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 Abstract

This Field report is a result of academic pursuit of the Geological visit to Nagpur. Nagpur is
one among the Indian cities, which is located at the longitude of 79.077655 and latitude of
21.077655. Koradi is an Indian city located at the longitude of 79.087655 and latitude of
21.237655. The total distance between Nagpur and Koradi is 17KM (kilometers) and
826.41 meters. The mile based measurement distance is 11.1 miles. Nagpur is located
nearly south side to Koradi. Travel duration from Nagpur to Koradi is around 0.36 Hours if
your travel speed is 50 KM per Hour. Traveling from Nagpur to Koradi is connected by
more than one route. Soon you may expect those various travel routes to reach Koradi.

This is a Field report of UG students of the place they visited for the academic welfare
and practical reasons, the visit was under the supervision of qualified geologist from the
university college of KJ Somaiya, Vidyavihar. Also, this is a practice review report with an
academic perspective and to improve skills of the student. This visit was carried to a
Manganese Ore India Limited (MOIL), a Government Enterprise on the 4th January 2019.

MOIL (aka Manganese Ore India Limited) is a miniratna state-owned manganese- ore mining
company headquartered in Nagpur, India. With a market share of 50%, it was the largest
producer of manganese ore in India in the fiscal year 2008. MOIL Limited has been
ranked 486 among the 500 top companies in India and 9th in the Mines and Metals sector of
the fortune India 500 list for 2011. MOIL operates 10 mines, six located in Nagpur and
Bhandara districts of Maharashtra and four in the Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh.
Of the 10, seven are underground mines (Kandri, Munsar, Beldongri, Gumgaon, Chikla,
Balaghat and Ukwa mines) and three are opencast mines (Dongri Buzurg, Sitapatore, and
Tirodi). Its Balaghat mine is the deepest underground manganese mine in Asia.

This was an amazing experience in touring the region.

Able Shaji
Undergraduate Student
(KJSSC Geological Studies)
182-203
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 Acknowledgement

This is a great pleasure for me to express my deep sense of gratitude to-

Prof. Deepak Sahu

Head of the Department of Geology
K J Somaiya College of Science & Commerce

Prof. Jyoti Sharma

Associate Professor
Department of Geology
K J Somaiya College of Science & Commerce

Prof. Siddharth Kshatriya

Associate Professor
Department of Geology
K J Somaiya College of Science & Commerce

For their perceptive guidance, vigorous assistance, thoughtful contribution and meticulous
co-operation throughout the field survey, this was conducted from 4th January to 6th
January 2019, which has not only helped us to complete our field work smoothly but also
provided the diversity of their view points and experience and the many thoughtful
suggestions along the field.

I take the privilege to express my sense of gratitude with great pleasure to our Head of
Geology Department, Professor Deepak Sahu for arranging the field trip for us in Koradi of
Nagpur district.
I would like to immensely appreciate the quality of support rendered by the MLA Hostel &
Guest House, Civil Lines, Nagpur officials for providing us accommodation and our
colleague Mr. Soham Ahire for making the arrangements with sincere efforts.
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 Table of Contents
SI. Title Page No
1.1 General statement 6
1.2 Literature review (Pre- Report) 7
1.3 Objectives 17
DAY 1
Spot One : 18
2.1 Location 19
2.2 Attitude of Beds 19
2.3 Lat-Long 19
2.4 Geomorphology 20
Spot Two : 22
3.1 Location 23
3.2 Lat-Long 23
3.3 Geomorphology 24
Spot Three : 25
4.1 Location 26
4.2 Lat-Long 26
4.3 Geomorphology 27
Spot Four : 28
5.1 Location 29
5.2 Lat-Long 29
5.3 Geomorphology 30
Spot Five : 31
6.1 Location 32
6.2 Lat-Long 32
6.3 Geomorphology 33
Spot Six : 34
7.1 Location 35
7.2 Lat-Long 35
7.3 Geomorphology 35
Spot Seven : 36
7.1 Location 37
7.2 Lat-Long 37
7.3 Geomorphology 37
DAY 2
Spot One : 38
8.1 Location 39
8.2 Lat-Long 39
8.3 Geomorphology 40
Spot Two : 47
9.1 Location 48
4

9.2 Lat-Long 48
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9.3 Geomorphology 49
 List of Figures

SI. No Name of Figures Page No

FIG: 1 Pegmatite (Mica and Feldspar presence) 21

FIG: 2 Pegmatite 21
FIG: 3 Pegmatite intrusion 24
FIG: 4 Ramsay Class1 Folds 27
FIG: 5 Bichua Marble 30
FIG: 6 Plunge Pool 33
FIG: 7 Pothole 33
FIG: 8 Braunite Sample 38
FIG: 9 Braunite Ore-Body 40
FIG: 10 Adit 41
FIG: 11 Conveyor Belt 41
FIG: 12 Vertical Shaft 41
FIG: 13 Haulage way 42
FIG: 14 Cross Cuts 42
FIG: 15 Winze 42
FIG: 16 Stopes 43
FIG: 17 Roof Bolt 43
FIG: 18 Drilling 43
FIG: 19 Back Fill 44
FIG: 20 Over Head cut and Fill 44
FIG: 21 Pench River 46
FIG: 22 Stream Bed 47

