PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT

Volume 42, Issue 5, October 2015

Online English edition of the Chinese language journal

Cite this article as: PETROL. EXPLOR. DEVELOP., 2015, 42(5): 691–696. RESEARCH PAPER

Development mechanisms and influencing factors of dump

flooding
SU Haiyang1,*, MU Longxin1, HAN Haiying1, LIU Yongge2, LI Bo1
1. PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Beijing 100083, China;
2. China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China

Abstract: Aiming at the problem that the theory of dump flooding is not mature, this study examined the suitable reservoir conditions
for dump flooding, defined the concept of “dump flooding threshold pressure” and its expression based on fluid mechanics and reservoir
engineering fundamentals, and proposed the computing method of water injection rate, producing rate, water layer pressure, oil layer
pressure, cumulative injection and cumulative production. It gave the corresponding computing program according to the proposed com-
puting method, and made a case study and analyzed the factors affecting dump flooding using the program. The dump flooding comput-
ing methods are reasonable and applicable; when water reserve-oil reserve ratio is less than 60, production plateau extends with and oil
recovery increases with the increase of water reserve-oil reserve ratio, when water reserve-oil reserve ratio is more than 60, the effect of
the ratio of water reserve to oil reserve is negligible; the timing of dump flooding has a significant effect on production plateau and oil
recovery, the later the dump flooding injection timing, the more completely the formation energy will be used, the longer the production
plateau and the higher the recovery will be.

Key words: dump flooding; development pattern; threshold pressure; stable production duration; recovery rate; water injection timing

Introduction 1. Mechanism of dump flooding

Dump flooding refers to the process in which water in
high-pressure water layer flows into low-pressure oil layer
under pressure differential through casing to maintain reser-
voir pressure and displace oil[1]. At present, dump flooding is
mainly used to supplement energy before water flooding, and
is suitable for regions where ground water is scarce[2−3]. This
technique has been rarely used in China, with only precedent
in the Pinghu oilfield[4]; while the research in this aspect has
been started since the 1970s, and the technique has been used
mostly in the Middle East[5−8].
The published papers on dump flooding are mainly on its
application, while the mechanisms of dump flooding haven’t
been examined systematically. Davies C A[1] discussed the
calculation method of dump flooding injection rate without
considering the situation after water breakthrough. In this
study, the mechanisms of dump flooding have been studied
further, a method of calculating water injection rate, oil pro-
duction rate, oil layer pressure and water layer pressure in the
process of dump flooding has been worked out, and the ap-
plication effect of this method has been analyzed.
1.1. Threshold pressure of dump flooding
Dump flooding needs enough differential pressure between
water layer and oil layer to overcome differential pressure
between water layer and wellbore, friction pressure loss in
wellbore, water column pressure in wellbore and water injec-
tion differential pressure between wellbore and oil layer[9−10].
In order to quantify this process, according to the research
achievement of document [11], the concept of “threshold
pressure of dump flooding” is defined in this paper, that is the
water layer pressure which can maintain the balance of in-
jected and produced fluid in oil layer at designed production
rate through dump flooding, and likewise, the “threshold wa-
ter injection rate of dump flooding” is defined as water injec-
tion rate which can keep the injected and produced fluid bal-
ance in oil layer at designed production rate through dump
flooding. Based on the definition, threshold pressure of dump
flooding can be expressed as follows:
pth = poi + pob + pf + pwb + ph (1)
The differential pressure between water layer and wellbore
is

Received date: 31 Aug. 2014; Revised date: 27 May 2015.

* Corresponding author. E-mail: shyshy@petrochina.com.cn
Foundation item: Supported by the PetroChina Science and Technology Major Project.
Copyright © 2015, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina. Published by Elsevier BV. All rights reserved.
 SU Haiyang et al. / Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2015, 42(5): 691–696

