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CODE COMMENTARY
9.4.4 Factored torsion R9.4.4 Factored torsion

9.4.4.1 Unless determined by a more detailed analysis, it

shall be permitted to take the torsional loading from a slab as
uniformly distributed along the beam.

9.4.4.2 For beams built integrally with supports, Tu at the

support shall be permitted to be calculated at the face of
support.

9.4.4.3 Sections between the face of support and a critical R9.4.4.3 It is not uncommon for a beam to frame into one
section located d from the face of support for nonprestressed side of a girder near the support of the girder. In such a case,
beams or h/2 from the face of support for prestressed beams a concentrated shear and torque are applied to the girder.
shall be permitted to be designed for Tu at that critical section
unless a concentrated torsional moment occurs within this
distance. In that case, the critical section shall be taken at the
face of the support.

9.4.4.4 It shall be permitted to reduce Tu in accordance

with 22.7.3.

{(IWMKRWXVIRKXL 6{(IWMKRWXVIRKXL
9.5.1 General R9.5.1 General

9.5.1.1 For each applicable factored load combination, R9.5.1.1

design strength at all sections shall satisfy Sn U including the typical forces and moments that need to be considered.
(a) through (d). Interaction between load effects shall be However, the general condition Sn U indicates that all
considered. forces and moments that are relevant for a given structure
need to be considered.
(a) Mn Mu
(b) Vn Vu
(c) Tn Tu
(d) Pn Pu

shall be determined in accordance with 21.2.

9.5.2 R9.5.2

9.5.2.1 If Pu < 0.10fc Ag, Mn shall be calculated in accor-

dance with 22.3.

9.5.2.2 If Pu 0.10fc Ag, Mn shall be calculated in accor- R9.5.2.2

dance with . consideration of the combined effects of axial forces and
moments. These beams are not required to satisfy the provi-
sions of , but are required to satisfy the additional

-
ation should be given to slenderness effects as required for
columns in 6.2.6.

9.5.2.3 For prestressed beams, external tendons shall

strength, unless the external tendons are effectively bonded

to the concrete along the entire length.

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CODE
9.5.3 Shear
9.5.3.1 Vn shall be calculated in accordance with
9.5.3.2 For composite concrete beams, horizontal shear
strength Vnh shall be calculated in accordance with .
9.5.4 Torsion
9.5.4.1 If Tu < Tth, where Tth is given in 22.7, it shall
be permitted to neglect torsional effects. The minimum rein-
-
9.5.4.2 Tn shall be calculated in accordance with 22.7.
9.5.4.3 Longitudinal and transverse reinforcement
required for torsion shall be added to that required for the
Vu, Mu, and Pu that act in combination with the torsion.
9.5.4.4 For prestressed beams, the total area of longitu-
dinal reinforcement, As and Aps, at each section shall be
designed to resist Mu at that section, plus an additional
concentric longitudinal tensile force equal to A fy, based on
Tu at that section.
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COMMENTARY
.
R9.5.4 Torsion
9
R9.5.4.3 The requirements for torsional reinforcement
and shear reinforcement are added and stirrups are provided
to supply at least the total amount required. Because the
reinforcement area Av
legs of a given stirrup while the reinforcement area At for
transverse reinforcement area is calculated as follows:
Av t Av At
Total 2
s s s
If a stirrup group has more than two legs for shear, only
the legs adjacent to the sides of the beam are included in this
summation because the inner legs would be ineffective for
resisting torsion.
The longitudinal reinforcement required for torsion is
added at each section to the longitudinal reinforcement
required for bending moment that acts concurrently with the
torsion. The longitudinal reinforcement is then chosen for
this sum, but should not be less than the amount required
for the maximum bending moment at that section if this
exceeds the moment acting concurrently with the torsion. If
the maximum bending moment occurs at one section, such
as midspan, while the maximum torsional moment occurs
at another, such as the face of the support, the total longitu-
dinal reinforcement required may be less than that obtained
maximum torsional reinforcement. In such a case, the required
longitudinal reinforcement is evaluated at several locations.
R9.5.4.4 Torsion causes an axial tensile force in the longi-
tudinal reinforcement balanced by the force in the diagonal
concrete compression struts. In a nonprestressed beam, the
tensile force must be resisted by longitudinal reinforcement
having an axial tensile strength of A fy. This reinforcement
distributed uniformly inside and around the perimeter of the
closed transverse reinforcement so that the resultant of A fy
acts along the axis of the member.
2SXJSV6IWEPI1(8
  &9-0(-2+'3()6)59-6)1)287*367869'896%0'32'6)8)%'-
%2('311)28%6=%'-6