List of Maps
SI. No Maps Page No
MAP: 1 Outline Map of Nagpur 7
MAP: 2 Geologic Map of Nagpur 14
MAP: 3 Satellite Map of Koradi area to study Spot 19
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 1.1: General Statement

Geology is the study of the earth. It is a visual science. It is concerned with the natural
phenomena of the earth such as mountains, rock formation, interior of the earth etc. That’s
why field study and practical experience is very much needed along with theoretical
knowledge. Geological field work usually involves – the study and interpretation of rocks,
topographic forms etc. Geologic Field Work is a compulsory course of the Geology
Department, which supplements the practical knowledge. The chief purpose of the field
work is to get aquatinted with different geologic field problems and interpret them
properly. For this reason, the Geology Department of KJ Somaiya college of Science and
Commerce, arranges annual field trip for students. The department of Geology arranged a
scheduled field work to Manganese mines in Nagpur under MOIL Pvt. Ltd. A group of
twenty seven students of the 2nd year B.S. Session 2018-2019 made a field tour for couple
of days. The field tour started on the January 3rd 2019 at 3:17 pm and came to an end on
the January 7th 2019.

The geologic field work deals with the study and explanation of the rocks, topographic
forms, drainage patterns and structural features such as fold, fault, joint, unconformity and
plotting this geologic data on the base map.

Nagpur is a paramount place for geological studies. It is an ideal place for a geological study
tour because there are different lithologies if we study the regional geology of the area.
Geologically, the area consists of a numerous lithologies including Archaeans,
Gondwana, Lameta, Deccan trap etc. The area represents the type section of the Kamptee
Sandstone of the Gondwana Super group. The coal reserves in the Gondwana
form economic deposits in the area. The Archaeans forming the base consist mainly of
dolomitic marble and quartzites of the Sausar Super Group over which the Gondwana
Formations rest unconformable. The Gondwana is mainly represented by the Talchir,
Barakar and Kamthi Groups, of which, the Barakar contains good deposits of coal. It is, in
turn unconformably overlain by the Deccan trap. The Lameta is not exposed in the study
area while alluvium consisting of sand, clay, silt and laterite are well exposed

The Eastern part of Nagpur district of Maharashtra has been investigated

extensively by Coal India Limited, Mineral Exploration Corporation, Ground Water Survey
and Developmental Agencies etc. in course of their routine investigations of coal reserves
and groundwater.
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 1.2: Literature review
GEOLOGICAL PRE FIELD REPORT AND SUMMARY OF NAGPUR REGION (Koradi) AND ITS
GEOLOGIC PAST

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 SUMMARY

Nagpur is one of the Indian cities. It is located at the longitude of 79.077655 and latitude of
21.077655. Koradi is an Indian city located at the longitude of 79.087655 and latitude of
21.237655. The total distance between Nagpur and Koradi is 17KM (kilometers) and
826.41 meters. The mile based measurement distance is
11.1 miles Nagpur is located nearly south side to Koradi. Travel duration from Nagpur to
Koradi is around 0.36 Hours if your travel speed is 50 KM per Hour. Koradi travelers are
welcome to visit our travel driving direction page for detail information with road map.
Traveling from Nagpur to Koradi is connected by more than one route. Soon you may
expect those various travel routes to reach Koradi.

RELIANCE ON EXPERTS

This is a Pre-Field report of UG students of the place they are visiting for the
academic welfare and practical reasons, the visit with be under the supervision of qualified
geologist from the university college of KJ Somaiya, Vidyavihar. Also, this is a practice review
report with an academic perspective and to improve skills of the student. This visit will
probably be carried to a Manganese Ore India Limited (MOIL), a Government Enterprise on
the 4th January 2019 and the days following.

PROPERTY DESCRIPTION

MOIL (aka Manganese Ore India Limited) is a miniratna state-owned manganese- ore mining
company headquartered in Nagpur, India. With a market share of 50%, it was the largest
producer of manganese ore in India in the fiscal year 2008. MOIL Limited has been
ranked 486 among the 500 top companies in India and 9th in the Mines and Metals Sector of
the Fortune India 500 list for 2011. MOIL operates 10 mines, six located in Nagpur and
Bhandara districts of Maharashtra and four in the Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh.
Of the 10, seven are underground mines (Kandri, Munsar, Beldongri, Gumgaon, Chikla,
Balaghat and Ukwa mines) and three are opencast mines (Dongri Buzurg, Sitapatore, and
Tirodi). Its Balaghat mine is the deepest underground manganese mine in Asia. 8
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HISTORY
MOIL was originally set up as "Central Province Prospecting Syndicate" in the year
1896 in the region of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. It was later renamed as "Central
Provinces Manganese Ore Company Limited (CPMO)" in 1935. In 1962, the Government of
India took over the mining activities from CPMO. Then, Manganese Ore (India) Limited was
formed with 51% stake held between the Government of
India and the Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh State governments. The other 49% was
retained with CPMO. In 1977, the balance of 49% was acquired from CPMO, and MOIL
became a 100% state-owned enterprise.

