Fluid Machinery

As per Revised Syllabus of Leading Universities including

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Dr. S. Ramachandran
Prof. R. Devaraj
Professors
School of Mechanical Engineering
Sathyabama University
Chennai - 600 119

Mr. YVS. Karthick

AIR WALK PUBLICATIONS

(Near All India Radio)
80, Karneeshwarar Koil Street
Mylapore, Chennai - 600 004.
Ph.: 2466 1909, 94440 81904
Email: aishram2006@gmail.com,
airwalk800@gmail.com
www.airwalkpublications.com
First Edition : 02-02-2017

ISBN : 978-93-84893-66-8
 Syllabus S.1

ME206 FLUID MACHINERY

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
SYLLABUS
Sem.
Module Contents Hours Exam
Marks
I Impact of jets: Introduction to hydrodynamic thrust 7 15 %
of jet on a fixed and moving surface (flat and
curve), - Series of vanes - work done and efficiency.
Hydraulic Turbines: Impulse and Reaction Turbines
- Degree of reaction - Pelton Wheel -
Constructional features - Velocity triangles - Euler’s
equation - Speed ratio, jet ratio and work done,
losses and efficiencies, design of Pelton wheel -
Inward and outward flow reaction turbines - Francis
Turbine - Constructional features - Velocity
triangles, work done and efficiencies
II Axial flow turbine (Kaplan) - Constructional 7 15 %
features - Velocity triangles - work done and
efficiencies - Characteristic curves of turbines -
Theory of draft tubes - Surge tanks - Cavitation in
turbines - Governing of turbines - Specific speed of
turbine, Type Number - Characteristic curves, Scale
Laws - Unit speed - Unit discharge and Unit power.
First Internal Exam
III Rotary motion of liquids - free, forced and spiral 7 15 %
vortex flows Rotodynamic pumps - centrifugal pump
impeller types, - velocity triangles - manometric
head - work, efficiency and losses, H-Q
characteristic, typical flow system characteristics,
operating point of a pump. Cavitation in centrifugal
pumps - NPSH required and available - Type
number - Pumps in series and parallel operations.
Performance characteristics - Specific speed - Shape
numbers - Impeller shapes based on shape numbers.
S.2 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Sem.
Module Contents Hours Exam
Marks
IV Positive displacement pumps - Reciprocating pump - 7 15 %
Single acting and double acting - Slip, negative slip
and work required and efficiency - Indicator
diagram - Acceleration head - Effect of acceleration
and friction on Indicator diagram - Speed
calculation - Air vessels and their purposes, saving
in work done to air vessels multi cylinder pumps.
Multi stage pumps - Selection of pumps - Pumping
devices - Hydraulic ram, Accumulator, Intensifier,
Jet pumps, gear pumps, vane pump and lobe pump.
Second Internal Exam
V Compressors: classification of compressors, 7 20 %
reciprocating compressor-single stage compressor,
equation for work with and without clearance
volume, efficiencies, multistage compressor,
intercooler, free air delivered (FAD).
VI Centrifugal compressor - working, velocity diagram, 7 20 %
work done, power required, width of blades of
impeller and diffuser, isentropic efficiency, slip
factor and pressure coefficient, surging and chocking.
Axial flow compressors: working, velocity diagram,
degree of reaction, performance. Roots blower, vane
compressor, screw compressor.
End Semester Exam
 Contents C.1

CONTENTS
Module 1 / Part 1
Impact of Jets
1.1 Impact of Jets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1
1.2 Hydrodynamic Thrust of Jet on A Fixed Surfaces . . . . . . 1.1
1.2.1 Impact of jet on a stationary (fixed) vertical plate 1.1
1.2.2 Impact of jet on fixed curved plate . . . . . . . . . 1.3
1.3 Impact of Jet on A Hinged Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9
1.4 Hydrodynamic Thrust of Jet on A Moving Surface
(Flat and Curved Plates) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.13
1.4.1 Thrust of jet on a flat vertical plate moving in
the direction of jet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.13
1.4.2 Thrust on the inclined plate moving in
the direction of jet (in x direction) . . . . . . . . . 1.14
1.4.3 Impact of the jet on moving curved plate in
the direction of jet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.19
1.4.4 Force exerted by a jet of water on moving curved
vane, when it strikes tangentially at one end. . . 1.25
1.5 Thrust of Jet of Water on Series of Vanes . . . . . . . . . . . 1.31
1.5.1 Workdone per second (or) Power of jet on a
series of a radial curved vanes . . . . . . . . . . . 1.32
1.5.2 Efficiency of the Radial curved vane . . . . . . . . 1.33

Module 1 - Part 2
Hydraulic Turbines
1.6 Hydraulic Turbines - Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.39
1.7 Classification of Hydraulic Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.39
1.8 Euler’s Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.40
1.9 Velocity Triangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.44
1.10 Degree of Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.47
1.11 Pelton Turbine (or) Pelton Wheel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.49
C.2 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

1.11.1 Working of a Pelton Wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50

1.11.2 Velocity triangle and work done for a
Pelton wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.51
1.11.3 Efficiencies of a Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.54
1.11.4 Points to be remembered for the design of
Pelton wheel turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.55
1.12 Governing of Pelton Wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.77
1.13 Solved University Problems on Pelton Wheel. . . . . . . . . 1.79

Module 1 - Part 3
Reaction Turbines
1.14 Reaction Turbines – Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.92
1. Radial Flow Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.92
2. Axial Flow Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.92
3. Mixed Flow Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.92
1.15 Francis Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.95
1.15.1 Working of a Francis Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . 1.95
1.15.2 Velocity Triangles and work done by water
in Francis Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.96
1.15.3 Hydraulic Efficiency h for Francis Turbine . . 1.97
1.15.4 Points to be remembered in Francis Turbine . . 1.97
1.15.5 Solved Problems on Francis Turbine . . . . . . . 1.98

Module 2
Axial Flow Reaction Turbines
2.1 Axial Flow Reaction Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1
2.1.1 Working Principle of a Kaplan Turbine . . . . . . 2.2
2.2 Velocity Diagram for Kaplan Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3
2.3 Specific Speed of Turbine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8
2.4 Draft Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.19
2.4.1 Functions of a Draft Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.19
2.4.2 Types of Draft Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.19
 Contents C.3

2.4.3 Theory of Draft tube to find Pressure Head at

the Exit of a Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20
2.4.4 Efficiency of a Draft Tube d . . . . . . . . . . . 2.21
2.5 Cavitation in Reaction Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.23
2.5.1 Effects of Cavitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.24
2.5.2 Precaution against Cavitation . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.24
2.6 Scale Laws and Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.25
2.6.1 Similitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.25
A. Geometric Similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.26
B. Kinematic Similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.26
C. Dynamic Similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.27
2.6.2 Specific Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.27
2.6.3 Unit Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.29
2.7 Characteristic Curves of Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.36
2.7.1 Types of Characteristic Curves . . . . . . . . . . . 2.36
(a) Main Characteristic Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.36
(b) Operating Characteristic Curves . . . . . . . . . . . 2.38
(c) Constant Efficiency Curves or Iso Efficiency Curves 2.38
2.8 Selection of Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.40
2.9 Governing of Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.41
2.9.1 Working of oil pressure governor . . . . . . . . . . 2.42
2.10 Surge Tank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.43
Questions and Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.44
C.4 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Module 3
Centrifugal Pumps
3.1 Rotary Motion of Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1
3.1.1 Forced Vortex flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1
3.1.2 Free Vortex flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1
3.1.3 Cylindrical Vortex flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2
3.1.4 Spiral Vortex flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2
3.2 Pumps: Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2
3.3 Classifications of Pumps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3
3.4 Centrifugal Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3
3.4.1 Main Components of a Centrifugal Pump . . . . . 3.3
3.4.2 Working Principle of a Centrifugal Pump . . . . . 3.4
3.4.3 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5
3.4.4 Velocity triangle and work done by the
Centrifugal Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8
3.4.5 Efficiencies of a Centrifugal Pump . . . . . . . . . 3.11
3.4.6 Minimum Starting Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.12
3.4.7 Centrifugal Pump Proportions . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.13
3.5 H-Q Characteristics of a Centrifugal Pump . . . . . . . . . . . 3.52
3.6 Typical Flow System Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.54
3.6.1 System characteristics curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.54
3.6.2 Pump characteristics curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.55
3.6.3 Operating point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.56
3.7 Priming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.57
3.8 Cavitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.58
3.8.1 Effects of Cavitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.58
3.8.2 Precaution against Cavitation . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.58
3.8.3 Thoma’s cavitation factor for centrifugal pumps . 3.59
3.9 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.59
3.9.1 NPSH Required NPSHR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.60
3.9.2 NPSH Available NPSHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.61
 Contents C.5

3.10 Type Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.62

3.11 Multi Stage Centrifugal Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.62
3.11.1 Multi Stage Pumps for High Heads
(Pumps in Series) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.62
3.11.2 Pumps in Parallel (Multistage pump for
more discharge) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.63
3.12 Performance Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.68
3.12.1 Main Characteristic curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.68
(i) Q v/s H Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.68
(ii) Q v/s  Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.68
(iii) Q v/s P Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.69
3.12.2 Operating Characteristics Curves . . . . . . . . . 3.69
3.13 Model Testing of Centrifugal Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.70
3.14 Specific Speed of Centrifugal Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.72
3.15 Shape Numbers Nq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.80

Module 4
Positive Displacement Pumps
4.1 Reciprocating Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1
4.2 Classification of Reciprocating Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1
4.3 Main Parts of a Reciprocating Pump. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2
4.4 Working of a Reciprocating Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3
4.5 Discharge, Workdone and Power required to drive
a Single Acting Reciprocating Pump. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3
4.6 Discharge, Work Done and Power required to drive
a Double Acting Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4
4.7 Slip of Reciprocating Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6
4.7.1 Negative Slip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7
4.8 Indicator Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.11
4.8.1 Effect of acceleration of piston in suction and
delivery pipes on indicator diagram . . . . . . . . 4.13
C.6 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

4.8.2 Effect of acceleration in the suction pipe and

delivery pipe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.16
4.8.3 Effect of friction in the suction and delivery pipes
on the Indicator Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.19
4.8.4 Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.30
4.9 Maximum Speed of a Reciprocating Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.40
4.10 Air Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.46
4.10.1 Work saved by the air vessels. . . . . . . . . . . 4.47
4.10.2 Work saved in a double acting Pump with
Air Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.50
4.11 Pump Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.66
4.12 Hydraulic Ram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.67
4.13 Hydraulic Accumulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.72
4.14. Hydraulic Intensifiers (or) Boosters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.82
4.15 Various Types of Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.85
4.16 Jet Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.86
4.17 Advantages of Positive Displacement Pumps Over
Dynamic Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.88
4.18. Some Positive Displacement Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.88
I. Gear pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.88
II. Vane pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.88
III. Piston pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.88
4.19 Rotary Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.89
4.19.1 Working Principle of External Gear Pump . . . . 4.89
4.19.2 Volumetric displacement and Theoretical
flow rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.90
4.19.3 Volumetric Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.91
4.19.2 Working Principle of Internal Gear Pump . . . . 4.92
4.19.3 Lobe Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.93
4.19.4 Screw Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.93
4.19.5 Vane Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.94
4.20 Piston Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.96
 Contents C.7

Module 5
Reciprocating Air Compressors
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1
5.2 Classification of Air Compressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1
5.3 Single Acting Reciprocating Air Compressor . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2
5.4 Double Acting Air Compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3
5.5 Single Stage Compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3
5.6 Multi Stage Compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4
5.7 Working Principle of Reciprocating Air Compressors . . . . 5.4
5.7.1 Workdone during Isothermal compression PV  c
without clearance volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6
5.7.2 Workdone during Polytropic compression
[ PVn  constant ] without clearance volume . . . . 5.6
5.7.3 Workdone during Isentropic compression
PV  constant without clearance Volume . . . . 5.8
5.8 Minimum Workdone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9
5.9 Power required to run the Compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9
5.9.1 Clearance Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.12
5.10 Workdone by Reciprocating Air Compressor with
Clearance Volume. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.13
5.11 Isothermal Efficiency of a Reciprocating Air
Compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.14
5.12 Volumetric Efficiency in a Reciprocating Air
Compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.15
5.12.1 Factors affecting volumetric efficiencies . . . . . . 5.16
5.13 Important Technical Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.16
5.14 Single Stage Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.19
5.15 Two Stage Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.50
5.15.1. Complete (or) Perfect Intercooling . . . . . . . . . 5.51
5.15.2 Incomplete (or) Imperfect Intercooling . . . . . . . 5.51
C.8 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

5.15.3 Workdone when perfect and imperfect . . . . . . . .

intercooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.51
5.15.4 Minimum Work Required for 2 Stages and
multi stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.52
5.16 Multistage Reciprocating Compressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.52
5.16.3 Conditions for Minimum Workdone . . . . . . . . 5.55
5.16.4 Intermediate Pressures for Z  Stage compressor
Running under Ideal Condition . . . . . . . . . . 5.57
5.16.5 Heat Rejected per stage per kg of air . . . . . . 5.57
5.16.6 The Change in Entropy in First Stage
Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.57
5.16.7 For Two Stage Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.57

Module 6
Centrifugal Compressors and Axial Flow Compressors
6.1. Centrifugal Compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1
6.1 Principle of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3
6.2 Velocity and Pressure Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4
6.3 Static Temperature and Total Head (or) Stagnation
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4
6.3.1 Stagnation State and Stagnation Properties . . . . 6.6
6.3.2 Stagnation Enthalpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6
6.4 Steady-flow Energy Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7
6.5 Euler’s Equation - (Energy Transfer). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8
6.6 Impeller Blade Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.12
6.7 Velocity Triangle – Work Done, Power Required by
the Centrifugal Compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.14
6.8 Important Formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.16
6.9 Axial Flow Compressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.36
6.9.1 Working Principles of a Compressor Stage . . . . 6.37
6.9.2 Stage Velocity Triangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.38
 Contents C.9

6.9.3 Blade Loading, Flow Coefficients and

Specific Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.40
6.9.4 Static Pressure Rise in a Stage . . . . . . . . . . . 6.40
6.10 Degree of Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.43
6.11 Infinitesimal Stage Efficiency (or) Polytropic
Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.45
6.12 Finite Stage Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.47
6.13 Important Formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.48
6.14 Losses in Axial Flow Compressor Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.50
6.15 Surging and Choking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.51
6.16 Stalling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.53
6.17 Comparison between Reciprocating and Centrifugal
Compressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.54
6.18 Comparison between Reciprocating and Rotary Air
Compressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.55
6.19 Comparison between Centrifugal and Axial Flow
Compressors
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.55
6.20 Various Types of Compressors – Rotary Positive
Displacement Compressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.72
6.20.1 Different Types of Rotary Positive
Displacement Compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.72
6.20.2 Different Types of Rotary Non-positive
Displacement Compressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.72
6.21 Roots Blower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.72
6.21.1 Back Flow of Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.72
6.22 Vane Type Blower of Compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.76
6.23 Screw Compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.82
Twin - Screw compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.82
Single - Screw compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.84
 Module 1 / Part 1
Impact of Jets

Impact of jets: Introduction to hydrodynamic thrust of jet on a fixed

and moving surface (flat and curve), - Series of vanes - work done and
efficiency.
Hydraulic Turbines : Impulse and Reaction Turbines - Degree of
reaction - Pelton Wheel - Constructional features - Velocity triangles - Euler’s
equation - Speed ratio, jet ratio and work done, losses and efficiencies, design
of Pelton wheel - Inward and outward flow reaction turbines - Francis
Turbine - Constructional features - Velocity triangles, work done and
efficiencies

1.1 IMPACT OF JETS

When pressurized water jet strikes on the plate, a force is exerted on
the plate. This is called impact of jets on plates.
1. Force exerted (Impact of jet) on a fixed plate
(a) Plate may be vertical (perpendicular to the jet)
(b) Plate may be inclined to jet
(c) Plate may be curved
2. Force exerted (Impact of jet) on a moving plate

1.2 HYDRODYNAMIC THRUST OF JET ON A FIXED SURFACES

1.2.1 Impact of jet on a stationary (fixed) vertical plate

1. Impact of jet on vertical plate

V  Velocity of jet; d  dia of jet
 2
Area of jet  A  d
4
Initially the jet is moving horizontally (in x direction) with velocity
V1. Finally, it moves with velocity V in y direction ie perpendicular direction.