CODE COMMENTARY
In a prestressed beam, the same approach (providing addi-
tional reinforcing bars with strength A fy) may be followed,
or overstrength of the prestressed reinforcement can be
used to resist some of the axial force A fy. The stress in
the prestressed reinforcement at nominal strength will be
between fse and fps. A portion of the A fy force can be resisted
by a force of Aps fpt in the prestressed reinforcement, where
fpt is the difference between the stress that can be devel-
oped in the strand at the section under consideration and the
stress required to resist the bending moment at this section,
Mu. The stress required to resist the bending moment can be
calculated as Mu dpAps). For pretensioned strands, the
stress that can be developed near the free end of the strand
can be calculated using the procedure illustrated in Fig.

9.5.4.5 It shall be permitted to reduce the area of longi- R9.5.4.5 The longitudinal tension due to torsion is offset

zone by an amount equal to Mu/(0.9dfy), where Mu occurs allowing a reduction in the longitudinal torsional reinforce-
simultaneously with Tu at that section, except that the ment required in the compression zone.
longitudinal reinforcement area shall not be less than the

9.5.4.6 For solid sections with an aspect ratio h/bt , R9.5.4.6

it shall be permitted to use an alternative design procedure, this provision can be found in , which has
provided the adequacy of the procedure has been shown by been extensively and successfully used for design of precast,
analysis and substantial agreement with results of compre- prestressed concrete spandrel beams with h/bt and closed
hensive tests. The minimum reinforcement requirements of stirrups. The seventh edition of the PCI Design Handbook
( ) describes the procedure of Zia and Hsu

tests described in Klein (1986).

9.5.4.7 For solid precast sections with an aspect ratio h/bt R9.5.4.7 The experimental results described in Lucier et
, it shall be permitted to use an alternative design proce- demonstrate that properly designed open web
dure and open web reinforcement, provided the adequacy reinforcement is a safe and effective alternative to traditional
of the procedure and reinforcement have been shown by closed stirrups for precast spandrels with h/bt . Lucier
analysis and substantial agreement with results of compre-
hensive tests. The minimum reinforcement requirements of provision for slender spandrels and describes the limited
conditions to which the procedure applies.

{6IMRJSVGIQIRXPMQMXW 6{6IMRJSVGIQIRXPMQMXW
9.6.1 R9.6.1

9.6.1.1 As,min, R9.6.1.1

shall be provided at every section where tension reinforce- strength exceeding the cracking strength by a margin. The
ment is required by analysis. objective is to produce a beam that will be able to sustain

-
load. Beams with less reinforcement may sustain sudden

In practice, this provision only controls reinforcement

design for beams which, for architectural or other reasons,
are larger in cross section than required for strength. With a
small amount of tension reinforcement required for strength,

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 &9-0(-2+'3()6)59-6)1)287*367869'896%0'32'6)8)%'- %2('311)28%6=%'-6  

CODE COMMENTARY
the calculated moment strength of a reinforced concrete
section using cracked section analysis becomes less than
that of the corresponding unreinforced concrete section
calculated from its modulus of rupture. Failure in such a case

such a failure, a minimum amount of tension reinforcement

is required in both positive and negative moment regions.

9.6.1.2 As,min shall be the greater of (a) and (b), except as R9.6.1.2
provided in 9.6.1.3. For a statically determinate beam with of tension reinforcement needed to make the strength of the
bw shall be the lesser of bf reinforced section equal that of the unreinforced section is
and 2bw. approximately twice that for a rectangular section or that of

3 fc amount of minimum tension reinforcement is particularly 9

(a) bw d necessary in cantilevers and other statically determinate
fy
beams where there is no possibility for redistribution of
moments.

