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g(x)
Hence id(5) = 5, id(y) = y, id(x2-1) = x2-1, ... .
For f and g above, note that THEOREM. For any function f (x), foid = f and idof = f.
f(-3) = 1, f(-1) = 2, f(2) = 3, f(4) = 2, and PROOF. ( foid)(x) = f (id(x)) = f (x).
g(-2) = -1, g(-1) = -2, g(1) = -1, g(2) = 2. (idof )(x) = id(f (x)) = f (x).
Find
(fog)(2) = f(g(2)) = f(2) = 3.
0 is the identity for addition, since f + 0 = 0 + f = f .
1
(gof)(2) = g(f(2)) = g(3) = undef. 1 is the identity for muliplication, f .1 = 1. f = f .
(fof)(-1) = f(f(-1)) = f(2) = 3.
id(x) is the identity for composition, since
1 1 1 1 x
`f x x ,ffx x 1/ x x
Example: f (x) = x + x1 . Find (f ◦ f ).
Then the outer function f (x) does what remains to be done: f (x) = x6 .
Check: f (g(x)) = f (x2 + 2) = (x2 + 2)6 .
Then the outer function f (x) does what remains to be done: f (x) = 4x + 3.
Check: f (g(x)) = f ( x1 ) = 4( x1 ) + 3.
√
Example: Write x + 1 as a composition f (g(x)).
√
x + 1 has inner function g(x) = x + 1
√
So f (x) = x.
√
Check: f (g(x)) = f (x + 1) = x + 1.
1
Example: Write 1+|x| as the composition of 3 functions h(f (g(x))).
1
1+|x| has inner function g(x) = |x|
1
(1+x) has inner function f (x) = 1 + x
Thus h(x) = x1 .
1
Check: h(f (g(x))) = h(f (|x|)) = h(1 + |x|) = 1+|x|
2
By
Bythethe-1Theorem,
Theorem,y =y = f f (x)
-1 iff f (y) = x. Thus the graph of
(x) iff f (y) = x. Thus the graph of
y y= =
f f (x)
-1 is the graph of f (y) = x which is just the graph
(x) is the graph of f (y) = x which is just the graph
ofoff (x)
f (x) == y ywith
withx xand
andy yinterchanged.
interchanged.Interchanging
Interchangingx x
st undo
must undo them
theminin and
and y reflects the plane around the majordiagonal
y reflects the plane around the major diagonaly =y =x.x.
1 1
isisf f 1g g 1x x. . Hence
Hence
Inverse Functions
THEOREM . The f -1f (x)
THEOREM . Thegraph
graphofofy =y = -1 is the reflection of the
(x) is the reflection of the
graph of −1y = f (x) across the
graph of y = f (x) across the major
Definition: f , the inverse of f , major
is diagonal if yany,
diagonal
the function, y= =x.such
x. that
(f ◦ f −1 )(x) = x when f −1 (x) is defined and
For
Foreach
eachfunction,
function, draw
draw
(f −1 ◦ f )(x)
the three graphs y = f (x),
(x),y =yf=
= xthe three graphs y = fwhen
x,(x)
x, is defined
y y= =f -1f (x)
-1 on the same coordinate system.
(x) on the same coordinate system.
3
`f`f(x)(x)
Example: =f=
x(x)
x33 = 2x, g(x) = x2
`f (x)(x)
Consider
`f ==-x
f -x 3
(g(x)) = f ( x2 ) = 2( x2 ) = x and g(f (x)) = g(2x) = 2x
2 = x. Thus, g(x) is
an inverse function of f (x). I can write f −1 (x) = g(x) = x2 .
DDEFINITION. f is 1-1 (“one-to-one”) iff
EFINITION. f is 1-1 (“one-to-one”) iff
x
Definition:
y yimplies
=x = implies f (x) ==
f (x) f (y).
f (y).
f is 1-1 (”one-to-one”) ⇐⇒ x1 6= x2 implies f (x1 ) 6= f (x2 ).
`f (x) = 3x is
`f (x) =23x is 1-1 1-1 x = y ˆ
x=y ˆ 3x3x
== 3y3y
2
f (x)
Example: = f=
f (x) x(x)
xisisnot
2 = 3x is 1-1 1but
not =
1 -1-1but
= (-1)
but (-1) 121. 2.
=2 =
me.
ame.
2
g(x) = x is not 1-1 since 1 6= −1 but (−1) = 1 . 2 2
THEOREM
THEOREM . The
. Thefollowing
followingareareequivalent:
equivalent:
v f has
v f has
Horizontal an inverse
an inverse
Line Test: If every horizontal line intersects the graph of a function f in at
f fispoint,
v vone
most is1-1
1-1the f is one-to-one.
v vnonohorizontal
horizontalline
lineintersects
intersectsitsitsgraph
graphmore
morethan
thanonce.
once.
.d.
`Which
Example:
`Which ofofthe
Which of following
the the functions
following
following has
hasananinverse?
has an inverse?
functions inverse?
Answer:
T The first graph has an
HEOREM. The domain of f -1
-1 inverse and the second graph doesn’t.
THEOREM
-1
. The domain of f isisthe
therangerangeofoff. f.The
Therange
rangeofof
f f -1isisthe
thedomain
domainofoff .f .
1,1,b b 7,7,c c x.xTheorem:
Proof. The reflection faroundan the
. Proof. The reflection
The function has
around themajor
inverse diagonal
if and
major only if fwhich
diagonal
-1
is 1-1.
which
carries
carriesthethegraph
graphofoff ftotothe thegraph
graphofoff f -1alsoalsocarries
carriesthethe
-1
domain
domain of f to the range of f and
-1 the range of f to the
Theorem:
domain y =offof
−1f to the range of f
f f-1(x)
.-1. ⇐⇒ f (y) = andx. the range of f to the
7 domain of
ce
ncey y 2 .72 . Stated
Statedinin full,
full,the theinverse
inverseisisthethecompositional
compositionalinverse. inverse.
ToForfindaddition,
f −1 (x) forthe inverse
complicated in negation.
functions:
For addition, the inverse in negation.
(1)For multiplication,
x and y in ythe = finverse
(x), i.e. is
isthe
thereciprocal.
Switch write x = f (y).
(2) For
Solvemultiplication,
for y. After that theyou
inverse
can replace yreciprocal.
by f −1 (x).
3
Example: f (x) = 2x+1
x−1 , find f −1 (x).
y = 2x+1
x−1
x = 2y+1
y−1
x(y − 1) = 2y + 1
xy − x = 2y + 1
xy − 2y = x + 1
y(x − 2) = x + 1
x+1
y = x−2
-1