pwb = qth J w (2) sure and the differential pressure between water layer and oil
The differential pressure between wellbore and oil layer is layer will decrease constantly, based on equation (9), the wa-
pob = qth I w (3) ter injection rate will decrease too. When water injection rate
Based on Darcy-Weisbach equation[12], the friction pressure is lower than oil production rate, the oil layer pressure also
loss in wellbore is begins to decrease. When the oil layer pressure decreases to a
2 critical pressure that can’t maintain the stable liquid produc-
h v2 h ⎛ qth ⎞
pf = a ρ w g λ = aρw λ ⎜ ⎟ (4) tion, the production will turn to produce at a stable bottom
d 2g 2d ⎝ A0 ⎠
hole pressure, at this point, the liquid production rate can be
The friction factor is expressed as
0.316 4 μw Aμ qL = qo + qw = J L ( po − pw f ) (16)
λ= = 0.316 4 4 = 0.316 4 4 0 w (5)
4
Re ρ w vd ρ w qth d The critical pressure can be calculated as
Water column pressure in wellbore is q
pc = pwf + c (17)
ph = bρ w gh (6) JL
Substituting equations (2)-(6) into equation (1) we can get Before water breakthrough, qw=0, Wp=0, qL=qo, the produc-
2
qth qth h ⎛ qth ⎞ tion index is constant. Based on equations (9)-(13), (15) or (16)
pth = poi + + + aρw λ ⎜ ⎟ + bρ w gh (7) we can get the 6 unknown parameters: qiw, Wiw, qo, Np, po, pw,
Iw Jw 2d ⎝ A0 ⎠
the computing process is shown in Fig. 1.
The threshold pressure of dump flooding can be computed
At the point of water breakthrough, based on Buck-
by equation (7). The reservoir can be developed at the de-
ley-Leverett theory[14] we can get
signed production rate by dump flooding technology only if
f ′( S ) T
the water layer pressure is above the threshold pressure. L = w wf ∫ qi w dt (18)
φA 0

1.2. Calculation of dump flooding The cumulative water injection at the point of water break-
During dump flooding, the water injection rate is controlled through is
by the water layer pressure and oil layer pressure, conversely, T φ AL
Wiw(T ) = ∫ qiw dt = (19)
the water injection rate affects the water layer pressure and oil
0 f w ′( S wf )
layer pressure, and the production plateau and recovery, so the Based on oil-water relative permeability curve we can get
calculation of water injection rate is very important. Assuming
at a time t, water injection rate is qiw, oil production rate in the
oil layer is qo, water production rate is qw, water layer pressure
is pw, oil layer pressure is po, based on pressure relationship
we can get
pw = po + pob + pf + pwb + ph (8)
With the same derivation as equations (2)-(7), we can get
2
q q h ⎛ qiw ⎞
pw = po + iw + iw + a ρ w λ ⎜ ⎟ + bρ w gh (9)
Iw Jw 2d ⎝ A0 ⎠
The cumulative water injection, cumulative oil production
and cumulative water production at time t are
t
Wiw = ∫ qiw dt (10)
0
t
N p = ∫ qo dt (11)
0
t
Wp = ∫ qw dt (12)
0
[13]
For the oil layer, based on material balance equation we
can get
Wi w − N p Bo − Wp = N o BoiCto ( po − poi ) (13)
For the water layer, based on material balance equation we
can get
Wiw = N w Bw Ctw ( pwi − pw ) (14)
If the oil layer is producing at constant liquid production
rate, then
qL = qo + qw = qc (15)
With the ongoing of dump flooding, the water layer pres- Fig. 1. Schematic of dump flooding computing program.
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 SU Haiyang et al. / Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2015, 42(5): 691–696

