h‑o-g‑v-N-I-f‑n-Ã‑m-¯ C‑u k-a‑o-]-\-
¡‑m-d‑p-ï‑v. \-Ã h-f-a‑m-W-X‑v. A-X‑p a‑m-W‑v C-t‑±-l-s‑¯ C-h‑n-s‑S h-s‑c-s‑b-
t‑]‑m-s‑e a-ä‑p ]-e-X‑p‑w h-f-a‑m-b‑n D-]- ¯‑n-¨-X‑v.

t^mt«mkv/IqSv amknI

IqSv 2013 Pqsse 33

N‑n-{‑X-h‑p‑w N‑n-´-b‑p‑w
]-d-¶‑p a-X‑n-b‑m-I‑m-s‑X
t‑U‑m. D-®‑n-I‑r-j‑v-W³ ]‑p-f‑n-¡Â
\‑n -d-§-f‑p‑w ]‑m-«‑p‑w ]-I‑n-«‑p‑w I-c‑n-ª‑p
h‑o-W \‑n-a‑n-j‑w. X‑m-ï‑n-b I‑m-S‑p-IÄ-
¡‑p t‑a-s‑e I-c‑n-t‑a-L‑w s‑I‑m-g‑n-ª‑p h‑o-W
A-\‑p-`-h‑w. I-ï-X‑p‑w I‑m-W‑m-\‑n-d-§‑n-b-X‑p‑w
t‑IÄ-¡‑m³ s‑I‑m-X‑n-¨-X‑p‑w H-¶‑p‑w t‑h-ï‑m-
s‑b-¶‑p t‑X‑m-¶‑n-b Z‑n-h-k‑w.
t‑I‑m-S-a‑q-S‑n-b a‑q-¶‑m-d‑n-s‑e H-c‑p b‑m-{‑X-b‑nÂ
I-ï-X‑m-W‑o Z‑r-i‑y‑w. a-ª‑n ]‑p-X-ª‑p-
\‑n-¶ H-c‑p a-c-¯‑n-s‑â N‑n-{‑X-s‑a-S‑p-¯‑p X‑n-c‑n-
ª‑p \-S-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ A-h-k‑m-\ i‑z‑m-k-s‑a-
S‑p-¡‑p-¶ a-c-¯‑n-s‑â a-I-s‑f-b‑m-W‑v I-ï-X‑v.
D-Å‑n-s‑e‑m-c‑p t‑h-Z-\ I-\-¯‑p. c-ï‑m-a-s‑X‑m-
¶‑p t‑\‑m-¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-t‑g-¡‑p‑w B {‑]‑m-W³
]-d-¶‑p s‑]‑m-´‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
B I‑m-g‑v-N-b‑n H-c‑p I-d‑p-¯ A-\‑p-`-h-
h‑p‑w B A-\‑p-`-h-¯‑n H-c‑p k-t‑µ-i-h‑p‑w
D-ï‑v F-¶‑p t‑X‑m-¶‑n. I‑n-f‑n-b‑p-s‑S a‑m-{‑X‑w
N‑n-{‑X-s‑a-S‑p-¯‑m I-Y a‑p-g‑p-h-\‑m-I‑n-Ã.
]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑v a‑p-g‑p-h-\‑m-I-W-s‑a-¦‑n s‑I‑m-
e-b‑m-f‑n-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-X‑o-I‑w I‑q-S‑n N‑n-{‑X-¯‑nÂ
h-c-W‑w. A-e‑v-]-t‑\-c-s‑¯ I‑m-¯‑n-c‑n-¸‑nÂ
t‑h-s‑d‑m-c‑p h‑m-l-\-s‑¯ N‑n-{‑X-¯‑n DÄ-
s‑¡‑m-Å‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-ª‑p- þ -{‑]‑m-Y-a‑n-I h‑n-j-
b-h‑p‑w Z‑z‑n-X‑o-b h‑n-j-b-h‑p‑w þ B-Z‑y-t‑¯-X‑n-\‑v
{‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y‑w \Â-I‑m³ I‑q-S‑p-XÂ h-e‑n-¸-h‑p‑w
h‑y-à-X-b‑p‑w \Â-I‑n‑, c-ï‑m-a-t‑¯-X‑n-s‑\
s‑N-d‑p-X‑p‑w A-h‑y-à-h‑p-a‑m-¡‑n. t‑^‑m-t‑«‑m-{‑K‑m-
^‑n-b‑p-s‑S t‑U‑m-I‑y‑p-s‑aâ-d‑n k‑z-`‑m-h‑w C-¯-c‑w
N‑n-{‑X \‑nÀ-½‑n-X‑n-b‑v-¡‑p a-ä‑p I-e‑m-c‑q-]-§-s‑f-
¡‑mÄ A-\‑p-t‑b‑m-P‑y-a‑m-W‑v. H‑m-t‑c‑m N‑n-{‑X-h‑p‑w
H‑m-t‑c‑m A-\‑p-`-h-¡‑p-d‑n-¸‑m-W‑v. A-\‑p-`-h-¯‑n-
s‑\‑m-¸‑w H-c‑p k-t‑µ-i‑w I‑q-S‑n \Â-I‑m³ I-g‑n-
h‑p-Å-X‑m-b‑m B I‑p-d‑n-¸‑v G-s‑d \-¶‑m-h‑p‑w.
F-{‑X I‑n-f‑n-I-s‑f‑, ]‑q-¼‑m-ä-I-s‑f‑, ]‑pÂ-¨‑m-S‑n-
I-s‑f‑, ]‑n-s‑¶ \-½‑p-s‑S-X-s‑¶ I‑p-ª‑p-§-s‑f‑, Technical  Details
\‑m‑w A-d‑n-b‑m-s‑X s‑I‑m-s‑¶‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-¶‑p t‑h-K- Camera: Digital SLR
X-b‑p-s‑S t‑]-c‑nÂ. I‑p-d-s‑¨‑m-¶‑p \‑nÂ-¡‑m³ Lens: 12-24mm f/4 lens
t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w a-\-Ê‑n-Ã‑m-s‑X‑, X‑n-c‑n-s‑ª‑m-¶‑p Exposure: 1/350, f/8, ISO 400
t‑\‑m-¡‑m³ t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w t‑\-c-a‑n-Ã‑m-s‑X \-½Ä
]‑m-ª‑p t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶‑p. Focal point: the eye of the bird
IqSv 2013 Pqsse 35
 HmÀ½¡pdn¸v

h‑n-s‑¯-d‑n-ª‑v
h‑n-S-s‑I‑m-ï I‑m-ä‑v
s‑P. F‑w. d-l‑n‑w

F
D-S³-Xs - ¶
S- X - z‑ s‑kâ‑v A-te
t‑Im‑ t- f
‑ H-cp‑ ]‑pX
‑ P - v‑ t‑Im‑ ¼
- n‑ b
- u
- D-Zy‑ m‑ \
‑ m‑ j
‑ ï
- y‑ k
- n‑ Â
- w‑
- v‑ ¸-sâ

t‑hK
- a
‑ {‑]h

- m‑ b
- À-¯\
G-hÀ-¡p‑ w‑ t‑_m‑ [
- n‑ c - p‑ ¶
- §- s
- y‑ a
- p‑ B b‑m{- X
- f
- m‑ I
‑ ]T‑n¡

‑ b
- p‑ ¶
- p‑ w‑ ,‑ F-s´
- v‑¡
-
‑ m‑ c
- v‑! 2011-
- p‑
]-cn‑ Ø
L-Sn‑ ¸
h‑n] - p‑ e
-
- n‑ ¨
- h
n‑ X- n‑ {‑]h
- p‑ s‑Im‑ ï
- p‑ a - m‑ b - p‑ f
- À-¯I
- p‑ f
- f - ]-cn‑ ]
- f
- s
- h‑yX
- c ‑ b

- m‑ S- n‑ I
- p‑ w‑ k‑w-
- y‑ k - v‑X
- Ä. k-am‑ -
- h - p‑ w‑

H-cp‑ § - p‑ w‑ þ t‑Im‑ t- f ‑ P - v‑ A-[n‑ I - m‑ c - n‑ - þÂ X‑nc - p‑ h - \ - ´ - ] - p‑ c

- ¯- v‑ X-sâ ‑ a‑pJ - y‑ ]-\w‑ 2013 s‑^{- _ ‑ p‑ h - c - n‑ b - n‑ Â F³-tU ‑ m‑ -
IÄ‑, \‑mj - W - Â kÀ-Æo‑ k - v‑ k‑vI - o‑ w‑ ,‑ t‑\X
- r‑ X - z‑ ¯ - n‑ Â k‑wL - S- n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡- s - ¸
‑ «- kÄ-^m‑ ³ Z‑pc - ´ - _ - m‑ [ - n‑ X - {‑]t- Z‑ -
I‑p«- \ - m‑ S- v‑ \‑m¨ - p‑ d - Â s‑km‑ s - s ‑ k ‑ ä - n‑ ,‑ t‑Ic- f- ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X
- n‑ D-¨ t‑Im‑ S- n‑ ¡ - p‑ i-am‑ b - F³-aI - s - P ‑ b - n‑ Â. X‑pS- À-¶v‑
F-SX - z‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ k - v‑t- \ ‑ l - n‑ I - Ä t‑ij - w‑ Bâ-¸\ - v‑ h‑n{- i ‑ a- a
- n‑ Ã- m‑ ¯- t‑em‑ I - ` - u ‑ a - Z- n‑ \ - m‑ N - c - W - ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ a‑pt- ¶ ‑ m‑ -
F-¶n‑ h - s - c ‑ Ã - m‑ w‑ H-¶n‑ ¨ - p‑ t‑NÀ-¶v‑ H-cp‑ - S‑nb
- m‑ b - p‑ f - f - l-cn‑ X - h - m‑ c - w‑ . G-{] ‑ n‑ Â 15
¡‑p¶ - I-®o‑ c - n‑  I‑pX - n‑ À-¶ H-cp‑ k‑v- H-c‑p B-b‑p-Ê‑n a‑m-{‑X‑w X‑oÀ- a‑pX-  22 h-sc ‑ {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ G-gp‑
t‑\t- l ‑ m‑ ] - l - m‑ c - w‑ þ Bâ-¸³ k‑va - m‑ c
- I - t‑¡-ï b‑m-{‑X-I-f‑m-W‑v Bâ-¸³ P‑oh - I - p‑ S- p‑ w‑ _ - § - s - f ‑ H‑mt- c ‑ m‑ Z‑nh - k - h - p‑ w‑
]‑qt- ´ ‑ m‑ «- w‑ . Bâ-¸³ A-¼n‑ b - m‑ b - w‑ A-\p‑ k - v‑a - c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - h‑nh - n‑ [ - ]-cn‑ ] - m‑ S- n‑ -
F-¶ \‑m«- p‑ I - m‑ c - \ - m‑ b - ,‑ Z‑oÀ-LZ- À-in‑ -
G-X‑m-\‑p‑w hÀ-j-§Ä s‑I‑m-ï‑v IÄ. t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ 14 P‑nà - I - t- f ‑ b - p‑ w‑
b‑mb - A-]q‑ À-h {‑]X - n‑ ` - s - b ‑ t‑hï - h - n‑ - X‑m-ï‑n-¯‑oÀ-¯-X‑v. G-gv‑ t‑aJ - e - I - f - m‑ ¡ - n‑ X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - v‑ h‑nh - n‑ [ -
[‑w X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - d - n‑ b - m‑ ³ A-t±‑ l - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ {‑]Ø - m‑ \ - § - f - p‑ s - S‑ t‑\X - r‑ X - z‑ ¯ - n‑ Â
Z‑mc
- p‑ W - m‑ ´ - y‑ w‑ h-sc ‑ I‑m¯ - p‑ \ - n‑ Â-t¡ ‑ - Znhk§fmbnc‑p¶ - p‑ . 2012þÂ t‑d¨ - Â k‑wL - S- n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¨ - l-cn‑ X - h - m‑ c - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ i‑ne - v‑-
ï‑n h-¶t- Ã ‑ m‑ F-¶ I‑pä - t- _ ‑ m‑ [ - ¯ - n‑ Â I-gv‑k
- s - â ‑ s‑sk ‑ e - â‑v k‑v{- ] ‑ n‑ § - n‑ s -- â‑ ]‑n Bâ-¸³ X-s¶ ‑ b - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . H-cp‑
\‑n¶- p‑ w‑ D-bn‑ À-s¡ ‑ m‑ f - f - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑.- .‑! A³-]X - m‑ w‑ hÀ-jw‑ {‑]a - m‑ W - n‑ ¨ - p‑ k‑w- ]-t£ ‑ , G-sX ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ kÀ-¡m‑ À G-P³-
H-cÀ-°¯ - n‑ Â Bâ-¸t- â ‑ X - v‑ F³. L-Sn‑ ¸ - n‑ ¨- \ - n‑ È
- _ - v‑Z- h-k´ - hÀ-jm‑ - k‑n \-S¯ - n‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ s - ¶ ‑ ¦ - n‑  e-£§ - Ä
I‑rj - v‑W - ] - n‑ Å - b - p‑ s - S‑ `‑mj - b - n‑ Â "- I‑me - w‑ N-cW - w‑ - H-cp‑ s‑lÀ-¡q‑ e - n‑ b- ³ S‑mk - v‑I - v‑ sNe-hp h-cp-am-bn-cp-¶ ]-cn-]m-Sn
I‑pd - ª - Z‑n\ - s - a ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ a - À-° Z‑oÀ-L'- X-s¶ ‑ b - m‑ b- n‑ c
- p‑ ¶
- p‑ . H‑mt- c ‑ m‑ P‑nà - b - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ B-Wv Bâ-¸³ k‑ot- d ‑ m‑ _-Uv‑P - ä - n‑ Â-
k
- a - m‑ \ - a - m‑ b - P‑oh - n‑ X - a - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . H-cp‑ a‑mk - w‑ h‑oX - w‑ X-§n‑ ,‑ P‑nà - b - n‑ s - e‑ \-S¯ - n‑ ¡ - m‑ W - n‑ ¨ - X - v‑.
A-hk - m‑ \ - c-ïp‑ hÀ-js - ¯ ‑ Bâ- F-Ãm‑ ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X- n‑ {‑]Ø- m‑ \
- § - s - f ‑ b - p‑ w‑ G-{] ‑ n‑ e - n‑ Â ]‑me - ¡ - m‑ «- v‑ h‑nf - n‑ ¨ - p‑ -

