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Adaptive Mho Type Distance Relaying Scheme with Fault Resistance

Compensation

Conference Paper · June 2013

DOI: 10.1109/PEOCO.2013.6564545

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 2013 IEEE 7th International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO2013), Langkawi, Malaysia. 3-4 June 2013
Adaptive Mho Type Distance Relaying Scheme
with Fault Resistance Compensation
Muhd Hafizi Idris, Member, IEEE, Mohd Saufi Ahmad, Ahmad Zaidi Abdullah, Surya Hardi
School of Electrical System Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Perlis,
Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
Abstract-- This paper describes an adaptive distance relaying
scheme which can eliminate the effect of fault resistance on
distance relay zone reach. Distance relay is commonly used as
main protection to protect transmission line from any type of
fault. For a stand-alone distance relay, fault resistance can make
Mho type distance relay to be under reached and thus the fault
will be isolated at a longer time. In this scheme, the relay detects
the fault location using a two-terminal algorithm. By knowing
fault location, fault voltage at the fault point can be calculated by
using equivalent sequence network connection as seen from local
terminal. Then, fault resistance is calculated by using simple
equation considering contribution from remote terminal current.
Finally, the compensation of fault resistance is done onto
calculated apparent resistance as seen at relaying point. The
modeling and simulation was carried out using Matlab/Simulink
software. Several cases were carried out and the results show the
validity of the scheme.
Index Terms—Distance relay, Fault location, Fault resistance,
Matlab/Simulink, Mho type, Single line to ground
I. INTRODUCTION
T ransmission line is one of the main components in High
Voltage (HV) and Extra High Voltage (EHV) power
system. The protection of transmission line from any type of
fault is very important because any mis-operation or mal-
operation of protection relays can give a great effect on the
stability of power system entirely. One of the main protection
used to protect transmission line is distance or impedance
relay. It uses the impedance measurement technique to
measure the apparent impedance as seen by the relay at the
relaying point. The inputs for distance relay are three phase
current and voltage phasors during fault occurrence.
Transmission line is segregated into several zones of
protection normally zone 1, zone 2 and zone 3 as shown in
Fig. 1 for relay at substation A [1]. Distance relay acts as main
protection for faults within zone 1 while for zone 2 and zone
3, it acts as backup protection for adjacent line.
Fig. 1. Zones of protection for distance relay
978-1-4673-5074-7/13/$31.00 ©2013 IEEE 208
Zone 1 reach is normally set only up to 80% - 90% of the
protected line. It is not set 100% of the protected line to avoid
relay from under reached or over reached due to current and
voltage measurement errors, transient effect and inaccuracy in
transmission line parameters. If a fault occurred within this
zone where distance relay acts as main protection, the relay
will instantaneously send trip signal to open the circuit
breaker.
To ensure full coverage of the protected line by considering
errors and other effects, zone 2 is set at minimum 120% of the
protected line. It is a common practice to set zone 2 reach
equal to 100% of the protected line plus 50% of the shortest
adjacent line. For faults within zone 2 reach, tripping signal
will be sent at a delayed time where the relay acts as backup
for main protection at adjacent line. The tripping time for zone
2 normally set at several hundred miliseconds.
Backup protection for entire adjacent line is covered by
zone 3 reach. It is normally set at least 1.2 times the
impedance of protected adjacent line. The set tripping time for
zone 3 reach is typically several seconds.
An accurate apparent impedance measurement during fault
occurrence by distance relay is very important because false
measurement might result in delayed tripping signal sent by
distance relay. There are several factors which can lead to
inaccurate apparent impedance measurement such as high
fault resistance, mutual inductance of parallel line, line
charging capacitance and transient effects due to switching of
Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS)
devices [2]-[6].
In this paper, focus is given to compensate the effect of