the relationship fw-Sw and fw′-Sw, and then the fw′(Swf) value pressure, oil layer pressure, cumulative water injection, cu-
can be worked out, finally the Wiw(T) value is obtained based mulative water and oil production at any time during dump
on equation (19). Based on the Wiw(T) value we can get the flooding.
water breakthrough time.
2. Application of dump flooding computing
After water breakthrough, equation (18) can be written as
method
f ′( S ) t
L = w wo ∫ qiw dt (20)
φA 0 2.1. A case study
So we can get The N reservoir in the Middle East is in a desert with scarce
φ AL φ AL ground water. There is an M water layer 1478 m above the N
f w ′( S wo ) = t
= (21)
Wiw
∫q0
iw dt reservoir (shown in Fig. 2). The N reservoir consisting of
quartz sandstone of weak heterogeneity, has a porosity of
Based on oil-water relative permeability curve we can get
18%−21%, permeability of about 500−700×10−3 μm2, initial
the relationship fw-Sw and fw′-Sw, in combination with fw′(Swo)
reservoir pressure of 39.34 MPa, saturation pressure of 19.24
value from equation (21) we can get the water cut at exit end
MPa, thickness of 15 m, the injectivity index of 116.74
fw(Swo), so the water production rate and oil production rate at
m3/(d·MPa), and production index of 104.87 m3/(d·MPa). The
a point after water breakthrough are
qw = q L f w (22) M water layer has water reserves 15 times of the oil reserves
in N reservoir, a porosity of about 22.4%, permeability of
qo = qL (1 − f w ) (23)
600×10−3 μm2, initial formation pressure of 25.48 MPa;, and
After water breakthrough, the production index JL changes the injectivity index of 137.16 m3/(d·MPa). The fluid proper-
with the water cut. According to the document [15], the ratio ties are as follows: the oil volume factor at initial reservoir
of production index at a point after water breakthrough to pressure is 1.49, formation water viscosity is 0.68 mPa·s, oil
production index at the point with water cut of 0 is viscosity is 0.90 mPa·s, compressibility coefficient of oil is
J L K ro ( S w ) K rw ( S w ) μo 24.5×10−4 MPa−1, compressibility coefficient of formation
= + (24)
J L0 K ro ( S wi ) K ro ( S wi ) μ w water is 5.66×10−4 MPa−1, and compressibility coefficient of
The production index at different water cut after water rock is 8.73×10−4 MPa−1. The well pattern is row pattern, with
breakthrough can be calculated based on equation (24). well spacing of 500 m, row spacing of 500 m, and the well-
After water breakthrough, based on the 11 equations bore diameter is 0.1778 m. The minimum pressure during
(9)-(15)(or (16)), (21)—(24) and permeability curve we can reservoir development must be higher than saturation pressure,
get the 11 unknown parameters: qiw, Wiw, JL, qL, fw, qo, Np, qw, so the minimum bottom hole pressure pwf is set to be 20 MPa.
Wp, pw, po, the computing process is shown in Fig. 1. From the above reservoir conditions, it can be seen the N
From the process of computing the dump flooding parame- reservoir and the M water layer have high porosity, high per-
ters, we can find that the difference between artificial water meability, weak anisotropy, high production index and high
flooding and dump flooding is embodied in equation (9), that injectivity index, and the oil viscosity is low, so the N reser-
is the water injection rate in dump flooding is controlled by voir is suitable for dump flooding (Fig. 3).
the water layer pressure and oil layer pressure.
2.1.1. Calculation of dump flooding threshold pressure
Equation (9) is a nonlinear equation about qiw which can be
solved by Newton iterative method [16]. Let F (qiw) be the The initial pressure of N reservoir was 39.34 MPa which is
function of qiw:
2
qiw qiw h ⎛ qiw ⎞
F ( qiw ) = po − pw + + + aρw λ ⎜ ⎟ + bρ w gh (25)
I w Jw 2d ⎝ A ⎠
2
1 1 h h ⎛ qiw ⎞
F ′ ( qiw ) =
+ + a ρ w λ 2 qiw + a ρ w ⎜ ⎟ λ ′(qiw )
I w Jw dA 2d ⎝ A ⎠
(26)
Give equation F(qiw)=0 an initial solution qiw(n=0), then
Fig. 2. Profile of N reservoir and M water layer.
F ⎡⎣ qiw ( n ) ⎤⎦
qiw ( n +1) = qiw ( n ) − (n=0, 1, …, N) (27)
F ′ ⎡⎣ qiw ( n ) ⎤⎦
Set an error bond ε, if |qiw(n+1)−qiw(n)|≤ε, then qiw(n+1) is the
solution of F(qiw)=0, that’s the solution of equation (9). Fi-
nally, we get the water injection rate at any time.
A computing program of dump flooding has been made
based on the above mechanism, the program can compute
water injection rate, oil and water producing rate, water layer Fig. 3. Schematic of dump flooding in N reservoir.