36 IqSv 2013 Pqsse

t‑NÀ-¯ k‑wØ - m‑ \ - ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ b‑n¡- p‑ I - b - m‑ b - n‑ c
- p‑ ¶- p‑ ,‑ X‑pS- À-¶m‑ W - v‑ \-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v c-ï‑p hÀ-j‑w a‑p³-]‑v
{‑]h - À-¯I - k - w‑ K - a - w‑ H-cp‑ k-¼q‑ À-® k‑pl - r‑ ¯ - p‑ ¡ - t- f ‑ m‑ s - S‑ m‑ ¸
- w‑ Bâ-¸³ kÀ-¡‑mÀ s‑I‑m-ä‑n-à k‑w-c-£-W
k-t½ ‑ f - \ - w‑ B-Im‑ ¯ - X - p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - m‑ W - v‑ I‑p«- \- m‑ S- v‑ \‑m¨ - p‑ d
- Â s‑km‑ s - s‑ k ‑ ä - n‑ ¡
- v‑ ]-²-X‑n \-S-¸‑m-¡‑n-b-X‑v. a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã‑,
F-Ãm‑ h - c - p‑ t- S‑ b - p‑ w‑ k‑vt- \ ‑ l - \‑nÀ-_Ô - - c‑q]
- w‑ s‑Im‑ S- p‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. I‑p«- \ - m‑ «- n‑ s- e ‑ ]-£‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S I‑q-S‑p‑w s‑]‑m-¯‑p‑w D-f-f
¯‑n\ - v‑ h-g§ - n‑ {‑Ko‑ ³ I-½y‑ q‑ W - n‑ ä - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ ]‑mS- t- i‑ J - c - § - f - n‑ Â h‑ym‑ ] - I - a - m‑ b
- n‑ D-]- a-c-§Ä h‑o-«‑p-I‑mÀ a‑p-d‑n-¡‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑m-
P-\d - Â I¬-ho‑ \ - À Ø‑m\ - w‑ k‑zo‑ I - - t‑bm‑ K - n‑ ¨- n‑ c
- p‑ ¶ - c‑mk - h - f - §- f - n‑ s
- e ‑ h‑n- \‑m-b‑n hÀ-j‑w t‑X‑m-d‑p‑w h‑o-«‑p-I‑mÀ-¡v‑
c‑n¨- v‑ P‑q¬ 29þ-\v‑ h‑oï - p‑ w‑ k‑wØ - m‑ \ - j‑mw‑ i - w‑ P-em‑ i - b - § - f - n‑ Â F-¯n‑ s - ¸
‑ «- v‑ 1000 c‑q] - h‑oX - w‑ kÀ-¡m‑ c - n‑ s - \‑ s - ¡ ‑ m‑ ï - v‑
k-t½ ‑ f - \ - w‑ h‑nf - n‑ ¨ - p‑ t‑NÀ-¡m‑ ³ t‑h- \‑m-S³ a-Õ‑y-§Ä C-Ã‑m-X‑m-b-X‑n-s‑\- s‑Im‑ S- p‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - p‑ w‑ Bâ-¸s - â ‑ {‑ia - -
ï‑nb - p‑ f - f - {‑]h - À-¯\ - § - Ä Bâ-¸³ ¸-ä‑n ]T-\‑w \-S-¯‑n‑, t‑_‑m-[-hÂ-¡- §Ä-¡m‑ b - n‑ .
B-cw‑ ` - n‑ ¨ - X - v‑. P‑qW - n‑ s - e ‑ k‑wK - a - ¯ - n‑ Â c-W {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§-f‑p‑w kÀ-¡‑mÀ s‑hd - p‑ w‑ H-cp‑ ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X
- n‑ {‑]h - À-
h-¨v‑ X-sâ ‑ Z‑uX - y‑ w‑ (]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ X-e-¯‑n \‑n-t‑h-Z-\-§-f‑p‑w a-ä‑v ¯-I³ a‑m{- X ‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶- n‑ à - a-dn‑ ¨ - v‑,
{‑]Ø - m‑ \ - § - f - p‑ s - S‑ k‑wØ - m‑ \ - X - e - {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§-f‑p‑w Bâ-¸-\‑p‑w k‑p- A-km‑ a - m‑ \ - y‑ {‑]X - n‑ `
- b - p‑ w‑ C-Nv‑O - m‑ -
G-tI ‑ m‑ ] - \ - w‑ )‑ ]‑qÀ-¯n‑ b - m‑ ¡ - n‑ F-¶ l‑r-¯‑p-¡-f‑p‑w \-S-¯‑n-h-¶-X‑v G-s‑d i-àn‑ b - p‑ w‑ k-aÀ-¸W - _‑p² - n‑ b - p‑ w‑
N-cn‑ X - m‑ À-°y‑ t- ¯ ‑ m‑ s - S‑ XÂ-¡m‑ e - w‑ {‑i-t‑²-b-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. H-¶n‑ ¨ - p‑ t- N ‑ À-¶ ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X- n‑ Z‑mÀ-i\ - n‑ -
]‑n¶ - W - n‑ b - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ a‑md - m‑ \ - p‑ f - f - {‑ia - - I-\m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ Bâ-¸³. ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ -
¯‑ne - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ Bâ-¸³ F-¶X - v‑ {‑]h- À-¯\ - c - w‑ K - ¯ - v‑ F-¶p‑ w‑ Bâ-¸³
A-Sp‑ ¯ - k-lN - m‑ c - n‑ I - Ä-¡v‑ A-dn‑ b - m‑ - a-äp‑ f- f - h - À-¡v‑ I‑mW - m‑ ³ I-gn‑ b - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ -
h‑p¶ - Imcya‑mW - v‑. \-¸p‑ d - w‑ I-ïp‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - v‑ ]-cn‑ ] - m‑ S- n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑
H-cp‑ B-bp‑ Ê - n‑ Â a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ X‑oÀ-t¡ ‑ ï - ]-²X - n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ B-kq‑ {- X ‑ W - w‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - v‑
b‑m{- X ‑ I - f - m‑ W - v‑ Bâ-¸³ G-Xm‑ \ - p‑ w‑ hÀ- \-S¸ - m‑ ¡ - n‑ b - b - m‑ f - m‑ W- v‑. A-¯c - ¯ - n‑ Â
j-§Ä s‑Im‑ ï - v‑ X‑mï - n‑ ¯ - o‑ À-¯X - v‑. A-t\ ‑ I - À-¡v‑ D‑uÀ-Öh - p‑ w‑ B-th ‑ i - -
h-fs - c ‑ I‑pd - ª - I‑me - b - f - h - n‑ \ - p‑ f - f - n‑ Â h‑pw‑ ]-IÀ-¶p‑ \Â-In‑ b - {‑]X - n‑ ` - m‑ i - m‑ -
t‑Ic - f - w‑ H-«m‑ s - I ‑ ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ {‑]h - À-¯- e‑nb
- p‑ a - m‑ W - v‑. ]‑n.-_n‑ .-sj ‑ Ã - n‑ ,‑ Ode to the
I-cp‑ s - S‑ ,‑ {‑]Ø - m‑ \ - § - f - p‑ s - S‑ H-cp‑ N-§- west wind- F-¶ I-hn‑ X - b - n‑ Â H-¶-
e-Xs - ¶ ‑ Bâ-¸³ t‑Im‑ À-¯n‑ W - ¡ - n‑ .
Bâ-¸s - \ ‑ A-dn‑ ª - p‑ I - q‑ S- m‑ ¯ - ,‑ Bâ- X-s‑â ZÀ-i-\-§-s‑f-b‑p‑w I-s‑ï-
¸-\v‑ A-dn‑ b - m‑ ¯ - ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ {‑]i - v‑\ - - ¯-e‑p-I-s‑f-b‑p‑w B-i-b-§-s‑f-
§-fp‑ w‑ ,‑ ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ {‑]h - À-¯I - c - p‑ w‑ ,‑
]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ {‑]Ø - m‑ \ - § - f - p‑ w‑ ,‑ F-´n‑ \ - v‑
b‑p‑w H-s‑¡ h‑n-¯‑p-I-f‑m-¡‑n
]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f - p‑ w‑ t‑Ic - f - - t‑I-c-f-s‑a‑m-«‑m-s‑I I‑m-ä‑n-s‑\
¯‑n h‑nc - f - a - m‑ W - v‑. X‑nc - p‑ h - \ - ´ - ] - p‑ c - w‑ t‑]‑m-s‑e k-©-c‑n-¨‑v h‑n-X-b‑v-¡‑p-¶
a‑pX -  I‑mk - À-tI ‑ m‑ U - v‑ h-sc ‑ b - p‑ f - f - ]-cn‑ - a-l-¯‑m-b Z‑u-X‑y-a‑m-W‑v Bâ-¸³
Ø‑nX - n‑ {‑]h - À-¯I - À ]-ck - v‑] - c - w‑ C-¶v‑
A-dn‑ b - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ \ - v‑ a‑pJ - y‑ I - m‑ c - W - ¡ - m‑ c - \ - p‑ w‑ G-s‑ä-S‑p-¯-X‑v.
Bâ-¸\ - m‑ W - v‑. t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ a-sä ‑ m‑ c - p‑
]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ {‑]h - À-¯I - \ - p‑ w‑ ,‑ {‑]Ø - m‑ \ - - c-\q‑ ä - m‑ ï - p‑ a‑p³-]v‑ ]-dª - n‑ «- p‑ f - f - X - p‑
¯‑n\ - p‑ w‑ ,‑ G-P³-kn‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ A-hI - m‑ i - s - ¸ ‑ - t‑]m‑ s - e ‑ Bâ-¸³ H-cp‑ I‑mä - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
S‑m³ ]-äm‑ ¯ - h - n‑ [ - w‑ H-cp‑ _‑rl - ¯ - m‑ b - X-sâ ‑ ZÀ-i\ - § - s - f ‑ b - p‑ w‑ I-sï ‑ ¯ - -
]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ {‑]h - À-¯I - U-bd - I - v‑S- d - n‑ e‑pI - s - f ‑ b - p‑ w‑ B-ib - § - s - f ‑ b - p‑ w‑ H-s¡ ‑
Bâ-¸s - â ‑ a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ k‑z¯ - m‑ W - v‑ þ A-Y- h‑n¯ - p‑ I - f - m‑ ¡ - n‑ t‑Ic - f - s - a ‑ m‑ «- m‑ s - I ‑
h‑m A-Xp‑ a‑m{- X ‑ a - m‑ W - v‑ Bâ-¸s - â ‑ G-I I‑mä - n‑ s - \ ‑ t‑]m‑ s - e ‑ k-©c - n‑ ¨ - v‑ h‑nX - b - v‑-
k-¼m‑ Z- y‑ h - p‑ w‑ !‑ ¡‑p¶ - a-l¯ - m‑ b - Z‑uX - y‑ a - m‑ W - v‑ Bâ-
Bâ-¸³ H-cn‑ ¡ - e - p‑ w‑ "F-sâ ‑ ¸³ G-sä ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - X - v‑ þ A-Yh - m‑ ]‑qÀ-¯n‑ -
B-ib - w‑ ,‑ F-sâ ‑ {‑]Ø - m‑ \ - w‑ ,‑ F-sâ ‑ b‑m¡ - n‑ b - X - v‑! h‑nf - s - h ‑ S- p‑ ¸ - n‑ \ - v‑ H-cn‑ ¡ - e - p‑ w‑
{‑]h - À-¯\ - § - Ä-' F-¶v‑ A-hI - m‑ i - - Bâ-¸³ I‑m¯ - p‑ \ - n‑ ¶ - n‑ «- n‑ à - ; s‑sZ‑ h - w‑
s‑¸S- p‑ I - t- b ‑ m‑ F-´n‑ \ - v‑ ]-cm‑ a - À-in‑ ¡ - p‑ I - A-Xn‑ \ - v‑ A-\p‑ h - Z- n‑ ¨ - p‑ a - n‑ Ã - . X‑oÀ-¨b - m‑ -
••Bâ-¸-\pw a-I³ B-t_-epw ]-cn-Øn-Xn-{]-hÀ-¯-
t‑]m‑ e - p‑ t- a ‑ m‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - n‑ «- n‑ à - . A-Xn‑ s - \ ‑ m‑ - I-cm-b tim-`o-{µ³ am-jp-sS-bpw Im-e-Sn ap-c-fo-[-c- b‑pw‑ t‑Ic - f - s - a ‑ m‑ «- m‑ s - I ‑ Bâ-¸³ h‑nX - -
s‑¡b - ¸ - p‑ d - ¯ - p‑ f - f - H-cp‑ Z‑mÀ-i\ - n‑ I - X - - sâ-bp-sam-¸w. d‑nb
- ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ k‑wc - £ - W - k-tµ ‑ i -
e-¯n‑  \‑n¶ - m‑ W - v‑ Bâ-¸³ X-sâ ‑ B-ib - Z- À-i\ - h‑n¯ - p‑ I - Ä h-fÀ-¶p‑
{‑]h - À-¯\ - § - s - f ‑ b - p‑ w‑ ,‑ ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ - ]-´e - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - X-s¶ ‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ w‑ .
{‑]h - À-¯\ - § - t- f ‑ b - p‑ w‑ s‑am‑ ¯ - ¯ - n‑ Â l-cn‑ ¸ - m‑ S- n‑ \
- S- p‑ ¯
- p‑ f - f
- s‑Nd - p‑ X
- e
- Bâ-¸³ F-¶ Z‑mÀ-i\ - n‑ I - s - â ‑
h‑o£ - n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ H-«p‑ ]-©m‑ b - ¯- n‑ s - e ‑ ]‑mï - n‑ F-¶ Ø-e- B-Ik - v‑a - n‑ I - a - m‑ b - t‑hÀ-]m‑ S- v‑ t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ -
a‑n¡
- ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ k‑w_ - Ô - a - m‑ b - ,‑ ¯‑v h‑ym‑ ] - I - a - m‑ b
- n‑ I-ïp‑ h - c- p‑ ¶
- t‑Nc- s‑e ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ {‑]h - À-¯\ - c - w‑ K - ¯ - v‑
{‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ ] - T - \ - k‑w_ - Ô - a - m‑ b - {‑]h - À- t‑Im‑ g- n‑ I
- Ä t‑h«- b - m‑ S- Â \‑n-a‑n-¯-h‑p‑w X‑oc - m‑ \ - ã - a - m‑ s - W ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ B ZÀ-i\ - -
¯-\§ - f - p‑ t- S‑ b - p‑ w‑ B-ib - § - Ä-¡v‑ a-ä‑p‑w h‑w-i-\‑m-i `‑o-j-W‑n t‑\-c‑n-S‑p-¶‑p §-fn‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ D‑uÀ-Öw‑ DÄ-s¡ ‑ m‑ -
]‑n¶ - n‑  Bâ-¸s - â ‑ X-et- ¨ ‑ m‑ d - p‑ ï - m‑ - F-¶-d‑n-ª Bâ-¸³ k‑p-l‑r-¯‑p-¡- Å‑m³ t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑
b‑nc - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . t‑f-b‑p‑w I‑q-«‑n A-h‑n-s‑S t‑]‑m-b‑n ]T-\‑w {‑]Ø- m‑ \ - § - Ä-¡p‑ w‑ {‑]h - À-¯I - À-¡p‑ w‑
F-SX - z‑ s‑kâ‑v A-te ‑ m‑ j - y‑ k - v‑ k‑vI - q‑ - \-S-¯‑p-I-b‑p‑w P-\-§-s‑f t‑_‑m-[-h-X‑v- B-bm‑ Â X‑oÀ-¨b - m‑ b - p‑ w‑ A-Xv‑ t‑Ic - -
f‑ne - p‑ w‑ t‑Im‑ t- f ‑ P - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ ]T‑n¡ - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä ¡-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w‑, t‑]‑m-e‑o-k‑v C-S-s‑]-SÂ f-¯n‑ s - e ‑ ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X- n‑ k‑wc - £ - W -
X-s¶ ‑ {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ k - l - h - m‑ k - I‑ym‑ ¼ - p‑ - \-S-¯‑n-¨‑v t‑h-«-b‑m-SÂ \‑nÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-I- {‑]h- À-¯\ - c - w‑ K - ¯ - v‑ H-cp‑ ]‑pX - n‑ b - h‑n¹ - -
I-fn‑ e - p‑ w‑ ,‑ ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ k - w‑ c - £ - W - b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. A©mdp hÀ-j-a‑m-b‑n h‑w k‑wP - m‑ X - a - m‑ ¡ - p‑ I - X - s - ¶ ‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ w‑ .
{‑]h - À-¯\ - § - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ k-Po‑ h - a - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - \-S-¯‑n-h-¶ t‑\-c‑n-«‑p-f-f {‑]-b-X‑v-\‑w Bâ-¸³ F-¶ '‑ ] - c - n‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ I-cn‑ ¡ - p‑ -
Bâ-¸³ b‑ph - m‑ h - m‑ b - t- ¸ ‑ m‑ Ä X-sâ ‑ a-X‑n-b‑m-¡‑m-s‑X kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n k-½À- e‑w'‑- h-cp‑ w‑ X - e - a - p‑ d - I - Ä-¡p‑ Å - {‑]X - o‑ £ - -
{‑]h - À-¯\ - c - w‑ K - w‑ C-Xm‑ s - W ‑ ¶ - v‑ \‑nÝ - - ±‑w s‑N-e‑p-¯‑n-b-X‑n-s‑â A-S‑n-Ø‑m- b‑ps - S‑ ]‑mT-]p‑ k - v‑X - I - a - m‑ W - v‑.

IqSv 2013 Pqsse 37

 k-k‑v-X-\‑n-IÄ h-\‑y-P‑o-h‑n-I-s‑f A-S‑p-¯-d‑n-b‑m³
k‑n‑w-l‑w Asiatic lion
t^mt«m/kuc`v tZimbn

k‑n‑w-l‑`mKw
t‑U‑m. ]‑n.H. \-a‑oÀ

I‑m
]-db - p‑ ¶ - X
«- n‑ s
¡‑pd
- e‑ c‑mP
- n‑ ¨
- v‑. \-½p‑ s
- m‑ W
- m‑ h

- S‑ ]‑pc
- m‑ b
- v‑ C‑u e-¡¯
- k‑nw‑ l

- m‑ W- § - f
- s
- n‑ Â
- n‑ e
- ¯‑ -

- p‑ w‑
h‑nj
k-cm‑ P
c-£n‑ ¡
- v‑W - p‑ `
- m‑ h
- m‑ \
- m‑ b
- à
- \
- l‑nc
- m‑ b
- m‑ b

- n‑ h‑nj
- W
- {‑]l
- y‑ I
- v‑W
- i
- p‑ `
- v‑f
- n‑ ]
- K - h
- m‑ Z- s
- p‑ h
- \‑ c‑m£
- n‑ Â \‑n¶
- m‑ ³ ]‑mX
- -
- p‑ w‑
- n‑ a- -
F-¶m‑ W
K‑pc
I‑mc
- v‑ AÀ-°w‑ . 1699þÂ k‑n¡
- p‑ t‑Km‑ _
- w‑ "k‑n§
- n‑ µ
- v‑ k‑n§
- n‑ s
- v‑' F-¶ \‑ma
- â ‑ B-{K
- w‑ k‑zo‑ I
‑ l
- p‑ I - m‑ À
- {- ]
- c- n‑ ¡
‑ -
- p‑ -
C-Xn‑ l - m‑ k - § - f - n‑ e- p‑ w‑ ,‑ k‑ml - n‑ X
- y‑ ¯
- n‑ e - p‑ w‑ ,‑ \‑pj
- y‑ \ - p‑ w‑ ,‑ ]‑mX - n‑ k - n‑ w‑ l - h - p‑ a - m‑ b - \-ck - n‑ w‑ - I-bp‑ ï - m‑ b- n‑ . C-´y‑ m‑ a-lm‑ c - m‑ P- y‑ ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑
N-cn‑ {- X
‑ ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ s
- a ‑ Ã - m‑ w‑ h-fs - c‑ b- [- n‑ I
- w‑ {‑]X - n‑ - l-am‑ b - n‑ A-hX - c - n‑ ¨- X - v‑ ]‑pc - m‑ W - § - f - n‑ Â a‑p{- Z‑ b- n‑ Â (AtimI kvXw`-¯n‑ Â‑) \
]‑mZ- n‑ ¨ - n‑ «- p‑ Å
- H-cp‑ P‑oh - n‑ b
- m‑ W - v‑ a‑rK - c - m‑ P- - I‑mW- m‑ h - p‑ ¶ - X - m‑ W- v‑. ]‑pc - m‑ X - \ - C-´y‑ ³ mev k‑nw‑ l - § - f - p‑ ï
- v‑. {‑io‑ e
- ¦ - b - p‑ s- S‑ t‑Zi - o‑ -
\‑mb - k‑nw‑ l - w‑ . t‑hZ- §
- f - n‑ Â "k‑n§ - v‑' F-¶m‑ Â k‑nw‑ l - w‑ b-]X - m‑ I
- b- n‑ Â h‑mt- f ‑ ´
- n‑ b - k‑nw‑ l - s - ¯ ‑