 Initial velocity in x direction  V

1.2 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

N o zzle y
d

x
P late

Jet of
W a te r

V
Fig:1.1 Im pact of Je t on vertic al Plate

Final velocity in x direction  0

Force is obtained from the Newton’s second law of motion or from
impulse-momentum equation.
Force exerted by the jet on the plate in the direction of jet  Fx

Fx  Rate of change of momentum in x direction

Mass  Initial velocity  Mass  Final velocity


Time
Mass
 Initial velocity  Final velocity
Time
  A V [V  0]  Mass  Mass   A V 
 Time Sec 
 
Fx   A V2 [Final velocity = 0]

2. Impact of jet on fixed inclined plate

  Angle between the jet and plate
Fn  Force exerted by the jet on the plate in the direction normal to the plate

Fx  Component of Fn in x direction (in the direction of flow)

 Impact of Jets 1.3

Fy
V

V
s in
 y

V Fx
x


(9
0
o
d

-
)
Jet F
n
n

P late Fig: 1.2 Im pact of jet on inclin ed Pla te

 Fn cos 90    Fn sin 

Mass
Now Fn  [Initial velocity of jet in n direction  Final velocity
Sec
of jet in n direction]

Fn   A V [V sin   0]   A V2 sin 

Fn  Fn sin    A V2 sin 

Fx  Fn sin    A V2 sin2 

Fy  Fn sin    A V2 sin   cos 

1.2.2 Impact of jet on fixed curved plate

(a) Jet striking the curved plate at centre

Here it is assumed that there is no friction in the plate and hence there
is no loss of energy while jet striking the curved plate and leaving the plate.

Initial velocity of jet striking on plate  V

1.4 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

V
V sin 

V co s  Fina l Velocity

Fixe d
In trial Velo city C urve d
V P late x

Fig: 1.3 Im pact of jet on a fixed curved p late at cen tre

Final velocity of jet leaving the curved plate

in x direction   V cos 

in y direction  V sin 
Force exerted by jet on curved plate
 in x direction   A V  V    V cos     A V  V  V cos  
 in y direction   A V  0  V sin      A V2 sin 
[‘’ sign indicates that force is acting downwards]

180    Angle of deflection of jet

(b) Jet striking the curved plate tangentially at one end

Assume the curved plate is symmetrical about x - axis
  Angle of jet with x axis at inlet and outlet

V  Inlet velocity = Outlet velocity

(Assuming the plate is smooth and loss of energy due to impact is zero)
Mass/sec of jet   A V
 Impact of Jets 1.5

Force exerted by jet on plate

V sin
Fx in x direction V

  A V  V cos     V cos   V co s

  A V  2V cos  
y
 2 A V2 cos 
x
Fy in y direction
  A V  V sin   V sin  
0 V sin 

V
(c) Jet striking the curved Jet

plate (not symmetrical)
V co s 
tangentially at one end
  Angle of jet with x axis at d
inlet
  Angle of jet with x axis at
exit
Hence, force exerted by jet on plate

Fx in x direction   A V  V cos     V cos  

Fx   A V2  cos   cos  

Fy in y direction   A V  V sin   V sin  

Fy   A V2  sin   sin  

Problem 1.1: Find the force exerted by a jet of water of diameter 50 mm

on a stationary flat plate when the jet strikes the plate normally with velocity
of 15 m/s.

Given: Diameter of jet, d  50 mm  0.05 m

Solution
 2 
 Area, A  d  0.052  1.9634  10 3 m2
4 4
1.6 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Velocity of jet, V  15 m/s

The impact of jet of water on a fixed vertical plate  F

F   A V2 where   1000 kg/m3

F  1000  1.9634  10 3  152  441.8 N

Problem 1.2: A jet of water of diameter 40 mm strikes a fixed plate in

such a way that the angle between the plate and the jet is 30. The force
exerted in the direction of the jet is 1500 N. Determine the velocity of jet
and the rate of flow of water.

Given: Diameter of jet, d  40 mm  0.04 m

Solution

 Area, A  0.042  1.26  10 3 m2
4
Angle,   30

Force in the direction of jet, Fx  1500 N   A V2 sin2 

 1500  1000  1.26  10 3  V2  sin2 30

 V2  4774.6

V  69.1 m/s

 Discharge, (rate of flow) Q

Q  Area  Velocity  1.26  10 3  69.1  0.087 m2/s

Q  87.06 liters/s

Problem 1.3: A jet of water of diameter 60 mm moving with a velocity of

30 m/s, strikes on fixed symmetrical plate at the centre, Find the force exerted
by the jet of water in the direction of jet, if the jet is deflected through an
angle of 120 at the outlet of the curved plate.

Given: Diameter of the jet, d  0 mm  0.06 m

 Impact of Jets 1.7

Solution V

 Area, A  0.062  2.827  10 3 
4
Velocity of jet, V  30 m/s A n gle of
D e fle ctio n
Angle of deflection  120 V 

The angle of deflection  180  

 180    120 or
  180  120  60
Force exerted by the jet on the
curved plate in the direction of the jet  Fx

Fx   A V2 1  cos   1000  2.827  10 3  302  1  cos 60  3817 N

Problem 1.4: A 10 cm diameter jet of water exerts a force of 2 kN in the

direction of flow against a stationary flat plate which is inclined at 30 with
the axis of the stream. Find (i) Force normal to the plate (ii) Velocity of
the jet (iii) Mass flow rate of water in kg/s. (May 2012 - Calicut University)

Given: d  10 cm  0.1 m; Fx  2 kN  2000 N;   30

Fy
V

V
s in
 y

V Fx
x

(9
o
0

d
-
)

Jet F
n
n

P late Fig: Imp act of jet on inclined Plate

1.8 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com


Area of jet   0.12  7.854  10 3
4
We know Fx   AV2 sin2 

2000  1000  7.854  10 3  V2  sin2 30

V2  1018.6  V  31.92 m/s

Velocity of jet V  31.92 m/s

Fx  Force normal to the plate   A V2 sin 

 1000  7.854  10 3  31.922  sin 30

 4000 N  4 kN

Mass flow rate of water in kg/s


m   A V  1000  7.854  10 3  31.92  250.7 kg/s
Problem 1.5 Find the force exerted by a 75 mm dia jet on a stationary
flat plate. Jet moves with a velocity of 40 m/s.
(June 2009 - C58184 - Calicut University)
Given: d  75 mm  0.075 m; V  40 m/s
Force exerted on the plate by the jet   A V [V  0]

  A V2
 
 1000    0.0752   402
 4 
 7068.6 N
 7.07 kN
 Impact of Jets 1.9

1.3 IMPACT OF JET ON A HINGED PLATE

A vertical plate is hinged at one end O.
h  height of plate
A  The centre point at which jet strikes the plate
Consider the jet of water striking the hinged vertical plate at point
A. Due to the thrust, the plate with swing through some angle .
B  The point at which jet strikes after it is inclined to an equilibrium
position.

B efore striking
O O

x h

x x 
A

B
A A
d d
W
n
F

Fig: 1.5 (a) Fo rce Fig: 1.5 (b) Fo rce o n a hinged plate
on a hin ged p late A fter striking

x  Distance of centre of jet from hinge O.

 OA  OA  Half height of plate
The weight of plate acts at centre A of the plate.
After striking, when the plate is in equilibrium,
the moment of all forces about hinge should be zero.
There are 2 forces acting on plate.
1. Force Fn due to jet of water, normal to the plate.

Fn   A V2  sin 90   
1.10 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Fn   A V2 cos 

Moment due to force Fn  Fn  OB   A V2 cos   OB

OA
  A V2 cos     AV2 x
cos 

2. Weight of plate,  W

Moment due to W about hinge  W  OA  sin 

 W x sin 

When the plate is in equilibrium, equate both moments.

 A V2 x  W x sin 

 A V2
sin  
W

Problem 1.6: A jet of water of 2.5 cm diameter, moving with a velocity of

20 m/s strikes on hinged square plate of weight 200 N at the centre of the
plate. The plate is of uniform thickness. Find the angle through which the
plate will swing.

Given: Diameter of jet, d  2.5 cm  0.025 m

Velocity of jet, V  20 m/s ; Weight of plate, W  200 N

Solution
 2 
Area of jet, A  d   0.0252  4.9  10 4 m2
4 4

The angle through which the plate will swing  Q

 A V2 4.9  10 4  202

sin    1000 
W 200

 0.98

  78.5
 Impact of Jets 1.11

Problem 1.7: A jet of water of 25 mm diameter strikes a hinged square

plate at its centre with a velocity of 25 m/s. The plate is deflected through
an angle of 20. Find the weight of plate. If the plate is not allowed to
swing, what will be the force required at the lower edge to keep the plate
in vertical position.

Given: Diameter of the jet, d  25 mm  0.025 m

Solution
H ing e
 Area, O
 
A  d2  0.0252  4.9  10 4
4 4
Velocity of jet, V  25 m/s ;
Angle of swing,   20
Jet
V
2 h
AV
sin  
W
4.9  10 4  252 306.8
sin 20  1000  
W W
P
306.8
 W  897 N
sin 20

If the plate is not allowed to swing, a force P will be applied at the

lower edge of the plate as shown in Fig. The weight of the plate is acting
vertically downward through the C.G. of the plate.
Let
F  Force exerted by jet of water   A V2  1000  4.9  10 4  252  30625 N

h  Height of plate  Distance of P from the hinge O

Since jet strikes at the centre of the plate and hence distance of the
h
centre of the jet from hinge  .
2
h
Take moments about the hinge, O, PhF .
2
F  h F 30625
P    153.13 N
2h 2 2
1.12 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Problem 1.8: A square plate weighing 110 N and of uniform thickness and
30 cm edge is hung so that horizontal jet 3 cm diameter and having a velocity
of 12 m/s impinges on the plate. The centre line of the jet is 15 cm below
the upper edge of the plate, and when the plate is vertical, the jet strikes
the plate normally and at its centre. Find what force must be applied at the
lower edge of the plate in order to keep the plate vertical. If the plate is
allowed to swing freely, find the inclination to vertical which the plate will
assume under the action of jet. (May 2014 - MGU)
Given: W  110 N; h  30 cm  0.3 m; d  3 cm  0.03 m;
V  12 m/s; x  15 cm  0.15 m;

H ing e
O O

15
cm
W

15cm

15cm
d=3cm
D G
30 cm

F
V A B
A

Fn

Let P  Force applied at the lower edge to keep the plate verified.

F  Force exerted by the jet of water at the centre of the plate.

 
  A V2  1000    0.032   122  101.79 N
4 
This force F is acting at centre ie 15 cm from upper edge O.
P is acting at lower end ie 30 cm from upper edge O.
 Impact of Jets 1.13

Taking moment about hinge O

F  15  P  30
101.79  15
P  50.89 N
30

When the plate in allowed to swing freely about hinge

 A V2 101.79
sin     0.9254
W 110
  67.72

1.4 HYDRODYNAMIC THRUST OF JET ON A MOVING SURFACE

(FLAT AND CURVED PLATES)
We have discussed about the hydrodynamic thrust of jet on fixed plate.
Now we can discuss the impact of jet on moving plates - Flat and curved
plates.

1.4.1 Thrust of jet on a flat vertical plate moving in the direction of jet
V  (Absolute) velocity of the jet
A  Area of cross section of jet
u  (Absolute) Velocity of the plate
(V-u)

Jet
V F x
u

Fig: 1.6 Thrust on a vertical mo ving plate (V-u)

1.14 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Here the jet does not strike, the plate with absolute velocity v. Instead,
it strikes the plate with relative velocity V  u.

Mass of water/sec striking the plate m

m   A V  u
Thrust (force) of jet on moving plate in the direction of jet (x -
direction)

Fx  m [Initial velocity with which it strikes  final velocity]

. .
  A V  u [V  u  0] [ . Final velocity = 0 in the direction of x]

  A V  u2
Workdone/sec by the jet on the plate
Distance moved by the plate
 Force 
Time

 Fx  u   A V  u2  u in watts

m J
N   watts
s s

1.4.2 Thrust on the inclined plate moving in the direction of jet (in x
direction)

(V -u )

Fn y

V u x

(V -u )

Fig: 1.7 Th rust of jet on an in clined m ov ing plate

 Impact of Jets 1.15

V  Absolute velocity of jet

u  Absolute velocity of plate in the direction of jet

A  Cross sectional area of the jet

  Angle of inclination of the plate with jet x axis

Relative velocity of jet with respect to plate  V  u  velocity of jet

with which it strikes

Mass of water striking/sec  m   A V  u

Here it is assumed that, the plate is smooth and the loss of energy
due to impact of jet is zero.

Hence the velocity of jet leaving the plate will be same as V  u.

Thrust of jet perpendicular to plate  Fn


Fn  m [Initial velocity perpendicular (normal) to plate  Final velocity
perpendicular normal to plate]

 m [V  u sin   0]

Fn   A V  u2 sin 

[Final velocity V  u is moving along the plate. Hence final velocity

perpendicular (normal) to plate is zero]

This normal force Fn is resolved into Fx and Fy components.

Fn in x (in the jet) direction  Fx

Fn in y (perpendicular to jet) direction  Fy

Fx  Fn sin    A V  u2 sin2 

Fy  Fn cos    A V  u2 sin   cos 

1.16 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Workdone/sec by the jet on the plate in x direction

Distance moved by plate in x direction
 Fx 
time

 Fx  u   A V  u2 u  sin2   watts

Workdone/sec in y direction is zero, since the plate velocity in y

direction is zero.
Problem 1.9: A 7.5 cm diameter jet having a velocity f 30 m/s strikes a flat
plate, the normal of which is inclined at 45 to the axis of the jet. Find the
normal pressure on the plate: (i) when the plate is stationary, and (ii) when
the plate is moving with a velocity of 15 m/s and away from the jet. Also
determine the power and efficiency of the jet when the plate is moving.
[May 2013 - MGU]
Given: Diameter of the jet, d  7.5 cm  0.075 m
Solution

 Area, A  0.0752  0.004418 m2
4
Angle between the jet and plate   90  45  45
Velocity of jet, V  30 m/s
(i) When the plate is stationary, the normal force on the plate Fn

Fn   A V2 sin   1000  0.004418  302  sin 45  2812 N,

(ii) When the plate is moving with a velocity 15 m/s and away from the
jet, the normal force on plate is given by equation as
Fn  A V  u2 sin  where u  15 m/s

 1000  0.004418  30  152  sin 45  702.8 N. Ans.

(iii) The power and efficiency of the jet when plate is moving:
Workdone per second by the jet = Power
 Force in the direction of jet  Distance moved by the plate in
the direction of jet
 Fx  u, where Fx  Fn sin   702.8  sin 45  496.95 N
 Impact of Jets 1.17

Power  Fx  u  496.95  15  745.43 watts  7.454 kW

Output Power output

Efficiency of the jet  
Input Kinetic energy of the jet
7454.3 7454.3 7454.3 7454.3
   
1 1 1 1
 A V  V2  A V3  A V3  1000  0.004418  303
2 2 2 2
 0.1249  12.49%
Problem 1.20: A jet of water of diameter 8 cm strikes a flat vertical plate
normally with a velocity of 25 m/s. The plate is moving with a velocity of
10 m/s in the direction of the jet and away from jet. Find
(i) Hydro dynamic thrust by the jet on the plate
(ii) Power of the jet on the plate
(iii) Efficiency of the jet
Given: Diameter of the jet, d  8 cm  0.08 m

Solution
 2 
 Area, A  d  0.082  5.027  10 3
4 4
Velocity of jet, V  25 m/s

Velocity of the plate, u  10 m/s

(i) Thrust of the jet on a moving flat vertical plate Fx

Fx   A V  u2

 1000  5.027  10 3  25  102 N  1131 N

(ii) Power of the jet

 Fx  u  1131  10  11310 Watts  11.31 kW

Power output of the jet in watts

(iii) Efficiency of the jet  
Input of the jet in watts

Power output of jet = Work done by jet per second = 11310 watts
Input of jet in watts  Kinetic energy of the jet/sec
1.18 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

1  mass  2 1 1
 V   A V  V2   A V3
2  sec  2 2
1
  1000  5.027  10 3  253 Nm/s  39273.44 watts
2
11310
 of the jet   0.2879  28.79%
39273.44
Problem 1.21: A nozzle of size 10 cm diameter issues a jet of water with
a velocity of 50 m/s. The jet strikes a moving plate perpendicularly at centre.
The plate is moving with a velocity of 15 m/s in the direction of the jet.
Calculate, (i) the force exerted on the plate (ii) the workdone
(iii) efficiency of the jet. (June 2011 - C15640 - MGU)
Given: d  10 cm  0.1 m; V  50 m/s; u  15 m/s

  2 3 2
 A  4  0.5  7.853  10 m 
 
(i) Force exerted by the jet on the plate Fx

Fx   A V  u2  1000  7.853  10 3  50  152  9621.13 N

Fx  9621.13 N

(ii) The workdone per second by jet = Power of jet

 Fx  u  9621.13  15  144317 Watts  144.317 kW

(iii) Efficiency of jet 

Output power in watts


Input Kinetic Energy in watts
1  2
Kinetic energy in watts  m V
2
1 1
  A V  V2   A V3
2 2
1
  1000  7.853  10 3  503
2
 490812.5 watts  490.813 kW
 Impact of Jets 1.19

144.317
  0.294  29.4%
490.813
Problem 1.22: A jet of water 5 cm in dia having velocity of 20 m/s strikes
normally on a flat plate. Determine the thrust on the plate, if (i) The plate
is at rest (ii) The plate is moving in the same direction of the jet with a
velocity of 8 m/s. (Jun 2008 - C48863 - CUSAT)

Given: d  5 cm  0.05 m; V  20 m/s; A   0.052  1.963  10 3 m2
4
(i) Thrust F on plate if the plate is at rest,

F   A V2  1000  1.963  10 3  202

 785.4 N
(ii) Thrust Fx on plate if plate velocity u  8 m/s

Fx   A V  u2

 1000  1.963  10 3  20  82

 282.74 N

1.4.3 Impact of the jet on moving curved plate in the direction of jet
Assume jet is striking at the
centre of moving curved plate
Relative velocity of jet with (V-u) (V-u) sin
respect to curved plate  V  u Exit ve locity

It is assumed that the plate is Inlet velocity 

smooth and loss of energy due to (V-u) cos
impact of jet is zero. Hence
Velocity of jet leaving curved Inlet Velocity
V
vane  V  u
This exit velocity is resolved into Jet of Water
2 components, one in the direction of
jet and other perpendicular to direction
of jet. Fig. 1.8 M oving curved vane
1.20 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Vx in direction of jet   V  u cos 

[ sign indicates that it moves in the opposite direction of jet].

