rijdoh yd woH;k úpdrh1

r;akisß wrx.,

idys;H úpdr kHdhhl j,x.=nj ke; fyd;a m%dfhda.sl

jeo.;alu r|d mj;afka th úpdr ñïula jifhka flf;la
ÿrg woH;k lD;s iïnkaOfhka wod< jkafka o hk lreK
u; h' idys;H kHdhhla hkq idys;H l,d iïnkaO ish¨
md¾Yajhka lrd fhduq jQjla úh hq;= h' fkd tfia kï th
m%dfhda.sl j Ndú;hg .; yels fkd fõ' tfia jQ l, th
wdÖ¾Kl,amsl ke; fyd;a ksIam%jdy Ndjhg m;a jQjla jkafka
h' túg th m%dfhda.sl jeo.;alulska f;dr" yqÿ mdId‚N+;
jia;=jla muKla jkq we;'
j,x.= idys;H kHdhhl m%Odk ,laIKhla jkafka tys
oaúld¾h iajNdjh hs' tjekakla yeu úg u kjH úpdr
ixl,amhkays m%fndaOkhg yd kj od¾Yksl ixl:khkays
m%dÿ¾Njhg fya;= fjhs' tfia u" tn÷ kj ixl,am ckkh
flfrñka yd od¾Yksl m%jdohkays m%Njhg fya;= fjñka u
th idys;H lD;shla war>kh i|yd o Ndú;hg .; yels
fjhs'
tfy;a ms<s.; yels idys;H kHdhhla fï wx.j,ska
muKla mßmQ¾K;ajhg m;a fkd fõ' úpdrlaIu idys;H
kHdhhla mD:q, lafIa;%hla wdjrKh lrkakla úh hq;= h' th

1' fï idlÉPdjg uQ,sl jifhka mdol lr .kakd ,oafoa Patnaik,

Priyadarshi, Rasa in Aesthetics: An Application of Rasa Theory to
Modern Western Literature, Delhi, 1997. hk lD;sfhys ye¢kaùu hs ^1 -
10 msgq'&
1
iq,n jHjydrfhys mj;akd woyia m%ldY lrkakla fkd úh
hq;= h' ld,dkqrEm j ixj¾Okh lsÍug;a kjH wjYH;d yd
w¾:l:k wkqj ixfYda Okh lsÍug;a fhda. H kuHYS ,-
Ndjhlska hqla; ùu o wjYH fõ'
Ndr;Sh úpdr iïm%odhfhyss yuq jk mqrdK;u l,d
kHdhhla jk zrijdohZ fï wx. ,laIKj,ska iukaú; jQjla
fia ye¢kaúh yels h' Nr; uq ksjrhdf.a kdgH Ydia;%2 kï
lD;sfhys m%:u jrg jHdLHd flfrk zrijdohZ tys ,d yuq
jkafka kdgHfha wx. tfldf<diska tlla jk zriZ fyj;a
l,d ks¾udKfhys wkqN; + k
S g
a mokï jQ ufkdaNdjhka fya;f= jka
ckkh jk fia ie,flk udkisl ;;a;ajhkag wod< j h'
zriZ wkqN+;sh ieu ,,s; l,djl u wruqK nj kdgH
Ydia;f% hys mejfihs' zrihZ l,d ks¾udKfhys wd;auh h hkak;a
ieu l,d lD;shl u yrh rih hkak;a m%jdo.; flfrkqfha
fï mokfuys msysgñks'
l,d ks¾udKhl ridkqN; = h
s fyj;a ri ksIm
a ;a;h
s ms<n
s |
isoaOdka;hla bÈßm;a lsÍu kdgH Ydia;%fhka isÿ úh' ta wkqj
zriZ hkq úúO ye`.Sï fyj;a Ndjdjia:d yd iïnkaO fjhs' ta
ta Ndjdjia:d wkqj úúOdldr ri ckkh fjhs' úúO ri
ckkh" we`.ùu yd l,d ks¾udKhla u`.ska th m%ldYkh isÿ
2' kdgH Ydia;h % ixialD; ldjHh yd kdgHh iïnkaOfhka yuq jk mqrdK;u
.%k:a h fia ie,fla' zrijdohZ fuka u m%lg yd §¾> jifhka idlÉPdjg
,la jQ úpdr isoO a dka;hla jk zw,xldrjdofhaZ fyj;a zw,xldr Ydia;%fhaZ
o uQ, îc tys .eí fjhs' kdgH ks¾udKlrejka Wfoid iïmdÈ; WmfoaY
.%ka:hl iajrEmh ork fï lD;sfhys l¾;D;ajh Nr; kï m`äjrhl=g
wdfrdamKh flf¾' Nr; Ôj;a jQ ld,h l%i s a;= mQ¾j fojk Y;j¾Ih úh
yels hehs fï iïnkaO wOHhkh l< we;eï úoaj;=kaf.a woyi hs' ;j;a
msßilg wkqj Tyq l%i s a;= j¾I fojk ishji ;rfï Ôj;a jQfjls' kdgH
Ydia;%fhys ix.DyS; woyia ish,a, Nr;f.a u u; fkd jk nj;a
ld,dka;rhla mej; wd woyia ix.%y lrñka fhda.H mßÈ iaj wOHhk
u`.ska th ixj¾Okh lsÍu Tyqf.a ld¾hh jQ nj;a fmkajd Èh yels h'
fuys we;eï ;ekl olakg ,efnk wd¾hd iy wkqIagN q a wdlD;Skaf.ka
iïmdÈ; zwdkqjxYH Yaf,dalZ tjeks mer‚ b.ekaùï hehs ie,fla'
ziQ;%dkqúoafè wd¾hdZ fyj;a ziQ;%dkqnoaOZ hkq ta uq,a b.ekaùïj,g Nr;
úiska imhk ,o w¾:l:k nj ms<s.efka' úia;r i|yd n,kak( Kane,
P.V., History of Sanskrit Poetics, (1971), reprint, Delhi, 2002, pp. 10 - 47.