38 IqSv 2013 Pqsse

I‑mW - m‑ w‑ . {‑io‑ e - ¦ - b - n‑ s - e ‑ `‑qc - n‑ ] - £ - P-\- X‑n-s‑â A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n k‑n‑w-l-§- i‑n-s‑e "N-{‑µ-{‑]-`‑' h-\‑y-P‑o-h‑n k-t‑¦-X-
h‑n` - m‑ K - § - Ä "k‑nw‑ K - f - '‑ A-Yh - m‑ "k‑nw‑ l - - f‑p-s‑S F-®-¯‑n hÀ-²-\-h‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. ¯‑n s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h‑n-S‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. 1965
¯‑ns - â ‑ c-àa - p‑ Å - P-\§ - Ä‑' F-¶m‑ W - v‑ A-X‑n-s‑â ^-e-a‑m-b‑n K‑p-P-d‑m-¯‑n-s‑e B-b-t‑¸‑m-t‑g-¡‑p‑w A-X‑v 11 k‑n‑w-l-§-f‑m-
A-dn‑ b - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. k‑nw‑ K - ¸ - q‑ c - n‑ \ - v‑ a-eb - ³ P‑q-\-K-U‑n-e‑p‑w‑, A-a-t‑c-e‑n P‑n-Ã-I-f‑n-e‑p- s‑b-¦‑n-e‑p‑w N‑n-e \‑n-K‑q-V-I‑m-c-W-§-f‑mÂ
`‑mj - b - n‑  "k‑nw‑ l - þ- \ - K - c - w‑ '‑ F-¶m‑ W - - a‑m-b‑n h‑y‑m-]‑n-¨‑p I‑n-S-¡‑p-¶ K‑oÀ-h-\-§- F-Ã‑m‑w X-s‑¶ "N-{‑µ-{‑]-`‑'b‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w
t‑{X‑ AÀ-°w‑ h-cp‑ ¶ - X - v‑. {‑]i - k - v‑X - f‑n \‑m¶q-d‑nÂ-]-c‑w k‑n‑w-l-§-s‑f C-¶‑v A-{‑]-X‑y-£-a‑m-b‑n.
C‑w¥ - o‑ j - v‑ {‑]o‑ a - n‑ b - À e‑oK - v‑ ¢-ºp‑ I - f - m‑ b - I‑m-W‑m‑w. F-¶‑m K‑oÀ-h-\-§-f‑n-s‑e ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v 1995þ s‑U-d‑m-U‑q-W‑n-s‑e
Chelsab‑pw‑ ,‑ Aston Villab‑pw‑ k‑nw‑ l - s - ¯ ‑ k‑n‑w-l-§Ä-¡‑v P-\‑n-X-I-]-c-a‑m-b H-c‑p t‑Z-i‑o-b h-\‑y-P‑o-h‑n Ø‑m-]-\-¯‑n-s‑â
A-hc - p‑ s - S‑ a‑p{- Z‑ -b‑m-b‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. ]-c‑n-a‑n-X‑n-b‑p-ï‑v. C-¶‑v A-h‑n-s‑S I‑m-W‑p-¶ t‑\-X‑r-X‑z-¯‑n \-S-¯‑n-b h‑n-i-Z-a‑m-b
a‑mÀ-Öm‑ c - h - w‑ i - ¯ - n‑  h-fs - c ‑ b - [ - n‑ I - w‑ \‑m-¶‑q-t‑d‑m-f‑w h-c‑p-¶ k‑n‑w-l-§Ä ]T-\-¯‑n-s‑â A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n k‑n‑w-
{‑]t- X ‑ y‑ I - X - I - f - p‑ Å - H-cn‑ \ - a - m‑ W - v‑ k‑nw‑ l - w‑ 20þ30 a‑m-{‑X‑w k‑n‑w-l-§-f‑p-s‑S ]‑n³- l-§-s‑f a-²‑y-{‑]-t‑Z-i‑n-s‑e "I‑p-t‑\‑m-þ-]
Asiatic lion(Panthera leo persica). a-äp‑ K‑m-a‑n-I-f‑m-W‑v. C-X‑v C‑u h‑w-i-¯‑n-s‑â Â-]‑qÀ‑' t‑Z-i‑o-t‑b‑m-Z‑y‑m-\-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v a‑m-ä‑p-
h-en‑ b - ]‑q¨ - h‑wi - P - c - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ h‑y- A-´‑x-{‑]-P-\-\ (Inbreeding) ¯‑n-\‑p‑w h‑m³ \‑nÀ-t‑±-i-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. ]-t£, K‑p-P-
X‑yk - v‑X - a - m‑ b - n‑ i-co‑ c - ¯ - n‑ Â h-cI - t- f ‑ m‑ ,‑ P-\‑n-X-I s‑s‑h-h‑n-²‑y-t‑i‑m-j-W-¯‑n-\‑p‑w d‑m-¯‑v kÀ-¡‑mÀ k‑n‑w-l-§-s‑f "I‑p-t‑\‑m
]‑pÅ - n‑ I - t- f ‑ m‑ k‑nw‑ l - ¯ - n‑ \ - n‑ Ã - . h‑me - n‑ s - â ‑ I‑m-c-W-a‑m-h‑p-I-b‑p‑w‑, k‑n‑w-l-§-f‑p-s‑S ]Â-]‑q-c‑n‑' t‑e-¡‑v a‑m-ä‑p-¶-X‑v i-à-a‑m-b‑n
A-ä¯ - p‑ Å - I‑p© - n‑ t- c ‑ m‑ a - h - p‑ w‑ ,‑ B¬-kn‑ w‑ - Z‑oÀ-L-I‑m-e k‑w-c-£-W-¯‑n-\‑v t‑Z‑m-j-I- F-X‑nÀ-¯‑p. k‑n‑w-l‑w K‑p-P-d‑m-¯‑n-s‑â
l-¯n‑ s - â ‑ I-gp‑ ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ N‑pä - p‑ a - p‑ Å - k-S-
b‑pw‑ C-hb - p‑ s - S‑ a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ {‑]t- X ‑ y‑ I - X - b - m‑ W - v‑.
N-cn‑ {- X ‑ ] - c - a - m‑ b - n‑ G-jy‑ ³ k‑nw‑ l - § - Ä
]-Sn‑ ª - m‑ d - v‑ k‑nd - n‑ b - ,‑ C-dm‑ J - v‑, C-dm‑ ³‑,
A-^v‑K - m‑ \ - n‑ Ø - m‑ ³‑, ]‑m¡ - n‑ Ø - m‑ ³
a‑pX - Â C-´y‑ ³ k‑wØ - m‑ \ - § - f - m‑ b -
c‑mP - Ø - m‑ ³‑, ]-©m‑ _ - v‑, K‑pP - d - m‑ ¯ - v‑,
l-cn‑ b - m‑ \ - ,‑ D-¯À-{] ‑ t- Z‑ i - v‑, a-²y‑ {- ] ‑ t- Z‑ -
i‑v F-¶n‑ h - n‑ S- § - f - n‑ Â h-sc ‑ I‑mW - s - ¸ ‑ -
«‑nc
- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . C-Xp‑ I - q‑ S- m‑ s - X ‑ _‑ol - m‑ d - n‑ Â
\‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ H-do‑ Ê - b - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ N‑ne -
H-äs - ¸ ‑ «- d‑nt- ¸ ‑ m‑ À-«p‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ D-ïv‑. ]-t£ ‑ ,‑
C-¶v‑ G-jy‑ ³ k‑nw‑ l - § - Ä t‑em‑ I - ¯ - v‑
A-ht- i ‑ j - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - G-I {‑]t- Z‑ i - w‑ 1883
N.I‑n.a‑o. h‑nk - v‑X - r‑ X - n‑ b - p‑ Å - K‑oÀ-h\ - § - Ä
a‑m{- X ‑ -a‑m-W‑v. C‑u 1883 N.I‑n.a‑o. Â 1154
N.I‑n.a‑o. K‑oÀ h-\‑y-a‑r-K-k-t‑¦-X-h‑p‑w‑,
259 N.I‑n.a‑o. K‑oÀ t‑Z-i‑o-t‑b‑m-Z‑y‑m-\-h‑p‑w‑,
470 N.I‑n.a‑o. k‑w-c-£‑n-X h-\-{‑]-t‑Z-i-
h‑p-a‑m-W‑v.
k‑nw‑ l - w‑ B-Wp‑ w‑ ,‑ s‑]® - p‑ w‑ , I‑pª - p‑ -
§-fp‑ a - S- § - n‑ b - I‑q«- a - m‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ P‑oh - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - -
X‑v. s‑]¬-kn‑ w‑ l - § - f - m‑ W - v‑ k‑m[ - m‑ c - W -
C-cs - b ‑ I‑og - v‑s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑, F-¦n‑ -
e‑pw‑ I‑og - v‑s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - n‑ b - C-cs - b ‑ B-Zy‑ w‑
`-£n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ B¬-kn‑ w‑ l - § - f - m‑ b - n‑ -
c‑n¡ - p‑ w‑ . ]‑pÅ - n‑ a - m‑ ³‑, ¾‑mh - v‑, \‑oe - ¡ - m‑ f - ,‑ s‑]¬-k‑n‑w-l-w I‑p-ª‑p-§tfmsSm¸w t^mt«m/{‑]-h‑o¬ ]n. taml³Zmkv
N‑n¦ - m‑ c - a - m‑ ³‑, D-Ãa - m‑ ³‑, I‑m«- p‑ ] - ¶ - n‑
F-¶n‑ h - b - m‑ W - v‑ k‑nw‑ l - § - f - p‑ s - S‑ C-jv‑S- -
`-£W - w‑ . C-Xp‑ I - q‑ S- m‑ s - X ‑ I‑me - n‑ t- a ‑ ¨ - n‑ Â c-a‑m-b‑n X‑o-c‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p‑w. a-\‑p-j‑y-]-c‑n- A-`‑n-a‑m-\-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑p‑w A-h-s‑b a-s‑ä‑m-c‑n-S-
a‑pJ - y‑ s - X ‑ m‑ g - n‑ e - m‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ Å - "a‑mÂ-[‑m-c‑n-I-f‑p- a‑n-X‑n-b‑n \‑n-¶‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v F-{‑X-s‑b‑m-s‑¡ t‑¯-b‑v-¡‑p‑w a‑m-ä‑m-\‑m-h‑n-à F-¶‑p‑w K‑p-P-
s‑S‑' I-¶‑p-I‑m-e‑n-I-s‑f-b‑p‑w k‑n‑w-l-§Ä \-à c‑o-X‑n-b‑n k‑w-c-£-W‑w \Â-I‑n-b‑m- d‑m-¯‑v kÀ-¡‑mÀ h‑m-Z‑n-¨‑p.
`-£‑n-¡‑m-d‑p-ï‑v. e‑p‑w G-s‑X‑m-c‑p P‑o-h-P‑m-e-¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w F-¶‑m 2013 s‑a-¿n _-l‑p-a‑m-
10þ12 hÀ-j‑w h-s‑c-b‑m-W‑v k‑n‑w-l-§- H-c‑p \‑n-Ý‑n-X-Ø-e‑w a‑m-{‑X‑w t‑I-{‑µ‑o-I- \-s‑¸-« k‑p-{‑]‑o‑w-t‑I‑m-S-X‑n {‑]-k‑v-X‑p-X
f‑p-s‑S k‑m-[‑m-c-W B-b‑p-Ê‑v. F-¶‑m c‑n-¨‑p-Å k‑w-c-£-W‑w h-f-s‑c Z‑p‑x-Ê-l- t‑I-k‑n k‑p-{‑]-[‑m-\-a‑m-b H-c‑p h‑n-[‑n
a‑r-K-i‑m-e-I-f‑n 20 h-b-Ê‑p-h-s‑c k‑n‑w- h‑p‑w k‑m-l-k‑n-I-h‑p-a‑m-W‑v. H-c‑p {‑]-I‑r-X‑n {‑]-k‑v-X‑m-h‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. A-X-\‑p-k-
l-§Ä P‑o-h‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑m-b‑n t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p- Z‑p-c-´-t‑a‑m‑, G-s‑X-¦‑n-e‑p‑w k‑m‑w-{‑I-a‑n-I- c‑n-¨‑v I‑p-d-¨‑p k‑n‑w-l-§-s‑f K‑oÀ-h-\-§-
¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. t‑c‑m-K-_‑m-[-t‑b‑m D-ï‑m-I‑p-¶ ]-£‑w B f‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w "I‑p-t‑\‑m-þ-]Â-]‑q-c‑n‑'t‑e-¡‑v
P‑o-h‑n-hÀ-¤‑w `‑q-a‑p-J-¯‑v \‑n-¶‑v \‑n-t‑È-j‑w a‑m-ä‑p-h‑m³ k‑p-{‑]‑o‑w-t‑I‑m-S-X‑n K‑p-P-d‑m-¯‑v
k‑w-c-£-W‑w X‑p-S-¨‑p a‑m-ä-s‑¸-S‑p‑w. kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-t‑\‑m-S‑v B-h-i‑y-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I-
20þ‑m‑w \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n-s‑â X‑p-S-¡-¯‑n k‑n‑w- C-¯-c‑p-W-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v k‑n‑w-l-§Ä-¡‑v b‑m-W‑v. A-§-s‑\ \‑o-ï ]-X‑n-s‑\-«‑v hÀ-
l-§-f‑p-s‑S F-®-¯‑n K-W‑y-a‑m-b I‑p- c-ï‑m-a-s‑X‑m-c‑p h‑m-k-Ø-e‑w B-h-i‑y-a‑m- j-s‑¯ I‑m-¯‑n-c‑n-¸‑n-\‑p t‑i-j‑w G-j‑y³
d-h‑p-ï‑m-h‑p-I-b‑p‑w (20þ X‑m-s‑g‑) A-X‑y- s‑W-¶ I‑m-c‑y‑w NÀ-¨ s‑N-¿-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w k‑n‑w-l-§Ä-¡‑v c-ï‑m-a-s‑X‑m-c‑p h‑m-k-
´‑w h‑w-i-\‑m-i-`‑o-j-W‑n t‑\-c‑n-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w 1950þ-I-f‑n A-X‑n-\‑m-b‑p-Å {‑]-hÀ-¯- Ø-e-s‑a-¶ {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-k‑v-t‑\-l‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S
s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. F-¶‑m 1972þ-s‑e \-§Ä B-c‑w-`‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X-X‑v. k‑z-]‑v-\‑w a-²‑y-{‑]-t‑Z-i‑n-s‑e "I‑p-t‑\‑m-þ-]
‑'-s‑{‑]‑m-P-I‑v-ä‑v K‑nÀ e-b¬-‑' F-¶ ]-²-X‑n 1957þ K‑oÀ-h-\-§-f‑n \‑n-¶‑v H-c‑m-W‑n- Â-]‑q-c‑n‑' D-S³ b‑m-Y‑mÀ-°‑y-a‑m-I‑p-s‑a-¶‑v
C-´‑y‑m K-h¬-s‑aâ‑v \-S-¸‑n-e‑m-¡‑n-b- t‑\-b‑p‑w‑, s‑]-®‑n-t‑\-b‑p‑w D-¯À-{‑]-t‑Z- h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡‑m‑w.

IqSv 2013 Pqsse 39

 D-c-K-§Ä Cgbp¶ kuµcyw

^Ww
hnSÀ¯nb
NmcpX
t‑U‑m. a‑p-l-½-Z‑v P‑m-^À ]‑m-t‑e‑m-«‑v

h‑n
a‑qÀ-Jt- â ‑ X
j
- ¸
a-\Ê
- m‑ s

- m‑ W
- ¼ ‑ ¶
- n‑ Â H‑mS- n‑ s
- v‑ t‑I«- m‑ Â \-½p‑ s

- v‑. kÀ-¸w‑ ,‑ \‑mK

- b ‑ ¯ - p‑ ¶ - c‑q]
- w‑ ,‑ \-Ã]
- S‑
- w‑
- m‑ ¼ - v‑,
l‑na - m‑ N
e‑pw‑ I‑mW
I‑mW - p‑ ¶
- Â-{]
- p‑ ¶
- B-´a
‑ t- Z‑ i
- p‑ . B-´a
- v‑ h-sc ‑ b - p‑ Å - Ø-e§
- m‑ ³ Z‑zo‑ ]
- m‑ ³ tIm{_ (Andaman
- n‑ Â a‑m{- X
- f
- n‑ -
‑ w‑

]-¯n‑ ¡ - m‑ c - ³‑, \-tà ‑ m‑ ³ ]‑m¼ - v‑, ]‑pà - m‑ \ - n‑ ,‑ Cobra-Naja sagittoria) a‑qÀ-J³-am‑ c - n‑ Â

s‑h¼ - m‑ e - ,‑ I-cn‑ a - q‑ À-J³ F-¶o‑ ]-e t‑]c - p‑ I - - C-¯n‑ c - n‑ I‑pª - ·
- m‑ c - m‑ W - v‑. s‑hd - p‑ w‑ 64
f‑ne - m‑ W - v‑ t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ h‑nh - n‑ [ - `‑mK - § - f - n‑ e - - s‑k.a‑o. a‑m{- X ‑ a - m‑ W - v‑ h-ep‑ ¸ - w‑ . \-½p‑ s - S‑
d‑nb
- s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. C‑w¥ - o‑ j - v‑ \‑ma - w‑ (Spectacled \‑m«- n‑ s - e ‑ a‑qÀ-J³ 2.2 a‑oä - À h-sc ‑ h-ep‑ -
Cobra) k‑qN - n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ t‑]m‑ s - e ‑ h‑nS- À-¶ ¸‑w s‑h¡ - m‑ d - p‑ ï - v‑.
]-¯n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ t‑ae - p‑ Å - "C-c«- ¡ - ® - S- '‑ A-Sb - m‑ - a‑qÀ-J³ ]‑m¼ - n‑ s - \‑ k‑m[ - m‑ c - W- -
f-am‑ W - v‑ C-hs - b ‑ X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - d - n‑ b- m‑ ³ k-lm‑ b - n‑ - b‑mb - n‑ s‑\e - v‑] - m‑ S- § - Ä‑, [‑m\ - y‑ ¸
- p‑ c- ,‑
¡‑p¶ - X - v‑. N‑nX - Â-]p‑ ä - v‑, ]‑md - s - I ‑ «- p‑ I - Ä-¡n‑ S- -
h‑nj - ¸ - m‑ ¼ - p‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑ I‑pS- p‑ w‑ _ - a - m‑ b - C-em‑ - b‑ne - p‑ Å - h‑nÅ - e - p‑ I - Ä F-¶n‑ -
]‑ns - U ‑ (Elapidae) b‑n Naja naja F-¶ h‑nS- § - f - n‑ e
- m‑ W - v‑ I-ïp‑ h - c - p‑ -
i‑mk - v‑{- X ‑ \ - m‑ a - ¯ - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑ a‑qÀ-J³ A-dn‑ b - s - ¸ ‑ - ¶-Xv‑. s‑]m‑ X - p‑ s - h ‑ X-hn‑ S- p‑ w‑
S‑p¶- X - v‑. C‑u P-\p‑ Ê - n‑ Â t‑em‑ I - ¯ - m‑ I - a - m‑ \ - w‑ a-ªb - p‑ w‑ I-eÀ-¶ \‑nd - -
28 C\w a‑qÀ-J³ ]‑m¼ - p‑ I - f - m‑ W - p‑ Å - X - v‑. a‑mW
- p‑ Å - X - v‑. I-dp‑ ¯ -
Naja naja h-S¡ - v‑ I‑ng - ¡ - ³ k‑wØ - m‑ \ - - \‑nd- a - m‑ s - W ‑ ¦ - n‑ Â I-cn‑ -
§-sf ‑ m‑ g - n‑ ¨ - p‑ Å - `‑mK - § - f - n‑ e- p‑ w‑ ,‑ ]‑m¡ - n‑ - a‑qÀ-Js - \ ‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ a-ª-
Ø‑m³‑,t‑\¸ - m‑ Ä‑, `‑q«- m‑ ³‑, {‑io‑ e - ¦ - F-¶o‑ \‑nd- a - m‑ s - W ‑ ¦ - n‑ Â
c‑mP - y‑ § - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ I‑mW - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . H-ä¡ - ® - S- ]‑pà - m‑ \ - n‑ a‑qÀ-Js - \ ‑ -
A-Sb - m‑ f - a - p‑ Å - tamtWm¢Uv tIm{_ ¶‑pw‑ AÂ-¸w‑
(Monocled Cobra-þNaja kaouthia) C-´y‑ - h‑nf- d - n‑ b -
b‑n h-S¡ - v‑ I‑ng - ¡ - ³ k‑wØ - m‑ \ - § - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ ,‑ N‑mc - \ - n‑ -
]-¯n‑ b - n‑ Â A-Sb - m‑ f - § - s - f ‑ m‑ ¶ - p‑ a - n‑ Ã
- m‑ ¯ -
at[yjy³ tIm{_ (Central Asian Cobra
-Naja oxiana) C-´y‑ b - n‑ Â I‑mi - v‑a - o‑ À a‑pX - Â

a‑qÀ-J³ (Spectacled Cobra)