Vy in perpendicular to direction of jet  V  u sin 


m   A V  u and force exerted in direction of jet Fx

Fx  [Initial velocity  Final velocity]

  A V  u  V  u  [  V  u cos  

  A V  u  V  u  V  u cos  

  A V  u2 [1  cos ]

Workdone/sec on the plate  Fx  u

  A V  u2 u 1  cos 

Problem 1.23: A jet of water of diameter 10 cm strikes a curved plate at

its centre with a velocity of 25 m/s. The curved plate is moving with a velocity
of 8 m/s in the direction of the jet. The jet is deflected through an angle of
160. Assuming the plate is smooth, find: (i) Force exerted on the plate in
the direction of jet, (ii) Power of the jet, and (iii) Efficiency of the jet.
[Similar type of Feb 2012 and Feb 2013 of CUSAT]

Given: Diameter of the jet, d  10 cm  0.1 m

Solution.

Area, A  0.12  7.854  10 3
4
Velocity of the jet, V  25 m/s

Velocity of the plate, u  8 m/s

Angle of deflection of the jet,  160

Angle made by the relative velocity at the outlet of the plate,

  180  160  20

 Impact of Jets 1.21

(i) Force exerted by the jet on the plane in the direction of the jet  Fx

Fx   A V  u2 1  cos 

 1000  7.854  10 3  25  82  1  cos 20   4402.7 N

(ii) Work done by the jet on the plate per second,

Power of the jet  Fx  u  4402.7  8  35221.8 watts

 35.222 kW
Output Work done by jet/sec
(iii) Efficiency of the jet  
Input Kinetic energy of jet/sec
Power 35221.8 35221.8
  
1 2 1 3 3 61,359
 A V  V  1000  7.854  10  25
2 2
 0.5740  57.4%
Problem 1.24: A jet of water of diameter 6 cm strikes a curved vane at its
centre. The curved vane is moving with a velocity of 10 m/s in the direction
of jet. If the velocity of the jet is 22 m/s and it is deflected through an angle
of 160, determine (i) Force exerted on the vane in the direction of jet
(ii) Power of jet (iii) Efficiency of the jet. (Apr 2012 - CUSAT)
Given: d  6 cm  0.06 cm; u  10 m/s; V  22 m/s;

  180  160  20

(i) Force exerted on the vane in the direction of jet  Fx

  3 2 
Fx   A V  u2 1  cos  2
 A  4  0.06  2.83  10 m 
 
Fx  1000  2.83  10 3  22  102 1  cos 20

Fx  789.75 N

(ii) Power of jet  Fx  u  789.75  10  7897.5 watts  7.8975 kW

Output power
(iii) Efficiency of the jet 
Input kinetic energy/sec
1.22 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

7897.5 7897.5
 
1 1
 A V V2
 1000  2.83  10 3  22  222
2 2
 0.5242  52.42%
Problem 1.25 A jet of water is deflected through 50 from its original
direction in a fixed curved plate which it enters tangentially without shock
with a velocity of 40 m/s and leaves with a mean velocity of 35 m/s. If the
discharge from the nozzle is 0.8 kg/s, calculate the magnitude and direction
of the resultant force on the vane, if the vane is stationary.
Solution

3 5 sin 5 0

s
Given:

m/
35
Fx
Inlet velocity, V1  40 m/s
o
 50
Fy 35 cos 50
Outlet velocity, V2  35 m/s
 o
Mass per second, m  0.8 kg/s 4 0 m /se c 50

Force in the direction of jet, O rig in al D irec tion

o f Jet

Fx  m  V1x  V2x

where, V1x  Initial velocity in the direction of x  40 m/s

V2x  Final velocity in the direction of x  35 cos 50  22.5 m/s

 Fx  0.8140  22.51  14 N

Similarly, Force normal to the jet,


Fy  m  V1y  V2y  0.8 [0  35 sin 50]

  21.5 N
–ve sign means that Fy is acting downward.

Resultant force on the vane  

 
F2x  F2y    2  25.66 N
142    21.5

The angle made by the resultant with x - axis

Fy  21.5
tan      1.536
Fx 14.0
 Impact of Jets 1.23

   56.93
–ve sign means the angle  is in the clockwise direction with x - axis
as shown in Fig.
Problem 1.26: A jet of water 60 mm dia strikes a curved vane at its centre
with a velocity of 18 m/s. The curved vane is moving with a velocity of 6
m/s in the direction of the jet. The jet is deflected through an angle of
165. Assuming the plate to be smooth, find: (i) Thrust on the plate in the
direction of the jet (ii) Power of the jet (iii) Efficiency of the jet

Given: d  60 m  0.06 m; V  18 m/s; u  6 m/s;

  180  165  15
Solution
(i) Thrust on the plate  Fx


Fx   A V  u2 1  cos  [A   0.062  2.83  10 7 m2]
4

 1000  2.83  10 3 18  62  1  cos 15

 800.43 N

(ii) Power of jet  Fx  u  800.43  6  4802.6 watts

Output power
(iii)  of the jet 
Input kinetic Energy of jet/sec

4802.6 4802.6
 
1 1
 A V V2  1000  2.83  10 3  183
2 2
 0.5819  58.19%
Problem 1.27: A stationary vane having an inlet angle of zero degree and
an outlet angle of 25 receives water at a velocity of 50 m/s. Determine the
components of force acting on it in the direction of the jet velocity and
normal to it. Also find the resultant force in magnitude and direction per kg
of flow. (b) If the vane stated above is moving with a velocity of 20 m/s in
the direction of the jet, calculate the force components in the direction of
the vane velocity and across it, also the resultant force in magnitude and
1.24 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

direction. Calculate the work done and power developed per kg of flow.
[Feb 2012 - CUSAT]
Given: Velocity of jet, V  50 m/s ; Angle at outlet,  25 ;

Mass flow rate  m   A V  1 kg/s

Case (i)
o
5 0 s in 2 5
For the stationary vane, the force 50
m/
se
in the direction of jet is given as o c Fixe d S ta tion ary
25
 o van e
Fx  m   V1x  V2x  5 0 c o s 25
  y

V1x  50 m/s Fx x

Fy FR
V2x   50 cos 25    45.315 m/s

Force in the direction of jet per kg of flow V = 5 0 m /se c

1  [50    45.315]  95.315 N

Force exerted by jet in the direction perpendicular to the direction of
the jet per kg of flow

Fy  m  V1y  V2y   1 [0  50 sin 25]   21.13 N
 
[‘-’ sign indicates Fy in downward direction]

Resultant force  

F2x  F2y  
  2  97.66 N
95.352   21.13

Angle made by the resultant with the x - axis,

Fy  21.13
tan     0.2216
Fx 95.35
  12.49

Case 2
Velocity of the vane = 20 m/s. If the vane is moving in the direction
of the jet, then force exerted by the jet on the plate in the direction of jet,

Fx  m   V1x  V2x 
 
Initial velocity of the striking water  V1 x
 Impact of Jets 1.25

 V  u  50  20  30 m/s (V
-u ) (V-u ) sin 2 5
o

Final velocity in the direction of 25

o

o
(V-u ) co s 25
x  V2 x
y
  V  u cos 25  30  cos 25 Fx u = 20m /s
x

  27.189 m/s Fy
V = 5 0m /s
Fx  1   30   27.189   57.189 N (V-u )

Force exerted by the jet in the direction perpendicular to direction of

jet, per kg of flow

Fy  m  V1y  V2y 
 
where V1y  0; V2y  V  u sin 25  50  20 sin 25  30 sin 25

Fy  1   0  30 sin 25    12.68 N

 Resultant force 

  2  58.57 N
57.1892    12.68

 12.68
The angle made by the resultant with x - axis, tan     0.2217
57.69

   12.5
 Work done per second
Power developed  Fx  u  57.189  20  1144 watts  1.144 kW

1.4.4 Force exerted by a jet of water on moving curved vane, when it

strikes tangentially at one end.
Let

V1  Velocity of the jet at inlet.

u1  Velocity of the vane at inlet.

Vr1  Relative velocity between jet and vane at inlet

  Angle between the direction of the jet and direction of motion of

the vane (or) guide blade angle.
1.26 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

u2 V w2
G H
 
F
V2
V f2
V r2

V1
V r1 V f1

A  
JET
D
C
u1

V w1

Fig: 1.9 Jet striking on a m oving curved vane at one of the tips

  Angle made by the inlet relative velocity Vr1 with the direction
of motion of jet (or) vane angle at inlet.

Vw1 and Vf1  The components of the velocity of the jet V1, in the
direction of motion and perpendicular to the direction of motion of the vane
respectively.
Vw1 is also known as velocity of whirl at inlet.

Vf1 is also known as velocity of flow at inlet.

V2  Velocity of the jet, leaving the vane or velocity of jet at outlet

of the vane.

u2  Velocity of the vane at outlet.

Vr2  Relative velocity of the jet with respect to the vane at outlet.
 Impact of Jets 1.27

  Angle made by the velocity V2 with the direction of motion of

the vane at outlet.
  Angle made by the relative velocity Vr2 with the direction of
motion of the vane at outlet and also called vane angle at outlet.

Vw2 and Vf2  Components of the velocity V2, in the direction of

motion of vane and perpendicular to the direction of motion of vane
respectively at outlet.
Vw2 is also called the velocity of whirl at outlet.

Vf2 is also called velocity of flow at outlet.

The triangles ABD and EGH are called the velocity triangles at inlet
and outlet.

1. Velocity Triangle at Inlet

Take any point A and draw a line AB  V1 at an angle  with the
horizontal line AD. Next draw a line AC  u. Join C and B. Then CB
represents Vf1. If the loss of energy at inlet due to impact is zero, then CB
must be in the tangential direction to the vane at inlet.
Now resolve V1 into Vf1 and Vw1

Then

BD  Velocity of flow at inlet  Vf1

AD  Velocity of whirl at inlet  Vw1

 BCD  Vane angle at inlet  .

2. Velocity Triangle at Outlet

Assuming the vane surface is very smooth and hence loss of energy
due to friction will be zero. The water will be gliding over the surface of
the vane with Vr2  Vr1. And also the Vr2 is in tangential direction to the
vane is at outlet.
1.28 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Draw EG in the tangential direction of the vane at outlet and cut

EG  Vr2. From G, draw a line GF  u2 in the direction of vane. Join EF
which represents V2. Now resolve V2 into Vf2 and Vw2 components.

EH  Velocity of flow at outlet Vf2

FH  Velocity of whirl at outlet Vw2

  Angle of vane at outlet.

  Angle made by V2 with the direction of motion of vane at outlet.

Since vane is smooth and is having velocity in the direction of motion

at inlet and outlet equal, then
u1  u2  u  Velocity of vane in the direction of motion and

Vr1  Vr2

Mass of water striking vane per sec  m   A V ...(i)
A  Area of jet of water,
Force exerted by the jet in the direction of motion
Fx  Mass of water striking per sec  [Initial velocity with which
jet strikes in the direction of motion of vane  Final velocity of jet in the
direction of motion of vane] ...(ii)
When the jet strikes tangentially, the loss of energy due to impact of
jet will be zero. Since the vane is moving, the relative velocity should be
taken for striking velocity.

m   A Vr1

Fx  m  Vw1  u1   Vw2  u2 
 

 m  Vw1  u1  Vw2  u2   Here u1  u2 
   

 m  Vw1  Vw2 
 

General equation of Fx  m  Vw1  Vw2 
 
[Because sometimes Vw2 will be as same direction of Vw1 ;
 Impact of Jets 1.29

 sign when Vw2 is in opposite direction of Vw1 and

 sign when Vw2 is as same direction of Vw1]


Workdone per sec  Fx  u  m  Vw1  Vw2   u watts
 
Output power
 of jet 
Input kinetic Energy/sec
Problem 1.28: A jet of water having a velocity of 25 m/s strikes a curved
vane which is moving with velocity of 10 m/s. The vane is symmetrical and
is so shaped that the jet is deflected through 120. Find the angle of the jet
at inlet of the vane so that there is no shock. What is the absolute velocity
of the jet at outlet in magnitude and direction and the work done per sec
per kg of water. Assume the vane to be smooth.
Solution

u2 Vw2
F G
E  
V2 V f2
V r2 *

A ngle of
D eflection
o
1 20
u =5 m /sec 


o
(30 - )
B

V1
V r1 V f1
 
A D
C
u1
Vw1
1.30 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Given: Velocity of jet, V1  25 m/s ; Velocity of vane , u1  10 m/s

As vane is symmetrical. Hence angle   

Angle of deflection of the jet  120  180    
    60 or each angle,     30
Let the angle of jet at inlet  
Absolute velocity of jet at outlet  V2

Angle made by V2 at outlet with direction of motion of vane  .

u1  u2  u  10 m/s

Vr1  Vr2 as vane is smooth

Applying the sine rule to  ACB,

AB AC V1 u1 u1
 or  
sin 180   sin 30   sin 180  30 sin 30   sin 30  
25 10 10 sin 30
 or sin 30     0.2
sin 30 sin 30   25
30    11.31
or   30  11.31  18.69
Also Applying sine rule to  ACB, we have

AB CB V1 Vr1
 or 
sin 180  30 sin  sin 30 sin 18.69
 Vr1  16.02 m/s

 Vr2  Vr1  16.02 m/s

From velocity  HEG at outlet,

Vr2 cos   u2  Vw2 or 16.02 cos 30  10  Vw2

 Vw2  3.88 m/s

Also, we have Vr2 sin   Vf2 or Vf2  16.02 sin 30  8.01 m/s
 Impact of Jets 1.31

In  HFG, V2  

V2f2  V2w2  

8.012  3.882  8.9 m/s

Vf2 8.01
tan     2.06
Vw2 3.88

   64.15
Work done per sec per kg of the water striking

 m  Vw1  Vw2   u . .
  ( .  ve sign taken as  is an acute angle)
 1  V1 cos   3.88   10 . .
   . Vw1  V1 cos  
 
 5 [25 cos 18.69  3.88]  137.8 Watts

1.5 THRUST OF JET OF WATER ON SERIES OF VANES

It is not practicably possible to strike by a jet on a single plate (flat
or curved) continuously. Hence, the plates in the form of vanes are fixed on
the circumference of a wheel and now the jet is striking on these vanes to

P late s (Van es)

W h e el

Jet of W ater

V u

Fig: 1.10 (a) Jet Striking a S eries of Van es

1.32 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

O
y

u2 R2 x
F Vw
2
 G
 H
V r2 V 2 V f2
o
130

E R1

Tangent
at E

W h eel

V1 Tangent
V f1 at B
V r1
 
A D
u1 C

Fig: 1.10 (b) S eries of Radial Curved Vanes M oun ted on a Wheel

get power continuously. With the power of jet, the wheel starts moving at a
constant speed as shown in Fig.