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 SU Haiyang et al. / Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2015, 42(5): 691–696
much higher than saturation pressure of 19.24 MPa and initial
water layer pressure of 25.48 MPa, so firstly an expansion
drive was taken for the reservoir to decrease the reservoir
pressure and build a differential pressure between N reservoir
and M water layer, then dump flooding was taken. In this case,
the development mode was converted from expansion drive to
dump flooding when the N reservoir pressure decreased to the
critical pressure that can’t maintain the stable liquid produc-
tion, from equation (17) we can get the critical pressure is
23.79 MPa, this is also the pressure poi at the beginning of
dump flooding.
The plateau production was 397.5 m3/d. Based on the defi-
nition of dump flooding, to satisfy injection and production
balance under designed production rate during dump flooding,
the injection and production rate should be 592 m3/d. Other
parameters needed are as follows: reservoir injectivity index
of 116.74 m3/(d·MPa), differential pressure between N reser-
voir and wellbore of 5.07 MPa, production index of M water
layer of 137.16 m3/(d·MPa), differential pressure between
wellbore and M water layer of 4.31 MPa, wellbore length
between M water layer and reservoir of 1 478.9 m, friction
pressure loss in wellbore of 0.01 MPa, water column pressure
in wellbore of 14.48 MPa. Based on equation (7) and the
above parameters, the calculated threshold pressure of dump
flooding for the N reservoir is 18.69 MPa, much lower than
the M water layer pressure of 25.48 MPa, so N reservoir can
be developed by dump flooding.
2.1.2. Calculation of dump flooding parameters
The dump flooding parameters of N reservoir were calcu-
lated based on the dump flooding computing program to
evaluate the development effect of dump flooding in the N
reservoir.
The changes of water injection rate, oil production rate, oil
layer pressure, water layer pressure with time were computed
and compared with the results computed by Eclipse software
(Figs. 4 and 5) . The friction pressure loss in wellbore was
computed by multiple well model in Eclipse model:
Fig. 4. Curve of reservoir pressure, water layer pressure with
time during dump flooding.
− 694 −
Fig. 5. Curve of injection rate, production rate with time during
dump flooding.
h
pf = 2 f ρwv2 (28)
d
The calculation method of friction pressure loss used in
equation (28) is a little different from that used in equation (4),
but the friction pressure loss in the wellbore is very small, so
the difference of these two methods had little effect on the
computing results. The result computed by the model in this
paper and that computed by Eclipse software are nearly the
same, indicating the computing method in this paper is reli-
able.
Dump flooding was started in N reservoir when the reser-
voir pressure decreased to 23.79 MPa. In the initial phase, the
differential pressure between oil layer and water layer was
high, so the dump flooding rate was large and the oil layer
pressure increased a little; then as the dump flooding rate de-
creased constantly and the production rate of the oil layer
stayed the same, the oil layer pressure decreased slowly. The
oil layer pressure had been kept above 60% of initial pressure
for 2.92 years and the water layer pressure continuously de-
creased (Fig. 4).
The dump flooding rate was 1 005.77 m3 at maximum in
the beginning, and then it gradually decreased as the differen-
tial pressure between oil layer and water layer decreased. Wa-
ter broke through 1.78 years after the dump flooding, then
water cut increased and oil production decreased rapidly (Fig.
5). Five years after the dump flooding started, the cumulative
oil production was 438 891 m3, cumulative water production
was 167 759 m3.
The production plateau would only last for 0.6 years if the
reservoir was developed by expansion drive. Dump flooding
make the production plateau 1.78 years longer and the recov-
ery 6.37% higher (Fig. 6).
The calculation results show that, the dump flooding in N
reservoir was good at keeping reservoir pressure, maintaining
production plateau and improving oil recovery.
2.2. Factors affecting dump flooding
2.2.1. Water-oil reserve ratio
In the above case, water reserves is 15 times the oil reserves,
 SU Haiyang et al. / Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2015, 42(5): 691–696
Fig. 6. Oil production curve of dump flooding and expansion
drive.
Fig. 7. Effect of water-oil reserve ratio on dump flooding pro-
duction plateau and recovery.
assuming the water-oil reserve ratio is 1, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90,
105, 120 respectively, the effect of different water-oil reserve
ratio on dump flooding development is investigated (Fig. 7).
To find out the effect of different water-oil reserve ratio on
production plateau, the program was changed to produce at a
constant oil rate. The results show that when water-oil reserve
ratio is less than 60, production plateau extends with the in-
crease of water-oil reserve ratio, when water-oil ratio is more
than 60, its effect is negligible. The longest production plateau
is about 5.46 years.
Then the effect of different water-oil reserve ratio on re-
covery was studied. The results show that when water-oil re-
serve ratio is less than 60, oil recovery increases with the in-
crease of water-oil reserve ratio, when water-oil ratio is more
than 60, its effect is also negligible. The highest recovery of
dump flooding is 19.08%.
2.2.2. Timing of dump flooding