2
jk wdldrh o kdgH Ydia;%fhys úia;r flf¾' fï b.ekaùï
u`.ska wjidk jifhka mejfikafka l=ula o@ idys;H-
l,djkaf.ka udkj Ôú;h ^mßl,ams; fyda ;:H fyda & yd
ye`.Sï ksrEmKh flfrk nj hs' úpdrlhd yuqfõ we;s m%Yakh
jkafkaa wjidk jifhka fï udkj Ôú;h yd ye`.Sï l,d
lD;s u`.ska bÈßm;a lrk wdldrh y÷kd .ekSu hs'
l,d lD;shla u`.k s a isÿ flfrkqfha udkj Ôú;h yd
ye`.ïS mdGlhd fyda fm%la Ia lhd fyda lrd wkqj¾Kkh" iQpkh
yd ixjokh hs' ta wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafka rijdofha lafIa;%h
ukqIH j¾.hdg iod;ksl yd idOdrK jQjla nj hs' tys lafIa;%h
jQ l,s udkj ye`.ï S h'
l,d kHdhhla jifhka ie,lSfï § rijdofha ;j;a
úfYaI;ajhla jkafka th l,d ks¾udKhl ieu wjia:djla
iu`. u noaO jQjla ùu hs' tkï rijdoh u`.k s a l,d ks¾udKhl
uQ, îch l,dlrejdf.a ukfiys my< ùfï mgka fm%alaIlhd
mdGlhd Y%djlhd hk ljr fyda úIh.%dylhl=f.a ukfiys
Wm,íO ùu f;la ish¨ u wjia:d iïnkaOfhka újrK yd
ú.%y bÈßm;a flf¾' fï tl o mqoa.,hl= fyda wjia:djla fyda
thska u`. yeÍ fkdue;' ks¾ud;D fyj;a l,dlrejd fj;
uQ,sl wjOdkh fhduq flf¾' fi!kao¾h úkaokfha idrh
fyj;a rih l,d lD;shlg m%úIag jkqfha ks¾udKlrejdf.a
ëYla;h s fyj;a m%;sNdj fya;f = jks' ks¾udKh flfrys B <`.g
wjOdkh fhduq flfrkqfha jpk fyda l%shd fyda ud¾.fhka
ye`.Sï ^Ndj& iQpkh isÿ flfrkqfha l,d ks¾udKh u`.ska
neúkss' ;okka;r j mdGlhd fyda fm%alaIlhd fyda Y%djlhd
fyda hk úIh.%dylhdf.a ukfiys wdiajdoh my< jk wdldrh
újrKh flf¾' úIh.%dyl ukfiys wdiajdoh ckkfhys
wiu;a jk lD;sh mßiudma; lD;shla fkd fõ' rijdoh
ks¾ud;D" lD;sh" úIh.%dyl hk fï ish,a, u w;HdjYHl
idOl fia ie,flk meyeÈ,s l,d kHdhhla bÈßm;a lrhs'
rijdoh jd.aúoHd;aul jeo.;alula o iys; kHdhhla
fia y÷kd .; yels h' ta wkqj" zNdjZ fyj;a ye`.Sï Rcq j
3
m%ldY l< fkd yels h' tajd jpk fyda fjk;a udOHhla fyda
ud¾.fhka iuqmkHdikh flf¾' fuh èjks; lsÍula fia
ye¢kafõ'
wmg yuq jk mqrdK;u l,d kHdhh jk rijdoh j¾I
Y;iyi%dêl ld,dj¾;S j m%j¾;kh jQjls' fï m%j¾;kh
isoaO jkafka ta mokï fldg .;a úmq, úpdr iïm%odhhla o
kHdhd;aul úfNaok yd w¾:l:k o f.dv kef`.ñks' fï
kHdhd;aul úfNaok yd w¾:l:k .eUqre ;d¾lsl yd ixlS¾K
iajrEmhla fmkakqï lrhs' ishjia lsysmhl isg l,dmSh
ks¾udKlrejka yd úpdrlhka flfrys fï u;jdo n, md
we;s wdldrh y÷kd .; yels h'
tl= k a úis jk is h jfia is g fï b.eka ù ï mq k ¾-
.fõIKfha wjYH;dj u;= ù we;' Ndr;fhys bx.s ß is
wOHdmkh jHdma ; ùu;a iu`. wmrÈ. fi!kao ¾h l,d
kHdhhkays m%n, Pdhdj rijdoh m%uqL fmrÈ. l,d kHdhhka
flfrys t,a, ù ;sfí' tfia o jqj" úis jk ishjfia wmrÈ.