(b) w
y

9.6.1.3 If As provided at every section is at least one-third

greater than As required by analysis, 9.6.1.1 and 9.6.1.2 need

9.6.2 R9.6.2

9.6.2.1 For beams with bonded prestressed reinforcement, R9.6.2.1

total quantity of As and Aps shall be adequate to develop a for reasons similar to nonprestressed beams as discussed in
factored load at least 1.2 times the cracking load calculated R9.6.1.1.
on the basis of fr 19.2.3.
not occur when the prestressing reinforcement is unbonded
( ); therefore, this requirement does not apply to
members with unbonded tendons.

9.6.2.2
strength at least twice the required strength, 9.6.2.1 need not

9.6.2.3 For beams with unbonded tendons, the minimum
area of bonded deformed longitudinal reinforcement As,min
shall be:
A Act
where Act is the area of that part of the cross section between
R9.6.2.3 Minimum bonded reinforcement is required by
the Code in beams prestressed with unbonded tendons to
than tied arch behavior, and to limit crack width and spacing
(9.6.2.3) at service load when concrete tensile stresses exceed the
modulus of rupture. Providing minimum bonded reinforce-
ment helps to ensure acceptable behavior at all loading
stages. The minimum amount of bonded reinforcement is
based on research comparing the behavior of bonded and
unbonded post-tensioned beams (Mattock et al. 1971).
The minimum bonded reinforcement area required by Eq.
(9.6.2.3) is independent of reinforcement fy.

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  &9-0(-2+'3()6)59-6)1)287*367869'896%0'32'6)8)%'- %2('311)28%6=%'-6

CODE COMMENTARY
9.6.3 R9.6.3

9.6.3.1 A minimum area of shear reinforcement, Av,min, R9.6.3.1 Shear reinforcement restrains the growth of
shall be provided in all regions where Vu > Vc except inclined cracking so that ductility of the beam is improved
for the cases in Table 9.6.3.1. For these cases, at least Av,min and a warning of failure is provided. In an unreinforced
shall be provided where Vu > Vc. web, the formation of inclined cracking might lead directly
to failure without warning. Such reinforcement is of great
8EFPI{'EWIW[LIVI%ZQMRMWRSXVIUYMVIHMJ value if a beam is subjected to an unexpected tensile force
 :G :Y :G or an overload. Accordingly, a minimum area of shear
Beam type Conditions reinforcement not less than that given by Table 9.6.3.3 is
Shallow depth h required wherever Vu is greater than Vc, or greater than
h tf bw Vc for the cases indicated in Table 9.6.3.1.
Integral with slab and Research ( ; ; Brown
h
; ; Anderson 1978) has
h shown that deep, lightly reinforced beams, particularly if
normalweight concrete conforming to
and constructed with high-strength concrete or concrete having
2 a small coarse aggregate size, may fail at shears less than
and with fc u c w

One-way joist system In accordance with 9.8 Vc calculated from . Beams subjected to concentrated
loads are more likely to exhibit this vulnerability. Because
of this, the exclusion for certain beam types in Table 9.6.3.1
is restricted to cases in which h
beams where fc
should be given to providing minimum shear reinforcement
if h is greater than 18 in. and Vu is greater than Vc.

reinforced concrete is intended to provide a design alter-

-
ment in which Vu does not exceed 2 fc bw d . Chapter 26

that need to be incorporated into the construction documents

Fiber-reinforced concrete beams with hooked or crimped

, have been
shown through laboratory tests to exhibit shear strengths
greater than c w ( ). There are

concrete beams exposed to chlorides from deicing chemi-

cals, salt, salt water, brackish water, seawater, or spray from
-
ment in corrosive environments, corrosion protection should
be considered.
Joists are excluded from the minimum shear reinforce-
ment requirement for Vc < Vu Vc because there is
a possibility of load sharing between weak and strong areas.
Even when Vu is less than Vc, the use of some web
reinforcement is recommended in all thin-web, post-

and T-beams, to reinforce against tensile forces in webs

resulting from local deviations from the design tendon

is not provided, lateral wobble and local deviations from

result during placement of the concrete. In such cases, the

deviations in the tendons tend to straighten out when the

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