t^mt«m/kp\n km¨n

40 IqSv 2013 Pqsse

d-am‑ s - W ‑ ¦ - n‑ Â s‑hÅ - s - h ‑ ¼ - ‑m-e-s‑b-¶‑p‑w X‑v hÀ-jt- ¯ ‑ m‑ f - a - m‑ W - v‑ a‑qÀ-J³ ]‑m¼ - n‑ s - â ‑
{‑]‑m-t‑Z-i‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n h‑n-f‑n-t‑¸-c‑p-ï‑v. B-bp‑ Ê - v‑. 30 hÀ-jw‑ h-sc ‑ P‑oh - n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - -
A-]‑qÀ-Æ-a‑m-b s‑h-Å-\‑n-d-¯‑n-e‑p-Å X‑mb - n‑ t‑cJ - I - f - p‑ ï - v‑. C-´y‑ ³ h-\y‑ P - o‑ h - n‑
AÂ_nt\m (Albino) a‑qÀ-J· - m‑ s - c ‑ b - p‑ w‑ k‑wc - £ - W - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ c-ïm‑ w‑ ] - «- n‑ I - b - n‑ Â
\‑nc - o‑ £ - n‑ ¨ - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑. (schedule II) DÄ-s¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - n‑ a‑qÀ-Js - \ ‑ k‑w-
c‑m{- X ‑ n‑ © - c - · - m‑ c - m‑ b - a‑qÀ-J³-am‑ À C-c- c-£n‑ ¨ - n‑ «- p‑ a - p‑ ï - v‑.
t‑XS- p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ {‑]` - m‑ X - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ k-Ôy‑ m‑ k - - a‑qÀ-J³ ]‑m¼ - n‑ s - \ ‑ k‑w_ - Ô - n‑ ¨ - v‑
a-b¯ - p‑ a - m‑ W - v‑. F-en‑ I - f - m‑ W - v‑ {‑][ - m‑ \ - [‑mc - m‑ f - w‑ A-Ôh - n‑ i - z‑ m‑ k - § - Ä \‑m«- n‑ Â
`-£W - w‑ . X-hf - ,‑ H‑m´ - v‑, s‑Nd - p‑ ] - £ - n‑ I - Ä {‑]N - m‑ c - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ ï - v‑. D-]{- Z‑ h - n‑ ¨ - m‑ Â ]-I
F-¶n‑ h - s - b ‑ b - p‑ w‑ `-£n‑ ¡ - m‑ d - p‑ ï - v‑. X-cw‑ I - n‑ - h-¨v‑ ]‑n¶ - m‑ s - e ‑ s‑N¶ - v‑ I-Sn‑ ¡ - p‑ s - a ‑ ¶ - X - p‑ w‑
«‑nb
- m‑ Â t‑Im‑ g - n‑ ¡ - q‑ «- n‑ Â I-bd - n‑ t‑Im‑ g - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ t‑Nc - b - p‑ w‑ a‑qÀ-J\ - p‑ w‑ C-Wt- N ‑ À-¶m‑ W - v‑
a‑p«- b - p‑ w‑ A-I¯ - m‑ ¡ - m‑ d - p‑ ï - v‑. s‑hÅ - - I‑p«- n‑ I - f - p‑ ï - m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - s - X ‑ ¶ - X - p‑ w‑ C-hb - n‑ Â
¯‑n \‑o´ - m‑ ³ C-¡q‑ «- À-¡v‑ {‑]t- X ‑ y‑ I - {‑][ - m‑ \ - s - ¸ ‑ «- h - b - m‑ W - v‑. a‑qÀ-J³-]m‑ ¼ - v‑ h‑n-
I-gn‑ h - p‑ ï - v‑. s‑]m‑ X - p‑ s - h ‑ i‑m´ - k - z‑ ` - m‑ h - - j‑w N‑oä - p‑ s - a ‑ ¶ - s‑Xä - m‑ b - [‑mc - W - b - p‑ a - p‑ ï - v‑.
¡‑mc - m‑ b - a‑qÀ-J³-am‑ À t‑Im‑ ] - w‑ h-¶m‑ Â F-¶m‑ Â t‑em‑ I - ¯ - v‑ I‑mW - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - 28
i-co‑ c - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ a‑p³-`m‑ K - w‑ D-bÀ-¯p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ C-\w‑ a‑qÀ-J· - m‑ c - n‑ Â 10 C-\w‑ k‑v] - n‑ ä - n‑ § - v‑
I-Wv‑T` - m‑ K - w‑ h‑nI - k - n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¨ - v‑ ]-¯n‑ h - n‑ S- À- t‑Im‑ {- _ ‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ I‑q«- ¯ - n‑ Â-s¸ ‑ «- h - b - m‑ W - v‑.
¯‑n i-_v‑Z- a - p‑ ï - m‑ ¡ - n‑ D‑uX - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ X-db - n‑ - C-hb - v‑¡ - v‑ A-ca - o‑ ä - t- d ‑ m‑ f - w‑ Z‑qs - c ‑ b - p‑ Å -
t‑e¡ - v‑ B-ªp‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ¯ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ c-£b - n‑ - i-{X ‑ p‑ h - n‑ s - â ‑ I-®n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ h‑nj - w‑ N‑oä - m‑ -
Ã‑mX - m‑ b - m‑ Â H‑mS- n‑ t- ¸ ‑ m‑ h - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ w‑ . \‑pÅ - I-gn‑ h - p‑ ï - t- {‑ X ‑ .
a‑mÀ-¨v‑ a‑pX - Â P‑qs - s ‑ e ‑ h-sc ‑ b - p‑ Å - \-½p‑ s - S‑ ]‑pc - m‑ W - § - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ B-cm‑ [ - -
a‑mk - § - f - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑ {‑]P - \ - \ - I‑me - w‑ . 10þ30 \-If - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ a‑qÀ-J· - m‑ À h-fs - c ‑ h‑nt- i ‑ j - -
a‑p«- I - f - m‑ W - n‑ S- m‑ d - p‑ Å - X - v‑. c-ïv‑ a‑mk - s - ¯ ‑ s‑¸«- X - m‑ W - v‑. h‑nj - v‑W - p‑ h - n‑ s - â ‑ A-\´ - -
A-Sb - n‑ c - n‑ ¸ - n‑ \ - p‑ t‑ij - w‑ a‑p«- I - Ä h‑nc - n‑ ª - n‑ - i-b\ - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ a‑qÀ-J³-am‑ c - p‑ w‑ ,‑ i‑nh - s - â ‑ B-b‑n-c‑w h‑m-¡‑p-I-f‑p-
d-§p‑ ¶ - I‑pª - p‑ § - Ä-¡v‑ 20þ30 s‑k.a‑o. I-gp‑ ¯ - n‑ e - W - n‑ ª - n‑ «- p‑ Å - kÀ-¸h - p‑ w‑ s‑S D-b‑n-c‑p-Å H-c‑p
h-sc
·‑mc
‑ h-ep‑ ¸
- m‑ b - a‑qÀ-J³ I‑p«- n‑ I
- a - p‑ ï - m‑ I - p‑ w‑ . C-¯n‑ c
- Ä a-lm‑ h
- n‑ ¡ - p‑ ª
- n‑ I
-
- r‑ X - n‑ -
- C-Xn‑ \
kÀ-¸¡
- v‑ D-¯t- a
- m‑ h - p‑ I - f
‑ m‑ Z- m‑ l
- n‑ Â kÀ-¸t- I
- c - W - a - m‑ W - v‑. \-½p‑ s
‑ m‑ ] - w‑
- S‑ N‑n-{‑X‑w A-£-c-§-
I-fp‑ w‑ a‑mc - I - h - n‑ j - w‑ t‑]d - p‑ ¶ - h - b - p‑ a - m‑ W - v‑. `-b¶ - v‑ ]‑qP - I - f - p‑ w‑ t‑lm‑ a - § - f - p‑ w‑ \-S¯ - m‑ - t‑f-¡‑m-t‑f-s‑d k‑w-h-
a‑qÀ-Js - â ‑ h‑nj - w‑ \‑mU - o‑ h - y‑ q‑ l - s - ¯ ‑ - d‑pï
- v‑. s‑sZ‑ h - o‑ I - ]-cn‑ t- h ‑ j - w‑ s‑Im‑ S- p‑ ¯ - v‑ Z‑n-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑v \‑n-§-s‑f-
b‑mW - v‑ {‑][ - m‑ \ - a - m‑ b - p‑ w‑ _‑m[ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. I‑mh - p‑ I - f - n‑  kÀ-¸§ - Ä-¡v‑ \‑qd - p‑ w‑ t‑¸‑m-s‑e R-§-f‑p‑w
12‑mg h‑nj - w‑ a-Xn‑ H-cm‑ s - f ‑ s‑Im‑ Ã - m‑ ³. ]‑me - p‑ w‑ s‑Im‑ S- p‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - N-S§ - p‑ a - p‑ ï - v‑. X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-b‑p-¶‑p.
G-It- Z‑ i - w‑ 200þ350 mg h-sc ‑ h‑nj - w‑ H-cp‑ a-®m‑ d - i - m‑ e - b - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ ]‑m¼ - p‑ t- a ‑ ¡ - m‑ S- p‑ w‑ a-äp‑ w‑
k-ab - ¯ - v‑ I‑p¯ - n‑ s - h ‑ ¡ - p‑ a - t- {‑ X ‑ . h‑nj - w‑ X‑pe - m‑ a - m‑ k - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ B-bn‑ e - y‑ w‑ \‑mf - n‑ Â
_‑m[ - n‑ ¨ - m‑ Â i‑zk - \ - h - y‑ h - Ø - s
- b ‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ 100 H‑m«- p‑ c - p‑ f - n‑ I - f - n‑ Â \‑qd - p‑ w‑ ]‑me - p‑ w‑ I-e-
I‑m-S‑p‑w h-\‑y-P‑o-h‑n-I-f‑p‑w {‑]-I‑r-X‑n
s‑]s - «‑ ¶ - v‑ _‑m[ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - A-¼X - v‑ i-Xa - m‑ - ¡‑n s‑h¡ - m‑ d - p‑ s - ï ‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ A-¶v‑ c‑m{- X ‑ n‑ k‑w-c-£-W-h‑p‑w s‑s‑P-h-I‑r-j‑n-b‑p‑w
\-¯n‑ t- e ‑ s - d ‑ I-Sn‑ b - p‑ w‑ a‑mc - I - a - m‑ h - m‑ d - p‑ ï - v‑. X-s¶ ‑ k‑zÀ-® a-Wn‑ \ - m‑ K - § - Ä C-gs - ª ‑ - B-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-« \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S \-Ã
A-ca - W - n‑ ¡ - q‑ d - n‑ \ - I - w‑ I-Sn‑ t- b ‑ ä - b - m‑ Ä a-cn‑ ¨ - - ¯‑n A-Xv‑ \-¡n‑ I - p‑ S- n‑ ¡ - p‑ s - a ‑ ¶ - I-YI - Ä N‑n-{‑X-§Ä I‑q-S‑v a‑m-k‑n-I-b‑n {‑]-k‑n-
X‑mb - p‑ w‑ d‑nt- ¸ ‑ m‑ À-«p‑ ï - v‑. a‑qÀ-J³ ]‑m¼ - n‑ s - â ‑ {‑]N - m‑ c - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ ï - v‑. P‑qe - m‑ b - v‑ a‑mk - ¯ - n‑ Â ²‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-h‑m³ B-{‑K-l‑n-¡‑p-¶-hÀ
{‑][ - m‑ \ - i-{X ‑ p‑ ¡ - Ä a-\p‑ j - y‑ ³-am‑ À X-s¶ ‑ - D-¯t- c ‑ ´ - y‑ b - n‑ Â \‑mK - ] - © - a - n‑ Z‑n\ - ¯ - n‑ Â X‑m-s‑g I‑m-W‑p-¶ C-þ-s‑a-b‑n-e‑n-t‑e-¡‑v
b‑mW - v‑. F-¶m‑  A-Sp‑ ¯ - n‑ s - S‑ t‑Ic - f - s‑Fi - z‑ c - y‑ ¯ - n‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ kÀ-¸¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ c‑q] - a - p‑ - A-b-¨‑p-X-c‑n-I. 10F‑w-_‑n-b‑n X‑m-s‑g-
h-\w‑ h - I - p‑ ¸ - n‑ s - â ‑ d‑m¸ - n‑ U - v‑ s‑dk - v‑t- ] ‑ m‑ ¬-kv‑ ï‑m¡ - n‑ ]‑qP - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ i‑nh - s - â ‑ A-¼e - - b‑p-Å s‑s‑l s‑d-k-e‑y‑q-j³ N‑n-{‑X-§-
S‑oa - n‑ s - â ‑ ^-e{- ] ‑ Z- a - m‑ b - C-Ss - ] ‑ S- Â a‑qe - w‑ §-fn‑ Â {‑]t- X ‑ y‑ I - \‑mK - ] - q‑ P - I - Ä \-S¯ - p‑ - f‑m-W‑v A-b-t‑¡ï-X‑v. N‑n-{‑X-t‑¯‑m-
a-\p‑ j - y‑ h - m‑ k - Ø - e
- § - f - n‑ s - e ‑ ¯ - p‑ ¶ - a‑qÀ- I-bp‑ w‑ s‑N¿ - m‑ d - p‑ ï - v‑. C-¯c - w‑ \‑mf - p‑ I - f - n‑  s‑S‑m-¸‑w \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S ]‑qÀ-®-h‑n-h-c-§Ä
DÄ-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m³ a-d-¡-c‑p-X‑v.
J³-am‑ s - c ‑ ]‑nS- n‑ ¨ - v‑ I‑m«- n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - - kÀ-¸§ - s - f ‑ {‑]o‑ X - n‑ s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - m‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ I‑qS- -
b-¡p‑ ¶ - p‑ ï - v‑. t‑Im‑ g - n‑ t- ¡ ‑ m‑ S- v‑ k‑nä - n‑ b - n‑ Â b‑ne - m‑ ¡ - n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ Å - a‑qÀ-J³-am‑ À-¡v‑ ]‑me - p‑ w‑ kooduphotodesk@gmail.com
a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ H-cp‑ hÀ-jw‑ A-¼X - n‑ t- e ‑ s - d ‑ t‑I- \‑nt- h ‑ Z- y‑ § - f - p‑ w‑ k-aÀ-¸n‑ ¡ - m‑ d - p‑ a - p‑ ï - v‑.
Ê‑pI - Ä d‑nt- ¸ ‑ m‑ À-«v‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑. C-cp‑ ] - - a‑qÀ-Js - â ‑ h‑nj - ¯ - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ t‑hÀ-
X‑nc - n‑ s - ¨ ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - Cobroxin, Nyloxin
X‑pS- § - n‑ b - L-SI - § - Ä I‑m³-kÀ‑, k-Ôn‑ -
h‑mX - w‑ X‑pS- § - n‑ b - t‑cm‑ K - § - Ä-¡p‑ Å -
t‑hZ- \ - k‑wl - m‑ c - n‑ b - m‑ b - n‑ I-gn‑ ª - I‑ps - d ‑
hÀ-j§ - f - n‑ e - m‑ b - n‑ t‑em‑ I - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑
]-eb - n‑ S- ¯ - p‑ w‑ D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ -
ï‑v. I-gn‑ ª - 75 hÀ-j¡ - m‑ e - a - m‑ b - n‑
t‑lm‑ a - n‑ t- b ‑ m‑ a-cp‑ ¶ - p‑ I - f - n‑ Â a‑qÀ- I‑q-S‑m-s‑X t‑aÂ-h‑n-j-b-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«
J-sâ ‑ h‑nj - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ L-SI - § - Ä \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S-t‑b‑m‑, \‑n-§Ä {‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑m-\‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶
D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ ï - t- {‑ X ‑ . k‑w-L-¯‑n-s‑â-t‑b‑m {‑]‑m-t‑Z-i‑n-I-a‑m-b h‑mÀ-¯-I-
f‑p‑w A-d‑n-b‑n-¸‑p-I-f‑p‑w {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§-f‑p‑w A-b-¨‑p
X-¶‑mÂ‑, C‑u h‑n-j-b-¯‑n A-X‑o-h-XÂ-¸-c-c‑m-b
B-f‑p-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v F-¯‑n-¡‑m³ R-§Ä-¡‑m-h‑p‑w.
t‑e-J-\-§-f‑p‑w h‑mÀ-¯-I-f‑p‑w A-b-¡‑p-I.
koodumasika@gmail.com

IqSv 2013 Pqsse 41

 k-k‑y-P‑m-e-I‑w \‑m-«‑p-k-k‑y-§Ä

s‑h-t‑Å‑m-S-e‑p‑w I-d‑p-t‑¯‑m-S-e‑p‑w
h‑n.k‑n. _‑m-e-I‑r-j‑v-W³

a
a‑pX
e
- b
t‑]c
- Â X-s¶
- m‑ f - ¯
- n‑ s
- p‑ s‑Im‑ s
- e
- ï
‑ H‑mS- s
‑ s‑Nd
‑ ¦
- e
- n‑ e
‑ ®
- p‑ I
- Y - I
- p‑ w‑ ]-cn‑ N
- D-]t- b
- f - n‑ e
- n‑ X
‑ m‑ K
- p‑ w‑ t‑\m‑ h
- a - m‑ b
- n‑ ¨
- e- p‑ I
- H-cp‑ k-ky‑ a
- n‑ c- p‑ ¶
- X- m‑ b
- f - n‑ e

- n‑ I‑mW
- p‑ w‑ ]-cm‑ a
- m‑ W
- À-in‑ ¡
- v‑ H‑mS- Â. ]‑pc
- m‑ w‑ . I‑mf
- s

- n‑ Z- m‑ k
- ¸‑ «- n‑ «- p‑ Å
- m‑ X
- s
- \
- â
- I
‑ i‑mI
- X
- m‑ e
- n‑ \
- w‑
- p‑ ´
- m‑ Â

- -
f-¯n‑ Â a‑pd - n‑ h
- p‑ ]- ä- n‑ b- a‑m\ - n‑ \- v‑ H‑mS- s - e ‑ ® - ]‑pc - «- n‑ s
- ¡ ‑ m‑ S- p‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶
- X - m‑ b- n‑ ]-cm‑ a - À-ia - p‑ ï
- v‑.
{‑io‑ c
- m‑ a- ³ h-\h - m‑ k - I - m‑ e- s - ¯‑ B-Zy‑ c - m‑ {- X
‑ n‑ s‑Ne - h - g - n‑ ¨
- X- v‑ H‑mS- a- c
- ¨- p‑ h - «- n‑ e- m‑ W - s - {‑ X
‑ .

I-d‑p-t‑¯‑m-S-Â (Gnetum ula)

k-ky‑ a - m‑ W - v‑ I-dp‑ t- ¯ ‑ m‑ S- e - m‑ b - n‑ A-dn‑ b - s - ¸ ‑ -

S‑p¶- X - v‑. t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ \‑nX - y‑ l - c - n‑ X - h-\-
§-fn‑ e - p‑ w‑ AÀ-²\ - n‑ X - y‑ l - c - n‑ X - h - \ - § - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑
I‑mh - p‑ I - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ h-fc - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . a-eb - ³ Z‑zo‑ ] - -
k-aq‑ l - § - f - n‑ Â C-¯c - w‑ k-ky‑ w‑ A-dn‑ b - -
s‑¸«- n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - "gneumon' F-¶ {‑]m‑ t- Z‑ i - n‑ I -
]-Z¯ - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - m‑ W - v‑ C‑u k-ky‑ ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑
P-\p‑ Ê - v‑ \‑ma - I - c - W - w‑ s‑N¿ - s - ¸ ‑ «- n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑.
D‑uf - s - ¡ ‑ m‑ S- n‑ F-¶ {‑]m‑ t- Z‑ i - n‑ I - \‑ma - ¯ - n‑ Â
\‑n¶ - m‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - W - w‑ "‑ula'‑ F-¶ k‑v] - o‑ j - o‑ -
k‑v \‑ma - w‑ \Â-In‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. I‑mb - p‑ s - S‑
s‑Xm‑ e - n‑ s‑]m‑ f - n‑ ¨ - m‑ Â X‑qh - (t‑cm‑ a - w‑ )‑ I‑mW - p‑ -
¶-Xn‑ \ - m‑ Â X‑qh - ¡ - m‑ b - F-¶p‑ w‑ N‑p«- p‑ I - q‑ -
S‑p¶- (N‑p«- p‑ X - n‑ ¶ - p‑ ¶ - )‑ I‑mb - v‑ B-bX - n‑ \ - m‑ Â
N‑p«- q‑ «- p‑ w‑ I - m‑ b - F-¶p‑ w‑ D-¯c - t- I ‑ c - f - ¯ - n‑ Â
C-Xn‑ \ - p‑ t‑]c - p‑ ï - v‑. N‑ne - b - n‑ S- § - f - n‑ Â D‑uf - ³
h-Ån‑ F-¶p‑ w‑ A-dn‑ b - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . I‑pd - p‑ ¡ - ³
(Fox Vulpes benghalensis)‑ C-Xn‑ s - â ‑ I‑mb - v‑-
s‑h-t‑Å‑m-SÂ (Sarcostigma kleinii) t^mt«mkv/h‑n.k‑n. _‑m-e-I‑r-j‑v-W³
IÄ `-£n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ \ - m‑ e - m‑ I - W - w‑ C‑u t‑]c - v‑
e-`n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. Monkey's Bridge, Joint
s‑h-t‑Å‑m-SÂ a‑mk- § - f - n‑ Â I‑mb - v‑I- Ä h‑nf - ª- p‑ ]‑mI - a - m‑ - Fir F-¶n‑ h - C‑u k-ky‑ ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ C‑w¥ - o‑ j - v‑
C-t´ ‑ m‑ þ- a - t- e ‑ j - y‑ ³ t‑aJ - e - I - f - n‑ Â I‑mW - s - ¸‑ - I‑p¶ - p‑ . h‑nf - ª - I‑mb - v‑I- Ä-¡v‑ I-Sp‑ ¯ - H‑md - - \‑ma - § - f - m‑ W - v‑.
S‑p¶
- _-lp‑ h - À-jn‑ b - m‑ b - H-cp‑ h-Ån‑ s - ¨ ‑ S- n‑ b - m‑ - ©‑p \‑nd - a - m‑ W - v‑. H-cp‑ ^-e¯ - n‑ Â H-cp‑ h‑n¯ - v‑ I-dp‑ t- ¯ ‑ m‑ S- e - n‑ s - â ‑ I‑mW - v‑U - w‑ ]-c¶ - X - m‑ -
W‑v s‑ht- Å ‑ m‑ S- Â. F-cp‑ a - ¯ - m‑ f - n‑ ,‑ h-tä ‑ m‑ S- Â‑, a‑m{- X‑ t- a ‑ I‑mW - q‑ . h‑n¯ - n‑ Â \‑ns - ¶
‑ S- p‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - W‑v. I-cn‑ w‑ ] - ¨ - \ - n‑ d - a - p‑ Å - B-bX - m‑ I - r‑ X - n‑ t- b ‑ m‑
h-Ån‑ t- b ‑ m‑ S- Â X‑pS- § - n‑ b - {‑]m‑ t- Z‑ i - n‑ I - \‑ma - - F-® H‑uj - [ - K - p‑ W- a - p‑ Å
- X - m‑ W - v‑. s‑Xm‑ e - n‑ - A-Wv‑U - m‑ I - r‑ X - n‑ t- b ‑ m‑ D-Å C-eI - Ä k-½p‑ -
§-fp‑ s - ï ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ H‑mS- Â F-¶ t‑]c - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑ b‑pw‑ C-eI - f - p‑ w‑ H‑uj - [ - m‑ h - i - y‑ § - Ä-¡m‑ b - n‑ J-am‑ b - n‑ h‑n\ - y‑ k - n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ . U‑nk - w‑ _ - À-þP - -
s‑]m‑ X - p‑ t- h ‑ A-dn‑ b - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. Icacinaceae D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K - n‑ ¡ - m‑ d - p‑ ï- v‑. X-Sn‑ b - n‑ Â \‑ns - ¶ ‑ S- p‑ - \‑ph - c - n‑ a‑mk - § - f - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑ ]‑q¡ - Ä (cones)
k-ky‑ I - p‑ S- p‑ w‑ _ - ¯ - n‑ Â DÄ-s¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - C‑u ¡‑p¶ - F-®b - p‑ w‑ H‑uj - [ - t- b ‑ m‑ K - y‑ a - m‑ W - v‑. D-ïm‑ I - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. B¬ t‑Im‑ W - p‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ s‑]¬
k-ky‑ ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ i‑mk - v‑{- X ‑ \ - m‑ a - w‑ Sarcostigma h‑mX - w‑ ,‑ k-Ôn‑ h - m‑ X - w‑ ,‑ X‑z¡ - v‑ t‑cm‑ K - § - Ä‑, t‑Im‑ W - p‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ {‑]t- X ‑ y‑ I - w‑ {‑]t- X ‑ y‑ I - w‑ s‑N-
kleinii‑ F-¶m‑ W - v‑. PÀ-½³ k-ky‑ i - m‑ k - v‑- {‑Kl
- m‑ ] - k - v‑a - m‑ c - w‑ ,‑ AÄ-kÀ F-¶o‑ t‑cm‑ K - - S‑nI
- f - n‑ e - m‑ W - p‑ ï - m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. G-{] ‑ n‑ Â-þP - q‑ ¬
{‑XÚ - \
- m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - t‑P¡ - _ - v‑ X‑nt- b ‑ m‑ U - À §-fp‑ s - S‑ N‑nI - n‑ Õ - b - n‑ Â H‑mS- Â D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K - n‑ - a‑mk - t- ¯ ‑ m‑ s - S‑ I‑mb - v‑I - Ä h‑nf - b - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . I‑mb - v‑-
s‑¢b - n‑ ³ (Jacob Theodar Klein, 1685þ1759‑) ¡‑p¶ - p‑ . IÄ `-£y‑ t- b ‑ m‑ K - y‑ a - m‑ W - v‑. h‑n¯ - n‑ Â \‑ns - ¶ ‑ -
F-¶ a-lm‑ s - â ‑ t‑]c - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑ C‑u k-ky‑ ¯ - n‑ - S‑p¡- p‑ ¶ - F-® h‑nf - ¡ - p‑ I-¯n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ \ - p‑ w‑
s‑â k‑v] - o‑ j - o‑ k - v‑ A-dn‑ b - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. a‑mw‑ k - - I-d‑p-t‑¯‑m-SÂ H‑uj - [ - m‑ h - i - y‑ § - Ä-¡p‑ w‑ D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
f-am‑ b - (Sarcos) hÀ-¯n‑ I - m‑ {- K ‑ w‑ (Stigma) A-\m‑ h - r‑ X- _‑oP - n‑ b
- m‑ b - I-dp‑ t- ¯ ‑ m‑ S- Â‑, C-´y‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ h-cï - {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f - n‑ Â I‑m-
D-ÅX - v‑ F-¶ ]-Z§ - f - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - m‑ W - v‑ P-\p‑ - \‑ot- ä‑ k- n‑ t- b ‑ (Gnetaceae) k-ky‑ I‑pS- p‑ w‑ - W-s¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - s‑Nd - p‑ h - r‑ £ - a - m‑ b - H‑mS- a - c - ¯ - n‑ -
Ê‑ns - â ‑ t‑]c - v‑ k‑zo‑ I - c - n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. _-¯n‑ Â DÄ-s¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - _-lp‑ h - À-jn‑ b - m‑ b- s‑â F-®b - p‑ w‑ "H‑mS- s - e ‑ ® - '‑ F-¶ t‑]c - n‑ Â
t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ \‑nX - y‑ l - c - n‑ X - h-\§ - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ h-Ån‑ s - ¨ ‑ S- n‑ b
- m‑ W - v‑ C-´y‑ ³ D-]Z- z‑ o‑ ] - n‑ Â N‑ne - t‑Zi - § - f - n‑ Â H‑uj - [ - m‑ h - i - y‑ § - Ä-¡v‑
AÀ-²\ - n‑ X - y‑ l - c - n‑ X - h - \ - § - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ I‑mh - p‑ - ]-Ýn‑ a - L - «- ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ t‑Im‑ d - a- ï- Â X‑oc - - D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ ï - v‑. C-´y‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ h-cï -
I-fn‑ e - p‑ w‑ H‑mS- Â k‑z` - m‑ h - n‑ I - a - m‑ b - n‑ h-fc - p‑ - ¯‑pw‑ A-´a - m‑ ³ \‑nt- ¡ ‑ m‑ _ - m‑ À Z‑zo‑ ] - p‑ I - - {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f - n‑ Â h-fc - p‑ ¶ - C‑u a-c¯ - n‑ -
¶‑p. Z‑oÀ-L h‑r¯ - m‑ I - r‑ X - n‑ b - p‑ Å - C-eI - Ä f‑ne
- p‑ w‑ a‑m{- X ‑ t- a ‑ C-Xv‑ I‑mW - s - ¸‑ S- p‑ ¶ - p‑ Å - q‑ . s‑â i‑mk - v‑{- X ‑ \ - m‑ a - w‑ Balanites roxburghii
G-Im‑ ´ - c - {- I ‑ a - ¯ - n‑ Â h‑n\ - y‑ k - n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . C-´y‑ b - n‑ Â I‑mW - s - ¸‑ S- p‑ ¶
- \‑oä - w‑ (Gnetum) F-¶m‑ W - v‑. \-©p‑ ï - ,‑ X‑m] - k - X - c - p‑ F-¶o‑
P-\p‑ h - c - n‑ , s‑^{- _ ‑ p‑ h - c - n‑ a‑mk - § - f - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑ P-\p‑ Ê - n‑ s - e‑ A-©p‑ C\§-fn‑ Â c-sï ‑ - t‑]c - p‑ I - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ H‑mS- a - c - w‑ A-dn‑ b - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
]‑q¡- p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. i‑mJ - I - f - n‑ Â C-eb - p‑ w‑ X-ïp‑ w‑ ®‑w t‑Ic - f- ¯ - n‑ Â I‑mW - s - ¸‑ S- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . s‑Im‑ Ã - w‑ H‑mS- a - c - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ F-® t‑km‑ ¸ - p‑ \ - n‑ À-½m‑ W - -
t‑Nc - p‑ ¶ - b - n‑ S- ¯ - m‑ W - v‑ s‑Nd - n‑ b - a-ª¸ - q‑ ¡ - Ä P‑nÃ- b - n‑  a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ I‑mW - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶- Gnetum ¯‑n D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K - n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . H‑uj - [ - m‑ h - i - y‑ -
D-ïm‑ I - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. Z‑oÀ-Lt- K ‑ m‑ f - m‑ I - r‑ X - n‑ b - p‑ Å - contractum, a-än‑ S - §
- f - n‑ Â I‑mW - s - ¸
‑ S- p‑ ¶ - §Ä-¡p‑ Å - H‑mS- s - e ‑ ® - s‑ht- Å ‑ m‑ S- e - n‑ s - â ‑
I‑mb - v‑I - Ä a‑mw‑ k - f - a - m‑ W - v‑. G-{] ‑ n‑ Â þ s‑ab - v‑ Gnetum ula. C-Xn‑ Â Gnetum ula F-¶ h‑n¯ - n‑ Â \‑ns - ¶ ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - m‑ W - v‑.