l,d kHdhfha j¾Okh yd ii|k l, udkj YsIagdpdrfha
{dk .fõIKh yd ú;rKh iïnkaOfhka rijdofhys
kHdhd;aul m%j¾Okh id¾:l n,mEula ;nd odhl;ajhla
oelaùug fyda iu;a jQ njla fkd fmfka' Ndr;Sh iïNjhla
iys; Ñrka;k idys;H lD;s fuka u hqfrdamSh miqìula iys;
Ñrka;k fuka u kQ;k lD;s o úpdrKfhys ,d rijdoh
Wmhqla; fldg .ekSfuka fï W!k;dj imqrd ,sh yels h'
rijdoh m%dfhda.sl l,d kHdhhla njg h<s muqKqjd
,Su ;okH .uHhhla iys; ld¾hhls' wmrÈ. fi!kao¾h kHdh
w;ßka ljr fyda ixcdkkd;aul mdGlhl=g jqj myiqfjka
jgyd .; yels wjidk l,d kHdhh fia zkjH úpdrhZ (New
Criticism) ye¢kaúh yels fjhs' 1941 § m< jQ fcdaka lafrda
ieïikaf.a New Criticism kï lD;sfhka bÈßm;a flreKq u;jdo
uq,a fldg .ksñka wdríO fï .=rel=,h 1960 .Kkaj, wjidkh
olajd wfußldfõ uqLH idys;H kHdh j mej;s‚' whs' ta'
ßp¾âia" ú,shï tïmaika" la,Ska;a írElaia wd§yq fï .=rel=,h
fmdaIKh l<dyq h' whs' ta' ßp¾âiaf.a lD;s ;;a kHdhh iïnkaO
4
m%j¾;l lD;s fia ie,fla' fï úpdr kHdhh idys;H lD;shla
mßYS,kfha § thska W;amdokh flfrk wfkalúO w¾: yd
.uHhka flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrjhs'
1950 - 60 oYlhkays mgka ixiaÓ;sljdoh (structuralism)
hkqfjka ye¢kafjk kj úpdr ixl,amhla jHdma; ùu
werô‚' tys § wjOdkh fhduq flrefKa lD;shl NdIduh
ixlS¾K;d flfrys mu‚' Bg mokï jQfha jdxuh moaO;shla
jifhka NdIdfjys úfYa I ;a j h yd NdIdjl wNHka ; r
úNskak;d ms<sn| j *¾äkkaâ È fidiqhafhda úiska m< lrk
,o woyia h' tys n,mEu úhelS hdu;a iu`. ta u;jdo weiqre
lrñka mYapd;a-ixiaÓ;sljdoh (post-structuralism) u;= j wdfha
h' ñfp,a *Qflda" frda,kaâ nd;a wd§yq tys kHdhsl mokfuys
fj;s ' o¾Ykjdoh flfrys keUq r ejla oela j Q mYa p d;a -
ixiaÓ;sljdoh Y+kHjdohla fia ye¢kaúh yels h' th l;=jrhd
yd Tyqf.a lD;sh w;r iïnkaOh mjd wfydais jQ fia olskakls'
hdla fvÍvdf.a úixfhdackjdoh o fï Tiafia m%Njh jQjls'
fï úpdr ixl,am l,d lD;sh tys l¾;Df.a ú{dkfhka fuka
u thg mokï jQ iudc ixialD;sl mßiaÓ;sfhka o yqfol,d
m%mxp fia olsk .eUqre od¾Yksl mkulska hqla; jqj o l,d
úpdr kHdh jifhka lD;sfhys fi!kao¾h mlaIh flfrys
mdGl-úpdrl uki wjê lsÍug wiu;a fjhs'3
fï úpdr kHdh mdGlhdf.ka u;= fkd j l,d
úpdrlhdf.ka o ¥ria: jQ tajd h' oeä ixy;Ndjhlska hqla;
fï u;jdohkays ÿrjfndaO iajNdjh fya;=fjka tajd od¾Yksl
Ñka;k Odrd ms<sn| wOHhkh lrkakka w;r muKla m%p,s;
jQ nj fmfka' woH;k idys;H úpdr f,aLk fN!;sl úoHd
fyda .‚; úoHd fyda f,aLk jeks mdßNdIl Yíoj,ska .yk
rpkd úfYaIhla njg m;a jQ w;r tajdys we;=<;a we;eï fhÿï
YíofldaIhla fmr<d fyda jgyd .; fkd yels wkaofï tajd
3' úia;r i|yd n,kak( Abrams, M.H., A Glossary of Literary Terms,(1999),
7th edition, New Delhi, 2006, q.v.; Webster, Roger, Studying Literary Theory:
An Introduction, 1990, 2nd edition, London, 1996; Èidkdhl" úu,a" kj
úpdr ixl,am( {dk lafIa;%fhys m%jK;d" fndr,eia.uqj" 2004'
5
fjhs' bka wk;=re j wmrÈ. od¾Yksl ixjdohkays idlÉPdjg
