Seakeeping of Ships – Assignment 1

SEAKEEPING OF SHIPS
Assignment - 1

Abstract
Long Term Prediction in actual seas

SUBRAMANIAM SREENATH
ID – 28J18103
M1 STUDENT, SHIP DESIGN SUBAREA LAB
NAOE, OSAKA UNIVERSITY

Page | 1 Subramaniam Sreenath

Seakeeping of Ships – Assignment 1

Problem 1 :
A ship is assumed to sail in head seas of the long – crested irregular waves. Plot a long-term
exceedance probability of the vertical acceleration at the bow part (F.P) in the North – Pacific
Ocean. (Probability vs Critical Acceleration).

Input from sensei :

1) Ship Particulars
2) Ship Speed
3) ITTC 1978 Spectrum.
4) Wave table of North Pacific Ocean
5) Response Amplitude Operators of Vertical Accelerations at F.P

Answer :
Step 1) Calculation of Response Spectrum from the encounter spectrum using RAO
𝑔
The given values of RAO are non-dimensional in the form 𝑋𝑎/((𝐿 ) ∙ 𝜁𝑎 ), so we covert it to the
𝑝𝑝

form 𝑋𝑎/ 𝜁𝑎 by multiplying the non-dimensional values with 𝑔/𝐿𝑝𝑝 .

Where, 𝑋𝑎 = 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝜁𝑎 = 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒, 𝐿𝑝𝑝 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑒𝑡. 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑠

The encounter spectrum for given 𝜔 is calculated using ITTC 1978 formula for long-crested waves.
173 2 −5
691
𝑆(𝜔) = 4 × 𝐻1 × 𝜔 × 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− 4 × 𝜔−4 )
𝑇1 3 𝑇1

Where, 𝜔 = 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝑇1 = 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 = 1.073 ∗ 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑇2
And 𝑆(𝜔) = 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑚.
The response spectrum is then calculated by

𝑆𝑟 (𝜔) = (𝑋𝑎/ 𝜁𝑎 )2 × 𝑆(𝜔)

(Some extrapolation is done to extend RAO’s to 𝜔 = 0)

Graphs of encounter spectrum, RAO and response spectrum for 𝐻1 = 2𝑚 & 𝑇2 = 10.5 𝑠𝑒𝑐 is
3
shown,

Page | 2 Subramaniam Sreenath

Seakeeping of Ships – Assignment 1

Encounter Spectrum 𝐻1/3=2𝑚 & 𝑇2=10.5

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
𝑺(𝝎)

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
𝝎

Response Amplitude Operator vertical acceleration at F.P

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
𝑿𝒂/𝜻𝒂

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
𝝎

Response Spectrum 𝐻1/3=2𝑚 & 𝑇2=10.5

12

10

6
𝑺r(𝝎)

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
-2
𝝎

Page | 3 Subramaniam Sreenath

Seakeeping of Ships – Assignment 1

Step 2) Calculation of variance 𝜎 2 from the response spectrum

The variance is calculated by
∞
2
𝜎 = ∫ 𝑆𝑟 (𝜔) 𝑑𝜔
0

Where, 𝑆𝑟 (𝜔) = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑚, 𝜎 2 = 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒.

This calculation is to be done for all the range values of 𝐻1 and 𝑇2 given in the wave table.
3

Step 3) Calculation of short – term exceedance probability 𝒒 of 𝑿𝒂 > 𝑿𝒄

Short term probability 𝑞, is given by,
𝑋𝑐 2
𝑞(𝑋𝑎 > 𝑋𝑐) = exp (− )
2𝜎 2

Step 4) Calculation of long – term exceedance probability Q of 𝑿𝒂 > 𝑿𝒄

∞ ∞
𝑄(𝑋𝑎 > 𝑋𝑐) = ∫ ∫ 𝑞(𝑋𝑎 > 𝑋𝑐) × 𝑝(𝐻1/3 , 𝑇)𝑑𝐻1/3 𝑑𝑇
0 0

Where 𝑝(𝐻1/3 , 𝑇) = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑎 − 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒.