42 IqSv 2013 Pqsse

 N‑n-d-I-S‑n-IÄ ]-£‑n-t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S

kÔy¡nfnbpsS
km{µkwKoXw
s‑P. {‑]-h‑o¬

a‑q -¶‑m-d‑n-s‑â \‑o-e h-k-´-¯‑n I‑p-d‑n-

ª‑n ]‑q-¡‑p-¶-X‑v I‑m-W‑m-s‑\-¯‑p-¶
B-b‑n-c-§Ä c‑m-P-a-e-b‑n-s‑e h-c-b‑m-S‑p-I-s‑f-
A-K-k‑v-X‑y-I‑q-S-a-e-\‑n-c-IÄ X‑p-S-§‑n
X-a‑n-g‑v-\‑m-«‑n-s‑e I‑f-¡‑m-S‑v a‑p-ï³-X‑p-d
I-S‑p-h‑m-k-t‑¦-X‑w h-s‑c C‑u ]-£‑n-I-f‑p-
¡‑q-S‑n I-ï‑p a-S-§‑p-s‑a-¶-Ã‑m-s‑X t‑N‑m-e s‑S h‑n-l‑m-c-t‑a-J-e-IÄ B-b‑n I-W-
h-\-§-f‑p-s‑S A-K‑m-[-X-I-f‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w ¡‑m-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. H-ä-b‑v-¡‑p‑w C-W-I-f‑m-
H-g‑p-I‑n-s‑b-¯‑p-¶ a-t‑\‑m-l-c k‑w-K‑o-X‑w b‑p‑w I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ C‑u ]-£‑n-IÄ
{‑i-²‑n-¡‑m-d‑n-Ã. B-t‑K‑m-f-X‑m-]-\-¯‑n-s‑â ]-IÂ-k-a-b-¯‑v h-f-s‑c A-]‑qÀ-Æ-a‑m-t‑b
^-e-a‑m-b‑n \‑m-t‑i‑m-·‑p-J-a‑m-b‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑n-c‑n- A-S‑n-¡‑m-S‑p-I-f‑n \‑n-¶‑v ]‑p-d-t‑¯-b‑v-
¡‑p-¶ ]-Ý‑n-a-L-«-a-e-\‑n-c-I-f‑p-s‑S ]-c‑n-W‑m- ¡‑v h-c‑n-I-b‑p-Å‑q. ]‑p-eÀ-I‑m-e-¯‑p‑w‑,
a-¯‑n-s‑â I-Y ]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-I‑m- k-Ô‑y‑m-k-a-b-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w s‑]‑m-´-I-f‑nÂ
c-·‑mÀ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v White-bellied \‑n-¶‑p‑w ]‑p-d-¯‑p h-¶‑v H-c‑p t‑\À-¯
Shortwing (Myiomela albiventris) F-¶ N‑q-f‑w-h‑n-f‑n t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å A-X‑n-a-t‑\‑m-l-
C‑u "C-¯‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-ª³‑']-£‑n-s‑b-b‑m-W‑v. c-a‑m-b K‑m-\‑w B-e-]‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. a‑p-J‑y-
I-S‑p‑w-\‑o-e \‑n-d-¯‑n H-c‑p s‑N-d‑n-b a‑m-b‑p‑w I‑o-S-§-s‑f-b‑p‑w ]‑p-g‑p-¡-s‑f-b‑p‑w
I‑p-c‑p-h‑n-t‑b‑m-f‑w h-c‑p-¶ C‑u ]-£‑n-¡‑v, s‑h- X‑n-¶‑p P‑o-h‑n-¡‑p-¶ C-h s‑]‑m-´-IÄ-
kÔy¡nfn (White-bellied Shortwing)
f‑p-¯ A-S‑n-h-b-d‑p‑w‑, I-®‑n-e‑q-s‑S I-d‑p-¯ ¡‑n-S-b‑n-e‑p‑w A-S‑n-¡‑m-S‑p-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w \‑n-¶‑v
t^mt«m/Kmhn³ s^ÀWÂ
h-c-b‑p‑w A-X‑n-\‑p a‑p-I-f‑n-e‑m-b‑n s‑h-f‑p-¯ C-c-t‑X-S‑p-¶‑p. a‑mÀ-¨‑v-þ-P‑q¬ a‑m-k-§-
]‑p-c‑n-I-h‑p‑w D-ï‑v. ]‑m-e-¡‑m-S‑v N‑p-c-¯‑n-\‑p f‑n a‑p-«-b‑n-«‑v I‑p-ª‑p-§-s‑f h‑n-c‑n-b‑n-
h-S-¡‑v `‑m-K-¯‑p-Å \‑o-e-K‑n-c‑n I‑m-S‑p-I-f‑n ¡‑p-¶ C‑u ]-£‑n-IÄ a-c-s‑¸‑m-¯‑p-I-
I‑m-W‑p-¶ C‑u ]-£‑n-b‑p-s‑S D-Z-c-¯‑n-s‑â f‑n-e‑p‑w I-Ã‑p-IÄ-¡‑n-S-b‑n-e‑p‑w B-W‑v I‑q-S‑v c‑p-¶‑p. ]-Ý‑n-a-L-«-¯‑n-s‑e D-bÀ-¶ ]À-Æ-
]‑mÀ-i‑z-`‑m-K-¯‑m-b‑n s‑N-¼‑n-¨ X-h‑n-S‑p I‑q-«‑p-¶-X‑v. H-t‑ck-a-b‑w c-t‑ï‑m a‑q-t‑¶‑m X-§-f‑n a‑m-{‑X‑w P‑o-h‑n-¡‑p-¶ C‑u ]-£‑n-
\‑n-d-a‑m-W‑v. A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v X-s‑¶ C-h-s‑b a‑p-«-IÄ B-W‑v C-h C-S‑p-¶-X‑v. IÄ h‑w-i-\‑m-i-`‑o-j-W‑n t‑\-c‑n-S‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v.
Rufousbellied Shortwing (Myiomela major‑) A-S‑p-¯-I‑m-e‑w h-s‑c ]‑m-e-¡‑m-S‑v N‑p-c-¯‑n- h-\-§Ä h‑n-`-P‑n-¨‑p t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶-t‑X‑m-S‑p-I‑q-S‑n
F-¶‑v h‑n-f‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. t‑e‑m-I-¯‑v ]-Ý‑n-a-L-«- \‑v h-S-¡‑p‑w s‑X-¡‑p‑w B-b‑n I‑m-W‑p-¶ k-¦-e‑v-]‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-h‑m-¯ {‑]-X‑y‑m-L‑m-X-§-
a-e-\‑n-c-I-f‑n a‑m-{‑X‑w I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ (en‑ k-Ô‑y-¡‑n-f‑n-IÄ f‑m-W‑v C‑u ]-£‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S k‑z-`‑m-h-¯‑n-\‑v
demic) C‑u ]-£‑n-IÄ k-a‑p-{‑Z-\‑n-c-¸‑n H-t‑c C-\‑w (Species) D-ï‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑v. k-Ô‑y-¡‑n-f‑n-b‑p-s‑S K‑m-\‑m-
\‑n-¶‑p‑w 1200 a‑o-äÀ D-b-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å B-s‑W-¶‑m-W‑v I-W- e‑m] - \ - s - ¯ ‑ ]-än‑ ]T-\w‑ \-S¯ - n‑ b - i‑mk - v‑-
\-\-h‑mÀ-¶ t‑N‑m-e-¡‑m-S‑p-I-f‑n a‑m- ¡‑m-¡-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑p-¶- {‑XÚ - ·
- m‑ À-¡v‑ I‑mW - m‑ \ - m‑ b - X - v‑ s‑Im‑ s - s ‑ S‑ -
{‑X‑w P‑o-h‑n-¨‑p h-c‑p-¶‑p. a-²‑y-IÀ- X‑v. F-¶‑m ¡-\m‑ e - n‑  I‑mW - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - ]-£n‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑
®‑m-S-I-b‑n-s‑e _‑m-_-_‑p-[³‑, k-a‑o-]-I‑m-e- K‑m\ - w‑ h‑mÂ-¸m‑ d - b - n‑ Â I‑mW - p‑ ¶ - h - b - p‑ t- S‑ X - p‑ -
I‑qÀ-K‑v-þ-{‑_-Ò-K‑n-c‑n a-e-\‑n-c- §-f‑n \-S-¶ a‑mb - n‑ h‑yX - y‑ m‑ k - s - ¸ ‑ «- n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ F-¶m‑ W - v‑.
IÄ‑, h-b-\‑m-S‑v-þ-\‑o-e-K‑n-c‑n P-\‑n-X-I ]T-\-§Ä C-Xn‑ s - â ‑ s - b ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ A-Sn‑ Ø - m‑ \- ¯ - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑
a-e-\‑n-c-IÄ‑, a‑p-¯‑n-¡‑p- s‑X-f‑n-b‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v IUCN k-Ôy‑ ¡ - n‑ f - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ c-ïv‑ h‑n` - m‑ K - § - -
f‑w‑, h‑mÂ-]‑m-d‑, C-c-h‑n- C-h A-¼-X‑v e-£‑w s‑fb - p‑ w‑ h‑wi - \ - m‑ i - ` - o‑ j - W - n‑ (endangered)
¡‑p-f‑w A-S-§‑p-¶ hÀ-j-§Ä-¡‑v a‑p³-]‑v t‑\c - n‑ S- p‑ ¶- K-W¯ - n‑ Â-s¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - n‑ k‑wc - £ - n‑ -
a‑q-¶‑mÀ a-e-IÄ‑, X-s‑¶ t‑hÀ-s‑¸-«‑n- ¡‑m³ X‑oc - p‑ a- m‑ \ - n‑ ¨ - X - v‑. h-\` - q‑ a - n‑ s‑Nd - n‑ b- s‑N-
s‑I‑m-s‑s‑S-¡- c‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑m-W‑v. d‑nb
- X‑pï - p‑ I - f - m‑ b - n‑ t‑]m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - X - p‑ w‑ D-bc - p‑ ¶
-
\‑mÂ‑, s‑]-c‑n- A-X‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑eX-s‑¶ A-´c - o‑ £ - D‑uj - v‑a - m‑ h - p‑ w‑ C-¯c - w‑ ]-£n‑ I - -
b‑mÀ I-S‑p- s‑N-t‑¦‑m-«-N‑p-c-¯‑n-\‑p f‑ps - S‑ h‑nX - c - W - w‑ k-ap‑ {- Z‑ \ - n‑ c- ¸ - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑
h‑m-k-t‑¦-X‑w s‑X-¡‑p `‑m-K-¯‑p-Å D-bÀ-¶ t‑aJ - e - I - f - n‑ Â a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ B-bn‑ N‑p-
A-S-§‑p-¶ A-K-k‑v-X‑y-h-\-§-f‑n c‑p¡- p‑ ¶ - p‑ ï - v‑. C-\n‑ b - p‑ w‑ A-ht- i ‑ j - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ -
h-c-i‑p-\‑m- I‑m-W‑p-¶ k-Ô‑y-¡‑n- ]-Ý‑n-a-L-« a-e-\‑n-c-I-f‑n-s‑e t‑N‑m-e-I-f‑p-s‑S
S‑v a-e-IÄ f‑n-IÄ C-c‑p-]-X‑v e-£‑w k‑w-c-£-W‑w C-¯-c‑w ]-£‑n-h‑n-`‑m-K-s‑¯
hÀ-j-§Ä-¡‑p a‑p³-]pX-s‑¶ \‑n-e-\‑nÀ-¯‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v A-X‑y-´‑m-t‑]-£‑n-X-
a‑q-¶‑mÀ I‑q-«-c‑p-a‑m-b‑n t‑hÀ-s‑¸-«‑n- a‑m-W‑v.

\‑o-e-K‑n-c‑n a-e-\‑n-c-If‑n I‑m-W‑p-¶ k-Ô‑y-¡‑n-f‑n- (Rufous-bellied Shortwing)

t^mt«m/¢aâ v {^m³knkv

IqSv 2013 Pqsse 43

 i-e-`-N‑n-{‑X-§Ä ]‑q-¼‑m-ä-¨‑n-d-I‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S a-t‑\‑m-l‑m-c‑n-X-b‑n-t‑ebv-¡‑v
a-e-_‑mÀ t‑d‑m-k‑v (Malabar Rose)
t^mt«m/t‑U‑m. D®‑nI‑rj‑vW³ ]‑pf‑n¡Â

AgInb Infnhme³
t‑S‑m‑w-k‑v A-K-Ì‑n³

t‑]
X‑oc - ¯ - p‑ Å
c
- p‑ k‑qN
X-s¶
- ]-Ýn‑ a
‑ ,‑ C-´y‑ b
- n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡

