QUESTION: 1

Solve the following business problems using matrix:

a) KTM Berhad is conducting a survey on its daily ETS services to find its cost effectiveness
between Ipoh and KL Sentral. It currently provides three types of services – Platinum,
Gold and Silver. The price of each ticket for adult per single trip is RM45, RM35 and RM25
respectively. If 100 Platinum, 180 Gold and 200 Silver tickets were sold on a selected trip
on Saturday, 120 Platinum, 200 Gold and 250 Silver tickets were sold on a selected trip
on Sunday and 80 Platinum, 150 Gold and 180 Silver tickets were sold on a selected trip
on Monday, find the total revenue collected over the 3 days for the selected trips.

Ticket price for three categories:

45
P = (35)
25
Ticket sold in 3 days:
100 180 200
S = (120 200 250)
80 150 180
Total revenue collected over three days for selected trips:
T=𝑆 ×𝑃
100 180 200 45
T = (120 200 250) X (35)
80 150 180 25

(100 × 45) + (180 × 35) + (200 × 25)

T = ((120 × 45) + (200 × 35) + (250 × 25))
(80 × 45) + (150 × 35) + (180 × 25)

(4500) + (6300) + (5000)

T = ((5400) + (7000) + (6250))
(3600) + (5250) + (4500)

15 800
T = (18 650)
13 350

Total revenue collected over the 3 days:

RM 15 800 + RM 18 650 + RM 13 350 = RM 47 800
b) During a campaign by KTM Berhad to increase the number of passengers travelling
on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday, the price of tickets for Platinum, Gold and
Silver was reduced to X, Y and Z respectively. The number of tickets sold on Tuesday
was 80 Platinum, 150 Gold and 380 Silver. The number of tickets sold on Wednesday
was 100 Platinum, 120 Gold and 560 Silver. The number of tickets sold on Thursday
was 80 Platinum, 200 Gold and 280 Silver. If the revenue collected on Tuesday,
Wednesday and Thursday was RM10,000, RM12,000 and RM10,000 respectively,
find the price of each ticket for Platinum, Gold and Silver using matrix and Cramer’s
Rule, to make this campaign a success.

Ticket Platinum (x) Gold (y) Silver (z) Revenue

collected
Tuesday 80 150 380 RM10 000
Wednesday 100 120 560 RM12 000
Thursday 80 200 280 RM10 000

Linear equation:

Tuesday : 80𝑥 + 150𝑦 + 380𝑧 = 10 000

Wednesday : 100𝑥 + 120𝑦 + 560𝑧 = 12 000
Thursday : 80𝑥 + 200𝑦 + 280 𝑧 = 10 000

In matrix form:

80 150 380 𝑥 10 000

(100 120 560) (𝑦)= (12 000)
80 120 280 𝑧 10 000

Cramer’s Rule:

Find the determinant of matrix A

80 150 380
𝐀 = [100 120 560]
80 120 280
∣ 𝐀 ∣= 80 (−1)2[(120)(280)-(560)(200)] + 100 (-1)3[(150)(280)-(380)(200) +

80 (-1)4[(150)(560)-(380)(120)]
= - 6 272 000 + 3 400 000 + 3 072 000
= 200 000
 10 000 150 380
A1 = [12 000 120 560]
10 000 200 280
∣A1∣ = 150 (−1)3[(12 000)(280)-(10 000)(560)] + 120 (-1)4[(10 000)(280)-(10 000)(380) +
200 (-1)5 [(10 000)(560)-(12 000)(380)]
= 336 000 000 + (-120 000 000) + (-208 000 000)
= 8 000 000

80 10 000 380
A2 = [100 12 000 560]
80 10 000 280
∣A2∣ = 80 (−1)2[(12 000)(280)-(10 000)(560)] + 100 (-1)3[(10 000)(280)-(10 000)(380) +
80 (-1)4[(10 000)(560)-(12 000)(380)]
= - 179 200 000 + 100 000 000 + 83 200 000
= 4 000 000

80 150 10 000
A3 = [100 120 12 000]
80 200 10 000
∣A3∣ = 80 (−1)2[(10 000)(120)-(12 000)(200)] + 100 (-1)3[(10 000)(150)-(10 000)(200) +
80 (-1)4[(12 000)(150)-(10 000)(120)]
= - 96 000 000 + 50 000 000 + 48 000 000
= 2 000 000

∣𝐴₁∣ 8 000 000

𝒙= =
∣𝐴∣ 200 000

= RM40

∣𝐴₂∣ 4 000 000

𝒚= =
∣𝐴∣ 200 000

= RM20

∣𝐴₃∣ 2 000 000

𝒛= =
∣𝐴∣ 200 000

= RM10

∴ x = RM40 , y = RM 20 and z = RM10

 c) The following table shows the projected number of tickets sold for each category of
ticket over a period of three months for a particular trip. The projected operating
cost for the three months based on the projected number of tickets sold is also
provided in the table. Use matrix to calculate the projected revenue for each month.
With the aid of a graph, estimate the break-even revenue per month for KTM
Berhad.