Step 5) Repeat step 3 to step 4 for the different values of 𝑋𝑐

Excel data forecasting function is used for ease of calculation, which will perform same set of
calculations for the multiple values of 𝑋𝑐.
A graph is plotted between 𝐿𝑜𝑔10 𝑄 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋𝑐

P.T.O

Page | 4 Subramaniam Sreenath

Seakeeping of Ships – Assignment 1

Xc Q Log10(Q)
0 1.000E+00 0.00
2 0.234309042 -0.63021095
4 0.075262611 -1.12342072
6 0.027168504 -1.56593427
8 0.009838385 -2.0070762
10 0.003446078 -2.46267485
12 0.001180689 -2.92786432
14 0.000401248 -3.39658706
16 0.000136351 -3.86534077
18 4.64769E-05 -4.33276239
20 1.58611E-05 -4.79966673
22 5.38706E-06 -5.26864781
24 1.80663E-06 -5.74313022
26 5.93751E-07 -6.22639574
28 1.90118E-07 -6.72097671
30 5.90931E-08 -7.22846302
32 1.77999E-08 -7.74958228
34 5.19502E-09 -8.28441278

Xc vs Log10Q
40

35

30

25
Xc

20

15

10

0
-10.00 -8.00 -6.00 -4.00 -2.00 0.00 2.00
Log10Q

End of Problem 1 please refer attached excel sheet for the calculation detail.

Page | 5 Subramaniam Sreenath

Seakeeping of Ships – Assignment 1

Problem 2 :
A ship is assumed to sail in head seas of the long – crested irregular waves. Plot a long-term
exceedance probability of deck wetness at the bow part in the North – Pacific Ocean.
(Probability vs Freeboard Height).

Input from sensei :

1) Ship Particulars
2) Ship Speed
3) ITTC 1978 Spectrum.
4) Wave table of North Pacific Ocean
5) Response Amplitude Operators of
Wave Elevation at F.P

Answer :
The prime logic behind the calculation is that deck wetness is likely to occur when wave
elevation is greater than freeboard height.

Step 1) Calculation of Response Spectrum from the encounter spectrum using RAO
The given values of RAO are in the form 𝑍𝑎/𝜁𝑎 .

Where, 𝑍𝑎 = 𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝐹. 𝑃, 𝜁𝑎 = 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒, 𝐿𝑝𝑝 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑒𝑡. 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑠

The encounter spectrum for given 𝜔 is calculated using ITTC 1978 formula for long-crested waves.
173 2 −5
691
𝑆(𝜔) = × 𝐻1 × 𝜔 × 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− × 𝜔−4 )
𝑇14 3 𝑇14

Where, 𝜔 = 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝑇1 = 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 = 1.073 ∗ 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑇2
And 𝑆(𝜔) = 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑚.
The response spectrum is then calculated by

𝑆𝑟 (𝜔) = (𝑍𝑎/ 𝜁𝑎 )2 × 𝑆(𝜔)

(Some extrapolation is done to extend RAO’s to 𝜔 = 0)

Graphs of encounter spectrum, RAO and response spectrum for 𝐻1 = 2𝑚 & 𝑇2 = 10.5 𝑠𝑒𝑐 is
3
shown,

Page | 6 Subramaniam Sreenath

Seakeeping of Ships – Assignment 1

Encounter Spectrum 𝐻1/3=2𝑚 & 𝑇2=10.5

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
𝑺(𝝎)

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
𝝎

Response Amplitude Operator wave elevation at F.P

6

3
Z𝒂/𝜻𝒂

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
-1
𝝎

Response Spectrum 𝐻1/3=2𝑚 & 𝑇2=10.5

18
16
14
12
10
𝑺r(𝝎)

8
6
4
2
0
-2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
𝝎

Page | 7 Subramaniam Sreenath

Seakeeping of Ships – Assignment 1

Step 2) Calculation of variance 𝜎 2 from the response spectrum

The variance is calculated by
∞
2
𝜎 = ∫ 𝑆𝑟 (𝜔) 𝑑𝜔
0

Where, 𝑆𝑟 (𝜔) = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑚, 𝜎 2 = 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒.