,la flreKq mYapdoa-kQ;kjdoh wfußldkq .Dyks¾udK Ys,m a h
wdY%s; j we;s jQ m%jK;djls' tys m%Njh flfrys mYapd;a-
ixiaÓ;sljdoh o n, md ;sfí' fïjd wmrÈ. od¾Yksl Ñka;dj,S
ms<sn| wldrdÈhg muKla tla jk ;;a;ajhg m;a j ;sfí'
rijdoh .eUqßka wOHhkh l< hq;= Ñpdr Ñka;djla jifhka
biau;= jkafka fï miqìfuys h'
rijdoh fmrÈ. úpdr Ñka;dj,s w;r fln÷ wdia:dkhla
ysñ fldg .kafka o hkak fuys ,d úu¾Ykh l< hq;= fjhs'
fmrÈ. fi!kao¾húoHd ixl,am ix.DyS; m%:u wjia:dj
jifhka wmg yuq jkafka Nr;f.a kdgH Ydia;%h nj by;
i|yka lrk ,È' Bg mQ¾jfhys ta iïnkaO mD:q, wOHhk isÿ
jQ njg idOl ke;;a mdrïmßl j mej; wd fi!kao¾h
ixl,amhla mej;s nj wkqfïh fjhs'
kdgH Ydia;%h kdgHfõoh iïnkaO ú.%yhla jqj o tys
ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhla ldjH úpdrh i|yd fjka fldg ;sfí'
ta kdgHfha wx.hla jifhka oelafjk jdÑldNskh hgf;a h'
ldjH.; .=K yd jdÑldNskfha § we;s jk ldjH fodaI
iïnkaOfhka o tys ,d Nr;f.a wjOdkh fhduq ù ;sfí' miq
l, úpdrlfhda .=K ixl,amh iajdëk úpdr ud¾.hl uÜgug
m;a l<y' ldjH fodaI iïnkaOfhka o m%:u jrg újrKh
lrk ,oa f oa Nr; úis k s ' ldjH ,la I K yd w,xldr
iïnkaOfhka o wjOdkh fhduq lrk Nr; ldjHh wkH
jdxuh rpkdj,ska fjka fldg olajhs' tfuka u ieu l,d
udOHhl u idrh úh hq;af;a rih nj Tyq wjOdrKh lr isà'
ta wkq j zriZ hkq kdgHuh m% h q [ a c khl .eí jk
fi!kao¾hd;aul wNsm%dh hs' tfy;a zriZ ixl,amh ldjH
úpdrhg fhdod .; yels njla Tyqf.a wjOdkhg ,la ù
fkdue;' Tyq th meyeÈ,s j u kdgHfhka ,efnk udkisl
wkqN+;sh ú.%y lsÍug iSud lrhs'
Nr;f.ka miq j ;;a úIhh iïnkaOfhka wmg yuq
jkafka Nduyf.a ldjHd,xldr kï .%ka:h hs' th w,xldrjdÈ
.=rel=,fha wdrïNl lD;sh fia ms<s.efka' Nduy l%sia;= j¾I
6
i;a jk ishjfia úiQjl= hehs ie,fla' Nr; o w,xldr ldjHfha
jeo.;a wx.hla fia i,ld we;' w,xldr fuka u .=K" fodaI
wdÈh o ldjHfha ridfõIhg bjy,a lr .; hq;= hehs Nr;f.a
u;h úh' Nduy w,xldr ldjHfha uqLHdx.h fia i,lhs' ldjHh
ldjH YÍrh yd w,xldr hkqfjka m%Odk fldgia follska
hqla; jQjla nj w,xldrjd§kaf.a u;h hs' ldjH YÍrh hkq
jdxuh rpkdj hs' th zYíoZ yd zw¾:Z hkqfjka oaúfNao fjhs'
w,xldr hkq fï YÍrh irik tkï" jdxuh rpkhg ldjH;ajh
wdfrdamKh lrk wx.hls' l%sia;= j¾I wg jk ishjfia úiQ
WoaNg yd kj jk ishjfia úiQ reøg w,xldrjdoh .=rel=,hla
jifhka ia:dmkh l< f,aLlhka fia ie,fl;s' Nduyf.a
ldjHd,xldr kï lD;sh i|yd Nduy jjrK kñka àldjla
iïmdokh l< WoaNg ldjHd,xldr ix.%y kï lD;shla
iïmdokh lsÍfuka w,xldrjdoh fmdaIKh flf<a h' reøgf.a
lD;sh o ldjHd,xldr kï jQjls' WoaNg ri iïnkaOfhka
lsisjla mjid ke;' reøg rijdofhys n, mEug ,la jQjl= jqj
o Tyqf.a woyia rijdofhka mßndysr nj fmfka'
wg jk ishjfia § oKaäka ldjHdo¾Yh iïmdokh flf<a
ah' miq j .=K-Í;sjdoh hkqfjka m%p,s; kHdhh we;=<;a m%:u
lD;sh fuh fjhs' oKaäka Nduyf.a yd w,xldrjdÈ .=rel=,fha
n, mEug ,la jQjl= jqj o Tyq wjOdrKh lrkqfha zud¾.Z
hkqfjka ye¢kafjk ,laIK iuqodhhls' miq ld,hg wh;a
jduk zÍ;sZ hkqfjka fjfiid olajkqfha oKaäkaf.a zud¾.Z