fault resistance on the accuracy of Mho type distance relay.
Fault resistance can be high or low depending on the nature of
fault. Even a small fault resistance value can make the relay to
be under reached when it is used to protect short transmission
line. The relay also might be under reached when the fault is
near to remote substation terminal. Delayed tripping of circuit
breaker due to under reached of distance relay will make the
power system in stress for a longer time.
II. THEORIES OF THE PROPOSED SCHEME
This section presents the methodologies used to
compensate the effect of fault resistance on the accuracy of
apparent impedance measurement. The process began with
determining the fault location during the occurrence of fault.
There are many techniques currently and previously used to
 2013 IEEE 7th International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO2013), Langkawi, Malaysia. 3-4 June 2013
locate the fault point. The most and commonly used technique
to locate fault at transmission line is impedance based
technique [7]. It measures the impedance by dividing the
fundamental frequency of voltage and current phasors at the
relaying point. It is widely used because of its simplicity and
easy to be adapted to electronic devices. However, this
technique is severely affected by fault resistance value where
the inaccuracy of fault location estimation increases with the
increase in fault resistance.
Available impedance based techniques also can be
classified into one-terminal and two-terminal algorithms.
Because of limitation in gaining measurement parameters,
one-terminal algorithm uses many assumptions in fault
location estimation which may lead to inaccurate result. Two-
terminal algorithm is more accurate than one terminal
algorithm because it uses the voltage and current
measurements from both substation terminals. The data are
sent using low speed communication channel available at the
substation. This algorithm is expected to replace one-terminal
algorithm in the future because of the increasing use of
intelligent electronic devices (IED).
Two-terminal algorithm as was proposed by the author from
the previous research is used to estimate the fault location [8].
The algorithm does not need source impedance parameters
and estimated fault location is not influenced by fault
resistance value. Equation (1) represents the algorithm for
fault location calculation for Single Line to Ground (SLG)
fault while Fig. 2 shows the SLG fault condition at a phase
line.
m (1)
Where;
m = fault location estimation (in per unit)
Z1 = Positive sequence impedance
Z2 = Negative sequence impedance
Z0 = Zero sequence impedance
VA = Phase to ground voltage for local substation
VB = Phase to ground voltage for remote substation
IA = Phase current from local substation
IB = Phase current from remote substation
Fig. 2. Single line to ground fault
Fig. 3 shows the equivalent sequence network connection
for SLG fault as seen from local substation terminal. From the
result of fault location calculated using (1), fault voltage, VF at
209
the fault point can be calculated using (2). The value of fault
resistance, RF then directly calculated using (3). During fault
condition, current from both substations will flow into fault
point and return back to their sources. Hence, the contribution
of current from remote substation must be included into fault
resistance calculation.
Fig. 3. Sequence network connection as seen from local substation terminal
m (2)
Where;
IA0 = Zero sequence component of phase current from local
substation.
RF (3)
Where;
RF = Fault resistance
VF = Fault voltage between fault point and ground
IA = Phase current from local substation
IB = Phase current from remote substation
After the relay calculated the fault resistance, next step is to
compensate the effect of fault resistance on Mho type distance
relay. This is done first by measuring the apparent impedance
at the relaying point. The measurement of apparent impedance
is done by using (4) [9]. The apparent resistance, R and
reactance, X are the real and imaginary values of (4)
respectively.
(4)
Where;
k0 = residual compensation factor and k0 = (Z0-Z1)/kZ1.
I0 = Zero sequence component of neutral current.
After that, the apparent resistance will be subtracted with
fault resistance as shown in (5).
Rcompensated = R – RF (5)
Where;
Rcompensated = Compensated apparent resistance
R = Measured apparent resistance.
 2013 IEEE 7th International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO2013), Langkawi, Malaysia. 3-4 June 2013