This calculation is to be done for all the range values of 𝐻1 and 𝑇2 given in the wave table.
3

Step 3) Calculation of short – term exceedance probability 𝒒 of 𝒁𝒂 > 𝒁𝒄

Short term probability 𝑞, is given by,
𝑍𝑐 2
𝑞(𝑍𝑎 > 𝑍𝑐) = exp (− )
2𝜎 2

Step 4) Calculation of long – term exceedance probability Q of 𝒁𝒂 > 𝒁𝒄

∞ ∞
𝑄(𝑍𝑎 > 𝑍𝑐 ) = ∫ ∫ 𝑞(𝑍𝑎 > 𝑍𝑐) × 𝑝(𝐻1/3 , 𝑇)𝑑𝐻1/3 𝑑𝑇
0 0

Where 𝑝(𝐻1/3 , 𝑇) = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑎 − 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒.

Step 5) Repeat step 3 to step 4 for the different values of 𝒁𝒄

Excel data forecasting function is used for ease of calculation, which will perform same set of
calculations for the multiple values of 𝑍𝑐.
A graph is plotted between 𝐿𝑜𝑔10 𝑄 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍𝑐

P.T.O

Page | 8 Subramaniam Sreenath

Seakeeping of Ships – Assignment 1

Zc Q Log10(Q)
0 1.000E+00 0.00
1 0.546835607 -0.26214321
2 0.31155348 -0.50646739
3 0.18353784 -0.73627438
4 0.111737207 -0.95180219
5 0.06981127 -1.15607446
5.9 0.046328073 -1.33415576
6 0.044284191 -1.35375129
7 0.028245944 -1.5490439
8 0.017973138 -1.74537608
9 0.011350163 -1.94499789
9.5 0.008986487 -2.04641005
10 0.007096469 -2.14895768
11 0.004391421 -2.35739494
12 0.002692021 -2.56992158
13 0.001637043 -2.78593996
14 0.000988913 -3.00484208
15 0.000594161 -3.22609553

Zc vs Log10Q
16

14

12

10
Zc

0
-3.50 -3.00 -2.50 -2.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50
Log10Q

For Zc = 5.9m (Full-load freeboard at F.P), Q = 0.0463

End of Problem 2 please refer attached excel sheet for the calculation detail.

Page | 9 Subramaniam Sreenath

Seakeeping of Ships – Assignment 1

Problem 3 :
A ship is assumed to sail in head seas of the long – crested irregular waves. Plot a long-term
exceedance probability of bow in the North – Pacific Ocean. (Probability vs Freeboard Height).

Input from sensei :

1) Ship Particulars
2) Ship Speed
3) ITTC 1978 Spectrum.
4) Wave table of North Pacific Ocean
5) Response Amplitude Operators of
Wave Elevation at F.P
6) Response Amplitude Operators of
7) Vertical velocity at F.P

Answer :
The prime logic behind the calculation is bow slamming is likely to occur when wave
elevation is greater than depth and vertical velocity at F.P, 𝑼𝒂 > 𝑼𝒄

Step 1) Calculation of short-term exceedance probabilities q of 𝒁𝒂 > 𝒁𝒄 similar to problem 2.

𝑍𝑐 2
𝑞(𝑍𝑎 > 𝑍𝑐) = exp (− )
2𝜎 2

𝑍𝑐 is set as 9.5m which is the draft at F.P

Step 2) Calculation of short-term exceedance probabilities q of 𝑼𝒂 > 𝑼𝒄 similar to problem 1.