hs' fï jQ l,s rpkd Í;sh yd jd.a ú,dih iïnkaO u;jdohls'
oKaäka zriZ i,lkqfha ldjH .=K w;ßka tlla jifhks'
kj jk ishjfia úiQjl= fia ms<s.; yels reøg rih
flfrys fiiq w,xldrjd§kag jeä wjOdkhla fhduq flf<a
h' Tyqf.a lD;sh o ldjHd,xldr kï fjhs' Nr;f.a kdgH
Ydia;%fhys újrKh flfrk ri wgg wu;r j Ydka; yd
fm%ahia hkqfjka ri folla o reøg úiska wNskjfhka y÷kajd
fok ,È' ri iïnkaO idlÉPdjg ish lD;sfhys mßÉfþo
i;rla fjka lr;;a Tyq tys kHdhd;aul wkqñ;sh flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq fldg we;af;a u| jifhks'
7
 oi jk ishji jk úg ri ixl,amh kdgHh iïnkaO
od¾Yksl WmiaÓ;sfhka fjka fldg ldjH úpdr ixl,amhla
jifhka ia:dmkh jk wdldrh y÷kd .; yels fjhs' Nr;f.a
zri iQ;%fhysZ iïu; iajrEmh yd wiamIagNdjh iïnkaOfhka
kj jHdLHdk yd u;dka;r u;= j wdfha h' ta iïnkaO újdoh
ishjia .Kkla mqr d me;sß‚' uOH;k Ndr;fha úYsIag
m`äjrhl= fia iïudks; wNskj.=ma; kdgH Ydia;%h i|yd
wNskj Ndr;S kñka iïmdÈ; àldfjka tn÷ u;dka;r i;rla
yuq fjhs' bka ;=kla wNskj.=ma;g mQ¾jld,Sk úpdrlhka jk
NÜgf,d,a,g ^wg jk ishji&" Y%S Yxl=l ^ kj jk ishji&
yd NÜgkdhl ^oi jk ishji& hk úpdrlhkaf.a h' fï
úpdrlhkaf.a lD;s lsisjla wmg yuq fkd fõ' Tjqkaf.a u;
o; yelafla wNskj.=ma;f.a jd¾;dj weiqfrks' ri ixl,amh
m%j¾Okh jQ wdldrh fuka u wdkkaoj¾Okf.a èjks ixl,amh
iu`. th iïnkaO jQ wdldrh o fï újrKfhka y÷kd .;
yels fjhs' wNskj.=ma;f.a ú.%yh ffYj Ñka;kh wkqj hñka
lrk ,oaola nj fmfka'
kj jk ishjfia úiQ wdkkaoj¾Ok ish èjkHdf,dal
kï lD;sfhka èjksh ldjHfha wd;auh jifhka y÷kajhs'
Tyq tys ,d rih w¾:l:kh lrkqfha .uHudk w¾:hla
jifhks' rih Rcq j jpk yd iïnkaO fkd fõ' tkï jpk
u`.ska ri ksIam;a;sh isÿ fkd fõ' jpk ud¾.fhka rih
èjks; fjhs' Nr;f.a .%ka:hg újrKhla iïmdokh l<
wNskj.=ma; èjkHdf,dalh i|yd o èjkHdf,dal f,dapk
kï àldjla iïmdokh flf<a h' ldjHfhka m%ldYs; Ndjuh
yd fi!ka o ¾h mla I h wdia j dokh fuka u újrKh o
iïnkaOfhka rijdoh yd èjksjdoh ix>gkh lsÍu wdkkao-
j¾Okf.ka fuka u wNskj.=m; a f.ka o fï úIhfha ixj¾Okh
i|yd jQ odhl;ajh fia ie,lsh yels h'
tfldf<dia jk ishji wjidkfha my< jQ l=ka;l
ldjHfha wd;auh fia ie,l=fõ jfl%dala;sh hs' Tyq fï woyi
jfl%dala;s Ôú; kï lD;sfhka újrKh lrhs' jfl%dala;s
ixl,amh jdukf.a ldjHd,xldr iQ;% kï .%ka:fhka y÷kajd
8
fok ,oaols' wNskj.=ma;f.a YsIHhl= jk lafIafïkaø T!Ñ;H
úpdr p¾pd kñka .%k: a hla iïmdokh lrñka ldjHfha wd;auh
T!Ñ;Hh hs hk u;h bÈßm;a flf<a h' úYajkd:f.a idys;H
o¾mKh o ri - èjks isoaOdka; fol u flfrys wjOdkh
fhduq lrkakls' uïugf.a ldjH m%ldYh yd c.kakd:f.a ri
.x.dOrh o fï u;jdo idlÉPd lrk lD;s folls' wjikg
i|yka lrk ,o lD;sh 17 jk ishjig wh;a fjhs' th Ñrka;k
Ndr;Sh idys;Hl,d úpdr iïm%odfha wjidkh i,l=Kq lrk
lD;sh fia ie,fla'
rijdoh l=ula i|yd o hk m%Yakh flfrys ó <`.g
wfma wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= fjhs' tys ,d uqLH wjYH;djla
jkafka rih hkak újrKh lsÍu hs' zriZ hkqfjka fmrÈ.