The proposed scheme was modeled using Matlab/Simulink

Start software. Table I lists the parameters used for transmission
line model. Fig. 5 shows the overall model for distance relay
V & I phasors from both substation terminals with fault resistance compensation. The function of Analog
Low Pass Filter block is to filter any harmonic components
which may add to the fundamental frequency component of
Calculate fault location, m
voltage and current phasors. Next, the filtered voltage and
current phasors are transferred to Fourier Analysis block. The
Calculate fault voltage, VF function of this block is to extract the magnitude and phase
angle of every voltage and current phasors. Then, the
Calculate fault resistance, RF magnitudes and phase angles are used inside Fault Location
Calculation block. The output of this block is fault location in
kilometer. After that, from the value of fault location, it is
Calculate apparent resistance, R and reactance, X
used inside Fault Resistance Calculation block to calculate
fault voltage and fault resistance.
Subtract fault resistance, RF from apparent Apparent impedance seen by the relay is calculated inside
resistance, R Apparent Impedance Measurement block. The outputs of this
block are apparent resistance and apparent reactance at the
Plot apparent reactance, X versus compensated relaying point. Finally, the compensation is done by
apparent resistance, Rcompensated subtracting the fault resistance from apparent resistance inside
Compensated Apparent Resistance block.
End
TABLE I
Fig. 4. Proposed fault resistance compensation scheme TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS
Line Parameters Value Unit
Fig. 4 shows the overall steps for the proposed fault Line length 47 km
resistance compensation scheme. The final step is to plot the Nominal frequency 50 Hz
apparent reactance versus the compensated apparent resistance Phase to phase voltage 132,000 Volt
on R-X diagram. Positive sequence resistance 0.045531917 Ω / km
Zero sequence resistance 0.151489359 Ω / km
III. MODELING THE PROPOSED SCHEME Positive sequence resistance 0.000617657 H / km
Zero sequence resistance 0.001533983 H / km

thetaIa Out3

magnitude Z

Ia Out4

angle Z

Va Out1 R

Apparent resistance

thetaVa Out2 X

(pi /180 )*u Apparent reactance

Continuous Apparent Impedance
radian 1 Measurement
powergui

Out1 R
Va
fcn Rcompensated
In1
Rf Rcompensated
Out2 thetaVa
(pi /180 )*u
Compensated apparent resistance
Iabc Local In1 Out1 radian 2 Ia
Out7
Rcompensated
In4
Vabc local In2 Out4 thetaIa To Workspace1
Out8
SLG Fault fcn Fl _km

Iabc remote Out7 Vb

In3 Fault Location (km)
Out13

In7 (pi /180 )*u thetaVb

Vabc remote In4 Out10
Out14 radian 3
Transmission Line Analog Low Pass Filter Ib

Out19
thetaIb
In10
RF Out20 (pi /180 )*u
Fault initiation Fault Location Calculation
Va
radian 4
Fourier Analysis thetaVa
Ia
thetaIa fcn Rf
Ib
Fault Resistance (ohm )
thetaIb
m
Fault Resistance Calculation

Fig. 5. Overall model of distance relay with fault resistance compensation.

210
 2013 IEEE 7th International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO2013), Langkawi, Malaysia. 3-4 June 2013

Fig. 7 shows the result of apparent impedance locus for case

IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
This section presents the simulation results of Mho type
distance relay when subjected to fault with a resistive value.
The effectiveness and adaptability of the proposed scheme is
discussed. There are four cases simulated with different fault
locations and fault resistances. Below is the fault data for each
case.
2 during fault occurrence with the same fault location as in
case 1 but with different fault resistance. It can be seen that for
uncompensated apparent impedance locus, fault resistance of
2 Ω has deviated away the final point of locus from zone 1. By
using the proposed scheme, the locus of apparent impedance
stop within the correct zone thus prevent distance relay from
under reached zone 1. The calculated fault location and fault
resistance are 34.55 km and 1.971 Ω respectively.

Case 1 Uncompensated
1. Actual fault location = 35 km
2. Actual fault resistance = 0.01 Ω
Compensated
Case 2
1. Actual Fault location = 35 km
2. Actual fault resistance = 2 Ω

Case 3
1. Actual Fault location = 45 km
2. Actual fault resistance = 0.01 Ω
Fig. 7. Apparent impedance locus for case 2
Case 4
1. Actual Fault location = 45 km Fig. 8 shows the result of apparent impedance locus for case
2. Actual fault resistance = 2 Ω 3 during fault occurrence at 45 km. It can be seen that both
locus for compensated and uncompensated apparent
The selected zone reach settings for Mho type distance impedance stop within the same zone and location. This is
relay at the local substation except Zone 3 are as follow; because the fault resistance is very small compared to line
resistance and the effect is hardly seen. The calculated fault
Zone 1 = 80 % of the transmission line (equal to 37.6 km) location and fault resistance are 44.31 km and 0.1968 Ω
Zone 2 = 100 % + 20 % of the adjacent line (equal to 56.4 km) respectively.

