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0.(W1)Bevezetés
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A (kötelező) ZH legalább elégséges szintű
teljesítése a megjelölt időpontokban (előadás
ideje, utolsó előtti héten és utolsó héten)
szükséges feltétel a vizsgára jelentkezéshez.
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Szakirodalom
• Dr Puklus Zoltán: Teljesítményelektronika,
Universitas-Győr Nonprofit KFT, Győr, 2007
• K. Heumann: A teljesítményelektronika
alapjai, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1979.
• Csáki-Ganszky-Ipsits-Marti:
Teljesítményelektronika, Műszaki könyvkiadó,
Budapest, 1971.
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Bibliography
• R. S. Ananda Murthy, V. Nattarasu: Power Electronics, Published by
Pearson, India, 2011. Second revised edition (about 10 US$+ 6-7
US$ shipping=about 3 000Ft),
http://www.abebooks.com/Power-Electronics-Second-Revised-Edition-
R.S/8752600321/bd
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Some definitions of Power Electronics
Use of electronics for the control of large power is known as power electronics.
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A teljesítményelektronika néhány
definiciója
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A teljesítményelektronika tárgyköre
A fogyasztó táplálása lehetséges közvetlenül, vagy teljesítményelektronikai berendezésen
keresztül.
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Teljesítményelektronikai berendezések
osztályozása
Teljesítményelektronikai berendezés=áramirányító=Converter 9
Converter functions
egyenirányítás
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Control is always required
The controller block takes feed-forward signals from the input side and feedback signals from
the output side, compares them with a reference signal, and then generates control signals
that switch ON/OFF the switching devices present in the converter.
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High efficiency is essential
Pout 1
Pin Pout
Pin
1
Ploss Pin Pout Pout 1
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High efficiency is essential
Pout 1
Pin Pout
Pin
1
Ploss Pin Pout Pout 1
High energy efficiency is important for several reasons: it lowers operating costs
by avoiding the cost of wasted energy, contributes less to global warming,
and reduces the need for cooling.
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High efficiency converter
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Applications of Power Electronics
1. Multiple output, high efficiency, and compact switched mode power supplies in computers.
2. Battery monitoring power converters in lap top computers.
3. In order to reduce the power loss, the trend in modern high performance microprocessor
design is to operate the device at lower supply voltages. Some of the latest microprocessors
demand tight regulation of extremely low voltage outputs, now reaching below 2 V, as well
as very fast response to large load transitions. Power electronics is helping in building such
high performance and compact switching regulators.
4. Power electronic boost converters are used in modern automobiles to obtain higher voltage
required for high power audio systems from 12 V battery.
5. Traditional spark plugs and ignition coils have been replaced by boost converters coupled
with transformers to generate thousands of volts required for ignition systems in modern
automobiles.
6. Power electronics is being used in modern automobiles to control electric motors which assist
in steering. This gives better performance than the traditional, belt—driven hydraulic power
steering. The results are: improved steering response, lower energy consumption, and the
elimination of noisy belt drives.
7. Electric air conditioning systems in automobiles.
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Applications of Power Electronics
(cont.)
8. High-intensity head lamps, and the bright LEDs in tail lights used in modern automobiles
require power electronics to deliver electrical energy in the correct form.
9. Power electronic motor drives are used in electric vehicles.
10. Power electronic high-performance battery chargers are being used in modern hybrid cars for
efficient charging of batteries.
11. Power supply systems in telecommunication systems.
12. Power converters in space systems.
13. Industrial drives.
14. High voltage dc transmission systems (HVDC).
15. Flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS).
16.Compact fluorescent lamps, high-intensity discharge lighting, high-brightness LEDs, dim-
ming and control systems for all types of lighting - these are some examples of the applica-
tions of power electronics to lighting.
17. Modern power electronic ballasts operate at frequencies of a few tens of kilohertz to eliminate
flicker and acoustic noise associated with gas discharge lamps.
18. Renewable sources of energy like wind, water, and sunlight will be the future sources of
energy. Fuel cells and micro-turbines offer efficient ways to convert fuels to electricity. The
raw power from these sources must be conditioned before it can be used by standard
electrical loads. Power electronics helps in this power conditioning function.
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SCOPE AND APPLICATION
The expanded market demand for power electronics has been due to several factors
discussed below.
1. Switch-mode (dc) power supplies and uninterruptible power supplies.
Advances in microelectronics fabrication technology have led to the development of
computers, communication equipment, and consumer electronics, all of which require
regulated dc power supplies and often uninterruptible power supplies.
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2. Energy conservation. Increasing energy costs and the concern for the environment
have combined to make energy conservation a priority. One such application of power
electronics is in operating fluorescent lamps at high frequencies (e.g., above 20kHz)
for higher efficiency.
Load-proportional, capacity modulated heat pumps and air conditioners are examples
of applying power electronics to achieve energy conservation.
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Application in Adjustable Speed drives
U.S. Department of Energy report estimated that over 100 billion kWh/year can be saved in the
United States by various energy conservation techniques applied to the pump-driven system.
In a conventional pump system the pump operates at essentially a constant speed, and
the pump flow rate is controlled by adjusting the position of the throttling valve. This
procedure results in significant power loss across the valve at reduced flow rates where
the power drawn from the utility remains essentially the same as at the full flow rate.