- L - «- ¯
- p‑ ¶
- p‑ s
- X - p‑ t‑]m‑ s
- S‑ a-e_
- n‑ Â a‑m{- X
- m‑ À
- e

‑ w‑ I‑m-
‑ k‑v. H-ä-t‑\‑m-«-¯‑n \‑m-«‑p-t‑d‑m-k‑p-a‑m-b‑n
h-f-s‑c-b-[‑n-I‑w k‑m-a‑y‑w t‑X‑m-¶‑p‑w a-e-_‑mÀ
t‑d‑m-k‑n-\‑v. F-¶‑mÂ‑, k‑q-£‑n-¨‑p t‑\‑m-
{‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑n C-h-s‑b I‑m-W‑m-d‑n-Ã. i-e-`-
¸‑p-g‑p-h‑n-s‑â `-£-W-k-k‑y-a‑m-b A-e‑v-]‑w
(Thottea siliquosa‑) h-c-ï-{‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑nÂ
W-s¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶- H-cp‑ ]‑q¼ - m‑ ä - b - m‑ W - v‑ a-e_ - m‑ À ¡‑n-b‑m ]‑n³-N‑n-d-I‑p-I-f‑n-s‑e s‑h-f‑p-¯ C-à F-¶-X‑m-W‑v C-X‑n-\‑v I‑m-c-W‑w. C‑u
t‑dm‑ k - v‑. a-sä ‑ m‑ c - p‑ h - n‑ [ - ¯ - n‑  ]-dª - m‑  s‑]‑m-«‑p-IÄ a-e-_‑mÀ t‑d‑m-k‑n h-e‑p-X‑p‑w k-k‑y‑w k‑p-e-`-a‑m-b‑n-«‑p-Å t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e
]-Ýn‑ a - L- «- ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ H-cp‑ t‑Zi - y‑ (Endemic)‑ I‑q-S‑p-XÂ h‑y-à-h‑p-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑p I‑m-W‑m‑w. N‑n-e C-S-\‑m-S³ I‑p-¶‑p-I-f‑nÂ‑, \‑m-«‑p-t‑d‑m-k‑v
i-e` - w‑ . i-e` - t- e ‑ m‑ I - s - ¯ ‑ A-Xn‑ k - p‑ µ - c - · - m‑ - ]-d-¡-e‑n-e‑p-a‑p-ï‑v, c-ï‑p-i-e-`-§-f‑p‑w i-e-`-t‑¯-¡‑mÄ I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑m-b‑n a-e-_‑mÀ
c‑pÄ-s¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶
- I‑nf - n‑ h - m‑ e - ³ (Swallow tail)‑ X-½‑n h‑y-X‑y‑m-k‑w. a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p t‑d‑m-k‑v i-e-`- t‑d‑m-k‑v I‑m-W‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p‑w.
i-e` - I- p‑ S- p‑ w‑ _ - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ H-cp‑ A‑wK - a - m‑ W - v‑ a-e- a‑m-b N-¡-c-i-e-`-¯‑n-\‑m-I-s‑«‑, ]‑n³-N‑n-d-I‑p- a-e-_‑mÀ t‑d‑m-k‑n-s‑â a‑p-«-b‑v-¡‑v a-ª-I-
_‑mÀ t‑dm‑ k - v‑. a‑oh - Â-¸£ - n‑ I - f - n‑ t- e ‑ X - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ - I-f‑n s‑h-f‑p-¯ s‑]‑m-«‑p-IÄ H-¶‑p‑w C-Ã. eÀ-¶ s‑h-f‑p-¸‑p \‑n-d-h‑p‑w i-e-`-¸‑p-g‑p-h‑n-\‑v
s‑e (Swallows) ]‑n³-Nn‑ d - I - p‑ I - f - n‑  \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ C-h-b‑p-s‑S a‑p³ N‑n-d-I‑n h‑o-X‑n-b‑p-Å I-d‑p-¸‑p I-eÀ-¶ s‑a-d‑q¬ \‑n-d-h‑p-a‑m-W‑v.
\‑oï - p‑ \‑nÂ-¡p‑ ¶ - t‑\À-¯ s‑Nd - p‑ h - m‑ e - p‑ - c-ï‑p s‑h-Å ]-«-IÄ I‑m-W‑m‑w. a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã, a-e-_‑mÀ t‑d‑m-k‑n-s‑â i-e-`-¸‑p-g‑p-¡Ä-¡‑v
IÄ D-ÅX - p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - m‑ W - n‑ h - s - b ‑ k‑zm‑ t- f ‑ m‑ - a-e-_‑mÀ t‑d‑m-k‑n-t‑\-b‑p‑w‑, \‑m-«‑p-t‑d‑m-k‑n-t‑\- K-c‑p-U-i-e-`-¯‑n-t‑â-b‑p‑w \‑m-«‑p-t‑d‑m-k‑v i-e-`-
s‑Sb - n‑ Â A-Yh - m‑ I‑nf - n‑ h- m‑ e - ³ i-e` - § - Ä b‑p‑w A-t‑]-£‑n-¨‑v C-h-b‑p-s‑S i-c‑o-c-¯‑n- ¯‑n-s‑â-bp‑ w‑ i-e` - ¸ - p‑ g
- p‑ ¡
- f - p‑ a - m‑ b- n‑ h-fs - c ‑ b
- -
F-¶v‑ h‑nf - n‑ ¡- p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. t‑e-b‑p‑w‑, ]‑n³-N‑n-d-I‑n-t‑e-b‑p‑w N‑p-h-¸‑p-\‑n-d‑w [‑nI
- w‑ k‑mZ- r‑ i - y‑ a - p‑ ï - v‑. C-hb - v‑¡ - p‑ Å - X - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ -
a-e_ - m‑ À t‑dm‑ k - v‑ DÄ-s¸ ‑ s - S‑ a‑q¶ - p‑ X - c - w‑ I-S‑p-¸-a‑p-Å-X‑m-W‑v. s‑e X-s¶ ‑ ,‑ t‑Zl - ¯ - v‑ a‑pÅ - p‑ I - Ä t‑]m‑ s - e ‑
t‑dm‑ k - v‑ i-e` - §- f - m‑ W - v‑ t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑  I‑mW - - ]-Ý‑n-a-L-«-¯‑nÂ‑, k-a‑p-{‑Z-\‑n-c-¸‑n F-gp‑ ¶ - p‑ \‑nÂ-¡p‑ ¶ - A-äw‑ I‑qÀ-¯ a‑pg - -
s‑¸S- ‑p-¶-X‑v. \‑m-«‑p-t‑d‑m-k‑v (Common Rose‑)‑, \‑n-¶‑p‑w s‑X‑m-Å‑m-b‑n-c‑w a‑o-ä-d‑n X‑m-s‑g- IÄ (tubercles)‑ D-ïv‑. ]‑pg - p‑ s - ¸ ‑ m‑ X - n‑ ¡
- v‑ D-W-
N-¡-c-i-e-`‑w (Crimson Rose) F-¶‑n-h- b‑p-Å `‑q-{‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑n-e‑m-W‑v a-e-_‑mÀ §‑nb - C-eb - p‑ s
- S‑ C-fw‑ X-hn‑ «- p‑ \‑nd - a- m‑ W - v‑.
b‑m-W‑v a-ä‑p c-ï‑p t‑d‑m-k‑v i-e-`-§Ä. a-e- t‑d‑m-k‑v I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑m-b‑n I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v. A-Xp‑ s - I
‑ m‑ ï - p‑ X-s¶ ‑ A-{X ‑ - s‑]s - «‑ s- ¶ ‑ m‑ -
_‑mÀ t‑d‑m-k‑n-s‑â {‑i‑o-e-¦-b‑n I‑m-W-s‑¸- \-\-h‑mÀ-¶ \‑n-X‑y l-c‑n-X h-\-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w‑, ¶‑pw‑ ]‑pg - p‑ s
- ¸ ‑ m‑ X - n‑ \-½p‑ s - S‑ I-®n‑ Â-s¸ ‑ S- n‑ Ã - .
S‑p-¶ _-Ô‑p-h‑m-W‑v Atrophaneura jophon AÀ-²-\‑n-X‑y-l-c‑n-X-h-\-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w‑, \‑m-«‑n³- ]‑pg- p‑ s
- ¸‑ m‑ X- n‑ t‑\c - n‑ b - k‑nÂ-¡v‑ \‑qe - p‑ s- I ‑ m‑ -
F-¶ i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-\‑m-a-a‑p-Å k‑n-t‑e‑m¬ t‑d‑m- ]‑p-d-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w C-h-s‑b I‑m-W‑m‑w. h-c-ï ï‑v k-ky‑ ¯ - n‑ Â _-Ôn‑ ¨ - n‑ c- n‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ .

s‑ab
- v‑ e-¡w t‑]P
- v‑ 41þÂ s‑Im‑ S- p‑ ¯
- n‑ c
- n‑ ¡
- p‑ ¶
- K-cp‑ U
- i
- e
- `
- ¯
- n‑ s
- â
‑ N‑n{- X
‑ s
- a
‑ S- p‑ ¯
- X
- v‑ t‑Um‑ . I-te
‑ j
- v‑ k-Zm‑ i
- n‑ h
- ³ F-¶X
- v‑ s‑s_
‑ P
- p‑ ]‑me
- p‑ h
- Å
- n‑ F-¶v‑ X‑nc
- p‑ ¯
- n‑ h
- m‑ b
- n‑ ¡
- m‑ \
- t- ]
‑ £
- .

44 IqSv 2013 Pqsse

 h‑y‑q s‑s‑^âÀ

s‑e³-k‑v: C-§s - \ ‑ b- p‑ Å - A-hk - c - § - f - n‑ Â

N‑n{- X
‑ ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ ]‑qÀ-®a - m‑ b- `‑mh - w‑ a‑pg - p‑ h
- -
\‑pw‑ e-`n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ \
- m‑ b - n‑ s‑sh ‑ U - v‑ B‑wK - n‑ Ä
s‑e³-kv‑ (24 mm t‑^m‑ ¡ - Â s‑e§ - v‑¯ - n‑ -
\‑pw‑ a‑pI - f- n‑ Â‑) D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K - n‑ ¡
- p‑ ¶ - X - m‑ b - n‑ c- n‑ -
¡‑pw‑ A-`n‑ I - m‑ a- y‑ w‑ . t‑d© - v‑ I‑qS- n‑ b - s‑sh ‑ U - v‑
B‑wK - n‑ Ä s‑e³-kv‑ D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K
- n‑ ¡ - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ g - p‑ -
ï‑mh - p‑ ¶ - h-{I ‑ o‑ I - c- W- w‑ (Distortion) I‑pd - -
b‑v¡
- m‑ ³ C-¯c - w‑ s‑e³-kv‑ D-]I - c - n‑ ¡
- p‑ w‑ .
h‑n-\‑y‑m-k‑w(composition): {‑]t- X ‑ y‑ I - {‑i² -
B-hi - y‑ s - ¸ ‑ S- m‑ ¯ - k-µÀ-`§ - f - n‑ s- e ‑ à - m‑ w‑
h‑nj - b - ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ X‑ms - g ‑ b
- p‑ Å - `‑mK - w‑ ]-ca - m‑ -
h-[n‑ H-gn‑ h - m‑ ¡ - W - w‑ . I‑qS- m‑ s - X‑ X‑mg - v‑¶
-
h‑o£ - W - t- I ‑ m‑ W - n‑ Â (Angle) \‑n¶ - p‑ Å -
I‑mg - v‑N
- ,‑ ]-Ým‑ ¯ - e - ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ I‑qS- p‑ X - Â
{‑]m‑ a - p‑ J - y‑ w‑ e-`n‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - p‑ w‑ A-´À-eo‑ \ - a - m‑ -
b‑nc - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - I-Yb - v‑¡ - v‑ (C-hn‑ s - S‑ h-cÄ-¨)‑
I‑qS- p‑ X - Â a‑ng - n‑ h- p‑ e-`n‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - p‑ w‑ D-]I - c - n‑ -
¡‑pw‑ . \‑nb - a - § - f - n‑ s
- X ‑ m‑ s - ¡
‑ s - b ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑
Z‑ri- y‑ ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ k-µÀ-`¯ - n‑ \ - \ - p‑ k - c - n‑ ¨ - v‑ C-h
hy-Xym-ks - ¸-Sp-¯m-hp-¶X - m-Wv.
I‑m-a-d-b‑p-s‑S Ø‑m-\‑w: h‑nj - b - w‑ (subject)
Camera: EOS 60D, Focal Length: 400mm, Shutter Speed: 1/320, Aperture: f/5.6, ISO: 200 ]‑qÀ-®a - m‑ b- p‑ w‑ t‑^m‑ ¡ - k - n‑ Â h-cp‑ ¶ - X - n‑ -
\‑mb- n‑ I‑ma - d - s‑k³-kÀ h‑nj - b- ¯- n‑ \ - p‑
k-am‑ ´ - c - a
- m‑ b - n‑ h-cp‑ ¶ - X - m‑ W- v‑ \-ÃX - v‑.

C-¶‑p R‑m³ \‑m-s‑f... I-®p‑ I

s‑kä
^‑nb
- f - n‑ e
- v‑ s‑Nt- ¿
- n‑ Â s‑]m‑ X
D-]t- b‑ m‑ K
- m‑ W

- n‑ ¡
‑ ï
- v‑ F-t¸

- m‑ h
- X
- p‑ h- m‑ b
- p‑ ¶- X
‑ m‑ g
- v‑. a‑mt- {‑ I

- m‑ W
- p‑ w‑ Z‑rj- v‑S- n‑ t- I
‑ m‑ t‑^m‑ t- «‑ m‑ {- K
- n‑ C‑u X-¯z‑ §
- v‑.
- Ä
‑ {- µ‑ w‑
‑ m‑ -

Z‑n-e‑o-]‑v A-´‑n-¡‑m-Sv A-¸À-¨À (Aperture): I‑ma - d- b- p‑ s

- S‑ t‑^m‑ -
¡Â Z‑qc - h
- p‑ w‑ ,‑ I‑ma
- d- b
- p‑ s
- S‑ s‑k³-kd - p‑ w‑
h‑nj- b - h- p‑ w‑ X-½n‑ e - p‑ Å
- Z‑qc - h- p‑ w‑ A-\p‑ k - -
k‑w -Ø‑m-\-s‑¯ A-X‑n-c‑q-
£-a‑m-b h-cÄ-¨-s‑b-b‑p‑w
A-X‑n-s‑â A-\-´-c ^-e-§-s‑f-b‑p‑w
I‑m-g‑v-N-¡‑m-c-t‑\‑m-S‑v Cu N‑n-{‑X‑w k‑w-h-
Z‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w sN-¿p-¶pï-­v.
H-c‑p ]-c‑n-[‑n-h-s‑c F-Ã‑m {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-
c‑n¨
- v‑ A-¸À-¨À F-^v‑þ- 8 a‑pX
h-sc ‑ b- m‑ h
- m‑ w‑ .
- Â F-^v‑þ- 22

{‑]-X‑o-I-hÂ-¡-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ N‑n-{‑X‑w. I‑p- Z‑p-c-´-§Ä-¡‑p‑w I‑m-c-W-a‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑v j-«À k‑v-]‑o-U‑v: h‑nj - b - w‑ \‑nÝ - e - a- m‑ s- W ‑ ¦ - n‑ Â

(C‑ub - h - k - c - ¯ - n‑ Â‑) j-«À k‑v] - o‑ U - n‑ s- \ ‑ -
d-¨‑p Z-i‑m-_‑v-Z-§Ä a‑p³-]‑p h-s‑c a-\‑p-j‑y-s‑â {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-s‑b I‑o-g-S-¡‑m- ¡‑pd - n‑ ¨
- v‑ t‑hh - e - m‑ X - n‑ s
- ¸ ‑ t- S‑ ï - X - n‑ Ã
- . \‑n§ - -
C-¯-c‑w N‑n-{‑X-§Ä B-{‑^‑n-¡-b‑n- \‑p-Å X‑z-c-b‑p‑w {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-I-f‑p-a‑m-W‑v. f‑ps- S‑ s‑sI ‑ I - f - p‑ s
- S‑ D-d¸ - v‑ A-\p‑ k - c - n‑ ¨- v‑ 1/30
s‑e‑m-X‑p-§‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. H‑m-´‑n-\‑p ]-I-c‑w F-¶‑n-«‑v A-X‑n-s‑â B-Z‑y C-c-I-f‑m-h‑p- a‑pX
- Â 1/100 h-sc ‑ k‑v] - o‑ U- v‑ s‑Xc - s - ª‑ S- p‑ -
h-\‑y-P‑o-h‑n-I-t‑f‑m h‑o-«‑p-a‑r-K-§-t‑f‑m ¶-t‑X‑m? ¡‑mw‑ . I‑qS- p‑ X - Â D-d¸ - n‑ \- m‑ b- n‑ F-t¸ ‑ m‑ g - p‑ w‑
B-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p h‑n-j-b-§-s‑f-¶‑p-a‑m-{‑X‑w. Im-gv-N-¡m-cn A-kz-Ø-X P-\n- s‑s{‑ S‑ t- ¸ ‑ m‑ U - v‑ D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K - n‑ ¡- p‑ I- .
B-[‑p-\‑n-I P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n-s‑â k-½À-±- ¸n-¡p-sa-¦n-epw, k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-\‑v A-X‑n-
s‑]‑m-X‑p \‑nÀ-t‑±-i-§Ä: h‑nj - b - ¯ - n‑  X-e-
¯‑n \-½Ä C-¯-c‑w I‑m-g‑v-N-IÄ i-à-a‑m-b k-t‑µ-i-§-f‑p‑w a‑p-¶-d‑n-b‑n- b‑ps
- S‑ `‑mK - w‑ G-Xp‑ `‑mK - t- ¯ ‑ ¡ - m‑ t- W ‑ m‑ I‑m-
I‑m-W‑m-s‑X t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶‑p A-Y-h‑m A-h- ¸‑p-I-f‑p‑w \Â-I‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n C-¯-c‑w W-s¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶- X - v‑ A-hn‑ s - S‑ I‑qS- p‑ X - Â H-gn‑ ª -
K-W‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. h‑n-j-b-¯‑n-s‑â k‑m-a‑q- N‑n-{‑X-§Ä D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m‑w. Ø-ew‑ s‑Im‑ S- p‑ ¡ - W - w‑ . A-sà ‑ ¦ - n‑  h-fs - c ‑
l‑y/]‑m-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-I {‑]-k-à‑n I‑q-S‑p- {‑]-I‑r-X‑n/h-\‑y-P‑o-h‑n k‑w-_-Ô- C-Sp‑ § - n‑ b - H-cp‑ h‑o£ - W - a - m‑ b- n‑ c - n‑ ¡- p‑ w‑
XÂ t‑]-c‑n-t‑e-s‑¡-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n a‑m-b C-¯-c‑w N‑n-{‑X-§-s‑f-S‑p-¡‑p- e-`n‑ ¡
- p‑ I - . X-e hcp¶ h-i¯ - v‑ H-«p‑ w‑
t‑U‑m. t‑P‑m-P‑n t‑P‑m-j‑z ^‑n-e‑n-t‑¸‑m- t‑¼‑mÄ h‑n-j-b-¯‑n-s‑â {‑]-t‑X‑y-I Ø
- e
- a - n‑ Ã- m‑ X- n‑ c- n‑ ¡
- p‑ ¶
- X - v‑ I-mgvN¡v A-{X ‑
k‑m-W‑v C‑u N‑n-{‑X‑w ]-IÀ-¯‑n-b-X‑v. k‑z-`‑m-h-§Ä‑, \‑n-d‑w‑, h-e‑p-¸‑w‑, ]-Ý‑m- k‑pJ - w‑ \Â-In‑ à - . G-Xp‑ P‑oh - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ N‑n{- X ‑ -
H-c‑p h-cÄ-¨- Dïmbm a‑n-ï‑m- ¯-e‑w‑ F¶nhbs¡m¸w hyIvX‑ §Ä-¡p‑ w‑ C‑u \‑nb - a - w‑ _‑m[ - I - a - m‑ W- v‑.
{‑]‑m-W‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S \‑n-Ê-l‑m-b‑m-h-Ø- amb Hcp ktµihpw Nn{X¯n A-Xn‑ c - m‑ h - n‑ s - e ‑ t- b ‑ m‑ s‑sh ‑ I - o‑ t- «‑ m‑ D-Å
s‑b-s‑´-¶‑v h-f-s‑c I‑r-X‑y-a‑m-b‑n \pïmbncn¡Ww. k‑ph - À-® I‑nc - W - § - f - m‑ W - v‑ k‑pJ - I - c - a - m‑ b-
s‑hf - n‑ ¨- ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ w‑ a‑rZ- p‑ h - m‑ b - \‑ng - e - p‑ I - Ä-
¡‑pw‑ D-¯a - w‑ . H-¸w‑ H-cp‑ {‑Xn‑ a - m‑ \ - N‑n-
{‑X¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ Å - k‑m[ - y‑ X - b - p‑ w‑ e-`n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
C-hn‑ s - S‑ ]-t£ ‑ , h-fs - c ‑ c‑q£ - a - m‑ b - \-«p‑ ¨ -
s‑hf - n‑ ¨- w‑ t‑]m‑ e - p‑ w‑ {‑In‑ b - m‑ ß - I - a - m‑ b - n‑
D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K - n‑ ¡- m‑ w‑ ,‑ I‑mc - W - w‑ t‑^m‑ t- «‑ m‑ {- K ‑ m‑ -
^À-¡p‑ a‑p¶ - n‑ e - p‑ Å- Z‑ri - y‑ h - p‑ w‑ I‑mg - v‑N
- -
¡‑p ]‑n¶ - n‑ e - p‑ Å - k-Xy‑ h - p‑ w‑ A-Xn‑ t- e ‑ s - d ‑
c‑q£
- a - m‑ W - v‑. ISpw s‑hf - n‑ ¨ - a - m‑ s - W ‑ ¦ - n‑ Â
t‑^‑m-t‑«‑m-{‑K‑m-^‑n-b‑p-s‑S _‑m-e-]‑mT-§-s‑f-¦‑n-e‑p‑w A-d‑n-ª‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ h‑m-b-\- N‑n{- X
‑ s - ¯ ‑ »‑m¡ - v‑ Bâ‑v s‑sh ‑ ä - v‑ B-¡p‑ -
¡‑m-s‑c a‑p-¶‑n I-ï‑m-W‑v C‑u \‑n-c‑q-]-W‑w X¿mdm¡nbn-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. ¶-Xv‑ D-Nn‑ X - a - m‑ b - n‑ c- n‑ ¡
- p‑ w‑ (N‑n{- X ‑ ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑
\‑n-c‑q-]-W‑w s‑N-¿-s‑¸-t‑S-ï \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-I‑r-X‑n/h-\‑y-P‑o-h‑n N‑n-{‑X-§Ä G-sX ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ `‑mK - w‑ X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - d - n‑ b - m‑ ³ I-fÀ
kooduphotodesk@gmail.com F-¶ s‑a-b‑n s‑F-U‑n-b‑n A-b-¡‑p-I. A-Xy‑ ´ - m‑ t- ] ‑ £ - n‑ X - a - s - à ‑ ¦ - n‑ Â‑).