REGIONAL GEOLOGY
Geologically, the area consists of a numerous lithologies including Archaeans,
Gondwana, Lameta, Deccan trap etc. The area represents the type section of the Kamthi
Sandstone of the Gondwana Super group. The coal reserves in the Gondwana
form economic deposits in the area. The Archaeans forming the base consist mainly of
dolomitic marble and quartzites of the Sausar Super Group over which the Gondwana
Formations rest unconformable. The Gondwana is mainly represented by the Talchir,
Barakar and Kamthi Groups, of which, the Barakar contains good deposits of coal. It is, in
turn unconformably overlain by the Deccan trap. The Lameta is not exposed in the study
area while alluvium consisting of sand, clay, silt and laterite are well exposed

The Eastern part of Nagpur district of Maharashtra has been investigated

extensively by Coal India Limited, Mineral Exploration Corporation, Ground Water Survey
and Developmental Agencies etc. in course of their routine investigations of coal reserves
and ground water.
FORMATIONS
Archaen Formation

The Archaeans of Nagpur district are comprised of two distinct lithological units; the older
unit comprising gneisses and schists resulting from repeated metamorphism of ancient
sediments (similar to Dharwar formation of Southern India) and a younger group of
gneisses representing perhaps a granitic intrusion into above metasediments. As both
these rock units have suffered intense deformation and metamorphism it is difficult to
distinguish them from each other and consequently are generally grouped together as
unclassified metamorphic and crystalline series.
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SAUSAR GROUP

Racks of the older metasedimentary group have been mapped in great detail and named
Sausar series (occurring in the Northern ‘Nagpur-Chhindwada' region) The Sausar series
is further subdivided into stages mostly on their litholoagy; the Lohangi, Mansar and
Chorbaoli being important in view of their containing manganese ore zones. The rock
types comprising these series include biotite-gneiss, quartz-pyroxene-gneiss, calcyphyre,
crystalline limestone, quartzite, mica-schist, hematite-schist, pegmatite and various
manganiferous rocks known as Gondite. Gondite (named after the aboriginal tribe
‘Gonds’ found in these areas) is a rock composed of quartz and manganese Garnet.

SAKOLI GROUP

The northeastern part of Nagpur district and northwestern part of Bhandara district belongs
to Sausar group. The Sausar group has 215 km long and 35 km wide Sausar belt which has a
general ENE-WS trend.
The Palaeo to Mesoproterozoic Sausar Group of central India contains extensive
beds of manganese mineralization known as "gondites" which are the basis of
significant manganese oxide and silicate ores over extensive strike lengths. The
Sausar group consists of regionally metamorphosed sandstones, shales and
carbonate rocks. The metacarbonates are categorized by manganese ores. The Sausar
groups are also intruded by biotite granite which occupies the northern part of Nagpur
district.

Charbaoli Formation

Major formations are exposed in northern parts of Nagpur. Formed by the

quartzite, quartz-schist, quartz muscovite schist with sillimanite tabloids and Bichua
Formation occur as dolomitic marbles with calc-silicate and schistose bands and
sillimanite bearing quartz biotite-granulite.

Mansar formation

Mansar formation consist of muscovite and biotite schists, associated with

manganiferous quartzites, are conspicuous and important because of the presence of the
manganese ore bands intercalated with them. The bands are associated with typical rock
‘Gondite’ after the Gond tribe of the Region. It forms a series containing varying
proportion of manganese silicate minerals, apart from manganese garnet spessaritite
(A form of garnet containing manganese and aluminium, occurring as orange-red to dark
brown crystals) like rhodonite ,pyroxene .amphibole, etc. and quartz.
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Lohangi formation

Other predominant and mineralogically interesting rock found is Marble in this

formation. They are pink and white calcite marbles occasionally containing small
amount in dolomite. The calc-granulites contain alternating bands,1-3 inches of
thickness. Due to difference in the mineralogical composition the bands have differing
resistance to weathering and therefore show parallel ridges on their weathered
surface. It is very well seen in Pench river bed in Nagpur. Lohangi formation at places
contains manganese ore bodies.

Deccan Traps

After the cessation of sedimentation in the Gondwana basin there was an

occurrence of marine incursion marked by the deposition of Bagh and Lameta beds in parts
of Nagpur and Chandrapur Districts. This was followed by a voluminous outpouring of
lava during the Upper Cretaceous Period and the lava flows were termed as Deccan
Traps. Next to the Archaean igneous and metamorphic complex, Deccan Trap is the second
most extensive geological formation in Peninsular India and the most outstanding event
in the geological history of the state of Maharashtra, forming the major part of the
Deccan Plateau. The area occupied by the Trap at present is 5, 00,000 Sq. km of which two
third area is in Maharashtra as seen in Kelod, Nagpur and Pandharkawada in Vidarbha,
east of Nanded, Deglur, Udgir and Umarga in Marathwada and east of Akkalkot and
Miraj in Southern Maharashtra and in the west the trap extends beyond west coast
up to Bombay High and still further. The total thickness of the Deccan Trap varies in
different parts because of the undulating ground over which it is accumulated. The trap is
thickest along the west coast near Bombay approximately more than 2000 m and along the
eastern periphery the thickness is small up to 10 m near Nagpur in the east. The
Deccan trap flows have a horizontal attitude throughout a major portion of the area in the
Western Ghats and Khandesh to Sholapur and the Vidarbha region while in Mumbai and
Salsett islands the flows dip from 8° to 12° towards west.