This power loss is eliminated in the other system, where an adjustable-speed motor
drive adjusts the pump speed to a level appropriate to deliver the desired flow rate.
Motor speeds can be adjusted very efficiently using power electronics. 21
Application in Adjustable Speed drives,
Változtatható sebességű meghajtás
U.S. Department of Energy report estimated that over 100 billion kWh/year can be saved in the
United States by various energy conservation techniques applied to the pump-driven system.
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4.Transportation. In many countries, electric trains have been in widespread use for
a long time. Now, there is also a possibility of using electric vehicles in large
metropolitan areas to reduce smog and pollution. Electric vehicles would also
require battery chargers that utilize power electronics.
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6.Utility -related applications. One such application is in transmission of power over high-
voltage dc (HVDC) lines. At the sending end of the transmission line, line-frequency
voltages and currents are converted into dc. This dc is converted back into the line-
frequency ac at the receiving end of the line. Power electronics is also beginning to play a
significant role as electric utilities attempt to utilize the existing transmission network to a
higher capacity. Potentially, a large application is in the interconnection of photovoltaic
and wind-electric systems to the utility grid.
The table above lists various applications that cover a wide power range from a few tens
of watts to several hundreds of megawatts. As power semiconductor devices improve in
performance and decline in cost, more system will undoubtedly use power electronics.
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Power electronics is a very vast subject involving diverse fields of engineering.
Solid State Physics: design and manufacture of semiconductor switches requires the
knowledge of semiconductor physics.
Circuit Theory, Systems and Control Theory, Electronics: Application of circuit theory,
control systems theory and electronics is required for the analysis and design of
converters.
Power Systems: knowledge of power systems is required in the analysis and design
of High Voltage DC Transmission (HVDC) systems which is one of the most
important applications of power electronics.
Electromagnetics: knowledge of electro-magnetics is necessary for designing
inductors and transformers which are widely used in converters.
Electric Machines: knowledge of electric machines is essential for the analysis and
design of converters used for motor control.
Signal Processing: knowledge of signal processing
– especially digital signal processing- is very much required for motor control
applications.
Simulation and Computing: to minimize the time and expenditure required for
developing a power electronic converter, computer simulation of converters
before building the prototype –by using softwares like MATLAB with Simulink,
(Scilab, Octave, Saber, SPICE)- has now become essential in industry.
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HVDC transmissions already deliver electricity generated by
hydro, wind, and solar plants to millions of consumers every
day. The best generating sites are usually in remote areas, so
the electricity generated from mountaintops, deserts and seas
often crosses vast distances to get to where it is needed most.
HVDC is the most reliable and efficient way of getting it there.
Low loss DC transmission technology ensures virtually all
renewable generation reaches consumers.
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A mikroturbinákban lezajló körfolyamat
nagyon hasonló a hagyományos erőművi
gázturbinás folyamathoz. A mikro-gázturbinás
egységet primer energiával, pl. földgázzal
működtetjük. A hálózatból érkező földgázt egy
kompresszor segítségével komprimáljuk, majd
az égőtérbe vezetjük. Az égéshez szükséges
mennyiségű levegőt egy másik kompresszorral
komprimáljuk és egy léghevítőn keresztül
vezetjük az égőtérbe, amely léghevítő
előmelegíti az égési levegőt. A turbinából
kilépő expandálódott gázzal az előbbiek szerint
előmelegítjük az égési levegőt, majd egy „víz-
levegő” hőcserélőben melegvizet állítunk elő
vele. A levegő-kompresszorral és a turbinával
egy tengelyen található a generátor, amely
szolgáltatja a villamos energiát.
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http://www.regale.hu/hu/mikroturbinak.html
Csak kiegészítés: Világítás
Fluoreszkáló fényforrást először az 1939-es New York-i világkiállításon mutattak be. A
közönséges fluoreszkáló (vagy fluoreszcens) lámpa egy gázkisüléses lámpa, ahol a
lámpatestben belül vákuum van és kis mennyiségű higany. Az elektromos kisülés arra
készteti a higanyatomokat, hogy ultraibolya fényt sugározzanak. A bura be van vonva
fluoreszkáló anyaggal, foszforral, mely abszorbeálja az ultraibolya sugárzást és látható
fényt sugároz ki.[6]
A fluoreszcens fényforrás energia-takarékosabb, mint a hagyományos izzólámpa.
Mindemellett a tradicionális fluoreszcens fényforrás egyenetlen spektruma miatt az
izzólámpától különböző színű fényt is sugározhat. A higanygőz sugárzásánál dominál a
rövidhullámú UV 254 nanométernél és ehhez társul a látható fényből a kék (436 nm), a
zöld (546 nm) és a sárga-narancs (579 nm). Ennek a három szín keverékéből fehér szín
lesz. A modern kompakt fluoreszkáló lámpáknál is ezen alapuló trikromatikus foszfor
adja a fehér színt. Az 1990-es évek közepén megjelent a fehér színű LED és LED lámpa
néven forgalmazzák. Ebben a lámpában kék fényt bocsát ki a félvezető-chip, amely
gerjeszti a foszfort, és az emittált zöld és vörös színnel együtt fehér színt produkál.
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Csak kiegészítés: Világítás
Fluoreszkáló csövek:
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Csak kiegészítés:
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