fi!kao¾h úoHdfjys ye¢kafjkafka l,d lD;shlska ,efnk
fi!kao¾h úkaokh hs' l,d lD;shlska fi!kao¾h úkaokhla
W;amdokh jkafka flfia o hkak Nr; úiska újrKh lrkq
,en we;( ri W;amdokh jkafka l,d ks¾udKhl .eí jk
Ndjhkaf.A ixfhda.fhks' zzúNdjdkqNdjjHdNspdÍ ixfhda.doa
ri ksIam;a;s#'ZZ fuhska woyia flfrkafka ukqIHhd i;=
ufkdafN!;fõ§ ;;a;ajhla fia ye¢k .; yels h' Ndj
f;jeoEreï fldg ie,fla' ia :dhS N dj" jHNspdÍ fyj;a
i[apdÍNdj yd id;a;aúlNdj hkqfjks'
ia:dhSNdj hkq iaÓr ke; fyd;a ia:djr udkisl
wjia:djls' th l,d lD;sh mqrd me;sÍ ke; fyd;a m%uqL j u;=
ù mj;shs' ñksiqka w;r; rcq;a YsIHhka w;r; .=rejrhd;a
m%uqL jk mßoafoka ish¨ u Ndj w;r ia:dhSNdj m%uqL jk nj
Nr; mjihs' Nr;f.a kdgH Ydia;%fhys r;sh" ydih" fYdalh"
fl%daOh" W;aidyh" Nh" cq.=maidj" úiauh hkqfjka tn÷ uQ,sl
ye`.Sï wgla olajd we;'
i[apdÍ fyj;a jHNspdÍNdj hkqfjka ye¢kafjkafka
ia : dhS N dj mokï fldg .ks ñ ka jyd we;s ke;s jk
ufkdajD;a;Ska nj fmfka' kdgH Ydia;%fhys jHNspdÍNdj 33la
olajd we;' ks¾fõoh" .s,kanj" ielh" b¾IHdj" uoh" Y%uh"
9
w,inj" §knj" is;sú,s" fudayh" iauD;sh" ffO¾hh" ,Êcdj"
pm,nj" i;=g" wdfõ.h" ukaonqoaêh fyj;a cv;dj" .¾jh"
úIdoh" wiykh" ksødj" wmiau drh" kskao' fkd bjiSu "
l¾lINdjh" nqoaêh" jHdêh" Wkaudoh" urKh" ;%dih" wjys;a:
fyj;a ish iajrEmh jid oeóu yd ú;¾lh fyj;a ielh
mÍlaId lsÍu hkq tajd h'
id;a;aúlNdj wgla oelafjhs' i;a;aj .=Kfhka Wmokd
fyhska fïjd id;a;aúl Ndj kñka y÷kajk nj mejfia'
ia;ïN fyj;a .,a .eiS isàu" iafõo fyj;a vyÈh je.sÍu"
frdaudxp fyj;a f,duq oeye .ekSu" iajrNx. fyj;a lgy`v
fjkia ùu" fjjq,Su" YÍr j¾Kh fjkia ùu" l÷¿.e,Su yd
m%,h fyj;a uQ¾Pd ùu hkq id;a;aúlNdj fia ie,flhs' fïjd
o jHNspdÍNdjhkag iudk nj fmkS hhs' tfia o jqj wNskh
ud¾.fhka oelaùfï § id;a;aúlNdj ksrEmKh jHNspdÍNdj
ksrEmKhg jvd ÿIalr fia ie,flhs'
kdgHfha § fyda ldjHfha § fyda fï Ndj ksrEmKh
flfrkqfha flfia o hkak ó <`.g úuid ne,sh hq;= fjhs'
Ndj hkq Ñ;a;jD;a;S ka kï ta j d ndys r f,dal hg m%l g
flfrkqfha flfia o@ ta i|yd jpk" YÍrdjhj yd uqyqfKys
rx.kh fhdod .; hq;= hehs Nr; mjihs' jjk" YÍrdjhj
wdÈh u`.k
s a flfrk bÈßm;a lsÍu zwNskhZ hkqfjka ye¢kafjhs'
wNskh ud¾.fhka bÈßm;a flfrkqfha úNdj" wkqNdj yd
jHNspdßNdj hs' fïjdys ixfhda.fhka rih Wm§'
úNdj hkq Ndj ckkhg fya;= hs' fï iïnkaOfhka
olajkq ,nk m%ios O
a kso¾Ykh kï ld,sodihkaf.a Ydl=k;
a ,fha
kdhl-kdhsld fom<f.a ukfiys r;sh kï ia:dhSNdjh fyj;a
ye`.Su ckkh jk wdldrh hs' ÿIHka; rcqf.a ukfiys r;sh
kï ye`.Su ckkh jkafka Yl=ka;,dj wruqKq fldg f.k h'
tfia fyhska Yl=ka;,d rcq ;=< r;sh bm§ug wruqKq jk
neúka wd,ïnk úNdj fjhs' fhda.H miqìula úiska rcqf.a
ukfiys yg .;a ye`.Su ;Sj% flf¾' ta miqìug idOl lsysmhla
wh;a fjhs' Yl=ka;,d f,i r`. mdk ks<sh Yl=ka;,d fkd j
tfia fjia .;a;shls' weh ia;%S ,d,s;Hh biau;= jk whqßka
10
yeisfrkakS h' ta i|yd fhda.H jia;%" wef.a .uka ,S,dj yd