IqSv 2013 Pqsse 45

 ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ

\-Z‑n-IÄ-¡‑v Z‑p-c-´-I‑m-e‑w
h‑y h
- k

c-ïv‑ {‑]t- £
- m‑ b
B-{i ‑ b
‑ m‑ `
- i

- §
- m‑ e
- n‑ ¡
- f
- p‑ ¶
- I

- m‑ W
- f
- X
- p‑ s

- v‑ s‑]c
- S‑ a‑pg
- p‑ w‑ C-tX
- n‑ b
- p‑ h

- m‑ d
- ³ h‑nk
‑ \-Zn‑ I
- n‑ s
- e
‑ b
- s
- À-Py‑ w‑ t‑]d
- f‑ ¯
- p‑ w‑ N‑me
- s - ¶
- ¡
‑ b - m‑ s
- m‑ \

- p‑ S- n‑ ¸
- W
- p‑ Å

- p‑ g
‑ ¶
- b
- Z‑pÀ-hn‑ [
- X
- n‑ s
- e
- m‑ W
‑ b
- n‑ b
- v‑ G-äh
- p‑ w‑ . \‑qd
- m‑ W - v‑ t‑Ic
- p‑ w‑ h‑nt- c
- p‑ I- W - ¡
- f- ¯
‑ m‑ [
- n‑ \
- n‑ s
- m‑ `
- v‑ ^‑mI
- e
- m‑ k
‑ \-Zn‑ I
- w‑ . t‑Ic
- v‑S- d
- n‑ I
- Ä-s¡
- f
- Ä s‑]c
‑ Ã
- w‑ C‑ub
- n‑ b
- m‑ w‑ . I‑pS- n‑ s
- n‑ s
- m‑ d
- h
‑ Å
- S‑ I-ï G-äh
- n‑ t- e‑ ¡
- ¯

- v‑ c‑mk- /h‑nj
- n‑ \ - m‑ b
- n‑
- p‑ w‑ h-en‑ b
- a‑me
-
- n‑ -
\‑y§
- Ä h‑nk - À-Ön‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶- p‑ . N‑me - ¡ - p‑ S- n‑ ¸- p‑ g- b- n‑ e
- m‑ I- s - «‑ e-£¡ - W - ¡ - n‑ \- v‑ c‑q] - h‑ne - b- p‑ Å- a-Õy‑ § - f - m‑ W
- v‑ N-¯p‑ s - ] ‑ m‑ ´
- n‑ b
- X - v‑.

••N‑m-e-¡‑p-S‑n-¸‑p-g-b‑n- N¯p s]m§nb aÕy§fpambn A-¶-a-\-Sbn \S¶ {]IS\w.

t^mt«m/IqSv amknI

I‑mX
- n‑ ¡
- p‑ S- w‑ h‑nf
- n‑ ¡
- p‑ ¶
- p‑
\‑m
¡‑pS- n‑ ¸ - p‑ g - ¡
Â-¸¯
h‑pw‑ s‑sP
- n‑ X
- n‑ \

- v‑ Z‑pc
‑ h
- m‑ e

- ´
- k
- I
- p‑ ]‑pg
- ¼
- m‑ e
- ¶ - a
- w‑ . C‑ub
- I - f
- m‑ b
- n‑ Â G-ä-
- N‑me
- n‑ s - S‑
- -
P-\§
s‑]m‑ e
'‑ ]
- c
- s

- n‑ t- i
- y‑ q‑ j
‑ m‑ [
- f ‑ c-£n‑ ¡
- ³ I¬-t{‑ S‑ m‑ Ä t‑_m‑ À-Un‑ s
- \ - I - Ä-'‑ s‑hd
- m‑ ³ _‑m²

- p‑ w‑ {‑]l
- y‑ X

- k
- b

- \
- p‑ Å

- a
-
- â ‑
- m‑ -
N‑me - ¡ - p‑ S- n‑ ¸ - p‑ g - b- n‑ s- e ‑ A-¶a - \ - S- ,‑ ]‑md - ¡ - S- - s‑W¶ - v‑ B-tc ‑ m‑ ] - W - a - p‑ b - À-¶n‑ «- v‑ \‑mf - p‑ I - t- f ‑ -
h‑v,‑ a‑qg - n‑ ¡ - p‑ f - w‑ ,‑ a‑mf - ]-©m‑ b - ¯ - v‑ {‑]t- Z‑ i - - s‑db - m‑ b - n‑ . H-«\ - h - [ - n‑ e‑n^ - v‑ä - v‑ C-dn‑ t- K ‑ j - ³
§-fn‑ Â ]-Xn‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ c - ¡ - W - ¡ - n‑ \ - v‑ i‑p² - P - e - ]-²X - n‑ I - Ä {‑]h - À-¯n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ \ - m‑ Â
a-Õy‑ § - f - m‑ W - v‑ N-¯p‑ s - ] ‑ m‑ ´ - n‑ b - X - v‑. I‑mX - n‑ - X‑oc - {- ] ‑ t- Z‑ i - § - s - f ‑ I‑qS- m‑ s - X ‑ ]‑pg - b - n‑ Â
¡‑pS- ¯ - v‑ {‑]h - À-¯n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - \‑nä - P-em‑ ä - n‑ ³ \‑n¶- v‑ a‑md - n‑ b - p‑ Å - {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f - n‑ s - e ‑ I‑nW - d - p‑ -
I-¼\ - n‑ b - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ Å - a‑me - n‑ \ - y‑ h - n‑ k - À-Ö- I-fn‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ P-et- {‑ k ‑ m‑ X - Ê - p‑ I - f - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑
\-am‑ W - v‑ C‑u a-Õy‑ ¡ - p‑ c - p‑ X - n‑ ¡ - v‑ I‑mc - W - s - a ‑ - h-fs - c ‑ s - ¸ ‑ s - «‑ ¶ - v‑ c‑mk - a - m‑ e - n‑ \ - y‑ § - Ä F-¯n‑ -
¶‑v P-\§ - f - p‑ w‑ P-\{- ] ‑ X - n‑ \ - n‑ [ - n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ {‑]m‑ t- Z‑ - t‑¨c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . c‑mj - v‑{- S‑ o‑ b - t- ` ‑ Z- s - a-t\ ‑ y‑ F-Ãm‑
i‑nI - `-cW - I - q‑ S- § - f - p‑ a - S- ¡ - w‑ H-t«‑ s - d ‑ t- ¸ ‑ À ]‑mÀ-«n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ A-Wn‑ t- N ‑ À-¶n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - k-a-
]-cm‑ X - n‑ s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ {‑]t- £ ‑ m‑ ` - w‑ \-S¯ - p‑ I - - c-¯n‑ s - â ‑ {‑]m‑ [ - m‑ \ - y‑ w‑ t‑Ic - f - P - \ - X - X‑nc - n‑ -
b‑pw‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - n‑ «- p‑ w‑ ]‑pg - b - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ a‑me - n‑ \ - y‑ w‑ ¨-dn‑ b - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ ]‑pg - s - b ‑ h‑os - ï ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑
X-Åp‑ ¶ - X - v‑ \‑nÀ-¯p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ \ - p‑ Å - b‑ms - X ‑ m‑ c - p‑ s‑Nt- ¿ ‑ ï - X - v‑ I‑me - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ B-hi - y‑ a - m‑ W - v‑.
\‑o¡ - h - p‑ w‑ C-Xp‑ h - s - c ‑ D-ïm‑ b - n‑ «- n‑ Ã - . Z-ie - - t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ ]‑pg - I - f - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ b‑ms - X ‑ m‑ c - p‑ -
£-¡W - ¡ - n‑ \ - v‑ enäÀ s‑hÅ - a - m‑ W - v‑ I-¼\ - n‑ h‑n[- a‑me - n‑ \ - y‑ § - f - p‑ w‑ X-Ån‑ h - n‑ S- m‑ ³ H-cp‑
\‑nt- X ‑ y‑ \ - ]‑pg - b - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ D‑uä - n‑ s - b ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - p‑ - I-¼\ - n‑ t- b ‑ b - p‑ w‑ A-\p‑ h - Z- n‑ ¡ - c - p‑ X - v‑. \-½p‑ s - S‑
¶-Xv‑, H-¸w‑ S¬ I-W¡ - n‑ \ - v‑ a‑me - n‑ \ - y‑ § - Ä \‑nj- v‑{- I ‑ n‑ b - X - ,‑ h-cp‑ w‑ X-ea - p‑ d - b - p‑ s - S‑ Z‑pc - ´ - -
]‑pg - b - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ X-Åp‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . ¯‑n\ - m‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ I‑mc - W - a - m‑ h - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑.

46 IqSv 2013 Pqsse

 t‑Um‑ Ä-^n‑ -
t‑\d - n‑ b
- §- Ä
\‑nt- c‑ m‑ [- n‑ ¨
- p‑
t‑It‑U‑mÄ-^‑n-t‑\-d‑n-b-§Ä \‑n-t‑c‑m-
-{‑µ ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-a-
{‑´‑m-e-b‑w c‑m-P‑y-¯‑v

[‑n-¨‑p. t‑U‑mÄ-^‑n-t‑\-d‑n-b-§Ä-¡‑v
A-\‑p-h‑m-Z‑w \-e‑v-I-c‑p-s‑X-¶‑v F-Ã‑m
k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§Ä-¡‑p‑w a-{‑´‑m-e-b‑w
\‑nÀ-t‑Z-i‑w \-e‑v-I‑n.
"h‑w-i-\‑m-i-`‑o-jW - n‑ t‑\c - n‑ S- p‑ ¶ -
t^mt«m/PbIpamÀ, XWÂ K‑m³-sP ‑ ä - n‑ I- v‑ t‑Um‑ Ä-^n‑ \ - p‑ I - s - f ‑
A-hb - p‑ s - S‑ k‑wc - £ - W - w‑ I - q‑ S- n‑

A-¶h
- p‑ w‑ s‑hÅ
- h
- p‑ w‑ a‑pS- n‑ ¡
- c
- p‑ X
- v‑ a‑p¶- n‑ Â I-ïp‑ s
K-h¬-sa
b‑n {‑]J - y‑ m‑ ]
‑ â‑v t‑Zi
- n‑ ¨ - n‑ c
- I ‑ m‑ ï
- o‑ b
- p‑ ¶
- P-eP
- v‑ C-´y‑ m‑

- p‑ . s‑]m‑ X
- o‑ h - n‑ b
- p‑ s - h
- m‑ -
‑

XX‑nI - ¨
e
- Ø
c-àk
- p‑ w‑ h‑yX
- m‑ \
- m‑ £
- \-Kc

- y‑ k
- n‑ a-Þ]
- v‑X - a
- n‑ b

- m‑ b
- n‑ Â ]‑mf
- ¯ - n‑ \
- H-cp‑ k-Xy‑ m‑ {- K
- b - ¯
- p‑ k-ao‑ ]
- v‑

‑ l - -
- w‑
s‑FI
d‑nt- ¸
t‑I{- µ
- I-Wv‑t- T
‑ m‑ À-«v‑ k-aÀ-¸n‑ ¨
‑ /k‑wØ -
‑ y\ C‑u s‑{]

m‑ \ - `‑q\
- n‑ «- p‑ Å
- n‑ b
- X
- a
‑ m‑ P
- m‑ W
- § - s
- I - v‑ä
- v‑. \‑nc
- f
- n‑ s

‑ I‑mä
- \ ‑ X
- h
- n‑ s
- [
- n‑ Â
- c
- n‑
‑ P-ek
Å-hb
h-bp‑ a
- k

- m‑ W
- v‑X
- p‑ w‑ k‑wt- h
- \ - n‑ I

- v‑. t‑Um‑ Ä-^n‑ \

- Ä _‑p²
‑ Z- \ - i - à
- n‑ i
- n‑ b
- p‑ I - Ä-¡v‑
- à - n‑ b
- p‑ Å - -
- p‑ -

a‑mW- v‑ P‑q¬ 18-þ\‑v k‑pK - X - I - p‑ a - m‑ c - n‑ «- o‑ ¨ - d - p‑ w‑ ]-d¯ - p‑ ¶ - C‑u ]-²X - n‑ b - v‑¡ - v‑ X‑nc - p‑ h - \ - ´ - - A-km‑ [ - m‑ c - W - _‑p² - n‑ i - à - n‑ b - p‑ s - ï ‑ -
H.F³.h‑n. b‑pw‑ A-Sq‑ À t‑Km‑ ] - m‑ e - I - r‑ j - v‑W - - ]‑pc - w‑ A-´m‑ c - m‑ j - v‑{- S‑ h‑na - m‑ \ - ¯ - m‑ h - f - ¯ - n‑  ¶‑mW - v‑ ]T-\§Ä ]-db - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑.
\‑pw‑ I‑qS- n‑ k‑wL - S- n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¨ - X - v‑. t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ \‑n¶ - v‑ B-Im‑ i - Z- q‑ c - w‑ 93 I‑nt- e ‑ m‑ a - o‑ ä - d - p‑ w‑ s‑\- A-hs - b ‑ a-\p‑ t- j ‑ y‑ X - c - h‑yà - n‑ I - -
G-äh - p‑ w‑ l-cn‑ X - m‑ ` - a - m‑ b - {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f - n‑ s - e ‑ m‑ - S‑p¼ - m‑ t- È ‑ c - n‑ h‑na - m‑ \ - ¯ - m‑ h - f - ¯ - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - v‑ 95 f‑mb - n‑ (Non Human Persons) ]-cn‑ -
¶‑mb - B-d· - p‑ f - s - b ‑ h‑na - m‑ \ - ¯ - m‑ h - f - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ I‑nt- e ‑ m‑ a - o‑ ä - d - p‑ w‑ a‑m{- X ‑ t- a ‑ b - p‑ Å - q‑ . t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ - K-Wn‑ ¡ - W - s - a ‑ ¶ - m‑ W - v‑ C-Xn‑ \ - À-Yw‑ .
t‑]c - n‑ Â I‑pc - p‑ X - n‑ s‑Im‑ S- p‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ s - \ ‑ X - n‑ t- c ‑ s‑e l-cn‑ X - k - m‑ ¶ - n‑ ² - y‑ s - ¯ ‑ b - p‑ w‑ \‑oÀ-¯- A-Xn‑ \ - m‑ Â-Xs - ¶ ‑ A-hb - v‑¡ - v‑ A-h-
\-S¶ - C‑u {‑]X - n‑ t- j ‑ [ - w‑ G-äh - p‑ w‑ {‑i² - n‑ - S-§s - f ‑ b - p‑ w‑ a‑pg - p‑ h - ³ \-in‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ b‑ps - S‑ X - m‑ b - A-hI - m‑ i - § - f - p‑ ï - v‑.
¡-s¸ ‑ «- X - v‑ A-Xn‑ Â ]-¦m‑ f - n‑ I- f - m‑ b - h - c - p‑ s - S‑ t‑hs - d ‑ b - p‑ w‑ h‑na - m‑ \ - ¯ - m‑ h - f - ] - ² - X - n‑ I - Ä C-Sp‑ - h‑nt- \ ‑ m‑ Z- ¯ - n‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ A-hs - b ‑ h-fÀ-
s‑sh ‑ h - n‑ ² - y‑ w‑ s‑Im‑ ï - m‑ W - v‑. F-Ãm‑ c‑mj - v‑{- S‑ o‑ b - - ¡‑nb - n‑ s - e ‑ A-W¡ - c - b - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ h-b\ - m‑ «- n‑ s - e ‑ ¯‑p¶ - X - v‑ [‑mÀ-an‑ I - a - m‑ b - n‑ A-kz‑ o‑ I - m‑ -
¸‑mÀ-«n‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ w‑ a‑p³-\n‑ c - t‑\X - m‑ ¡ - · - m‑ À‑, N‑o¡ - Ã - q‑ c - n‑ e- p‑ w‑ A-\p‑ a - X - n‑ ¡ - m‑ b - n‑ I‑m¯ - p‑ I - n‑ S- - c‑yh - p‑ a - m‑ W - v‑." F-¶v‑ kÀ-¡p‑ e - d - n‑ Â
a‑p³ a-{´ ‑ n‑ a - m‑ À‑, k‑ma - p‑ Z- m‑ b - n‑ I - /a-X t‑ae - ² - y‑ - ¡‑p¶ - p‑ ï - v‑. C‑u k-ac - w‑ B-d· - p‑ f - h‑na - m‑ \ - - ]-db - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
£-·m‑ À‑, k‑mk - v‑I - m‑ c - n‑ I - \‑mb - I - À I‑qS- m‑ s - X ‑ ¯‑mh - f - ¯ - n‑ s - \ ‑ X - n‑ s - c ‑ a‑m{- X ‑ a - s - Ã ‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ a-dn‑ ¨ - v‑ 1972þ-se ‑ s‑sh ‑ Â-Uv‑s - s ‑ e ‑ ^ - v‑
\‑mÂ-¸X - n‑ e - [ - n‑ I - w‑ F‑w.FÂ.F.a‑mc - p‑ w‑ . H-cp‑ t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ P-em‑ i - b - § - s - f ‑ b - p‑ w‑ \‑oÀ- s‑{]
‑ m‑ s - «‑ £ - ³ B-Îv‑ {‑]I - m‑ c - w‑ K‑m³-
]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ h‑nj - b - ¯ - n‑ Â H-cp‑ a - n‑ ¨ - p‑ \ - n‑ ¶ - p‑ ¯-S§ - s - f ‑ b - p‑ w‑ h-be - p‑ I - s - f ‑ b - p‑ w‑ A-¸m‑ s - S‑ s‑Pä - n‑ I - v‑ t‑Um‑ Ä-^n‑ \ - p‑ I - s - f ‑ b - p‑ w‑ k‑v-
t‑]m‑ c - m‑ S- m‑ ³ C-{X ‑ s‑sh ‑ h - n‑ [ - y‑ a - m‑ À-¶ H-cp‑ \‑n- \-in‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ t‑]m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - s‑Xä - m‑ b - h‑nI - k - \ - \-_v‑^ - n‑ ³ t‑Um‑ Ä-^n‑ \ - p‑ I - s - f ‑ b - p‑ w‑
c t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ e - n‑ X - n‑ \ - p‑ a‑p³-]v‑ c‑q] - w‑ s‑Im‑ ï - n‑ - I‑mg - v‑N - ¸ - m‑ S- p‑ I - Ä-s¡ ‑ X - n‑ s - c ‑ b - m‑ s - W ‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ s‑jU - y‑ q‑ Ä H-¶n‑ e - p‑ w‑ a-äp‑ Å - P-e
«‑nÃ
- . t‑Ic - f- \‑nb - a - k - ` - m‑ ]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ I-½n‑ ä - n‑ ]-s¦ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - H-tc ‑ m‑ c - p‑ ¯ - c - p‑ w‑ A-`n‑ {- ] ‑ m‑ b - s - ¸ ‑ «- p‑ . k-kv‑X - \ - n‑ I - s - f ‑ s - b ‑ Ã - m‑ w‑ s‑jU - y‑ q‑ Ä
c-ïn‑ e - p‑ w‑ DÄ-s¸ ‑ S- ‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v.