1.5.1 Workdone per second (or) Power of jet on a series of a radial

curved vanes
Power of jet can be derived in the same way as previously explained.
Here
R1  Radius of wheel at inlet of vane

R2  Radius of wheel at outlet of vane

  Angular velocity of the wheel

 Impact of Jets 1.33

Vane velocity u1 at inlet   R1

Vane velocity u2 at outlet   R2

From the velocity triangles, the force exerted by jet in the direction
of motion of the vane  Fx

Fx  m [Initial velocity component in x direction]
 [Final velocity component in x direction]
. . 
Fx   A V1  Vw1  Vw2  [ . m   A V1]
 
 sign, if  is acute angle   90 ;
‘’ sign if  is obtuse angle   90
And Vw2  0, if   90 ie if the outlet velocity is radial.

Now, workdone/sec (or) power of jet  Fx  u  Here u1  u2 

 
  A V1  Vw1 u1  Vw2 u2 
 

 m  Vw1 u1  Vw2 u2 
 
1.5.2 Efficiency of the Radial curved vane
Power of jet in watts

Kinetic energy of jet in watts
 A V1  Vw1 u1  Vw2 u2 
  
1  2
m V1
2
 A V1  Vw1 u1  Vw2 u2 
  
1
  A V1  V21
2 
2  Vw1 u1  Vw2 u2 
  
V21

Problem 1.29 A jet of water having a velocity of 30 m/s impinges on a series

of vanes with a velocity of 15 m/s. The jet makes an angle of 30 to the
direction of motion of vanes when entering and leaves at an angle of
1.34 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

120. Draw the velocity triangle at inlet and outlet and find:
(a) The angles of vanes tips so that water enters and leaves without
shock,(b) The work done per sec per kg of water entering the vanes, and
(c) The efficiency. (Apr 2015 MGU) ; June 2009 - Calicut University
Solution
Given: Velocity of jet, V1  30 m/s ; Velocity of vane, u1  u2  15 m/s

Angle of jet at inlet,   30

Angle made by the jet at outlet with the direction of motion of vanes  120

 Angle   180  120  60

(a) Angle of vanes tips.

From inlet velocity triangle

Vw1  V1 cos   30cos 30  25.98 m/s o
O utle t Velo city 1 20
Trian gle
Vf1  V1 sin   30sin 30  15 m/s

Vf1 15
tan     1.37
Vw1  u1 25.98  15

Vf1 15
    1.37
Vw1  u1 25.98  15
In le t Velocity
   53.8 Trian gle

By sine rule,
Vr1 Vf1 Vr1 15
 or 
sin 90 sin  1 sin 53.8

 Vr1  18.59 m/s

Now, Vr2  Vr1  18.59 m/s

From outlet velocity triangle, by sine rule

Vr2 u2 18.59 15
 or 
sin 120 sin60   0.886 sin 60  
 Impact of Jets 1.35

15  0.866
 sin 60     0.6988
18.59
60    44.33
   60  44.33  15.67

(b) Work done per sec per kg of water entering

 1  Vw1  Vw2   u1
 
Vw1  25.98 m/s and u1  15 m/s

The value of Vw2 is obtained from outlet velocity triangle

Vw2  Vr2 cos   u2  18.59 cos 15.67  15  2.9 m/s

 Power of jet per kg  1 [25.98  2.9]  15  346.2 Watts

(c) Efficiency
Output power per kg 346.2 346.2
  
Energy supplied per kg 1  2 1
 m V1  1  302
2 2
 0.7694  76.94%
Problem 1.30: A jet of water with a velocity of 35 m/s strikes a series of
radial curved vanes of a wheel rotating at 250 r.p.m. The jet makes an angle
of 20 with the tangent to the wheel at inlet and leaves the wheel with a
velocity of 10 m/s at an angle of 130 to the tangent to the wheel at outlet.
Water is flowing from outward in a radial direction. The outer and inner
radii of the wheel are 0.5 m and 0.25 m respectively. Determine: (i) Vane
angles at inlet and outlet, (ii) Work done per sec per kg of water, and
(iii) Efficiency of the wheel.
Solution
Given: Velocity of jet, V1  35 m/s ; Speed of wheel, N  250 r .p.m.

2 N 2  210
Angular speed,    21.99 rad/s
60 60
Angle of jet at inlet,   20
Velocity of jet at outlet, V2  10 m/s
1.36 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Angle made by the jet at outlet with the tangent to wheel  130
Angle,   180  130  50
Inlet radius, R1  0.5 m
Outlet radius, R2  0.25 m
Velocity u1    R1  21.99  0.5  11 m/s
u2    R2  21.99  0.25  5.5 m/s

u2 R2
F Vw
G 2


V2  H
V r2 V f2
o
1 30
E R1
Tan gent
to W heel at E

B
Tan gent to
V1 W he el at B
V f1
V r1
 
A D
u1 C

(i) Vane angles at inlet and outlet (angle  and ) respectively.

From  ABD,
Vw1  V1 cos   35  cos 20  32.89 m/s
Vf1  V1 sin   35  sin 20  11.97 m/s
 Impact of Jets 1.37

Vf1 11.97
In  CBD, tan     0.547
Vw1  u1 32.89  11

   28.7

From outlet velocity , Vw2  V2 cos   10  cos 50  6.43 m/s

Vf2  V2  sin   10 sin 50  7.66 m/s

Vf2 7.66
In  EFH, tan     0.642
u2  Vw2 5.5  6.43

   32.7
(ii) Work done per second per kg of water

 m  Vw1 u1  Vw2 u2  ( ve sign is taken since   50  90)
 
 1  [32.89  11  6.43  5.5]  397.2 Watts
(iii) Efficiency, 
2  Vw1 u1  Vw2 u2  2  [32.89  11  6.43  5.5]
    0.6484  64.84%
V21 352
Problem 1.31: A jet of water having a velocity of 45 m/s impinges without
shock on a series of vanes moving at 15 m/s. The direction of motion of the
vanes is inclined at 20 to that of the jet, the relative velocity at outlet is
0.9 of that at inlet; and absolute velocity of water at exit is to be normal to
the motion of vanes. Find (i) Vane angles at inlet and outlet (ii) Work
done on vanes per newton of water supplied by the jet and (iii) Hydraulic
efficiency (Apr - 2014 - Calicut University C61576)
V1  45 m/s ; u  15 m/s ;   20 ; Vr2  0.9 Vr1
Vw1  V1 cos 20  45  cos 20  42.29 m/s
Vf1  V1  sin 20  45  sin 20  15.4 m/s

Vane angle at inlet  

Vf1 15.4
tan   
Vw1  u1 42.29  15

tan   0.5639    29.42  Vane angle at inlet

1.38 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Vr1 sin   Vf1 u 2= u 1


Vf1 15.4
Vr1    31.35 m/s
sin  sin 29.42

To find vane angle at exit 

Vr2  0.9 Vr1  0.9  31.35  28.22 m/s u = u 2 =u 1

Vr2 cos   u
15
cos    0.5316
28.22
  57.89

Workdone on vanes per newton weight of water

Workdone per sec per kg of water  1  Vw1  Vw2  u watts
 
1
Workdone per newton weight of water   Vw1  Vw2  u
g 
[Here Vw2  0 since radial discharge [  90]]
1
 [42.29]  15  64.66 Nm/N
9.81
Wor kd one p er unit weight
(iii) Hydraulic efficiency 
Kin et ic Ener gy p er unit weight
64.66 64.66
   0.6265
 V1   452 
2
   
 2g   2  9.81 
 62.65%
 Impact of Jets 1.39

Module 1 - Part 2
Hydraulic Turbines

1.6 HYDRAULIC TURBINES - INTRODUCTION

The hydraulic turbines utilize the energy of water and convert it into
mechanical energy of the rotating shaft. According to the principle of moment
of momentum, if the moment of momentum of water is changed as it flows
through the rotating element, there results a torque which rotates the turbine
shaft. The hydraulic energy is thus converted into mechanical energy. The
hydraulic turbine constitutes an important and essential item of a
hydro-electric power plant. The primary function of a hydraulic turbine is to
rotate the electric generator, the rotation of which produces electrical power.
The water from the storage reservoir (DAM) is allowed to flow through
the turbine at pressure. The total energy of flow at turbine entrance is
considerably high, as it flows through the turbine and comes out at the turbine
exit, its moment of momentum is considerably utilized and the energy of
flow at the exit is appreciably reduced. This change in moment of momentum
of flow produces a torque on the turbine runner causing it to rotate. The
hydraulic energy of water is thus converted into the mechanical energy
represented by the rotation of the turbine shaft.

1.7 CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES

The important classification of hydraulic turbines are:

1. According to the type of energy

(a) Impulse turbine, and (b) Reaction turbine
If the energy available at the inlet of the turbine is only kinetic energy,
the turbine is known as impulse turbine eg. Pelton wheel. An impulse turbine
operates under atmospheric pressure throughout its passage. If water possesses
both kinetic energy and pressure energy at the inlet of the turbine, then it is
known as reaction turbine. eg. Francis turbine and Kaplan turbine. As the
water flows through the runner, the pressure energy goes on changing into
kinetic energy.
1.40 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

2. According to the direction of flow of water in the runner

(a) Tangential Water strikes the runner tangentially to its path of

flow turbine - rotation (eg. Pelton wheel)
(b) Radial Water flows in radial direction of the runner. The
flow turbine - flow may be inward radial (Thomson turbine) or
outward radial flow (Fourneyron turbine)
(c) Axial Water flows over the vanes in a direction parallel to
flow turbine - the axis of rotation of the runner (e.g. Kaplan
turbine)
(d) Mixed Water enters radially but leaves in the direction
flow turbine - parallel to the axis of rotation of the runner (Modern
Francis turbine)

3. According to the head and quantity of water available

(a) High works under high head (above 250 m) and requires
head turbine - small quantity of flow (Pelton wheel)
(b) Medium head requires medium head (60 to 250 m) and requires
turbine - relatively large quantity of water (Francis)
(c) Low head requires low head (less than 60) and requires very
turbine - large quantity of water (Kaplan)

4. According to the position of shaft

(a) Horizontal turbines - have horizontal shaft (Pelton wheel)
(B) Vertical turbines - have vertical shafts (Kaplan)

5. According to the specific speed of the turbine

(a) Low specific speed turbines [ 5  Ns  60 Pelton ]

(b) Medium specific speed turbines [ 60  Ns  300 Francis ]

(c) High specific speed turbines [ Ns  300 Kaplan ]

1.8 EULER’S EQUATION

Energy transformation can occur in both stator and rotors of
turbomachines. Energy transfer can occur only in its moving or rotating
elements i.e rotors / impeller. An expression for estimating the amount of
energy transfer taking place in a turbomachine is derived below. The Fig.
 Impact of Jets 1.41

Vw
2

u2
 V
2

E xit
V f2

Vr 2  w

Entry

V1 V f1 Vr 1
 
Vw1
r2 r1
u1

Fig 1.11

1.11 shows the velocity triangles at the entry and exit of a general
turbomachine. All the velocity vectors are shown in same plane and are
assumed to remain constant.
The angular speed of rotor is  radians per second.

 
 

Fig 1.12
1.42 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

2 N
 [N: Speed of rotor / impeller in r.p.m]
60
The peripheral velocity of the blades at entry & exit are

d1 N
u1  in m/s
60
d2 N
u2  in m/s
60

1.8.1 Velocity components at the entry and exit of the rotor

In order that the fluid enters and leaves the blade passage without
shock, the relative velocities Vr and Vr at inlet and outlet are in the direction
1 2

of the respective tangents to the blade. The relative velocities makes angle
 and  respectively with u1 and u2. The absolute velocities of the fluid at
inlet and outlet to the blades are obtained by a vectorial combination of
Vr and u, makes angles  and  with u1 and u2.

The components of absolute velocities parallel to the tangential

directions are Vw and Vw and those to the radial directions are Vf and Vf .
1 2 1 2

Clearly, Vf and Vf are associated with the flow rate through the
1 2

impeller / runner.
The three velocity vectors V, u and Vr are related at a section by a
simple vector equation.
V  u  Vr
The absolute velocity V at both the entry and exit has a tangential
component Vw and a radial component Vf.

The torque on the rotor/impeller (exerted by the impeller or by the

fluid) is obtained by employing Newton’s second law of motion for the
change of moment of momentum.
Torque  Rate of change in moment of momentum.
The tangential momentum at a given station is
 Impact of Jets 1.43

  m  m 
 m Vw 
 time 

and its moment is  m rVw

 Torque on the rotor/impeller is given by

 
T  m2 r2 Vw  m1 r1 Vw
2 1
  
For a constant flow machine m1  m2  m

Torque T  m[Vw r2  Vw r1]
2 1

If the value of the torque given by this equation is positive

[r2 Vw  r1 Vw ], it applies to a head producing tubomachines (pumps, fans,
2 1

blower, compressors etc).


 Tc  m [Vw r2  Vw r1]
2 1

In such a case where Vw r1  Vw r2 it applies to power producing

1 2

turbomachines (turbines). Here the torque is exerted by the fluid on the rotor
blades.  For turbines

Torque TT  m Vw r1  Vw r2
1 2

The work done is given by

Work  Torque  Angular Velocity of the rotor
For compressors, pumps, etc.

Work  Wc  Tc    m [Vw r2   Vw r1 ]
2 1

Wc  m [Vw u2  Vw u1]
2 1 ...(1)
. .
[ . u1  r1 ; u2  r2 ]
The above equation is known as Euler’s equation for pump.
Euler’s equation for turbine is

WT  TT  m [Vw u1  Vw u2]
1 2

The differential form of the above equations

1.44 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

dWc  dVw  u
dWT   d Vw  u
The equivalent head given by

W  mgHE ...(2)
is known as “Euler’s Head”
From (1) and (2) we get
 
m [Vw u2  Vw u1]  m gHE
2 1

1
 HE  [V u  Vw u1]
g w2 2 1

The parallel component Vw is more frequently called as the “Whirl

Component” of velocity.

1.9 VELOCITY TRIANGLES

Each of the velocity triangles in Ou tle t
the Fig. 1.13 is a combination of two u2
right angled triangles [outlet triangles].
Vw 2
V2f  V22  V2w ...(3)
2 2
 
V2f  V2r  u2  Vw 2
2 2 Vf2
Vr 2 V2
...(4)

V2f  V2r  [u22  2 Vw u2  V2w ]

2 2 2 2

V2f  V2r  u22  2 Vw u2  V2w Fig. 1.13

2 2 2 2

Substitute value of V2w from (3)

2

in above equation
V2f  V2r  u22  2 Vw u2  [V22  V2f ]
2 2 2 2

V2f  Vr  u22  2 Vw u2  V22  V2f

2 2 2 2
 Impact of Jets 1.45

V22  V2r  2 Vw u2  u22

2 2

 V22  u22  Vr2 

Vw u2  
2 
2  2  ...(5) Inlet
Similarly from the inlet triangles
(Fig. 1.14) we have

V2f  V21  V2w ...(6)

1 1

Also

V2f  V2r  u1  Vw 2

1 1 1

...(7)
from (6) & (7)

Fig. 1.14

V21  V2w  V2r  [u21  2 Vw u1  V2w ]

1 1 1 1

V21  V2w  V2r  u21  2 Vw u1  V2w

1 1 1 1

V1  u21  V2r
2 Vw u 1  1
1 2 ...(6)
Substituting (5) & (6) in (A) we get
1
 HE  [V u  Vw u1]
g w2 2 1

  V2  u22  Vr2   V21  u21  V2r  

1 2 2  1  
HE 
g 2   2 
2
 2 2 2 2 V2 
1  V1  V2 u2  u1 Vr1  r2 
HE   
g  2g 2 2 
1.46 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

2 2
V21  V22 u22  u21 Vr1  Vr2
Eulers Head HE   
2g 2g 2g
From the above equation we get that the first term represents the
change in the kinetic energy of fluid, second term the pressure head
developed in a forced vertex and the third the head generated due to the
reduction of the fluid relative velocity from the inlet to outlet of blade.
If we apply the first law of thermodynamics to the stream of fluid
acted upon the impeller, we will notice that the workdone is given by
 w  dE  dh  dKE in the absence of heat transfer and change in
potential energy.
We know from the second law that
dP
Tds   dh 

When entropy change is neglected, we get the enthalpy change as a
dP
measure of the static pressure variation: dh  .