lgdlaI ksÍlaIK" fhfy<shka yd fnd<| joka f;m,Su wdÈh
bjy,a fjhs' fïjd Woa§mk úNdj fia ie,fla' fï fya;=fjka
Wmka r;sh kï ufkdaNdjh fõÈldj u; ksrEmKh flfrkqfha
,Êcdj" w,inj wdÈ fhda.H id;a;aúlNdj ud¾.fhks' tfia
ksEmKh id;a;aúl wNskh Wmfhda.s lr .ekSu hs' fmï nia
yd fnd<| joka ksid o r;sh WmÈk yd ;Sj% jk nj by;
oelaú‚' ta jQ l,s jdÑldNskh hs' Yl=ka;,djf.a ukyr jia;%
fuka u weh isák iqkaor mßirh o wdyd¾hdNskh hgf;ys ,d
ie,fla'
fukhska i,lk l, Ndj Rcq j iïfmA%IKh l< fkd
yels nj meyeÈ,s fjhs' l< yelafla tajd úúO fõIhkaf.ka
olajd ,Su hs' úNdj yd wkqNdj ksrEmKfhka Ndj ckkh ùu
ixfla;j;a flf¾'
Nr; rih bÈßm;a flf<a kdgHh iïnkaOfhka jqj o
wkH ljr l,d udOHhla iïnkaOfhka jqj o th wod< lr
.; yels wdldrh mYapd;ald,Sk úpdrlhkaf.a wjOdkhg
,la ù we;' úfYaIfhka u ldjHh iïnkaOfhka tys wod<;ajh
§¾> idlÉPdj,g n÷ka ù ;sfí' reøgf.a ldjHd,xldrh fuys
uq,a wjia:djla fia ye¢kaúh yels h' wdkkaoj¾Ok yd
wNskj.=ma; ldjHh iïnkaOfhka ri ixl,amfha wod<;ajh
újrKh l<dyq h' we;af;ka u Nr;f.a lD;sfhys o ldjH
hkak kdgH m¾hdh j fhdod we;s neúka kdgHh uQ,l s jifhka
moH ldjH iajrEmfhka iïmdokh jk nj;a tys ,d moH
ldjHfha wdlD;sldx. fuka u jdla ú,dih yd rpkd Í;sh o
úIhfhys wjOdkh fhduq flfrk nj;a kdgH Ydia;%fha 14
- 17 wOHdhhkaf.ka m%lg fjhs'4 ta wkqj kdgHfha jdÑldNskh
ldjH ks¾udKhla fia ie,lsh yels h' fuhska meyeÈ,s jkafka
wdrïNfha mgka u rijdoh ldjH úpdrh iïnkaOfhka wod<
jQ wdldrh hs' tfia fyhska th fiiq idys;Hdx. úpdrfha §
fhdod .; yels wdldrh úu¾Ykh l< hq;= fjhs'
4. Kane, op.cit., p. 355.
11
 i;f<dia jk ishjiska wk;=re j rijdoh yd fiiq
ldjH úpdr ixl,amdY%s; ixjdoh wjika jQ wkaou oel .;
yels h' ixialD;h rdciNdfõ yd wOHdmk wdh;kfha NdIdj
jifhka w;am;a fldg f.k mej;s ia:dkh fjk;a NdId
úiska w;am;a fldg .kq ,eîu tys ,d tla fya;=jls' fodf<dia
jk ishjfia muK isg isÿ jk uqia,sï ixialD;sfha jHdma;sh
fuys ,d n, meje;ajQ m%n, idOlhls' tys m%;sM,h jQfha
ixialD;h w;f<diaila jQ m%N+ka w;r muKla ixirKh ùu
hs' wdishdkq l,dmfha ÈhqKq od¾Yksl yd l,d;aul ixl:k
i|yd fhdod .ekqKq fiiq NdId - úfYaIfhka Ök NdIdj -
iu`. ñY% ùfuka fyda thska wdNdihla ,eîfuka fyda f;dr
ùu o ixialD;fha yd thska m%ldYs; úIhhkays m%j¾Okh wek
ysàug fya;= jQ nj fmkajd Èh yels h' ixialD; NdId
udOHfhka ix.DyS ; {dkh yd Ñka ;k iïm% o dh wkH
NdIdjkag ke`.Sula o isÿ fkd ù h'
tl=ka úis jk ishjfia mgka hqfrdamSh úoaj;=ka fuka u
Ndr;Sh úoaj;=ka o ixialD; idys;Hh kQ;k hqfrdamh S NdIdjkag
mßj¾;kh lsÍfuys kshqla; jqj o tu`.ska mjd ixialD;
udOHfhka mej;s {dkh iïnkaO úpdrd;aul ixl:khlg
uq, msreKq njla fkd fmfka' fï jk úg ixialD; idys;Hh
blaujd hñka Ndr;fha yd ;;a ixialD;sh me;sreKq l,dmSh
rdcHhkays foaY NdIdjkaf.ka mq¿,a idys;Hhla ìys ù ;sfí'
ta idys;Hh w¾>kh lsÍfuys iu;a jk úpdr kHdhhla jifhka
rijdoh j¾Okh l< yelafla Ñrka;k yd kQ;k wmrÈ.