Lameta Beds

Between Deccan lava flows and older rocks occur sedimentary beds of fluvial, shallow
margin origin. These beds bridges the gap between the top of upper Gondwana and
Deccan traps is called Lameta .It consist of sandstone, shale and limestone. Of these,
limestone are the most common and typical and are present in almost all localities are red
jasper, in addition to those of quartz and quartzite. At some places limestone is replaced by
chert. The contact between the Lameta and overlying Deccan Traps in most of the area is
found to be conformable in some areas of Nagpur district.
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Sediments

The Deccan traps are made of several lava flows with thickness to individual flow varying
from few meters to as much as 40m.The term Deccan trap which was most catastrophic
Event in geological history of Maharashtra was first coined by W. H. Sykes in 1833.
Deccan trap is the second most geological Formation in peninsula India next only to
Archaen igneous and metamorphic complex. It occupies large track spreaded over
Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka. The thickness of deccan trap
are made of several lava flows with the thickness of invidual flows varying from few
meters to 40 meters, the trap cover is thickest along the west coast of Bombay, where it is
probably more than 2000 meters. There are two types of lava flows have been recognized,
i.e. pahohoe and block lava.

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 Overview of the region
STRATIGRAPY TABLE IN REFERENCE TO NAGPUR

AGE FORMATION LITHOLOGY

Deccan traps Silicates, calcites, zeolites
Cretaceous
Lameta Formations Shales, clay, sandstones,
rhyocretions

Permian Gondwana sediments Coal

Carboniferous
Dolomitic marbles, calc
Bichua gneiss
Muscovite-biotite schists,
Junewari garnet bearing mica schist, kyanite,
sillimanite
Quartzites, quartz schists,
Charbaoli kyanite, sillimanite
Gonides (Mn deposits), phyllites
Sausar Mansar with garnet,
group staurolites, sillimanite
Mesoproterozoic Dolomitic marbles, calc gneisses,
Lohangi calc granulites
Quartzites, quartz-
Sitasohangi muscovite schist
Biotite gneisses, biotite- muscovite
Tirodi gneiss gneiss, hornblende-biotite schists,
Quartzites.
Slate, phyllites debris flow deposits,
Pawni quartzite
Metapelites, metabasalts, Au and
Bhiwapur scheelites, meta- rhyolite-
Paleoproterozoic Sakoli group rhyodacite and
tuffs
Meta-basalts, Metapelites, cherts,
Dhabetekri met ultramafic
rocks
Conglomerates, quartzites,
Gaikhuri phyllites and BIF
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Geologic Map of the region

MAP: 2
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CITY GEOLOGY AND FOSSILS FOUND

The city lies on the Deccan plateau of the Indian Peninsula and has a mean altitude of
310.5 meters above sea level. The underlying rock strata are covered with alluvial
deposits resulting from the flood plain of the Kanhan River. In some places, these give rise
to granular sandy soil. In low-lying areas, which are poorly drained, the soil is alluvial
clay with poor permeability characteristics. In the eastern part of the city,
crystalline metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, schist and granites are found
Gondwana Fossils

LOWER GONDWANA

This division is made up primarily of shales and sandstones with occasional layers of grits
and very wide occurrence of coal in two of the three stages.
Fine-grained sandstones, shales and Coal Seams, designated as Raniganj Series, from the
type area where their thickness approaches about 1000 m.
Plant Fossils:
Glossopteris indicia; Gangamopteris, Vertebraia indicia.

MIDDLE GONDWANA

Rocks of this subdivision are also made up primarily of Sandstones and Shales which show
some variation in texture, structure and color in different series at different places.
The Mahadeva Series is about 1500 m thick, and is made up of typically red coloured
sandstones having layers of red coloured clays at the base and top of the series. The
red color is clearly due to haematitic (iron oxide) content.
Fossils: The Kota stage is known for having yielded dinosaurian fossil bones.

UPPER GONDWANA

Made up mostly of basaltic lava flows which contain inter-trappean clays and shales
Fossil: Nilsonnia 15
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References:

Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol. 30, No. l&2, 2002

http://distancebetween.info/nagpur/koradi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOIL_ (company)

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 1.2: Objectives

 Field work helps to use maps (topographic and geologic) to estimate distances, visualize
landforms and locale/identify geographic and geologic features.

 Students will identify common minerals in hand samples and in field exposures of rock
using visual clues.

 Student will identify the common form of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rock in
hand samples and in field exposures using observations of mineral composition and
texture.

 Student will identify common structures and bed features in igneous, metamorphic and
sedimentary strata.

 Using a variety of tools and instrumentation, student will describe and quantify the mineral
/ paleontological composition, grain distribution, textural properties, bed forms and
structures of earth materials and strata.

 Using observations and measurements of lithological, paleontological and / or geochemical

properties, students will interpret the history and environment of formation of rock
samples and strata.

 Students will integrate data from field work, laboratory measurements, library research or
their course work to formulate or evaluate a hypothesis.
 Students will produce and present oral reports based on posters or digital media (e.g.
Power Point) that clearly and accurately describe and illustrate the backgrounds, methods,
data and interpretation relevant to a particular project.

 Students will demonstrate proficiency using digital photography and image processing /
drafting software to generate scientific illustrations, maps, diagrams and / or graphs.