Since the first term in equation HE (Euler’s Head) is dKE, the other
two terms together represent the change in static pressure. The energy change
dE is the Euler head in equation HE.
2 2
V22  V21 u22  u21 Vr1  Vr2
Thus the equations HE   
2g 2g 2
 w  dE  dh  dKE
could be viewed as the changes in the static, dynamic and total pressure.
 Pt   Pd   Ps
where
 V22  V21   u2  u2 Vr2  Vr2 
 Pd    ,  Ps    2 1
 1 2

 2   2 2 
 Impact of Jets 1.47

In a pump the fluid kinetic energy at exit from the impeller V22  2 is
partially converted to the pressure in the stator. But this conversion is quite
outside the impeller action, and is not a work transfer. The converse action
of pressure to kinetic energy in a turbine stator is also not a work interaction.

1.10 DEGREE OF REACTION

A degree of reaction R is defined as a measure of the relative
importance of the static components.
 Ps
Degree of reaction R 
 Pt

A rotor for which R  0 is called “impulse” type. The degree of

reaction can be negative, if there is a decrease in static pressure even though
the total fluid pressure increases due to blading action.
In common machines of reaction type, the degree of reaction is less
than unity R  0.5 being a favourite steam turbine design.
Problem 1.32: A centrifugal impeller has inner and outer diameters of 250
and 500 mm. When rotated at a speed of 550 rpm, the inlet and outlet
absolute velocities of water are 1.77 m/s and 12.4 m/s. The corresponding
relative velocities are 7.42 m/s and 2.75 m/s. (i) Calculate the degree of
reaction of the impeller. (ii) Eulers Head HE

Solution

d1  250 mm  0.25 m; d2  500 mm  0.5 m; V1  1.77 m/s

0.25 0.5 V2  12.4 m/s

r   0.125 m; r   0.25 m;
1 2 2 2
N  550 rpm; Vr  742 m/s; Vr  2.75 m/s
1 2

Now
2 N 2  550
   57.59 rad/s
60 60
u1   r1  57.59  0.125  7.2 m/s
1.48 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

u2   r2  57.59  0.25  14.4 m/s

u22  u21 14.42  7.22

  77.76 m2/s2
2 2
Vr2  Vr2 7.422  2.752
1 2
  23.75 m2/s2
2 2

V22  V21 12.42  1.772

  75.31 m2/s2
2 2
We know
 u2  u2 Vr2  Vr2 
2 1
 Ps     1 2

 2 2 
 Ps
 [77.76  23.75]  101.51 m2/s2


 Pd  V22  V21 
   75.31 m2/s2
  2 
 Pt
 101.51  75.31  176.82 m2/s2


(i) Degree of Reaction

 Ps 101.51
R   0.574
 Pt 176.82

(ii) Eulers Head

2 2
V22  V21 u22  u21 Vr1  Vr2
HE   
2g 2g 2g
 2 2 2 
1  V2  V1 u2  u1 Vr1  Vr2 
2 2 2
  
g 2 2 2 
1
 [75.31  77.76  23.75]
9.81
HE  18.02 m
 Impact of Jets 1.49

1.11 PELTON TURBINE (OR) PELTON WHEEL

H ydraulic
B rake

Vanes(or)
B uckets
C asin g R unn er
Th is is conne cted
to the runne r W ater in

z z
S pear
S plitter
N ozzle Tail race

Fig 1.15. P elton turbine.

This is a commonly used tangential flow impulse type of turbine. It

is suitable for very high heads and requires lesser quantity of water. A Pelton
Wheel shown in Fig. 1.15 consists of runner, buckets, nozzle, guide
mechanism, hydraulic brake and casing.

(i) Runner and Buckets

The runner is a circular disc which consists of a number of
semi-ellipsoidal buckets evenly spaced around its periphery. The buckets are
divided into two hemi-spherical cups by a sharp edged ridge known as splitter
as shown in Fig 1.15. This arrangement avoids the axial thrust and end thrust
on bearings (axial thrusts being equal and opposite). Generally, buckets are
bolted to the periphery of the runner. In some cases, the buckets and the
wheel are cast integral as one piece. In the case of bolted type, broken or
damaged buckets can be replaced economically.
1.50 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

(ii) Nozzle and Guide Mechanism

A nozzle is fitted to the end of the penstock near the turbine. The
nozzle is provided with a conical needle or spear to regulate the quantity of
water coming out of nozzle, thereby control the speed of the runner. The
spear may be operated manually by a hand wheel (for small units) or
automatically by a governing mechanism (for larger units).

(iii) Hydraulic Brake

When the turbine has to be brought to rest by closing the inlet valve of
the turbine, the runner generally takes a very long time to come to rest due to its
inertia. To bring it to rest quickly, a small brake nozzle is provided in Fig 4.10.
This nozzle is opened and it directs a jet of water at the back of the buckets. This
acts as a brake to bring the revolving runner quickly to rest.

(iv) Casing
The casing is made of cast iron or fabricated steel plates. It is provided
for the following purposes.
1. To prevent splashing of water,
2. To lead the water to the tail race and
3. To act as a safe guard (cover) against any accidents.

1.11.1 Working of a Pelton Wheel

The water is conveyed to the power house from the head race through
penstocks. The nozzle fitted to the end of the penstock (power house end)
delivers a high velocity water jet into the buckets. One or more jets of water
are arranged to impinge on the buckets tangentially. The impact of water jet
on the bucket causes the wheel to rotate, thus producing mechanical work.
An electric generator coupled to the runner shaft and mechanical energy is
converted into electric power.
After leaving the turbine wheel, water falls into the tail race. The
Pelton wheel is located above the tail race so that, the buckets do not splash
the tail race water.
 Impact of Jets 1.51

1.11.2 Velocity triangle and work done for a pelton wheel

Fig. 1.16 shows the velocity triangle of a Pelton wheel. The jet of
water from the nozzle strikes the bucket at the splitter, which splits the jet
into two parts. These parts of the jet glides over the inner surfaces and comes
out at the outer edge as shown in Fig 1.16.

u2 Vw 2
 
V2 V f2 A ngle of deflection
Vr 2 of jet

V1 

u1 V r1
vw1

F ig . 1.16 Inle t & outlet v elo city tria ng les of p elton w h eel

Since the water strikes the bucket tangentially, the inlet velocity
triangle at the splitter will be a straight line only and any one of the outer
tips of the hemispherical bucket as shown in Fig. 1.16.
Let V1  Absolute velocity of the entering water

Vr  Relative velocity of water and bucket at inlet

1

Vf  Velocity of flow at inlet

1

Vw  Whirl velocity at inlet

1

V2, Vr , Vf  Corresponding values at outlet

2 2

D  Diameter of the wheel

d  Diameter of the nozzle

N  Revolutions of the wheel in rpm

  Blade angle at outlet

1.52 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

H  Net head acting on the Pelton Wheel

H  Gross headHead loss due to friction  Hg  hf

4flV2
hf  ; Dp  Diameter of the penstock
2gDp
Since the inlet triangle is a straight line, therefore velocity of whirl at
inlet
Vw  V1 and Vr  V1  u1
1 1

  0 and   0

u2 Vw 2
 
V2 V f2 A ngle of deflection
Vr 2 of jet

V1 

u1 V r1
vw1

F ig . 1.16 Inle t & outlet v elo city tria ng les of p elton w h eel

DN
The blade speed u is constant i.e., u1  u2  . If there is no friction,
60
Vr  Vr .
1 2

Force exerted by the jet of water in the direction of motion

Fx  mass flow rate  change in whirl velocity

  aV1 [Vw  Vw ]
1 2

Since the direction of Vw is opposite to the direction of Vw , therefore

2 1

the above equation becomes

 Impact of Jets 1.53

Fx  aV1 [Vw  Vw ]
1 2

Workdone by the jet 

on the runner  sec 

or   Force  Velocity
Power produced by 

the pelton wheel 

 aV1 [Vw  Vw ]u  Nm/s

1 2

Work done per unit weight of water striking per second

aV1 [Vw  Vw ] u [ Vw  Vw ] u
1 2 1 2
 
aV1  g g

The inlet supplied energy to the jet is in the form of kinetic energy
1  1
and is equal to mV21   a V31
2 2

d2
where a  area of the jet 
4
work done/sec
Hydraulic efficiency  hyd 
inlet K.E.

aV1 [Vw  Vw ] u 2u [Vw  Vw ]

1 2 1 2
 
1 3 V21
aV1
2

Vw  V1, Vr  V1  u  Vr
1 1 2

u  Vw
2
cos    Vw  Vr cos   u
Vr 2 2
2

 V1  u cos   u  V1 cos   u cos   u

Vw  V1 cos   [ cos   1] u
2
1.54 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

2u [V1  V1 cos   u 1  cos  ]

 hyd 
V21

2u [V1 1  cos   u 1  cos  ]


V21

2 1  cos  [uV1  u2 ]
hyd 
V21 ...(1)
d hyd
To find the maximum efficiency, 0
du
2 1  cos  V1
[V1  2u ]  0;  V1  2u and u 
V21 2

Substituting this in equation (1) we get,

 V21 V21 
2 1  cos    
 2 4 
hydmax 
V21

2 1  cos  V21 1  cos 

hydmax  
4V12 2

1.11.3 Efficiencies of a Turbine

In general, the term efficiency may be defined as the ratio of work
done to the energy supplied. The following efficiencies are:
1. Hydraulic efficiency; 2. Mechanical efficiency
3. Overall efficiency and; 4. Volumetric efficiency
1. Hydraulic Efficiency hyd

Power developed by the runner

hyd 
Power supplied at the inlet of the turbine
2. Mechanical Efficiency
Actual power available at the shaft of the turbine
mech 
Power developed by the runner
 Impact of Jets 1.55

3. Overall Efficiency, 0

Actual power available at the shaft of the turbine

0 
Power supplied at the inlet of the turbine at nozzle
4. Volumetric Efficiency v

Volume of water actually striking the runner

v 
Volume of water supplied to the turbine

1.11.4 Points to be remembered for the design of pelton wheel turbine

1. Velocity of the jet at inlet V1  CV 

2gH

where, CV  Coefficient of velocity  0.98 to 0.99

H  Net head on the Pelton wheel

DN
2. Velocity of the wheel u  Ku 

2gH 
60
where, D  Diameter of the runner

Ku  Speed ratio  0.43 to 0.48

3.   Angle of deflection of the jet through the buckets.

If it is not given assume   165 ;    180  

Power output P
4. Q  ? ; 0  Q 
gQH g0H

Q
5. Total area  ? ; Q  AV1 ;  A 
V1

pitch diameter of the pelton wheel

6. Jet ratio m 
jet diameter
D
m  12
d
D
7. Number of buckets on a runner Z  15   15  0.5 m
2d
Total rate of flow through the turbine
8. Number of jets 
Rate of flow of water through a single jet
1.56 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

9. 0  hyd  mech

10. Width of buckets  5 d

11. Depth of buckets  1.2 d

Problem 1.33: The flow through a pelton wheel is 250 litres per sec under
a head of 300 m. Calculate the power produced and efficiency if the mean
bucket speed is 35 m/sec and the buckets deflect the jet through an angle of
160. Take CV  0.97.

Solution:
Given Data: u  35 m/sec ;   160; Q  0.25 m3/sec ;

H  300 m ;    180  160  20 ; CV  0.97

1000 litres of water  1 m3

 250 litres of water  0.25 m3

Velocity of the jet V1  CV 

2gH  0.97 2  9.8  300


 74.41866 m/sec
Refer velocity triangle Fig.
Vw  V1  74.41866 m/sec
1

u2 Vw 2
 
V2 V f2 A ngle of deflection
Vr 2 of jet

V1 

u1 V r1
vw1

F ig . In let & o utlet v elo city tria ng les of p elto n w h ee l

 Impact of Jets 1.57

Vr  V1  u  74.419  35  39.419 m/sec  Vr

1 2

Vw  u2
2
cos   ;
Vr
2

 Vw  u2  Vr  cos   39.419  cos 20  37.04142

2 2

 Vw  2.04142 m/sec
2

Here efficiency means the hydraulic efficiency.

2 [Vw  Vw ]u 2  74.419  2.041  35
hyd  1 2
2
  96.6427%
V1 74.4192
Power produced by the turbine
P  Q [Vw  Vw ] u  1000  0.25 [74.41866  2.04142 ]  35
1 2

 669.0257 kW

Result
(i) Power produced by the turbine  669.0257 kW
(ii) Hydraulic efficiency hyd  96.6427%

Problem 1.34: A pelton wheel working under a head of 500 m, produces

13 MW at 430 rpm. If the efficiency of the wheel is 85% determine
(i) discharge of the turbine, (ii) diameter of the wheel, (iii) diameter of the
nozzle. Assume CV  0.98 and speed ratio as 0.46.

Solution

Given Data:
H  500 m ; P  13  106 Watts ; N  430 rpm

0  0.85 ; CV  0.98 ; Ku  0.46

Velocity of the jet V1  C v 


2gH  0.98 

2  9.81  500

 97.06453 m/sec
1.58 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Velocity of the wheel u  Ku 


2gH  0.46 

2  9.81  500

 45.561 m/sec

Diameter of the Wheel D

DN
u1 
60
60  u 60  45.561
D   2.0236 m
N   430
 Discharge of the turbine

P 13  106
Q   3.1180 m3/sec
 g 0 H 1000  9.81  0.85  500

We know that
Q  Area of the jet  V1

Q d2
 Aj   0.0321236 m2 
V1 4
1/2
 4  0.0321236 
 Diameter of the nozzle or jet  d   
  
 0.20224 m  202.24 mm

Result
(i) Discharge of the turbine Q  3.1180668 m3/sec
(ii) Diameter of the wheel D  2.0236 m
(iii) Diameter of the nozzle d  202.24 mm
Problem 1.35: A twin jet pelton wheel is required to generate 7500 kW
when the available head at the nozzle is 400 m. Assuming co-efficient of
velocity is 0.98, overall efficiency 80%, speed ratio as 0.46. reduction in
relative velocity while passing through the bucket as 15% and taking that
the jet is deflected through 160 by the bucket. Find (i) Diameter of each
jet, (ii) total flow in lps, (iii) force exerted by the jet on the buckets in
the tangential direction. If the jet ratio is not to be less than 10, find the
 Impact of Jets 1.59

speed of the wheel for a frequency of 50 hertz and the corresponding wheel
diameter. (Similar type of Apr 2015 - MGU)

Solution
Given Data:

No.of jets  2; P  7500 kW; H  400 m; Cv  0.98

0  0.8; Ku  0.46; Vr  0.85 Vr ;   160
2 1
   20; D
 10 f  50 Hz  sec
d
P
0 
 g QH
P
 Total discharge through ‘2’ nozzles  Q 
 g 0  H

7500  103
  2.3891437 m3  sec
1000  9.81  0.8  400
2.3891437
{Discharge through one nozzle q   1.1945719 m3  sec
2
q 1.1945719
q  A  V1,.  A  
V1
0.98 

2  9.81  400

d2
 0.0137596 m2 
4
1/2
 d   0.0137596  
4
  
 Diameter of the jet d  0.13236 m

V1  Cv 

2gH  0.98   2  9.81  400  86.81716 m  sec  Vw

1


u  Ku 2gH  0.46   2  9.81  400  40.750912 m  sec


Vr  V1  u1  86.8172  40.7509  46.0662 m  sec

1

 Vr  0.85 Vr  0.85  46.0662  39.1563 m  sec

2 1
1.60 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Vw  u2
2
From exit velocity triangle cos  
Vr
2

Vw  u2  36.794897 m  sec
2

 Vw   3.156 m  sec
2

Since Vw is negative, therefore the exit velocity triangle becomes as

2

shown in Fig. Force exerted by a jet on the wheel

Fx   q [Vw  Vw ]  1000  1.1945719 [86.81716  3.156]
1 2

 98.983613 kN
D
Jet ratio  10
d
Diameter of wheel  10  d  1.3236 m
 DN
u1 
60
u1  60 60
N  40.7509   588 rpm
D   1.3236
Now using the relation
60  f
N where, f  frequency in hertz
P
u2

Vw2

 

V f2
Vr 2 V2
 Impact of Jets 1.61

p  pairs of poles; N  speed

60  f
p  5.102
N
Take the next integer number
p6
60  f
Corresponding speed N   500 rpm
P
D N
u
60
40.750912  60
 D   1.55657 m
  500
D
 Jet ratio becomes   11.76  10
d
Hence the given condition is satisfied.

