UNIT-III

1.a) What is the use of directional antennas? 2Marks

ANS:-1) Efficient usage the frequency spectrum.
2) Avoid increasing the number of cells, k.

b) what are Natural structures? 3 Marks

ANS:-
1) flat terrain
2) Over Over hilly terrain
3) Over water
4) Through foliage areas

c) Explain signal reflections in flat and hilly terrain contours and their
influences. 10 Marks
2.a) Write the equation of effective antenna height gain.
b)what are the advantages of Umbrella pattern antennas?
ANS:- Using umbrella pattern antennas,
1) Energy confirmed in an area can be controlled.
2) An antenna with high gain can be constructed.
3) This reduces the co-channel interference and increases the antenna height.
4) The frequency reuse distance can also be shortened.

c) Explain the sum-and-difference patterns and their synthesis in detail.

10 Marks
ANS:-
3.a) What are the advantages of space diversity technique?
ANS:- The advantages of space diversity are:
1) In space diversity technique two antennas are separated by a distance ‘d’ so as to get
the two input signal with low correlation among fading effects.
2) The antenna would be at a height of ‘h’ from ground level at the cell site. As the
distance ‘d’ between antennas varies with changes in antenna height for both cell site
and mobile antenna .
3) The directional antenna array elements will combine at radio frequency figure (1). Its
antenna pattern can be directed to an end fire or broadside array by design.

b) what is Effective Radiated power?

ANS:- Effective radiated power is defined by multiplying the gain of the antenna with power
delivered to the base of the antenna. It also defines the sum of total power emitted by a base
station. It is measured in watts.
The relation between Effective Radiated Power (ERP) an Effective Isotropic Radiated
Power (EIRP) is,
ERP = EIRP-2dB
Example: If an antenna has a gain of 10 dB and actual power transmitted is 10 W (40 dBm) then
its effective radiated power (ERP) is,
ERP = 10x10
ERP = 100W (50dBm)
c) Explain I) Glass-mounted antennas.
II) Horizontally and vertically oriented space-diversity antennas. 10 Marks
4. a) Give any two effects of human made structures. 2 Marks
ANS:- 1) In an open area.
2) In a suburban area.
3) In an urban area.
b) Give the general formula for mobile radio propagation. 3 Marks
ANS:-

c) Explain the phase difference between direct and reflected paths in detail. 10 Marks
5. a) write the equation of general pattern for a 2N elements array equi-spaced by a
separation ‘d’.
ANS:- The equation of general patten for a 2N elements array equispaced by a separation ‘d’ is,

b)Define Mobile Antennas?

The requirement of a mobile (motor-vehicle-mounted) antenna is an directional antenna

which,can be located so high as possible from the point of reception.
But the physical limitation of antenna height on the vehicle restricts this
requirement.Normally,the antenna should at least clear the top of the vehicle.The different
antennas used at mobile units are,
1.Roof mounted antennas
2.Glass mounted antennas
3.Mobile high gain antennas
4.Horizontally oriented space diversity antennas
5.Vertically oriented space diversity antennas

c) Explain about Umbrella pattern antennas at cell site. 10 Marks

6.Derive the general formula used for signal propagation over water and flat area. 10
Marks
7. Explain a) Human made structures and b) Point-to-point model in detail. 10 Marks
b) Point-to-point model in detail.
8.Explain in detail about minimum separation of cell-site received antennas. 10 Marks
9. a) Explain foliage losses and propagation in near-in distance.
b) Explain long distance propagation. 10 Marks
10.Assume a receiver is located 10km from a 50w transmitter. The carrier frequency is 6
GHZ
and free space propagation is assumed Gt=1 and Gr =1W.
i) Find the power of the receiver.
ii) the magnitude of the electric field at the receiving antenna.
iii) The r.m.s voltage applied to the receiver input assuming that the receiving antenna has
purely
real importance of 50ohms and is matched to the receiver. 10 Marks