1
𝑔 2
In step 2 RAO are in the form 𝑈𝑎/( ( ) ∙ 𝜁𝑎 ), so we covert it to the form 𝑈𝑎/ 𝜁𝑎 by multiplying
𝐿 𝑝𝑝

the non-dimensional values with (𝑔/𝐿𝑝𝑝 )1/2 .

Where, 𝑈𝑎 = 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝐹. 𝑃, 𝜁𝑎 = 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒, 𝐿𝑝𝑝 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑒𝑡. 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑠

Graphs of encounter spectrum, RAO and response spectrum for 𝐻1 = 2𝑚 & 𝑇2 = 10.5 𝑠𝑒𝑐 is
3
shown,

Page | 10 Subramaniam Sreenath

Seakeeping of Ships – Assignment 1

Encounter Spectrum 𝐻1/3=2𝑚 & 𝑇2=10.5

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
𝑺(𝝎)

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
𝝎

Response Amplitude Operator vertical velocity at F.P

6

3
U𝒂/𝜻𝒂

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
-1
𝝎

Response Spectrum 𝐻1/3=2𝑚 & 𝑇2=10.5

18
16
14
12
10
𝑺r(𝝎)

8
6
4
2
0
-2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
𝝎

Page | 11 Subramaniam Sreenath

Seakeeping of Ships – Assignment 1

Short term probability 𝑞, is given by,

𝑈𝑐 2
𝑞(𝑈𝑎 > 𝑈𝑐) = exp (− )
2𝜎 2

Step 3) Multiply the short-term probabilities of 𝑼𝒂 > 𝑼𝒄 and 𝒁𝒂 > 𝒁𝒄

Short term probability of bow slamming 𝑞 ′ , is given by,
𝑞 ′ = 𝑞(𝑍𝑎 > 𝑍𝑐) × 𝑞(𝑈𝑎 > 𝑈𝑐)

′
𝑍𝑐 2 𝑈𝑐 2
𝑞 = exp (− 2 ) × exp (− 2 )
2𝜎 2𝜎

Step 4) Calculation of long – term exceedance probability Q of bow slamming

∞ ∞
𝑄 = ∫ ∫ 𝑞(𝑍𝑎 > 𝑍𝑐) × 𝑞(𝑈𝑎 > 𝑈𝑐) × 𝑝(𝐻1/3 , 𝑇)𝑑𝐻1/3 𝑑𝑇
0 0

Where 𝑝(𝐻1/3 , 𝑇) = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑎 − 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒.

Step 5) Repeat step 2 to step 4 for the different values of 𝑼𝒄

Excel data forecasting function is used for ease of calculation, which will perform same set of
calculations for the multiple values of 𝑈𝑐.
A graph is plotted between 𝐿𝑜𝑔10 𝑄 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑈𝑐

P.T.O

Page | 12 Subramaniam Sreenath

Seakeeping of Ships – Assignment 1

Uc Q Log10(Q)
0 8.995E-03 -2.04600485
2 0.00792772 -2.1008517
4 0.005506088 -2.25915687
6 0.003121201 -2.50567824
8 0.00150549 -2.82232226
10 0.000642361 -3.19222084
12 0.00025029 -3.60155649
14 9.12569E-05 -4.03973414
16 3.17128E-05 -4.49876586
18 1.06444E-05 -4.97288028
20 3.47981E-06 -5.458444
22 1.11206E-06 -5.9538722
24 3.47259E-07 -6.45934673
26 1.05607E-07 -6.9763055
28 3.11291E-08 -7.50683311
30 8.84833E-09 -8.05313879
32 2.41425E-09 -8.6172184

Uc vs Log10Q
35

30

25

20
Uc

15

10

0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
Log10Q

End of Problem 3 please refer attached excel sheet for the calculation detail.

Page | 13 Subramaniam Sreenath