 After all, students will apply critical thinking skills such as inductive, deductive and
mathematical reasoning to solve geological problems using the scientific method.
17
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 DAY 1
5th January 2019

Spot: One

2.1: Location
2.2: Attitude of Beds
2.3: Lat-Long of the Area
2.4: Satellite Map of the Area
2.5: Description and Geomorphology
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Koradi :
The study Field Lies near Koradi Jagdamba Temple. To reach the study field from the
Jagdamba temple one must cover 200 meters towards east on the temple road and then
taken a left turn towards North. Crossing a bridge over a stream after covering roughly 500
meters one has to take a right turn to get down towards the stream bed under a bridge.
Crossing the stream-bed, a well-marked trail leads to the study field.

Sr. No (2.1) Location (2.2) Attitude of Beds (2.3) Co-ordinates

1. Koradi Temple Strike Dip Latitude Longitude

N 310◦ N 220◦ N 21◦15’ 21.14” E 79◦ 6’ 15”

(2.4) Satellite Map of the area:

Koradi
Satellite Map. 2

Satellite Map. 1 Plunge Pool

Path from Koradi Temple to Field

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 (2.5) DESCRIPTION AND GEOMORPHOLOGY

AN OUTCROP OF PEGMATITE:

Pegmatites are igneous hyperbassal rocks that form during the last stage of
magma’s crystallization. These pegmatites are characterized by very large grains (crystals)
which show inter-bedded structure. The crystals in pegmatites are very large, usually up to
five centimeters in size.

Pegmatites chiefly are made up of quartz, feldspar and mica. Pegmatites show graphic
texture with quartz and feldspar intergrowth with each other. Pegmatites have very similar
composition as that of granites.

Pegmatites are generally formed from the fluids and water that separates from magma at
later stages of crystallization, this happens usually at the boundaries of batholiths, so
pegmatites occur the on margins of batholiths. It is found that notable pegmatite
occurrences are within major cartons. Pegmatite also tends to occur around granitic bodies.

Economically pegmatites are important. They are the main source to lithium. Pegmatites
are also known to host rare earth minerals like tin and tungsten and gemstones like topaz,
tourmaline, fluorite, apatite, corundum etc.

OBSERVATIONS

On this spot one we came across an outcrop of exposed pegmatite. This outcrop of
pegmatite was pink in color indicating the presence of orthoclase, a feldspar. Another
striking and major mineral present in the out crop was muscovite. This mica was seen in
form of layers, commonly known as
the ‘books of mica’ or the ‘sheets of mica’.

The easiest way to identify this outcrop of pegmatite is to look out for the clear graphic
texture shown by pegmatites and its pink color.

A sample was taken from the outcrop and on close examination, crystals of quartz were
also found to be present in that pegmatite rock. Quartz crystals were embedded within the
feldspar.
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GALLERY:

Pegmatite
(Presence of mica
& feldspar)

FIG: 1

Pegmatite

21 Page

FIG: 2
Spot: Two

3.1: Location
3.2: Attitude of Beds
3.3: Lat-Long of the Area
3.4: Description and Geomorphology
22
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Sr. (3.1) (3.2) Attitude of Beds (3.3) Co-ordinates
No Location

1. Koradi Strike Dip Dip Amount Latitude Longitude

Temple N 304◦ N 215◦ 85
N 302◦ N 215◦ 55 N 21◦15’ 21.14” E 79◦ 6’ 15”
N 292◦ N 60◦

(3.4) DESCRIPTION AND GEOMORPHOLOGY

INTRUSIVE BODIES

The igneous rocks which are formed under the surface of earth are called as intrusive rocks
or bodies. Mainly plutonic and hypabassal are known to invade various crustal rocks. The
intrusions are in form of concordant and discordant bodies like sills, dykes, loppoliths,
laccoliths, batholiths etc.

The intrusive pegmatite bodies are characterized by variety of sizes, shapes, orientation.
They may occur as single or multiple tabular bodies or lens like bodies. They may also occur
as irregular bulbous mass. During the intrusion the pegmatites are generally in melt or fluid
state. These intrusions are known to take place when the fluid pressure of melt exceeds
ambient i.e. overall pressure conditions of the host rock

Phyllites are foliated metamorphic rocks. They are mainly composed of flake shaped mica in
parallel orientation. It also contains quartz and chlorite. The distinctive feature of phyllites
is the sheen on them due to presence of mica. They are usually black gray, greenish gray in
colour which eventually weathers to brown colour. They are formed by mild heat and
directed pressure of regional metamorphism of shale.

OBSERVATIONS

About 10 meters from spot 1 to the south is spot 2. The country rock of this spot was
identified to be was spotted in this phyllites. They were vein like parallel intrusions running
in East-West direction.
Using a brunton, Strike and Dip directions and dip amount were measured.
Phyllites were brown in colour and had the characteristic of phyillitic sheen, Intrusions of
23

pegmatite
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GALLERY:

PEGMATITE INTRUSIONS

FIG: 3

24 Page
Spot: Three

4.1: Location
4.2: Attitude of Beds
4.3: Lat-Long of the Area
4.4: Satellite Map of the Area
4.5: Description and Geomorphology
25
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Sr. (4.1) Location (4.2) Attitude of Beds (4.3) Co-ordinates
No