fi!kao¾h ixl,am iu`. ;=,kh lrñka rijdofha idOkSh
,laIK u;= fldg .ekSfuks'
rijdofha ú.%y flfrk udkisl ;;a;aj iu`. kQ;k
ufkda ú oHd;a u l ú.% y hka y s oela f jk ;okq n oa O idOl
iumd;;ajhla fmkakqï lsÍu o tys kHdhd;aul mokfï
iaÓrNdjhg idOlhla fia .; yels h' wd¾' fÊ' tia' uelafvdaj,a
kue;s ufkdaúoHd{hdf.a Sane Psychology ^1944& lD;sh Wmqgd
olajñka mS' ù' ldfka fmkajd fokafka tys ,d udkj iycdi
14la yd ;okqrEmS mßjdr Ndj 14la olajd we;s nj;a" kdgH-
12
Ydia;%fhys oelafjk ri yd Ndj 8lg iSud ùu kdgHh wei
yd lk hk bkaøsh folg muKla f.dapr jk oDYH - Y%jH
udOHhla ùu fya;=fjka isÿ jQ iSudlrKhla nj;a h'5 woH;k
ufkdaúoHd b.ekaùï wkqidrfhka rijdoh m%;sújrKh l<
hq;= nj fuhska meyeÈ,s fjhs' miq .sh jir 400 muK ld,h
;=< rijdofha fuka u wkH Ndr;Sh idys;H kHdhhkays o
j¾Okhg ;=`vq fok wkaofï wOHhk isÿ fkd ùu o tys
kHdhd;aul j¾Okh iïnkaOfha W!k;djla nj rijdoh
wdY%fhka ngysr idys;H lD;s úpdrhg ,la l< m%sho¾YS
mÜkdhsla fmkajd fohs'6
rijdoh ÈjHuh b.ekaùula h hk m%jdoh o ta iïnkaO
Èhq Kq úpdr l;s l djlg ndOlhls ' Nr; úis k a tf;la
jdfpdaoa.; j mej;s u; ix.%y lrñka kdgH ks¾udKlrejka
i|yd w;afmd;la iïmdokh lroa§ iuld,Sk wkH od¾Yksl
ixl,amj,ska Tyq ,;a wdNdih flfrys úpdrlhkaf.a m%udKj;a
wjOdkh fhduq ù we;s njla fkd fmfka' úfYaIfhka u
fn!oaO iïm%odhfhka Tyq ,;a wdNdih úuid ne,sh hq;a;ls'
fn!oaO b.ekaùïj, fhfok mdßNdIl mo Nr;f.a fhÿï yd
iduHhla olajk nj lsj yels h'7 mer‚ u ixialD; kdgHlrejd
fia ie,flk wYajf>daI yd Tyqf.a lD;s fuka u k¿jka yd
ks<shka iïnkaOfhka md,s idys;Hfha yd fn!oaO ixialD;
idys;Hfha oelafjk kso¾Yk o flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l<
hq;= fjhs'

5' Kane, op.cit., pp. 357-358.

6' Patnaik, op. cit., p. 256.
7' mrKú;dk" fikr;a" zrijdofha uq,Z" ixialD;s" 10 l,d'" 3 i`.rdj"
cq,s - iema;eïn¾ 1969" fld<U" 7-18 msgq'
13
wdfY%ah .%ka: yd f,aLk kdudj,sh(

.ï,;a" iqpß;" ixialD; kdgH l,dj yd wNs{dk Ydl=ka;,h"

fld<U" 1964'
;s,lisß" fÊ'" ixialD; idys;H jxYh - 3( ixialD; kdgH
idys;Hh" fld<U" 1971'
Èidkdhl" úu,a" kj úpdr ixl,am( {dk lafIa;f % hys m%jK;d"
fndr,eia.uqj" 2004'
m[a[dls;a;s" ysßmsáfha" ^mß'& Nr;uqks úrÑ; kdgHYdia;%h"
ldKav i;rls" fld<U" 2007'
mrKú;dk" fikr;a" zrijdofha uq,Z" ixialD;s" 10 l,d'" 3
i`.rdj" cq,s - iema;eïn¾ 1969" fld<U" 7-18 msgq'
udrisxy" fjda,ag¾" ^mß'&" Nr;uqksm%Œ; kdgHYdia;%" m%:u
Nd.h" kqf.af.dv" 1993'
udrisxy" fjda,ag¾" ^mß'&" Nr;uqksm%Œ; kdgHYdia;%" oaú;Sh
Nd.h" fld<U" 2005'
úfÊj¾Ok" Ô' fyaumd," ixialD; ldjH úpdrfha uQ,O¾u"
fld<U" 1967'
Abrams, M.H., A Glossary of Literary Terms,(1999), 7th edition,
New Delhi,, 2006.
Kane, P.V., History of Sanskrit Poetics, (1971), reprint, Delhi,
2002.
Patnaik, Priyadarshi, Rasa in Aesthetics: An Application of Rasa
Theory to Modern Western Literature, Delhi, 1997.
Webster, Roger, Studying Literary Theory: An Introduction, 1990,
2nd edition, London, 1996.

14