Result

(i) Diameter of each jet  132.36 mm

(ii) Total flow Q  2389.1437 lps
(iii) Force exerted by the jet F  98.9836 kN
(iv) Speed of the wheel for a frequency of 50 Hz = 500 rpm
(v) Wheel Diameter D  1556.57 mm

Problem 1.36: A Pelton wheel is having a mean bucket diameter of

0.8 m is running at 1000 rpm. The net head on the Pelton wheel is 400 m.
If the side clearance angle is 15 and discharge through the nozzle is
150 lit/sec., find (a) power available at the nozzle and (b) hydraulic effiency
of the turbine. (Apr/May 2015 - AU)
Given Data:
D  0.8 m ; N  1000 rpm H  400 m ; Q  150 lit  sec  0.15 m3  sec

DN   0.8  1000

Bucket speed, u  u  41.8879 m  sec
60 60
Side clearance angle  blade angle at exit ie   15
1.62 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Velocity of jet V1  Cv 

2gH

. .
[ . Cv is not given, it is assumed Cv  1]

 V1  1  

2  9.81  400  88.5889. m  s  Vw
1

Power available at the nozzle P  gQH

 1000  9.81  0.15  400  588600 Watts
 Vw  u 
2
cos    
Vr
 2 
Vr  V1  u  88.5889  41.8879  46.701  Vr
1 2

Vw  u  Vr  cos   45.1097  46.701  cos 15  45.1097

2 2

 Vw  45.1097  41.8879  3.2218 m  sec

2

2 [w  Vw ] u 2 [88.5889  3.2218]  41.8879

hyd  1 2
  100
V21 88.58892

 98%

Result
1. Power available at the nozzle  P  588.6 kW
2. Hydraulic efficiency hyd  98%

Problem 1.37: Two jets strike the buckets of Pelton wheel, which is having
shaft horse power as 20000. The diameter of each jet is given as 15 cm. If
the net head on the turbine is 500 m, find the overall efficiency of the turbine.
Take Cv  1.0 (Nov/Dec - 2016 - AU)

Given Data: No. of jets n  2; P  20000 HP; d  0.15 m;

H  500 m; Cv  1.0

Solution
d2 
Area of each jet a    0.152  0.0176714 m2
4 4
 Impact of Jets 1.63

Velocity of each jet V1  Cv 


2gH  1  

2  9.81  500  99.0454 m  sec

Discharge of each jet Q  a  V1  0.0176714  99.0454  1.7502 m3  sec

 Total discharge  2  1.7502  3.5004 m3  sec

P 20000  736
0    85.73%
gQH 9810  350055  500

Result:
(i) Overall efficiency of the turbine 0  85.73%

Problem 1.38: A Pelton wheel is to be designed to run at 300 rpm under

an effective head of 150m. The ratio of the nozzle diameter to the diameter
of the pitch circle is 1/12 Assuming overall efficiency as 84%, find the
diameter of the wheel, diameter of jet, quantity of water required and power
developed. Assume co-efficient of velocity of nozzle as 0.98. Also assume a
suitable value of speed ratio.

Solution
Given Data:
d 1 D
N  300 rpm; H  150 m;  or  12;
D 12 d
0  0.84; Cv  0.98

Velocity of the jet V1  Cv 


2gH  0.98 

2  9.81  150

V1  53.164435 m  sec  Vw
1

Velocity of the wheel u  Ku 


2gH

Assume Ku  0.46

 u  0.46 

2  9.81  150  24.9547 m  sec

Vr  Vw  u  53.1644  24.9547  28.2097 m  sec

1 1

DN
u
60
1.64 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

60  24.9547
D  1.59 m
  300
1.59
 Diameter of the jet   0.132 m
12

Quantity of water required Q  A  V1  0.1322  53.1644
4

 0.731835 m3  sec
Power available at the nozzle  gQH
 9810  0.731835  150  1076.89 kW
P
0 
gQH
 Power developed  0   g QH  904.5927 kW

Result

(i) Diameter of the wheel D  1588.6655 mm

(ii) Diameter of the jet d  132.388 mm
(iii) Quantity of water required Q  0.731835 m3  sec
(iv) Power developed P  904.5927 kW

Problem 1.39: A Pelton wheel develops 15 MW under a head of 800 m,

running at 10 rps Jet diameter to wheel diameter is 1  15. overall  85%
Design the Pelton wheel. State the assumptions used.

Given Data: P  15  106 Watts; H  800 m;

d 1 D
N  10  60  600 rpm;  or  15
D 15 d

Solution
P
0  0.85 0 
gQH
P 1
Q  15  106   2.2486059 m3  sec
g0 H 1000  9.81  0.85  800
 Impact of Jets 1.65

Assume Cv  0.98; Ku  0.46

 V1  Cv 

2gH  1  

2  9.81  800  122.778 m  sec

u  Ku 
  0.46 
2gH 
2  9.81  800  57.63049 m  sec

Q
Q  A  V1; A 
V1

2.2486059
A  0.0183144 m2
122.778

Diameter of the Runner

DN
u
60
u  60 60
D  57.63 
N   600

 D  1.83443 m

D
m
d
D 1.83443
d   0.12295 m
15 15
A 0.0183144
Number of jets    1.5591  2 jets
a 
0.1222952
4
m 15
No. of buckets Z   15   15  22.5  23 buckets
2 2

N
P 600  

15  106
Specific speed NS  5   17.2716
H 4 800 4
5

Width of bucket  5d  5  0.12295  0.611475 m

Depth of bucket  1.2d  1.2  012295  0.146754 m

1.66 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Result

(i) Diameter of the runner D  1.8344 m

(ii) Diameter of jet d  0.122295 m
(iii) No. of jets = 2 jets
(iv) Number of buckets Z  23 buckets
(v) Specific speed NS  17.2716

(vi) Width of buckets  0.611475 m  611.475 mm

(vii) Depth of buckets  0.146754 m  146.754 mm
Problem 1.40: A Penstock supplies water from a reservoir to the Pelton
wheel with a gross head of 500 m. One third of gross head is lost in friction,
in the penstock. The rate of flow of water through the nozzle fitted at the
end of the penstock is 2.0 m3/s. The angle of deflection of jet is 165.
Determine the power given by the water to the runner and also hydraulic
efficiency of the pelton wheel. Take speed ratio  0.45 and Cv  1.0
[Feb 2012 - CUSAT]

Solution

u2 V2

15 
V2 Vf2
Vr 2

Vr 1
o
165

B C
A
u1 v1

V1
 Impact of Jets 1.67

Hg 500
Given: Hg  500 m ; hf    166.7 m; Q  2 m3/s
3 3

Angle of deflection of jet  165;

Coefficient of velocity, Cv  1.0

Net head H  Hg  hf  500  166.7  333.30 m

  180    180  165  15

Velocity of jet,
V1  C v 2gH  1  
 
2  9.81  333.3
  80.86 m/s

Velocity of wheel, u  speed ratio  


2gH
u  u1  u2  0.45  
   36.387 m/s
2  9.81  333.3

Vr  V1  u1  80.86  36.387  44.473 m/s

1

Vw  V1  80.86 m/s Vr  Vr  44.473

1 2 1

From outlet triangle,

Vr cos   u2  Vw
2 2

44.473 cos 15  36.387  Vw

2

 Vw  44.473 cos 15  36.387  6.57 m/s

2

Work done by the jet on the runner per second

work done/s   A V1 [Vw  Vw ]  u
1 2

  Q [Vw  Vw ] u
1 2 . .
. A V1  Q
 Work done/s  1000  2.0 [80.86  6.57]  36.387

 6362630 Nm/s

 Power given by water to runner in kW

work done/s 6362630
   6362.63 kW
1000 1000
1.68 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Hydraulic efficiency h

2 [Vw  Vw ] u 2 [80.86  6.57] 36.387
1 2
h  
V21 80.862

h  0.976 or 97.31%

Problem 1.41: A pelton wheel is to be designed for a head of 60 m when

running at 200 r.p.m. The pelton wheel develops 95.6475 kW power. The
velocity of the buckets  0.45 times the velocity of the jet, overall efficiency
 0.85 and coefficient of velocity is 0.98.[Similar type May 2014 - MGU]

Solution
Given: H  60 m, N  200 rpm,

Shaft power S.P  95.6475 kW,

Velocity of bucket u  0.45  Velocity of Jet,
0  85% ; Cv  0.98

Note: Design of pelton wheel means find the jet diameter(d), diameter of
wheel D, width and depth of buckets and number of buckets.

(i) Diameter of wheel D

Velocity of Jet, V1  Cv  

2gH  0.98  
2  9.81  60  33.62 m/s

Bucket velocity  u1  u2  u  0.45  V1

 0.45  33.62  15.13 m/s

DN
But u 
60
  D  200 60  15.13
15.13  or D   1.44 m
60 3.14  200
Diameter of wheel D  1.44 m

(ii) Diameter of jet d

0  0.85
 Impact of Jets 1.69

Shaft power 95.6475  1000 95.6475  1000

0   
water power gQH 1000  9.81  Q  60

95.6475  1000
Q  0.192 m3/s
1000  9.81  0.85  60
Discharge Q  A  V1

d2
0.1912   V1
4

d2
0.1912   33.62
4



4  0.1912
 Diameter of jet d   0.85 m  85 mm
  633.62

(iii) Size of buckets

Width of buckets  5  d  5  85  425 mm

Depth of buckets  1.2  d  1.2  85  102 mm

(iv) Number of buckets Z

D 1.44
Z  15   15   15  8.5 ~ 24 buckets
2d 2  0.085
Problem 1.42: A Pelton turbine having 1.6 m bucket diameter develops a
power of 3600 KW at 400 rpm, under a net head of 275 m. If the overall
efficiency is 88%, and the coefficient of velocity is 0.97, find : speed ratio,
discharge, diameter of the nozzle and specific speed. (May/June - 2007 - AU)

Solution
Bucket diameter, D  1.6 m; Speed N  400 rpm

Power, P  3600 KW  3600  103 watts

Head H  275 m; o  88%  0.88 Cv  0.97

Velocity of jet, V1  Cv  

2gH  0.97  

2  9.81  275  71.25 m/s
1.70 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

u
Speed ratio,  

 2gH
 DN 400
u    1.6   33.51 m/s
60 60
33.51
 Speed ratio,    0.456
2  9.81  275

P
Overall efficiency, o 
wQH

P 3600  103
 Discharge Q  
wH  o 9810  275  0.88

Q  1.5164 m3/s
But Q  Area of jet  Velocity of jet

 d2
1.5164   V1
4


 

Dia. of jet or  4  1.5164 4  1.5164
 d   0.1646 m
nozzle    V1  71.25

d  164.6 mm
N
P 400  


3600
Specific speed, Ns  5  5  21.43
H 4
275 4
Problem 1.43: A Pelton wheel is supplied with water from reservoir under
a gross head of 112 m and the friction losses in the penstock amounts to 20
m of head. The water from penstock is discharged through a single nozzle
of diameter of 100 mm at the rate of 0.30 m3/s. Mechanical losses due to
friction amounts to 4.3 kW of power and shaft power available is 208 kW.
Determine: velocity of jet; water power at inlet to runner; power loss in
nozzles; power lost in runner due to hydraulic resistance.
(May/June - 2008 - AU)

Given
Gross head, HG  112 m; Loss of head in penstock, hf  20 m
 Impact of Jets 1.71

Nozzle dia, d  100 mm  0.1 m Discharge rate, Q  0.3 m3/s

Mechanical losses  4.3 kW Shaft Power, S.P  208 kW
Solution
Net Head at the entry of nozzle, H1  112  20  92 m

 
Area of jet, a   d2   0.12  0.007854 m2
4 4
w.k.t Discharge Q  a  V1
Q 0.3
 Velocity of jet V1    38.197 m/s
a 0.007854
Water power at inlet to runner
 wQ H1  9810  0.3  92  270756 watts  270.756 kW
Power corresponding to K.E of jet
1 1
 m  V21   Q  V21
2 2
1
  1000  0.3  38.1972  218852 W  218.852 kW
2
 Power lost in nozzle  Power at inlet to runner  power of jet
 270.756  218.852  51.904 kW
Power at inlet to runner  shaft power  power lost in nozzle 
power lost in runner  power lost due to mechanical resistance.
 i.e 270.756  208  51.904  Power lost in runner  4.3

 264.204  power lost in runner

 Poser lost in runner  270.756  264.204  6.552 kW
Problem 1.44: A 137 mm diameter jet of water issuing from a nozzle
impinges on the buckets of a pelton wheel and the jet is deflected through
an angle of 165 by the buckets. The head available at the nozzle is 400 m.
Assuming coefficient of velocity as 0.97, speed ratio as 0.46 and reduction
in relative velocity while passing through the buckets is 15% find
1. Force exerted by the jet on buckets in tangential direction.
2. Power developed.
1.72 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

u2 Vw 2
o
=1 5
V2
Vf 2
Vr 2

E
Vw 1 o
Vr 1 =1 65

A u1 B v1 C

Solution
Given d  137 mm  0.137 m

d2 
Area of jet A    60.1372  0.01474 m2
4 4
Angle of deflection   165. u2
Vw2
   180  165  15,  
Head of water H  40 m Vr 2
V f2
V2
Cv  0.97; speed ratio  0.46.
E
Relative velocity at outlet
 0.85  relative velocity at inlet

Vr  0.85 Vr
2 1

Velocity of jet  V1  Cv  2gH  0.95 

 
2  9.81  400  85.93 m/s

u1 u1
Speed ratio  0.46  

2gH 
 2  9.81  400

 u1  0.46  2  9.81  400  40.75 m/s


 Impact of Jets 1.73

Vr  V1  u1  85.93  40.75  45.18 m/s

1

Vr  0.85 Vr  0.85  45.18  38.40 m/s

2 2

for Pelron turbine u1  u2  u  40.75 m/s

Vw  Vr cos   u2  38.40  cos 15  40.75   3.658 m/s

2 2

 Vw  u2  Vr cos   3.658 m/s

2 2

[Here Vr cos   u2 the velocity triangle at outlet is as shown in Fig.]