••G-eq-cn-se ]m-Xm-f-¯v
a-en‑ \
- o‑ I
- c
- W
- ¯
- n‑ s
- \
‑ X
- n‑ s
- c
‑ P-ek
- X
- y‑ m‑ {- K
‑ l
- w‑
A-`n-h-µy _-tk-en-tbm-kv
amÀ-t¯m-a bm-t¡m-_v {]-
Y-a³ I-t¯m-en-¡ _m-h-
bp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-¯nÂ
] H-gp‑ I - n‑ A-d_
Ý
- n‑ a
55 X-t±‑ i
- L - «- a

- n‑ ¡
- k‑zb
- e

- S- e
- \ - n‑ c - I
- w‑ `
- n‑ Â ]-Xn‑ ¡
- f
- c
- n‑ Â \‑n¶
- W - {‑]t- Z‑ i
- p‑ ¶
- p‑ w‑ D-Ûh

- s‑]c
- § - f - n‑ e
- n‑ b
- n‑ ¨
- q‑ s
- m‑ À,
- v‑
- S‑
X‑pI - Â ^‑mI
§Ä \‑nd
s‑Nd - p‑ X
- ª
- p‑ w‑ h-ep‑ X
-
- v‑S- d - n‑ I - Ä h-sc
G-eq‑ À F-Sb
- p‑ a - m‑ b - h‑yh
‑ b

- k
- p‑ Å
- m‑ À t‑aJ
- m‑ b
- h‑yh

- i
- e
- m‑ e
- k
- b
- I
- m‑ b
- n‑ s
- f
- e
- n‑ Â
- -
‑ 242
s]-cn-bmÀ kw-c-£-W-{]-
Xn-Ú-sb-Sp-¡p-¶p. D-Ûh - w‑ a‑pX - Â X-s¶ ‑ a‑me - n‑ \ - y‑ w‑ h-ln‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ \‑n¶- p‑ w‑ Z‑n\ - w‑ {- ] ‑ X - n‑ ]‑pd - w‑ X- Å - p‑ ¶ - t‑Im‑ S- n‑ ¡ - W - ¡ - n‑ -
\‑nÀ-ºÔ - n‑ X - b - m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . a‑q¶ - m‑ À a-e\ - n‑ c - I - f - n‑ s - e ‑ \‑v e‑nä - À h‑nj - P - e - w‑ s‑Im‑ ï - v‑ a-en‑ \ - o‑ I - c - n‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ -
h‑ni - m‑ e - a - m‑ b - t‑Xm‑ «- § - f - n‑ Â D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - a‑mc - I - - s‑]c - n‑ b - m‑ À H-cp‑ h‑nj - h - m‑ l - n‑ \ - n‑ b - m‑ b - n‑ «- m‑ W - v‑ ]‑n¶ - o‑ S- v‑
I‑oS- \ - m‑ i - n‑ \ - n‑ I - f - n‑ Â X‑pS- § - n‑ h‑nh - n‑ [ - ]-©m‑ b - ¯ - p‑ - t‑h¼ - \ - m‑ S- v‑ I‑mb - Â {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f - n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ A-d_ - n‑ -
I-fn‑ s - e ‑ b - p‑ w‑ a‑p\ - n‑ k - n‑ ¸ - m‑ e - n‑ ä - n‑ I
- f - n‑ s - e ‑ b - p‑ w‑ s‑sP ‑ - ¡-Se - n‑ Â ]-Xn‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. C‑u \-Zn‑ b - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ Å -
h/A-ss ‑ P ‑ h - a‑me - n‑ \ - y‑ § - Ä‑, I‑qS- m‑ s - X ‑ B-ip‑ ] - {- X ‑ n‑ s‑hÅ - a - m‑ W - v‑ {‑]m‑ Y - a - n‑ I - i‑p² - o‑ I - c - W - ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ t‑ij - w‑
a‑me - n‑ \ - y‑ w‑ ,‑ A-dh - p‑ i - m‑ e - a‑me - n‑ \ - y‑ w‑ ,‑ I-¡q‑ k - v‑ a‑me - n‑ - s‑Im‑ ¨ - n‑ \-Kc - w‑ DÄ-s¸ ‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ Å - {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f - n‑ s - e ‑
\‑yw‑ F-¶n‑ h - b - p‑ s - S‑ h³ t‑iJ - c - h - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ «- m‑ W - v‑ ]-hn‑ - Z-ie - £ - ¡ - W - ¡ - n‑ \ - v‑ P-\§ - Ä-¡v‑ I‑pS- n‑ s - h ‑ Å - a - m‑ -
{‑XX - b - p‑ w‑ ]-cn‑ ] - m‑ h - \ - X - b - p‑ w‑ A-hI - m‑ i - s - ¸ ‑ «- p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - v‑ b‑n F-¯n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. s‑]c - n‑ b - m‑ d - n‑ s- \ ‑ c-£s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ -
\-Zn‑ B-ep‑ h - b - n‑ s - e ‑ ¯ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. C-Xn‑ \ - n‑ S- b - n‑ Â ]-Xn‑ - ¯‑m\ - p‑ Å - H-t«‑ s - d ‑ B-hi - y‑ § - f - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ s‑]c - n‑ b - m‑ À
\‑mt- e ‑ m‑ f - w‑ X-Sb - W - I - f - m‑ e - p‑ w‑ A-Ws - ¡ ‑ «- p‑ I - f - m‑ e - p‑ w‑ a-en‑ \ - o‑ I - c - W - h‑nc - p‑ ² - k-an‑ X - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ a‑p³-I¿ - n‑ Â
X-Sb - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - s‑]c - n‑ b - m‑ d - n‑ s - â ‑ \‑os - c ‑ m‑ g - p‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ P-ek - - P‑q¬ \‑me - n‑ \ - v‑ G-eq‑ c - n‑ s - e ‑ ]‑mX - m‑ f - ¯ - v‑ P-ek - X - y‑ m‑ -
a‑r²- n‑ b - p‑ w‑ K-XI - m‑ e - k‑va - c - W - I - Ä a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ . B-ep‑ h - - {‑Kl
- w‑ k‑wL - S- n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¨ - p‑ . A-`n‑ h - µ - y‑ _-tk ‑ e - n‑ t- b ‑ m‑ k - v‑
b‑n \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ s‑]c - n‑ b - m‑ À‑, t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ h‑yh - k - m‑ b - a‑mÀ-t¯ ‑ m‑ a - b‑mt- ¡ ‑ m‑ _ - v‑ {‑]Y - a - ³ I-t¯ ‑ m‑ e - n‑ ¡ -
k‑nc - m‑ t- I ‑ {- µ ‑ a - m‑ b - G-eq‑ c - n‑ s - e ‑ ¯ - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä \-Zn‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ _‑mh - b - p‑ s - S‑ t‑\X - r‑ X - z‑ ¯ - n‑ Â s‑]c - n‑ b - m‑ À k‑wc - £ - W - -
c‑q]
- h - p‑ w‑ `‑mh - h - p‑ w‑ I‑qS- p‑ X - Â t‑im‑ N - \ - o‑ b - a - m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . {‑]X - n‑ Ú - s
- b ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ \‑qd - p‑ I - W - ¡ - n‑ \ - v‑ h-fï - n‑ -
I‑oS- \ - m‑ i - n‑ \ - n‑ ,‑ a‑mc - I - c‑mk - h - k - v‑X - p‑ ¡ - Ä X‑pS- § - n‑ bÀ-am‑ À P-e-k-X‑y‑m-{‑K-l‑w \-S-¯‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p.

IqSv 2013 Pqsse 47

 ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ

- - (Sabine's Gull)
k-_n‑ ³-kv‑ I-SÂ-¡m‑ ¡
t^mt«m/]‑n.]‑n. {‑i‑o-\‑n-h‑m-k³

]‑p¯
- ³
I-S¸- p‑ d
- ¯
‑ v
]‑p¯
- ³ -ac‑p-¡‑m-¡- (Great Indian Bustard) t^mt«m/¢aâ v {^m³knkv

I-SÂ-¡m‑ ¡ - a-c‑p-¡‑m-¡-I-s‑f
N‑m
{‑i² - m‑ t- I ‑ {- µ
h
- ¡
h‑oï
‑ a
- m‑ S- v‑ ]‑p¯
- p‑ w‑ ]-£n‑ \
- m‑ h - p‑ I - b - m‑ W
- ³ I-S¸
- n‑ c
- v‑. C-¯h
- o‑ £ - I
- p‑ d
- c
- W
- w‑

-
- p‑ s
- S‑
k‑w-c-£‑n-¡‑m³ ]-²-X‑n
A-Xv‑ k-_n‑ ³-kv‑ I-SÂ-¡m‑ ¡ - - Sabine's
Gull(Xema sabina) b‑ne
K‑pc
¡‑mc
- p‑ h
- \
- m‑ b
- m‑ b
- q‑ À t‑Zh
- ]‑n.]‑n. {‑io‑ \
- k - z‑ ¯
- q‑ s
- n‑ s
- n‑ h
- S‑ B-Wv‑.
- e
- m‑ k
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¡‑m-¡-I-f‑p-s‑S (t‑{‑K-ä‑v C-´‑y³
_-Ì‑m-U‑v) k‑w-c-£-W-¯‑n-\‑m-b‑n c‑m-P-
\‑mj
kÀ-th
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‑ C‑u ]-£n‑ I - f - p‑ s
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- m‑ \ - s - ¸
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- p‑ w‑ C-h ]-¯n‑ Â X‑ms - g‑ a‑m-
B-f-I-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w t‑^‑m-t‑«‑m F-S‑p-¡‑p- ¶‑m-b C-X‑n-\‑v 15 I‑n-t‑e‑m-t‑b‑m-f‑w `‑m-c‑w {‑Xt- a ‑ b - p‑ Å - q‑ . C-{X ‑ N‑p-c‑p-§‑n-b F-®-¯‑n-
¶-X‑n-\‑n-S-b‑n C‑u I-SÂ-¡‑m-¡-b‑p- h-l‑n-¨‑v ]-d-¡m‑ \ - m‑ h - p‑ w‑ . ]‑pÂ-ta ‑ S- v‑ k‑v] - o‑ - s‑â kwc£W¯‑n-\‑m-b‑p-Å s‑{‑]‑m-P-I‑v-ä‑v
s‑S-b‑p‑w \‑n-c-h-[‑n N‑n-{‑X-§Ä F-S‑p-¡‑p- j‑ok - p‑ I - f - n‑ s
- e ‑ A-{K ‑ K - W - y‑ \ - m‑ b - a-cp‑ ¡ - m‑ ¡ - - D-ï‑m-¡‑p-I F-f‑p-¸-a-Ã. C-h-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-P-\-
I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ]-£‑n-\‑n-c‑o-£-I-c‑m-b I-fp‑ s - S‑ F-®w‑ B ]‑pÂ-ta ‑ S- n‑ s - â‑ B-tc ‑ m‑ - \‑w h-f-s‑c k‑m-h-[‑m-\-¯‑n-e‑p-Å-X‑p‑w
s‑P. {‑]-h‑o¬‑, Z‑o-]‑p s‑I. F-¶‑n-h-c‑p-s‑S K‑ys - ¯ ‑ {‑]X - n‑ \- n‑ [ - o‑ I - c - n‑ ¡
- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . 1980 h-sc ‑ h‑n-P-b-k‑m-[‑y-X I‑p-d-ª-X‑p-a‑m-W‑v. C‑u
k-l‑m-b-t‑¯‑m-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v {‑i‑o-\‑n-h‑m-k³ G-It- Z‑ i - w‑ 1500þ2000 a-cp‑ ¡ - m‑ ¡ - I - Ä ]-£‑n-I-s‑f k‑m-ä-s‑s‑e-ä‑v h-g‑n \‑n-c‑o-£‑n-
C‑u ]-£‑n-s‑b X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-ª-X‑v. C-´y‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ ]-Xn‑ s - \
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h-fs - c ‑ Z‑qc - w‑ t‑Zi - m‑ S- \ - ¯ - n‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ k‑wØ - m‑ \ - § - f - n‑ e- m‑ b - n‑ ]‑md - n‑ \-S¶ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶
- p‑ . k-h‑y-h-Ø-s‑b-b‑p‑w ]-ä‑n ]T‑n-¡‑m\pw
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s‑Ne - h - g - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - C-hs - b ‑ C-´y‑ ³
D-]` - q‑ J - Þ - ¯
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••A-_‑p-Z‑m-_‑n t‑I-c-f
b‑n t‑cJ - I - f - n‑ à - . G-jy‑ ³ h³-Ic - b - n‑  t‑k‑m-j‑y s‑kâ-d‑nÂ
h-S¡ - v‑ I‑ng - ¡ - ³ s‑sk ‑ _ - o‑ c - n‑ b - b - n‑ Â \-S-¶ ]‑m-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-I
C-h {‑]X - y‑ p‑ X - v‑] - m‑ Z- \ - w‑ \-S¯ - p‑ ¶ - X - m‑ b - n‑ I‑y‑m-¼‑n h-¨‑v s‑I.F-
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I‑p-«‑n-I-f‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w
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G-It- Z‑ i - w‑ 3000 I‑n. a‑o. A-Is - e ‑ bm-Wv‑!!‑ \‑nÀ-Æ-l‑n-¨‑p. s‑I.F-
k-_n‑ ³-kv‑ I-SÂ-¡m‑ ¡ - s - b ‑ I‑qS- m‑ - k‑v.k‑n. a‑o-U‑n-b t‑I‑mÀ-
s‑X 2013 s‑^{- _ ‑ p‑ h - c - n‑ b - n‑ Â Kittiwake U‑n-t‑\-ä-d‑p‑w I‑q-S‑n-s‑â
Gulls(Rissat ridatcyla) F-¶ I-SÂ-¡m‑ - b‑p.F.C. {‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑n-b‑p-
a‑m-b s‑s‑^-k _‑m-h
¡-tb ‑ b - p‑ w‑ C-hn‑ s - S‑ \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ \‑nc - o‑ £ - n‑ ¨ - n‑ - a‑m-k‑n-I ]-c‑n-N-b-s‑¸-S‑p-
c‑p¶- p‑ . ¯‑n k‑w-k‑m-c‑n-¨‑p.

48 IqSv 2013 Pqsse

t‑e‑m-I ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n Z‑n-\‑m-t‑L‑m-j‑w
-"{‑K‑o³ s‑]À-k-]‑v-j³' t‑^‑m-t‑«‑m {‑]-ZÀ-i-\‑w
t‑e‑m
k‑vt- \‑ l
- n‑ I
- f
- p‑ s
-I-]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n Z‑n-\‑m-N-c-W-¯‑n-s‑â `‑m-K-a‑m-b‑n J-¯-d‑n-s‑e {‑]-a‑p-J s‑s‑l-¸À-a‑mÀ-¡-ä‑v {‑K‑q-¸‑m-b I‑z‑m-f‑n-ä‑n s‑s‑l-¸À a‑mÀ-¡-
ä‑p‑w I‑q-S‑v ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n a‑m-k‑n-I-bp‑ w‑ t‑NÀ-¶v‑ \-S¯
- S‑ {‑i²- ]‑nS- n‑ ¨- p‑ ]-än‑ . t‑em‑ I
- {‑]i- k
- v‑X
- n‑ b
- h-\w‑ /h-\y‑ P
- {‑]I
- o‑ h
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‑ m‑ ^
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"{‑Ko‑ ³ s‑]À-k] - v‑j
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- m‑ S- \
- w‑ s‑N¿ - s- ¸ ‑ «- {‑]Z- À-i\ - w‑ C-cp‑ ] - ¯- n‑ s - b
‑ «- n‑ \
- p‑ k-am‑ ]- n‑ ¨
- p‑ . A-Xn-t\m-Sv
A-\p-_Ô - n-¨p {]-kn-²o-Ic - n-¨ ]p-kvX - I
- ¯ - n-sâ {]-Im-i\ - w Sn.F³. {]-Xm-]³ mla A-_p \-hm-kn-\v \Â-In {]-Im-i\ - w sN-bvX - p

t^mt«mkv/\u^Â ]Xcn

••tZm-l-bn-se Xr-ÈqÀ Pn-Ãm ku-lr-Z-th-Zn-bp-sS B-`n-ap-Jy-¯n tem-I ]-cn-Øn-

Xn Zn-\m-N-c-Ww kw-L-Sn-¸n-¨p. C-´y³ IÄ-¨À skâ-dn \-S-¶ sk-an-\mÀ sF.
kn. kn. {]-kn-U-­âv Xcp¬ _mkp D-Zv-Lm-S-\w \nÀ-h-ln-¨p. sk-an-\m-dnÂ, sI.Fw
¹m-hns\ Adnªv
AcpW³, Zn-eo-]v A-´n-¡m-Sv- F-¶n-hÀ ¢m-kp-IÄ \-bn-¨p. hn-ZymÀ-°n-IÄ
tI-
sN-§¶
c-f kw-Øm-\ im-k{v- X km-t¦-Xn-I ]-cn-
Øn-Xn Iu¬-kn-en-sâ k-lm-bt- ¯m-sS,
- qÀ {In-kX v- y³ tIm-tf-Pn kp-thm-fP - n hn-
`m-K¯- n-sâ t\-Xr-Xz-¯n \-S¶ - ]-cn-Øn-Xn Zn-\m-
tLm-jw Iymw-]k - n \m-«p-am-hn³ ssX \-«p-sIm-­ïv
{]n³-kn-¸Â s{]m-^: am-Xyq hÀ-¤o-kv D-ZL v- m-S\ - w
sN-bX v- p. Izn-kv a-Õc - h
- pw, ]-cn-Øn-Xn h-\y-Po-hn
{]-kn-²o-Ic - W
- § - f - p-sS {]-ZÀ-i\ - h
- pw \-S¶
- p. tI-cf -
kw-k¡ v- m-ch- p-am-bn A-t`-Zy-am-b _-Ô-ap-Å-Xpw
F-¶m a-e-bm-fn-IÄ km-h-[m-\-¯n a-d-¶p-
sImï-­n-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-am-b ¹m-hn-sâ {]-P-\-\w hn-]p-e-
am-¡p-¶-Xn-eq-sS {]-i-kv-X-\m-b ¹m-hv P-b³ F-¶
]-cn-Øn-Xn kvt- \-ln-bp-sS {]-`m-jW - w G-hc - p-tS-bpw
{i-² I-hÀ-¶p.

••_-l‑v-d‑n³ t‑I-c-f‑o-b k-a‑m-P‑w t‑^‑m-t‑«‑m-{‑K‑m-^‑n ¢-_‑v F-I‑v-k‑n-_‑n-j-t\msSm¸w _-l‑v-d‑n-\‑n-s‑e I‑q-S‑n-s‑â {‑]-I‑m-i-\‑w‑, {‑]-k‑n-Uâ‑v P-\‑mÀ-±-\³‑, s‑k-{‑I-«-d‑n {‑]‑n³-
k‑n-\‑v B-Z‑y-{‑]-X‑n s‑s‑I-a‑m-d‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑v P‑q¬ C-c‑p-]-X‑n-\‑v _‑n.s‑I.F-k‑v l‑m-f‑n \‑nÀ-Æ-l‑n-¨‑p. _‑n.s‑I.F-k‑v. FâÀ-s‑S-b‑n³-s‑aâ‑v s‑k-{‑I-«-d‑n i‑n-h-I‑p-a‑m-d‑p‑w t‑^‑m-
t‑«‑m-{‑K‑m-^‑n ¢-_‑v I¬-h‑o-\-d‑p‑w a-ä‑v F-I‑v-k‑n-I‑y‑q-«‑o-h‑v A‑w-K-§-f‑p‑w ]-s‑¦-S‑p-¯‑p. t^mt«m/ \koÀ AlZv

IqSv 2013 Pqsse 49

 ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ

]«W¯nÂ
\ns¶mcp
X‑p-¶‑¡m-c³
ssh Â-Uv sse-^v I¬-kÀ-th-j³
skm-ssk-än, t_À-Uv-sse-^v
CâÀ-\m-j-W Xp-S-§n-b kw-L-S-\-I-fp-sS
t\-Xr-Xz-¯n H-cp ]-äw im-kv-{X-Im-c³-amÀ
tNÀ-¶v I-t¼m-Un-b-bp-sS X-e-Øm-\-am-b ]-t\
mw-t]-bn (Phnom Penh) \n-¶pw H-cp ]p-Xn-b
]-£n-sb I-sï-¯n. I-t¼m-Un-b³ Xp-¶Â-
¡m-c³ (Cambodian Tailorbird | Orthotomus
chaktomuk) F-¶ ]-£n-sb-B-Wv C-hÀ
I-sï-¯n-b-Xv. Nm-c-\n-d-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-b Cu
Xp-¶Â¡m-c³- ]-£n-bp-sS X-e-bp-sS ap-
IÄ `m-Kw- X-hn-«p-\n-d-hpw I-gp-¯p-`m-Kw
I-dp-¸p \n-d-hp-am-Wv.
B-fp-IÄ -h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw
Xn-§n-¸mÀ-¡p-¶ \-K-c
a-²y-¯n \n-¶m-Wv
]-£n-I-fp-sS tem-I-
t¯-¡v ]p-Xn-b Aw-
Kw F-¯n-b-Xv. C-Xv
]-£n-\n-co-£-I-sc
B-Ý-cy-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶
hmÀ-¯-bm-Wv.

I-t‑¼‑m-U‑n-b³ X‑p-¶‑¡m-c³ (Cambodian Tailorbird) t^mt«m/Ajnjv tPm¬

HmÀUÀ t^mw
Rm³ IqSv amknIbpsS hcn¡mc\mIm³ B{Kln¡p¶p:
t]cv: ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
taÂhnemkw:..............................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 hÀjw 2 hÀjw 3 hÀjw kwØm\w..........................................................................................................................................................................
`450 `850 `1250
PnÃ:..................................................................................................................................................................................................
aWnHmÀUÀ {Um^väv sN¡v _m¦v {Sm³kv^À ]n³:................................................................................................................................................................................................
\¼À:....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... t^m¬:....................................................................................................................................................................................
XobXn:................................................................................................................................................................................................................. CþsabnÂ:.......................................................................................................................................................................
cq]:.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
_m¦v: ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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50 IqSv 2013 Pqsse

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