In the above case, the N reservoir was developed by expan-
sion drive firstly, when the reservoir pressure decreased to the
critical pressure that couldn’t maintain the production plateau
(60% of the initial reservoir pressure), it was converted to
dump flooding. At the water-oil reserve ratio of 15, assuming
the development mode was converted from expansion drive to
dump flooding when the reservoir pressure decreased to 100%,
− 695 −
Fig. 8. Effect of dump flooding timing on production plateau
and recovery.
90%, 80%, 70%, 60% of the initial reservoir pressure respec-
tively, the effect of dump flooding conversion timing on de-
velopment result was studied (Fig. 8). The program was im-
proved to consider the two phases of expansion drive and
dump flooding.
The results show that the later the timing of dump flooding
conversion, the longer the production plateau and the higher
the recovery of expansion drive + dump flooding, that’s be-
cause the formation energy is more fully used. Therefore, the
later the timing of dump flooding conversion will be better.
But the time shall not be too late because the dissolved gas
will release and have an adverse effect on the development.
So the best timing of dump flooding conversion should be be-
fore the reservoir pressure decreases to the saturation pressure.
3. Conclusions
Dump flooding needs enough differential pressure between
water layer and oil layer to overcome differential pressure
between water layer and wellbore, friction pressure loss in
wellbore, water column pressure in wellbore and water injec-
tion differential pressure between wellbore and oil layer. That
is to say the water layer pressure should be higher than the
threshold pressure of dump flooding.
Based on fundamental of fluid mechanics and reservoir en-
gineering, the expression of dump flooding threshold pressure
was built, the computing method of water injection rate, oil
and water producing rate, water layer pressure, oil layer pres-
sure, cumulative water injection, cumulative water and oil
production during dump flooding have been proposed, and the
computing program was compiled by VB. A case study of the
dump flooding computing method show that the method sim-
ple in principle, reasonable and reliable in calculation results,
is suitable for calculating dump flooding parameters.
The factors affecting dump flooding were analyzed by us-
ing the computing program. The results show that when wa-
ter-oil reserve ratio is less than 60, production plateau extends
and oil recovery increases with the increase of water-oil re-
serve ratio, when water-oil reserve ratio is more than 60, its
effect is negligible; the timing of dump flooding conversion
 SU Haiyang et al. / Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2015, 42(5): 691–696
has a significant effect on production plateau and oil recovery,
the later the timing of dump flooding conversion, the longer
the production plateau and the higher the recovery of the res-
ervoir will be.
Nomenclature
A—sectional area of the flow region, m2;
A0—sectional area of the wellbore, m2;
a, b—unit conversion factor, a is 2.296 68×10−15, b is ±1×10−6, b is
negative when the water layer is above the oil layer, b is positive
when water layer is below the oil layer;
Bo—volume factor of oil, m3/m3;
Boi—initial volume factor of oil, m3/m3;
Bw—volume factor of water, m3/m3;
Cto—total compressibility of the oil layer, MPa−1;
Ctw—total compressibility of the water layer, MPa−1;
d—wellbore diameter, m;
f—Fanning factor;
fw—water cut;
fw′—derivate of water cut;
g —acceleration of gravity, m/s2;
h—the length of the wellbore between water layer and oil layer, m;
Iw—injectivity index of the oil layer, m3/(d·MPa);
JL—production index of the oil layer, m3/(d·MPa);
JL0—production index when water cut is 0, m3/(d·MPa);
Jw—production index of the water layer, m3/(d·MPa);
Kro—relative permeability of oil phase;
Krw—relative permeability of water phase;
L—well spacing between injection and production well, m;
n—number of iterations;
N—end number of iterations;
No—reserves of the oil layer, m3;
Np—cumulative oil production, m3;
Nw—reserves of the water layer, m3;
pc—critical pressure, MPa;
pf —friction pressure loss in wellbore, MPa;
ph—water column pressure in wellbore, MPa;
po—oil layer pressure, MPa;
pob—differential pressure between wellbore and oil layer, MPa;
poi—initial oil layer pressure at the beginning of dump flooding, MPa;
pth—threshold pressure of dump flooding, MPa;
pw—water layer pressure, MPa;
pwb—differential pressure between water layer and wellbore, MPa;
pwf —minimum bottom hole pressure, MPa;
pwi—initial water layer pressure, MPa;
qc—stable liquid production rate of the oil layer, m3/d;
qiw—water injection rate of dump flooding, m3/d;
qL—liquid production, m3/d;
qo—oil production, m3/d;
qth—threshold water injection rate of dump flooding, also thresh-
old water production rate of water layer, m3/d;
qw—water production rate of water layer, m3/d;
Re—Reynolds number;
Sw—water saturation, f;
Swf —frontal water saturation of water flooding, f;
Swi—initial water saturation, f;
Swo—water saturation at exit end, f;
t —water injection time, d;
− 696 −
T—water breakthrough time, d;
v —flow velocity of water in wellbore, m/s;
Wiw—cumulative water injection, m3;
Wiw(T)—cumulative water injection when water breaks through, m3;
Wp—cumulative water production, m3;
λ—hydraulic friction coefficient, f;
μo—oil viscosity, mPa·s;
μw—water viscosity, mPa·s;
ρw—formation water density, kg/m3;
φ —porosity of oil layer, %.
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