2

(i) Force exerted by jet on buckets in tangential direction

Fx  aV1 [Vw  Vw ]  1000  0.01474  85.93 [85.93  3.658]  104206 N

1 2

Fx  u 104206  40.75
(ii) Power developed     4246.4 kW
1000 1000
Problem 1.45: Determine the HP of the Pelton wheel with tangential
velocity 20 m/s, Head 50 m, discharge 0.08 m/s, side clearance angle 15.
Take Cv as 0.975. (Nov/Dec - 2009 - AU)

Solution
Given: Tangential velocity, u  u1  u2  20 m/s; Head, H  50 m

Discharge, Q  0.03 m3/s; Side clearance angle,   15

V2
u2
 
V2 V f2 A ngle of deflection
V r2 of jet

V1 

u1 Vr 1
v1
1.74 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Cv  0.975

Velocity of jet, V1  Cv   0.975  2  9.81  50  30.54 m/s;



 Vr1  V1  u1  30.54  20  10.54 m/s

Vw1  V1  30.54 m/s; Vr2  Vr1  10.54 m/s

From outlet velocity triangle,
Vw2  Vr2 cos   u2  10.54  cos 15  20   9.46

(–ve sign indicates  is obtuse angle)

 Work done by the jet/s on the pelton wheel
runner  av1 [Vw1  Vw2]  u  Q [Vw1  Vw2]  u

 1000  0.03  [30.54  9.46]  20  12648 Nm/s

12648
 Power of the pelton wheel   12.648 kW
1000
Problem 1.46: A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 10 meters per
second with a jet of water flowing at the rate of 700 litres/sec under a head
of 30 meters. The buckets deflect the jet through an angle of 160. Calculate
the power given by water to the runner and the hydraulic efficiency of the
turbine. Assume coefficient of velocity 0.98. (May/June - 2015 - AU)

u2 Vw2

 
V2 V f2
Vr 2

o
u1 Vr 1 160

V 1 =V W 1
 Impact of Jets 1.75

Solution
Given: Bucket speed, u  u1  u2  10 m/s

Flow rate,
Deflection angle  160;  Angle   180  160  20; Cv  0.98

Velocity of jet at inlet, V1  Cv  


2gH  0.98  2  9.81  30


V1  23.78 m/s; Vw1  V1  23.78 m/s

From inlet velocity diagram,

Vr1  V1  u1  23.78  10  13.78 m/s

From outlet velocity triangle, Vw2  Vr2 cos   u2

Here Vr2  Vr1  13.78 m/s

 Vw2  13.78  cos 20  10  2.95 m/s

Power given by water to the runner

 Q [Vw1  Vw2]  u

 1000  0.7  [23.78  2.95]  10  187110 Nm/s

187110
Power given to the runner   187.11 kW
1000
2 Vw1  Vw2 u 2  23.78  2.95  10
Hydraulic efficiency  
V21 23.782

 0.9454  94.54%
Problem 1.47: A pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 12 m/s and
supplied with water at the rate of 0.7 m3/s under a head of 300 m. If the
buckets deflect the jet through an angle of 160 find the power developed
and hydraulic efficiency of the turbine. (Apr/May 2008 - AU)

Given
Mean bucket speed, u  u1  u2  12 m/s; Discharge rate, Q  0.7 m3/s

Angle of vane at outlet   180  160  20; Head, H  300 m

1.76 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

u2 Vw2
 
V2
V f2
Vr2

o
u1 Vr 1 160

V 1 =V W 1

Solution
Velocity of jet, V1  Cv  

2gH  0.98   2  9.81  300 [Assume Cv  0.98]


 75.19 m/s

 Vr1  V1  u1  75.19  12  63.19 m/s

Vw1  V1  75.19 m/s; Vr2  Vr1  63.19 m/s

From outlet velocity triangle, Vw2  Vr2  cos   u2  63.19  cos 20  12

 47.38 m/s

Workdone/s by the jet  aV1 [Vw1  Vw2]  u

 1000  0.7  [75.19  47.38]  12

 1029588 N.m/s or watts

1029588
 Power developed   1029.588 kw
1000

2 [Vw1  Vw2]  u 2 [75.19  47.38]

Hydraulic efficiency, h    12
V21 75.192

 0.5203 or 52.03%
 Impact of Jets 1.77

1.12 GOVERNING OF PELTON WHEEL

In actual practice, the load on the generator is always fluctuating from
time to time. Since the generator is directly coupled to the turbine, the change
of load on the turbine will sure to change its speed and rate of flow. As far
as possible, the speed of the turbine must be kept constant in order to get
high efficiency at different loads. This speed variations are maintained
constantly by providing a mechanism known as Governing of the turbine.
This will regulate the rate of flow according to the change in load conditions.
A commonly used servo motor method Governor is shown in Fig. 1.17
The components are

Centrifugal
Go vernor
Fly wheels
Lever
Relay or oil
control va lve

Pivot
Connected to 1
turbine

Ge ar Spear rod
pum p
2 1

Oil Sum p
Spear
Servo m otor
Fig 1.17 Governing of pelton w heel.

1. Centrifugal governor 2. Control valve

3. Gear pump 4. Oil sump
5. Servomotor 6. Spear or needle and
7. A set of pipes, connecting oil pump with control valve and relay
cylinder.
1.78 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

1.12.1 Working
The centrifugal governor is driven by the turbine shaft through belt or
gear. The control valve controls the direction of flow of the liquid from the
sump to the servomotor (or) vice-versa. The servo motor or relay-valve has
a piston connected to a spear, which reciprocates inside the nozzle as shown
in Fig.1.17.
When the outlet load on the generator reduces, the turbine speed
increases. It causes the following actions to take place one after another.
1. Fly balls of the governor raises upward.
2. Sleeve moves downward.
3. Left side end of the main lever raises.
4. The piston of the control valve moves downward in the cylinder.
5. The downward movement of the piston in the control valve forces
oil under pressure to the left side of the piston [2  2] in the
servomotor.
6. The piston in the servomotor moves to the right pushing the spear
forward.
7. The oil in the right side is returned to the oil sump through [1  1].
8. The forward motion of the spear reduces the opening of the nozzle.
9. This decrease in area of flow will decrease the rate of flow, as
a result of which there will be a decrease in speed of the turbine
and normal speed is restored. Once the normal speed is restored,
the main lever returns to its original position.
When the load on the generator increases, the turbine speed decreases.
This causes the following actions to take place one after another.
1. Fly balls move downward
2. Sleeve moves downward
3. The left side end of the lever lowers down.
4. The piston in the control valve moves upward in the cylinder.
5. Oil under pressure is forced from the control valve to the right
side of the piston [1  1] in the servomotor.
6. The piston moves to the left pushing the oil in the left side to the
oil sump. Simultaneously, the spear moves backward.
The backward movement of the spear increases the opening of the
nozzle outlet. Thus, a large quantity of water strikes the runner and the normal
speed of the turbine is restored.
 Impact of Jets 1.79

1.13 SOLVED UNIVERSITY PROBLEMS ON PELTON WHEEL

Problem 1.48 A pelton wheel of 1.2 m mean bucket diameter works under
a head of 650 m. The jet deflection is 165 and its relative velocity is reduced
over the buckets by 15% due to fiction. If the water is to leave the bucket
without any whirl, determine, (a) Rotational speed of the wheel; (b) Ratio
of bucket speed to jet velocity and (c) Efficiency of the wheel. Take
coefficient of velocity, Cv  0.97. (April 2015 MG University)
Given:
D  1.2 m; H  650 m;   180  165  15; Vr2  0.85 Vr1; Vw2  0; Cv  0.97

 DN
(a) Rotational speed of the wheel, u 
60
Velocity of jet, V1  Cv 

2gH

 0.97 

2  9.81  650

u2 Vw 2
 
V2 V f2 A ngle of deflection
Vr 2 of jet

V1 

u1 V r1
vw1

F ig . In let & o utlet v elo city tria ng les of p elto n w h ee l

 109.54 m/s
Vw1  V1  109.54 m/s

Vr1  V1  u  109.54  u
1.80 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Vr2  0.85 109.54  u

Vw2  u2
cos   Here Vw2  0
Vr2

So
u2 u
cos     u  u1  u2 
Vr2 0.85 109.54  u  

cos 15 93.109  0.85u  u

89.936  0.821u  u
1.821u  89.936

u  49.39 m/s

(b) Ratio of bucket speed to jet velocity

u 49.39
  0.451 m/s
V1 109.54

(c) Efficiency of the wheel (Hydraulic efficiency)

 Vw1  Vw2  u . .
hyd     . Vw2  0 
V21  

2 [109.54] 49.39
  0.9018
109.542
 90.18%
Problem 1.49 The three jet pelton wheel turbine is required to generate
10,000 kW, when the net head at the nozzle is 400 m. The exit blade angle
is 165 and the reduction in relative velocity while passing through the bucket
is 5%. Assuming that the total efficiency of the wheel is 80%, coefficient of
nozzle velocity is 0.98 and the speed ratio is 0.46. Find the following: (a) The
diameter of jet (b) Total flow in m3/s and (c) The force exerted by a jet
on the buckets. If the ratio is not to be less than 10, find the speed of the
wheel for a frequency of 50 Hertz, and corresponding wheel diameter.
[Apr 2015 - MGU University]
[Similar type Prob 1.35 - Pg 1.59]
 Impact of Jets 1.81

Solution
Given Data:

No.of jets  3; P  10000 kW; H  400 m; Cv  0.98

0  0.8; Ku  0.46; Vr  0.95 Vr ;   165
2 1

   15; D
 10 f  50 Hz  sec
d
P
0 
 g QH
P
 Total discharge through ‘3’ nozzles  Q 
 g 0  H

10000  103

1000  9.81  0.8  400

 3.186 m3  sec
3.186
Discharge through one nozzle q   1.062 m3  sec
3
q 1.062
q  A  V1,.  A  
V1 0.98 2 9.81 400

  

d2
 0.012233 m2 
4
1/2
 d   0.012233  
4
 

 Diameter of the jet d  0.1248 m

V1  C v 

2gH  0.98  2  9.81  400


 86.817 m  sec  Vw
1


u  Ku 2gH  0.46  2  9.81  400  40.751 m  sec


Vr  V1  u1  86.817  40.751  46.066 m  sec

1

 Vr  0.95 Vr  0.85  46.066  43.763 m  sec

2 1
1.82 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

From exit velocity triangle

Vw  u2
2
cos  
Vr
2

Vw  u2  Vr  cos   43.763  cos 15  42.272 m  sec

2 2

 Vw   42.272  40.751  1.521 m  sec

2

Fx   q [Vw  Vw ]
1 2

 1000  1.062 [86.817  1.521]

 88.338 kN
D
Jet ratio  10
d
Diameter of wheel D  10  d  1.248 m

 DN
u1 
60
u1  60 60
N  40.751   623.63 r pm
D   1.248
Now using the relation
60  f
N where,
p
f  frequency in hertz; p  pairs of poles; N  speed;
60  f 60  50
p   4.811
N 623.63
Take the next integer number
p5

60  f 60  50
Corresponding speed N    600 r pm
p 5
D N
u
60
 Impact of Jets 1.83

40.751  60
 D   1.297 m
  600

D 1.297
 Jet ratio becomes    10.39  10
d 0.1248
Hence the given condition is satisfied.
Problem 1.50: A pelton wheel is to be designed for the following
specifications. Power (Brake (or) shaft) = 9560 kW, Head = 350 m; Speed
1
= 750 rpm; Overall efficiency = o  85%; Jet diameter = Not to exceed th
6
of the wheel diameter Determine the following: (i) The wheel diameter
(ii) Diameter of jet and (iii) The number of jets required Take
Cv  0.985, Speed ratio = 0.45; mech  0.97 (April 2014 MGU)

Solution

P  9560  103 W; H  350 m; N  750 r pm ;

D
o  0.85; d  ; C  0.985; Ku  0.45
6 v

Velocity of jet V1  C v 

2gH

 0.985 

2  9.81  350  81.624 m/s

Velocity of wheel u  Ku 

2gH

 0.45 2  9.81  350  37.29 m/s



P
Overall efficiency o  0.85 
gQH

P 9560  103
Q   3.276 m/s
 g o H 9810  0.85  350

Q  A V1

Q 3.276
A   0.04013 m2
V1 81.624
1.84 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

(i) The wheel diameter D

DN u  60 37.29  60
u D    0.9496 m
60 N   750
(ii) Diameter of jet: d
D D 0.9496
We know 6d 
d 6 6
Diameter of jet d  0.1583 m

(iii) Number of jets required

A 0.04013
Number of jets    2.039 ~
 2 jets
a  2
 0.1583
4
Problem 1.51 A pelton wheel is working under a head of 400 m. The water
is supplied through a penstock of dia. 1 m and length 4 km from the reservoir
to the pelton wheel. The coefficient of friction for the penstock is given as
0.008. The jet of water of dia 150 mm strikes the buckets of the wheel and
gets deflected through an angle of 165. The relative efficiency of water at
outlet is reduced by 15% due to friction between inside surface of the bucket
and water. If the velocity of the bucket is 0.45 times the jet velocity at inlet
and mechanical efficiency on 85%, Determine (i) Power given to the runner
(ii) Shaft power (iii) Hydraulic efficiency and Overall efficiency
(May 2013, MGU)
Given H  400 m; Dpen  1 m; Lpen  4000 m ; f  0.008

Vjet 2gH  
 
2  9.81  400  88.59 m/s

A Vpenstock  A Vjet

 2 
D V  0.152  88.59
4 p 4
V  1.99 m/s

4f Lpen V2pen 4  0.008  4000  1.992

hf    25.92 m
2g Dpen 2  9.81  1

So net head H1  400  25.92  374.1 m

 Impact of Jets 1.85

Now V1  Cv  2gH  1  
 2  9.81  374.1
   85.67 m/s

  180  165  15

Vr2  0.85 Vr1

u  0.45 V1  0.45  85.67  38.552 m/s

mech  85%;

Vr1  V1  u1  85.67  38.552  47.12 m/s

Vr2  0.85  47.12  40 m/s

Power given to runner

P  w Q H1

 
Q  Discharge  A Vjet  A V1    0.152   85:67
4 
Q  1.514 m3/s

P  9810  1.514  374.1  5556260 watts  5556.26 kW

Power produced by the turbine

P   Q  Vw1  Vw2  u
 
 1000  1.514 [85.67  0.085]  38.552

 5005325 W

 5005.325 kW

(ii) Shaft power

Shaft power
mech  0.85 
Power developed by turbine

Shaft power  0.85  5005.325

 4254.53 kW
1.86 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

(iii) Hydraulic efficiency

2  Vw1  Vw2  u
 
hyd 
V21

Vw1  V1  85.67 mgs

 Vw2  u2 
 
cos  
Vr2

Vw2  u2  40  cos 15  38.64

Vw2  38.64  38.552  0.085 m/s

2  85.67  0.085   38.552

hyd 
85.672
 0.9  90%

Overall efficiency
Shaft power
o 
Power given to runner
4254.53
  0.7657  76.57%
5556.26
Also o  hyd  mech  0.9  0.85  76.5%
Problem 1.52: A pelton wheel turbine develops 9000 kW under a head of
300 m. The turbine speed is 550 rpm and the ratio of jet dia to wheel dia
1
is . The hydraulic, volumetric and mechanical efficiencies are 0.98, 0.95
10
and 0.92 respectively. The speed ratio is 0.46 and the coefficient of velocity
is 0.98. Calculate the number of jets provided. (May 2012 - MGU)
Given: P  9000 kW; H  300 m; N  550 rpm ;
d 1
 ;   0.98; vol  0.95; mech  0.92
D 10 hyd
Ku  0.46; Cv  0.98

o  hyd  mech  0.98  0.92  0.9016

 Impact of Jets 1.87

P
o 
gQH

P 9000  103
Q   3.392 m/s
 g o H 9810  0.9016  300


V1  C v 2gH  0.98  2  9.81  300  75.19 m/s


u  Ku 
 
2gH  0.46    35.29 m/s
2  9.81  300

Q 3.392
Q  A  V1  A    0.04511 m2
V1 75.19

 DN
We know, u 
60
u  60 35.29  60
D   1.348 m
N   550
d 1 D 1.348
 d   0.1348 m
D 10 10 10
A 0.04511
Number of jets    3.161  4 jets
a  2
4  0.1348 
 
Problem 1.53 Design a pelton wheel for the following data. (a) Gross head
available = 170 m; (b) Losses in penstock = 10% of Gross head
(c) Power to be developed = 600 kW; (d) Speed of the wheel = 350 rpm
(e) Overall efficiency = 88%. Assume suitable data.
(G513 - MGU - May 2014)
Given: HG  170 m; Actual head H  170  0.1  170  153 m

Power  600 kW ; N  350 rpm ; o  0.88 ;

Assume Cv  0.98, Ku  0.46

Solution:
Velocity of jet V1  C  

2gH

 0.98  2  9.81  153


 53.69 m/s
1.88 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Velocity of wheel u  Ku 

2gH

 0.46  2  9.81  153


 25.2 m/s
 DN
But u 
60
25.2  60
D  1.38 m
  350

Diameter of jet d

Power
o  0.88 
gQH
600  1000
0.88 
1000  9.81  Q  153

Q  0.454 m3/s
Discharge Q  A  V1  0.454

 2
d  53.69  0.454
4
d  0.104 m

Size of buckets
Width of buckets  5  d  5  0.104  0.52 m
D 1.38
Number of buckets z  15   15 
2d 2  0.104
 21.6 ~ 22 buckets
Problem 1.54 A single jet pelton wheel runs at 300 rpm under a head of
510 m. The jet dia is 200 mm and its deflection inside the bucket is 165
and its relative velocity is reduced by 15% due to friction. Assuming a
velocity coefficient of 0.98 and speed ratio of 0.46, find (i) Brake power if
mechanical losses are 3% and (ii) Overall efficiency
(MGU Model Qn paper)
 Impact of Jets 1.89

Given: N  300 r pm ; H  510 m; d  200 mm  0.2 m ;

  180  165  15, Vr2  0.85 Vr1; Cv  0.98; Ku  0.46

Solution
Velocity of jet V1  CV 

2gH

 0.98 2  9.81  510  98.03 m/s  Vw1



Velocity of wheel u  Ku 

2gH

u  0.46 

2  9.81  510  46.01 m/s

Vr1  V1  u1  98.03  46.01  52.02 m/s

Vr2  0.85 Vr1  0.85  52.02  44.21 m/s

Vw1  V1  98.03 m/s

 Vw2  u2 
cos    
Vr2

Vw2  u2  Vr2 cos   44.21  cos 15  42.71

Vw2  42.71  46.01   3.3 m/s

u2 Vw 2
 
V2 V f2 A ngle of deflection
Vr 2 of jet

V1 

u1 V r1
vw1

F ig . In let & o utlet v elo city tria ng les of p elto n w h ee l

1.90 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Hence Power   A V1  Vw1  Vw2  u

 

A   0.22  0.0314 m2
4
Power  1000  0.0314  98.03 [98.03  3.3]  46.01

 13422, 970.81 watts

 13422.97 kW

Brake power  0.97  13422.97  13020.3 kW

Brake power
Overall efficiency o 
Power given to runner

13020.3  103
o 
wQH

Q  A V1  0.0314  98.03  3.08 m3/s

13020.3  103
o   0.845
9810  3.08  510

 84.5%
Problem 1.56: A pelton wheel working under a head of 50 m is supplied
with 0.85 m3/s of water. The bucket speed is 15.5 m/s. Find the power
developed and the hydraulic efficiency of the turbine if the outlet vane angle
is 15. Take Cv  0.98. (C58184 - June 2009)

Given: H  50 m; Q  0.85 m3/s;   15 Cv  0.98

u  15.5 m/s  u1  u2

Solution
V1  Cv 

2gH  0.98 2  9.81  50


 30.69 m/s

Vw1  V1  30.69 m/s

Vr1  V1  u1  30.69  15.5  15.195 m/s  Vr2

 Impact of Jets 1.91

Vw2  u2
cos  
Vr2
Vr2 cos   Vw2  u2

15195  cos 15  Vw2  15.5

Vw2   0.823 m/s

Power produced by the turbine P   Q  Vw1  Vw2  u

 
 1000  0.85 [30.69  0.823]  15.5
 393, 495 Watts
 393.5 kW
2  Vw1  Vw2  u
 
Hydraulic efficiency hyd  2
r1
2 [30.69  0.823]  15.5

30.692
 0.983  98.3%
1.92 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Module 1 - Part 3
Reaction Turbines

1.14 REACTION TURBINES – INTRODUCTION

Reaction turbines operate under pressure of water. Only a part of the
total head of water is converted into kinetic head before it reaches the runner.
The water completely fills all the passages in the runner. Water enters the
wheel due to head of water at inlet and flows through the vanes. When
flowing through the vanes, both the pressure and velocity changes. The water
leaves the turbine to the tail race at a reduced pressure and velocity.