1. Koradi Temple Strike Dip Dip Amount Latitude Longitude

--- --- ---
--- --- --- N 21°16’18” E 79°06’42”
--- --- ---

(4.4) Description and Geomorphology

RAMSAY CLASS 1C FOLDS

Dip isogon is a line that connects points of equal inclination or dip on the outer and
the inner bounding surfaces of a folded layer.
John Ramsay gave a simple geometrical classification of based on curvature and thickness
of a folded layer. He classified the folds in three types, namely Class 1, Class 2, Class 3.
The Class 1 was further divided as 1A, 1B, 1C.
The description of each class is as follows:
Class 1: The dip isogons converge towards the core of the fold, signifying that the
curvature of the outer arc is less than that of the inner arc.
Class 1A: Limbs are thicker than the hinges. The orthogonal thickness is minimum at the
hinge zone. Also called as ‘Supratenuous’ fold
Class 1B: Layer thickness is constant. The orthogonal thickness is same everywhere. It is
also called as ‘parallel’ or ‘concentric’ fold
Class 1C: Limbs are thinner than the hinges. The orthogonal thickness is highest at the
hinge zone and the curvature of inner arc is greater than outer arc.
Class 2: The dip isogons are parallel, signifying that the curvature of the outer arc is as
same as the curvature of the inner arc. The thickness of the axial plane is same
throughout. They are also known as ‘Similar’ folds
Class 3: The dip isogons diverge towards the core of the fold, signifying that the curvature
of outer arc is greater than that of the inner arc.

OBSERVATIONS

Roughly 15 meters towards the south from spot 2, an excellent example of Ramsay Class 1
fold is present. The outcrop has one very distinct two dimensional fold and several other
minor Ramsay class 1 folds. On observation and examination of the fold it was evident that
the hinge was thicker than its limbs and thus the fold was of Class 1C type.
26
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GALLERY:

Folds

FIG: 4

FIG: 5
27

Two Dimensional Folds

Page
Spot: Four
5.1: Location
5.2: Attitude of Beds
5.3: Lat-Long of the Area
5.4: Satellite Map of the Area
5.5: Description and Geomorphology
28
Page
Sr. (5.1) Location (5.2) Attitude of Beds (5.3) Co-ordinates
No

1. Koradi Temple Strike Dip Dip Amount Latitude Longitude

--- --- ---
--- --- --- N21°15’20” E79°06’14”
--- --- ---

(5.4) Description and Geomorphology

Bichua Marble

The Bichua marble is found in the Precambrian Sausar group of rocks. They are
characterized by the presence of Wollastonite in impure dolomitic marble and Calc-
Silicate rocks. The low variance assemblages of grossularite-plagioclase-wollastonite-
calcite±quartz are found in Bichua marbles. They are formed at metamorphic
temperatures of around 650° C and 3 kb pressure.

OBSERVATION

This spot 4 lies approximately 25 meter towards the west, just across the stream from
spot 3. Showing an irregular folded lithology, this spot hosts Bichua marble. The marble
was gray and green in colour. A sample taken from the out crop revealed that the green
colour of the marble aroused due to presence of serpentine. Upon examination of other
samples, clear intrusion of serpentine was observed. It was concluded that the more the
depth increased, the percentage of serpentine in the Bichua marble increased.

Around five meters from towards north from spot 4, a very good example of pygmatic
fold is present. The pygmatic folds are highly sinuous irregular lobate folds where one
layer, seem to be enclosed in the other layer. They are similar folds i.e. they do not
maintain any orthogonal thickness. Characteristically their axial planes are curved. 29
Page
GALLERY:

FIG: 6

Bichua Marbles
30
Page
Spot: Five

6.1: Location
6.2: Attitude of Beds
6.3: Lat-Long of the Area
6.4: Satellite Map of the Area
6.5: Description and Geomorphology
31
Page
Sr. (6.1) Location (6.2) Attitude of Beds (6.3) Co-ordinates
No

1. Koradi Temple Strike Dip Dip Amount Latitude Longitude

--- --- ---
--- --- --- N 21°16'21" E 79°07'21"
--- --- ---

(6.4) Description and Geomorphology

PLUNGE POOL AND POTHOLES

A plunge pool is a deep depression in the stream bed at the base of the waterfall. It is
formed by the erosional force of water. When water flows, different rocks on beds offer
different resistance. The soft rock is eroded quickly than the hard rock. This difference in
erosion creates a difference in gradient and a waterfall is created. Over a period of time the
waterfall will move upstream and eventually below the waterfall a plunge pool is created.

Potholes are the cavities formed in the streambed. When there is a sudden change in the
velocity of water, the flow becomes turbulent. Due to these circular currents are formed.
These are known as eddy currents. Small pebbles and rocks start moving along these
circular currents and form depressions in the streambed. Eventually the medium to big
sized pebbles and boulders also are caught in these eddies, they erode the bed rock even
more thus forming larger cavities. Sometimes small potholes, due to constant erosion,
merge resulting in a larger pothole.