Month 1 Month 2 Month 3

Platinum 1200 1300 1500
Gold 3000 3500 4000
Silver 4500 5000 6000
Projected Cost RM300,000 RM320,000 RM340,000

QUESTION: 2

a) Find the values of A, B, C and D for the following partial equation:

𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟓 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪𝒙 + 𝑫
𝟐 𝟐
= + 𝟐
+ 𝟐
(𝒙 + 𝟑) (𝒙 + 𝟑) 𝒙 + 𝟑 (𝒙 + 𝟑) 𝒙 +𝟑
? ? ? ? ?
𝟐
+ 𝟐 = + 𝟐
+ 𝟐
(𝒙 + 𝟑) 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟑 (𝒙 + 𝟑) 𝒙 +𝟑

𝑴𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒚 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝒃𝒚 (𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑

𝑥 2 + 𝟏𝟓 = (𝒙 + 𝟑) × (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑)𝐴 + (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑)𝐵 + (𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐 × (𝑪𝒙 + 𝑫) …………… (1)

Let 𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟎, so 𝒙 = −𝟑

(−3)2 + 15 = 𝐴(−3 + 3)(−32 + 3) + 𝐵(−32 + 3) + (𝐶(−3) + 𝐷(−3 + 𝟑)𝟐

9 + 15 = 𝐴(0)(9 + 3) + 𝐵(9 + 3) + (−3𝐶 + 𝐷) (0)𝟐

24 = 12𝐵
∴2=𝐵
Substitute B = 2 into (1)

𝑥 2 + 𝟏𝟓 = (𝒙 + 𝟑) × (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑)𝐴 + (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑)𝐵 + (𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐 × (𝑪𝒙 + 𝑫)

𝑥 2 + 𝟏𝟓 = 𝐴𝒙𝟑 + 3𝐴𝑥 + 3𝐴𝒙𝟐 + 9𝐴 + 2𝒙𝟐 + 6 + 𝐶𝒙𝟑 + 𝐷𝒙𝟐 + 6𝐶𝒙𝟐 + 6𝐷𝑥 + 9𝐶𝑥 + 9𝐷

𝑥 2 + 𝟏𝟓 = 𝐴𝒙𝟑 + 3𝐴𝒙𝟐 + 2𝒙𝟐 + 𝐷𝒙𝟐 + 6𝐶𝒙𝟐 + 3𝐴𝑥 + 6𝐷𝑥 + 9𝐶𝑥 + 6 + 9𝐷

𝑥 2 + 𝟏𝟓 = (𝐴 + 𝐶)𝒙𝟑 + (3𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐷 + 6𝐶)𝒙𝟐 + (3𝐴 + 6𝐷 + 9𝐶)𝑥 + (9𝐴 + 6 + 9𝐷)

i) 𝐴+𝐶 =0
𝑨 = −𝑪 ……………………. (2)

ii) 3𝐴 + 6𝐷 + 9𝐶 = 0 …………..(3)

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 (2)𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 (3)

3(−𝐶) + 6𝐷 + 9𝐶 = 0
6𝐷 + 6𝐶 = 0
6𝐷 = −6𝐶
𝑫 = −𝑪 ……………………(4)

iii) 9𝐴 + 6 + 9𝐷 = 15
9𝐴 + 9𝐷 = 9 …………….. (5)

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 (2) & (4) 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 (5)

9(−𝐶) + 9(−𝐶) = 9

−18𝐶 = 9
9
𝐶=
−18
𝟏
𝑪=−
𝟐
So,
𝐴 = −𝐶
 𝟏
𝐴 = − (- 𝟐 )

𝟏
𝑨=
𝟐

𝐷 = −𝐶
𝟏
𝐷 = − (- 𝟐 )

𝟏
𝑫=
𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∴𝑨= , B = 2 , 𝑪 = −𝟐 , 𝑫 =
𝟐 𝟐

Substitute all the constant into the question:

𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟓 𝟏 𝟐 −𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
= + 𝟐
+
(𝒙 + 𝟑) (𝒙 + 𝟑) 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝟑) (𝒙 + 𝟑) 𝟐(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑)

b) An investment in unit trust fund has been set up so that at the end of 10 years there
will be RM10,955.16. If the fund earns an interest of 8% compounded semi-annually,
how much is the initial investment?

𝑟 𝑛𝑘
𝑆 = 𝑃 (1 + 𝑘)

S = compund amount

P = initial investment

r = interest rate per annum or the principle value

k = number of interest paid (compound) in a year

n = number of years
Solution:

S = 10 955.16 P=? r = 0.08 k=2 n = 10

0.08 (10)(2)
10 955.16 = 𝑃 (1 + 2
)

10 955.16 = 𝑃(1.04)(20)

10 955.16 = 𝑃 (2.19112)
10 955.16
= 𝑃
2.19112

RM4999.80 = 𝑃