Fig. 6 shows the result of apparent impedance locus for case

1 during fault occurrence at 35 km which is near the reach
setting of zone 1. It can be seen that both locus for
Compensated
compensated and uncompensated apparent impedance stop
within zone 1 at the same location. This is because the fault
resistance is very small compared to line resistance. The
calculated fault location and fault resistance are 34.65 km and
0.06976 Ω respectively.

Uncompensated
Compensated

Fig. 8. Apparent impedance locus for case 3

Fig. 9 shows the result of apparent impedance locus for case

Uncompensated
Fig. 6. Apparent impedance locus for case 1
4 during fault occurrence with the same fault location as in
case 3 but with different fault resistance. It can be seen that for
uncompensated apparent impedance locus, fault resistance of
2 Ω has deviated away the final point of locus from zone 2. By
using the proposed scheme, the locus of apparent impedance
stop within the correct zone thus prevent distance relay from
under reached zone 2. The calculated fault location and fault
resistance are 44.17 km and 1.933 Ω respectively.

211
 2013 IEEE 7th International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO2013), Langkawi, Malaysia. 3-4 June 2013
Compensated
Uncompensated
Fig. 9. Apparent impedance locus for case 4
V. CONCLUSION
The results from the previous part show the adaptability of
the proposed scheme in compensating the effect of fault
resistance from making the Mho type distance relay under
reached. The scheme started with calculating the fault location
using two-terminal algorithm as in (1). Then, the fault voltage
and fault resistance is calculated directly using (2) and (3)
which consider the contribution of current from remote
substation. Then, apparent resistance and apparent reactance
are calculated using (4). Finally, calculated fault resistance
will be subtracted from calculated apparent resistance as
shown by (5).
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VI. REFERENCES
[1] B. Ram and D. N. Vishwakarma, “Power System Protection and
Switchgear”, Tata McGraw Hill, 1995.
[2] M. E. Erezzaghi and P. A. Crossley, “The Effect Of High Resistance
Faults On A Distance Relay”, Power Engineering Society General
Meeting, IEEE, vol. 4, July 2003.
[3] J. Upendar, C. P. Gupta and G. K. Singh , “Comprehensive Adaptive
Distance Relaying Scheme for Parallel Transmission Lines”, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 26, no. 2, April 2011.
[4] T. Kase, Y. Kurosawa and H. Amo, ‘‘Charging Current Compensation
for Distance Protection’’, Power Engineering Society General Meeting,
IEEE, vol. 3, pp. 2683 - 2688, June 2005.
[5] K. Satyanarayana, B. K. V. Prasad and K. Saikrishna, “Effect of Series
FACTS Devices on Distance Protection”, International Conference on
Sustainable Energy and Intelligent Systems, pp. 36 – 41, July 2011.
[6] T. S. Sidhu, R. K. Varma, P. K. Gangadharan, F. A. Albasri, and G. R.
Ortiz,“Performance of Distance Relays on Shunt – FACTS
Compensated Transmission Lines”, IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery, vol. 20, no. 3, July 2005.
[7] M. M. I. Hashim, H. W. Ping and V. K. Ramachandaramurthy,
“Impedance-Based Fault Location Techniques for Transmission Lines”,
TENCON, pp. 1-6, Jan 2009.
[8] M. H. Idris, M. W. Mustafa and Y. Yatim, “Effective two-terminal
single line to ground fault location algorithm”, IEEE International
Power Engineering and Optimization Conference, pp. 246 – 251, June
2012.
[9] M. H. Idris, S. Hardi and M. Z. Hassan, “Teaching Distance Relay
Using Matlab/Simulink Graphical User Interface”, Malaysian
Technical Universities Conference on Engineering and Technology,
November 2012.