OBSERVATION

The spot 5 lies roughly 20 meters towards the north from spot 4. On this spot, one can
see the plunge pool towards the north and the potholes towards the west. Owing to the
gradient of the entire area, the stream flows from south to the north. Though the water
flow was only through the single stream channel, the presence of other dry channels
suggest that the stream must have changed its course over a period of time or it also
may suggest the drainage of water in the plunge pool through multiple streams during
the monsoon months when the precipitation rates and thus water drainage in the
streams are much higher.
32
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GALLERY:

Plunge Pool

Pothole

FIG: 7

FIG: 8
33
Page
Spot: Six

7.1: Location
7.2: Attitude of Beds
7.3: Lat-Long of the Area
7.4: Satellite Map of the Area
7.5: Description and Geomorphology
34
Page
Sr. (7.1) Location (7.2) Attitude of Beds (7.3) Co-ordinates
No

1. Koradi Temple Strike Dip Dip Amount Latitude Longitude

--- --- ---
--- --- --- N21°06'21" E79°07'10"
--- --- ---

(7.4) Description and Geomorphology

Hydration: It is a process in which the water combines with the particular substance or
rather the mineral leading to a change in structure of that mineral. The soil forming
minerals undergo hydration when they are exposed to humid conditions. Hydration also
results in the increase in volume of minerals and softening of the minerals. It is a very
common natural process and works with secondary minerals like aluminium oxide and iron
oxide minerals and gypsum.
Hydrolysis: This process is due to the dissociation of water molecules into H + and OH- ions.
These ions chemically combine with minerals. Ions are exchanged or crystalline structures
are decomposed or new compounds are formed.

The clay mineral adjoining the stream was kaolinite. Its chemical formula is Al2Si2O5(OH)4.
It is formed by the process of 'Kaolinization'.
Kaolinization: It is a process of formation of clay mineral kaolinite by alteration of alkali
feldspar.
On the field, due to the presence of feldspar and mica rich pegmatites and a stream
explains the formation of Kaolinites in the field. The water from the stream must have
altered the surrounding pegmatites thus forming Kaolinite.
Kaolinite is a very common mineral occuring in hot and moist i.e tropical parts the world. It
is used mostly in production of paper and in cosmetics. It is most commonly known as
'Multani mitti'. Other usues include serving various purposes in ceramics, in insectisides, in
rubber industry etc. A very successful use was put in commercial use by US military for
blood clotting by gauze.

OBESERVATION

This spot 6 is located at the same place as spot 5. We observed and noted the presence
Kaolinite, a clay mineral surrounding the banks of the stream.
The presence of clay around the stream body is due to the chemical weathering due to
water. Water alters the rock chemically in mostly two ways- hydration & hydrolysis.
35
Page
Spot: Seven

8.1: Location
8.2: Attitude of Beds
8.3: Lat-Long of the Area
8.4: Description and Geomorphology
36
Page
 Sr. (8.1) Location (8.2) Attitude of Beds (8.3) Co-ordinates
No

1. Ramteke Strike Dip Dip Amount Latitude Longitude

Elevation: 342 m --- --- ---
--- --- --- 21°23'13.24" N E79°07'10"
--- --- ---

(8.4) Description and Geomorphology

We observed a plunging fold at this spot. Plunging folds are folds with an inclined fold
axis.
We tried to calculate the fold’s vertical height from the ground.
By using a clinometer, we calculated angle 11° w.r.t the observer and the top of the vertical
fold. We could also measure the length by counting the steps and thus measuring the
distance till the fold from the observer. The distance came out to be 636 cm.

FIG: 9

Plunging Folds
37
Page
 DAY 2
6th January 2019

Spot: One

8.1: Location
8.2: Attitude of Beds
8.3: Lat-Long of the Area
8.4: Description and Geomorphology
38
Page
Sr. (8.1) Location (8.2) Attitude of Beds (8.3) Co-ordinates
No

1. Mansar, Strike Dip Dip Amount Latitude Longitude

Kamptee --- --- ---
--- --- --- N 21°23'22" E 79°17'40"
--- --- ---

(8.4) Description and Geomorphology

MUNSAR MINE

The Munsar mines are owned by MOIL (Manganese Ore India Limited) located in the
neighbourhood of the town of Mansar in the Nagpur district of Maharashtra. The mining
operations began in 1903 under the British. It started as an open cast mine and eventually
after extracting the ore body from the outcrop, underground mining operations began.
Presently it employs 308 personnel. The Munsar mines implements 'Overhead cut & fill'
method for mining the manganese ore.

Munsar mines extracts Braunite Ore {Mn2+Mn3+6[O8|SiO4]} of manganese producing

various ferrogarde ore ranging from 25% to 42%.
Munsar mines can be reached via national highway NH44 from Nagpur. One must drive for
50 kilometers from Nagpur towards Jabalpur in the northern direction. Just a kilometer
after the town of Mansar, one must turn right on the crossroads on the road which takes
one straight to Munsar mine. The Kandri mine is located just across the Highway towards
the left from the crossroads. The nearest railhead is Ramtek and a major railway hub is
Nagpur, which is well connected to major cities of India. The nearest airport is Dr.
Babashaeb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur.

Munsar mine is spread across 149 hectors. This underground mine has five levels. level
table. The ore body strikes in East-West direction and the dip is due 70' in NE direction. The
ore body here dips in a reverse manner. The average with of the ore body is 5 meters to 12
meters. The mine is rich in Manganese (BRAUNITE).
39
Page
MAP: 4

BRAUNITE

FIG: 10
40
Page
 Formula
{Mn2+Mn3+6[O8|SiO4]}

Color
Brownish
Specific Brownish black to
black to steel
gravity steel grey
grey
4.72 to 4.83
CRYSTAL
SYSTEM
Tetragonal

Streak
Black BRAUNITE

Lustre
Cleavage Sub-metallic
Perfect 1 set

Hardness Diaphaneity
6 to 6.5 Opaque
41
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 FIG: 11

ORE BODY
BRAUNITE
42
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 FIG: 12
ADIT
An early horizontal passage from the surface by which a mine is entered and dewatered. it
is a horizontal opening of dug in a mountain with only one way entrance.
Presently there are no adits in Munsar mine. Instead a vertical shaft is used to enter the
mine. But earlier when there were adits to enter the shallow levels of mine

CONVEYOR BELT
A looped belt on which the ore is transported at
certain places in the mine.
A conveyor belt is present above the surface in
the mine compound to transport the ore from
the surface opening of vertical shaft to the ore
segregation area in the Munsar mine.

VERTICAL SHAFT FIG: 13

A primary vertical opening through the mine strata
used for hoisting personnel and ore and supplies
from the surface to underground levels of the mine.
It is also used for ventilation and drainage.
There is a single vertical shaft that is used to enter the
Munsar mine. The Shaft is 160 meters deep with a
diameter of 4.5 meter. Two lifts are installed in this
shaft which hoists people and material to various levels
43

of the mine.
Page

FIG: 14
HAULAGEWAY
A horizontal passageway that runs
throughout an underground level of mine
that is used for transporting ore, supplies and
people. Generally a train way or a conveyor
belt is placed along the haulage way.
The haulage way of Munsar mines starts from
the opening of the vertical shaft and runs
straight for a few meters before splitting up
into two branches, both being perpendicular
to it forming a 'T' shape. A rail line is laid
FIG: 15
throughout the length of the Haulage road for
transporting the ore from the ore body to the
vertical shaft lift. The wagons are pushed by
miners. But a battery operated locomotive is also
used to haul a long train of wagons along the
Haulage road.

CROSSCUTS
They are pathways created perpendicular to the
haulage ways created to enter stopes.
Along the haulage way of level 2 of the Munsar
mines, nine crosscuts leading to winzes and
stopes are present. FIG: 16

WINZE
It is the
secondary
or tertiary
vertical
opening
between
the levels
of mine.
The winzes
in the
Munsar
mine are
used for FIG: 17
ventilation and transport.
44

There are ladders installed in these winzes for travelling between two levels.
Page
STOPE
It is a chamber from
where ore removal
takes place. The
process of removing
the ore from the
stopes is called as
stoping. Various
methods are used
for ore removal
from the stopes.
The level 2 of
Munsar mine has
nine stopes with FIG: 18
four working at the time of visit.

ROOF BOLT
It is a long steel bolt driven into the roof of
underground mine to support the roof. In these
recent times, these roof bolts have replaced
support beams to support the roof.
Munsar mines uses 4ft long strong steel bolts to
support the roof instead of beams.

FIG: 19

DRILLING
A process of percussion and making holes using
drills for mineral exploration or for loading
explosives for blasting. We observed the use of
hydraulic drills in the Munsar mine that were
drilling in the ore body to load them with
explosives for blasting.
45

FIG: 20
Page
BACKFILL
Mine waste or other rocks used to
support the roof of the underground
mine after mineral removal.
The Munsar mines implement the
'cut and fill' method for mining. After
the removal of ore from various
levels, sandstone is used in Munsar
mine to fill back the voids.

FIG: 21

METHOD IMPLEMENTATION

Munsar mine implements 'Overhand Cut & fill' method for mining the Braunite ore. Here
the mining starts from the lower levels and then proceed upwards. The lower levels are
filled up with sandstone before proceeding to other levels. The level interval is 30 meters,
where 25 meters is extracted by stopping and five meters is kept for supporting the roof.

FIG: 22
46
Page
Spot: two

9.1: Location
9.2: Attitude of Beds
9.3: Lat-Long of the Area
9.4: Satellite Map of the Area
9.5: Description and Geomorphology
47
Page
PENCH RIVER,
Nagpur

FIG: 23

Sr. (9.1) Location (9.2) Attitude of Beds (9.3) Co-ordinates

No

1. Mansar, Strike Dip Dip Amount Latitude Longitude

Kamptee --- --- ---
--- --- --- N21°21.52'97" E79°11'23.54"
--- --- ---

(9.4) Description and Geomorphology

The Pench River is a tributary of Kanhan River. It originates from the hilly areas near
Junnardeo in Chhindwara district of Madhya Pradesh. A tiger reserve is created around
the river. The Pench river has two dams built across which satisfy the domestic water
needs of Nagpur district.
48
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 FIG: 24
OBSERVATION
The river, though dry in pre-monsoon months showed a pattern that the banks of the
riverbed had fine sand particles in the center and course gravel in the center of the
streambed. The gravel in the area do not describe the local lithology as they may have
been carried by the river from far away areas but the big boulders may give information
of the local lithology.

49
Page
 INFERENCES

In this field work, we studied the lithology of the Nagpur district. When observed, there were
no faults as such seen indicating it to be a non-tectonic zone. As Nagpur is covered by Deccan
trap, it is safe seismically. We found various metamorphic rocks in most of our spots
indicating extensive metamorphism of the area.

The main rocks that were found in this region were pegmatite, mica schist, quartzite,
feldspars, quartz and serpentine.

As the Pench River was dried up, it can be concluded that it is a seasonal river. Even here, we
found huge outcrops of mica schist indicating metamorphism activity.

REFERENCES:
Geoscienceindia.org
Geological Society of India
US Naval civilian services (Detailed maps of
Nagpur)
Google Earth
50

Wikipedia.org
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51