1.14.1 Classification of Reaction Turbines

The reaction turbines are classified into
1. Radial flow turbines
2. Axial flow turbines and
3. Mixed flow turbines.

1. Radial Flow Turbines

Water flows in radial direction i.e., along the radius of the wheel. The
radial flow turbines may be further sub divided into the following two classes.
(a) Inward Flow Turbines: In such turbines, the water enters the wheel at
the outer periphery, and then flows inwards. [i.e. towards the centre of the
wheel e.g., Francis turbine]
(b) Outward Flow Turbines: In such turbines, the water enters at the centre
of the wheel and then flows outwards. [i.e towards the outer periphery of
the wheel]

2. Axial Flow Turbines

In this type of turbines, the water flows parallel to the axis of the
shaft (Kaplan Turbine).

3. Mixed Flow Turbines

The flow is partly radial and partly axial.
 Impact of Jets 1.93

1.14.2 Main Components of a Reaction Turbine

The main components of a reaction turbine are

1. Scroll casing 2. Stay ring 3. Guide mechanism

4. Runner and 5. Draft tube

1. Scroll Casing
Water from the penstock is received by scroll casing. The scroll casing
(also called spiral casing) surrounds the guide wheel and runner. The
cross-sectional area of the casing decreases uniformly to distribute the water
around the guide ring evenly. Also this prevents eddy formation. Casing has
inspection holes and provision for connecting pressure gauges. It is made up
of welded steel plates or cast steel.

2. Stay Ring
The speed ring or stay ring consists of two rings held together by
series of fixed vanes called stay vanes. This ring directs water from the scroll
casing to the guide vanes. It also transfers the loads (caused by the water
pressure, weight of turbine and weight of generator) to the foundation.

3. Guide Mechanism
The guide blades are fitted between two rings in the form of a wheel
known as guide wheel. The guide vanes guide the water to enter tangentially
to the runner blades. The air foil shape of the vanes prevent eddy formation
and reduces frictional losses. Each guide vane is pivoted and it can be rotated
about its pivot by a system of lever and links. This rotation of guide vanes
alter the width of the water passage between them. Thus, water flowing into
the runner is varied accordingly to the requirement.

4. Runner
The runner consists of series of curved vanes. The vanes are evenly
arranged around the circumference in the annular space between two plates.
The vanes are properly shaped to receive the water without shock. The runner
is keyed to the shaft which may be vertical or horizontal. The runner is made
of cast iron for small turbines. In large turbines, the runner is made of cast
steel or stainless steel.
1.94 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

5. Draft Tube
This is a pipe or passage which leads the water exhausted from the
turbine into the tail race. Its cross-section increases gradually towards the
outlet. The bottom enlarged end is submerged in tail race water level.

S ta y vane M ain shaft S cro ll

casing

G u ide R unn er
va ne D raft tu be
Trail race

From penstock

S ta y vane

G u ide
vane

S ta y ring
S cro ll
casing

Fig 1.18. Com ponen ts of Reaction turbine

 Impact of Jets 1.95

1.15 FRANCIS TURBINE

The inward flow reaction turbine having radial discharge at outlet is
known as Francis Turbine. In modern Francis turbine, water under pressure
enters the runner towards the centre in radial direction and leaves the runner
axially. Thus the modern Francis turbine is a mixed flow type turbine.
The inlet and outlet velocity triangle for a Francis turbine is shown in
Fig 1.19.

u2
R adial
  discharge
Vr 2 V 2 = Vf 2

V1
V f1
V r1
 
u1
vw1
Fig 1.19 Velocity triangles of Francis turbine.

1.15.1 Working of a Francis Turbine

The water from the reservoir is carried to the turbine through penstocks
and enters the scroll casing. The casing distributes water evenly around the
circumference of the turbine runner. From the scroll casing, water passes
through the stay ring. This ring directs water to the guide vanes. These guide
vanes regulate the quantity of water supplied to the runner. The aerofoil shape
of the guide vanes allow the water to flow smoothly without shock. The
1.96 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

water enters the runner with a low velocity and considerable pressure. As the
water flows through the runner, the direction of flow of water is changed
from axial to radial. The pressure energy is gradually converted into kinetic
energy and the runner is rotated at high speed. This torque is transmitted
to the generator which is coupled to the runner shaft. After passing through
the runner, water enters the tail race through a draft tube.

1.15.2 Velocity Triangles and work done by Water in Francis Turbine

Vw  Velocity of whirl at inlet
1

Vw  Velocity of whirl at outlet

2

D1N
u1  Tangential Velocity of wheel at inlet 
60
D1  Outer diameter of runner

u1   r1

D2N
u2  Tangential velocity at wheel at outlet 
60
u2   r2;

D2  Inner diameter of runner

For Francis turbine which is inward flow reaction turbine having radial
discharge at outlet, we have
  90 and Vw  0.
2

 The velocity triangle for Francis Turbine is shown in Fig. 1.19.

Considering the work done per second equation,
W  Q [Vw u1  Vw u2]
1 2

Vw  0
2

 W  Q [Vw u1  0]
1

 W  Q Vw u1
1
 Impact of Jets 1.97

Now work done per second per unit weight of water per second

Work done per second

Q [Vw u1]
1
 
Weight of water striking per second Q  g
Vw u1
Work done per second per unit weight of 

1
water striking per second  g

1.15.3 Hydraulic Efficiency h for Francis Turbine

w
[V u ]
Runner power g w1 1
Hydraulic Efficiency  
Water power wH
Vw u1
1
h 
gH

1.15.4 Points to be remembered in Francis Turbine

1. Work done per sec on the runner by water

 Q [Vw u1] [For radial discharge Vw2  0]

1

2. Here blade speed is not constant [u1  u2]

D1 N D2N
 u1  and u2 
60 60
3. Work done/sec/ unit weight of water
1
 [V u ]
g w1 1
Work done by the wheel
4. Hydraulic efficiency 
Head on the turbine
[Vw u1]
1

gH
u
5. Speed ratio Ku 


2gH
1.98 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Vf
1
6. Flow ratio  


2gH

7. Discharge of the turbine Q  D1 B1 Vf  D2B2 Vf where B1, B2  blade

1 2

width at inlet and outlet respectively. If the thickness ‘t’ of the vane is also
considered, Q   D1  n  t B1 Vf where n  no. of vanes on the runner
1

P1 V21
8. Head on the turbine H  
w 2g [w  9810 N/m3]
B1
9. Breadth to diameter ratio n 
D1

10. If there is a radial discharge and there is no loss of energy when water
flows through the vanes   90, Vw  0.
2

1 V22
Working head H  [Vw u1] 
g 1 2g
11. W.D. per sec or power developed  Q [Vw u1]
1

1.15.5 Solved Problems on Francis Turbine

Problem 1.57 An inward flow reaction turbine has an external diameter os
1m and its breadth at inlet is 250 mm. If the velocity of flow at inlet is 2
m/s, find weight of water passing through the turbine per second. Assume
10% of the area of flow is blocked by the blade thickness. If the speed of
the runner is 210 rpm, and guide blades make an angle of 10 to the wheel
tangent, draw the inlet velocity triangle and find (i) The runner vane angle
at inlet (ii) The velocity of wheel at inlet (iii) The absolute velocity of
water leasing the guide vanes and (iv) The relative velocity of water entering
runner blade.

Given

D1  1 m ; B1  0.25 m ; Vf1  2 m/s ; m g  ?

Area of flow  0.9 D1 B1 ; N  210 rpm ;   10

Q  0.9 D1 B1 Vf1  0.9    1  0.25  2  1.414 m3/s

 Impact of Jets 1.99

N
Weight of water passing through turbine  wQ  9810  1.414  13868.6
s
 13.8686 kN/sec

To find velocity of wheel at inlet u1

D1N   1  210
u1  
60 60
u1  10.996 m/s

To find Runner vane angle at inlet 

V1
Vr
1
 
u1
Vw 1
Fig. Inlet velocity trian gle

Vf1
tan  
Vw1

Vf1 2
vw1    11.343 m/s
tan  tan 10

Vf1 2
tan     5.77
Vw1  u1 11.343  10.996

  tan 1 5.77  80.17

  80.17
1.100 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

To find Absolute velocity of water leaving the guide vanes V 1

V1 cos   Vw1

Vw1 11.343
V1    11.52 m/s
cos  cos 10

V1  11.52 m/s

To find Relative velocity of water entering the runner blade Vr1

Vf1 2
Vr1 sin   Vf1 ; Vr1  
sin  sin 80.17

 2.03 m/s

Vr1  2.03 m/s

Problem 1.58: An inward flow reaction turbine has external and internal
diameters as 1m and 0.6m respectively. The hydraulic efficiency of the turbine
is 90% when the head on the turbine is 36m. The velocity of flow at outlet
is 2.5 m/s and the discharge at outlet is radial. If the vane angle at outlet
is 15 and width of the wheel is 100 mm at inlet and outlet, Determine
(i) Guide blade angle (ii) Speed of the turbine (iii) Vane angle of runner
at inlet (iv) Volume flow rate of turbine (V) Power developed.
(May 2013 - 40944 - MGU)

Given
D1  1 m ; D2  0.6 m ; hyd  0.9 ; H  36 m

Vf2  2.5 m/s  V2 ;   90 ;   15 ; B1  0.1 m  B2

To find speed of turbine

Vf2 Vf2 2.5
tan    u2    9.33 m/s
u2 tan  tan 15

D2 N   0.6  N
u2    9.33 m/s
60 60
Speed of the turbine N  296.99 rpm
 Impact of Jets 1.101

D1 N   1  269.99
u1    15.55 m/s
60 60
Vw1 u1
hyd 
gH
hyd  gH 0.9  9.81  36
Vw1    20.44 m/s
u1 15.55


u2
V2
Vf 2 =

Vr 2

R unn er

V1 V f1
Vr 1

 

u1
Vw1

To find Guide blade angle 

Volume flow rate of Turbine Q
Q  D1 B1 Vf1  D2 B2 Vf2

Q  D2 B2 Vf2    0.6  0.1  2.5  0.4712 m3/s

1.102 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

0.4712
Q  D1 B1 Vf1  Vf1   1.5 m/s
  1  0.1

Vf1  1.5 m/s

Vf1 1.5
tan     0.0734
Vw1 20.44

  4.2

To find vane angle at inlet 

Vf1 1.5
tan     0.307
Vw1  u1 20.44  15.55

  17.05

Power developed P  m V w1 u 1
  Q Vw1 u1  1000  0.4712 20.44  15.55

 149, 767 Watts

 143.767 kW
Problem 1.59: An inward flow reaction turbine has inlet and outlet
diameters of 1.2 m and 0.6 m respectively. The breadth at inlet is 0.25 m
and at outlet is 0.35 m. The runner speed is 250 rpm. The relative velocity
at inlet is 3.5 m/s and is redial. Determine (i) The absolute velocity at inlet
and its inclination to the tangent of runner. (ii) Discharge and (iii) The
velocity of flow at outlet.
Given
D1  1.2 m ; D2  0.6 m : B1  0.25 m ; B2  0.35 m

N  250 rpm ; Vr1  3.5 m/s ;   90 (radial)

Absolute velocity at inlet V 1

From inlet velocity triangle,
Vr1  Vf1  3.5 m/s

D1 N   1.2  250

u1    15.71 m/s
60 60
 Impact of Jets 1.103

u2

 

Vf2 = V 2
Vr 2

V1
Vr 1 = V f1
 

u1 = V w 1

V21  

u21  V2r1  

15.712  3.52  258.99

V1  16.09 m/s

Discharge Q

Q  D1 B1 Vf1    1.2  0.25  3.5  3.2987 m3/s

Q  3.2987 m3/s

Velcity of flow at outlet Vf2

Q  D2 B2 Vf2

Q 3.2987
Vf2    5 m/s
D2 B2   0.6  0.35

Vf2  5 m/s
1.104 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Problem 1.60 An inward flow reaction turbine of inner diameter 1.2 m

operates under a lead of 150 m and requires a discharge of 6 m3/s at a
rotational speed of 400 rpm. The guide vane angle is 20 and the water
leaves the runner blade axially. If the runner is 0.1 m wide at the inlet,
Calculate (i) The torque and power supplied to the shaft and (ii) The
efficiency of the turbine. (June - 2011 - C15640 - MGU)

Given D1  1.2 m ; H  150 m ; Q  6 m 3/s ; B  400 r pm ;

  20 ;   90 ; B1  0.1 m
u2
Q  D1 B1 Vf1
R adial
  discharge
 6
Vf1    15.92 m/s Vr 2 V 2 = V f2
D1 B1   1.2  0.1

Vf  15.92 m/s
1

D1 N   1.2  400

u1    25.13 m/s
60 60
u1  25.13 m/s

Vf1 Vf1 V1
15.92 V f1
tan    Vw1   V r1
Vw1 tan  tan 20  
u1
 43.74 m/s
vw1
Vw1  43.74 m/s Fig Velo city trian gle s of F ran cis tu rbin e.

Power developed by the turbine

P  Q [Vw1 u1]

 1000  6  [43.74  25.13]

 6595093 Watts  6595.1 kW

Torque supplied to shaft T

2NT
 Power
60
 Impact of Jets 1.105

Power  60 6595.1  60 Hydraulic Efficiency hyd

T 
2N 2   400
 157.45 kN  m Vw1 u1 43.74  25.13
hyd  
gH 9.81  150
 0.7469  74.69%

Problem 1.61: A Francis turbine has inner diameter of wheel 0.6 times the
outer diameter. Water enters the turbine at 12 tangent to the wheel. Blade
angles are radial at inlet. Velocity of flow is constant through the turbine
and is 2.5 m/sec. Speed of the runner is 280 rpm. The width of the wheel
at the inlet is 10 cm. 5% of area of flow is blocked by runner blades.
Determine. (a) working head, (b) diameters at inlet and outlet (c) blade
angle at outlet, (d) power produced. (FAQ)
Given Data: D2  0.6 D1 ;   12 ;   90 ; N  280 r pm B1  0.1 m ;
Vf  Vf  2.5 m/sec
1 2

Note: Francis turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine.  The vane angle
at exit   90. The velocity triangle is
Solution
Vf
1 . .
tan   . u1  Vw
u1 1

Vf
1 2.5
u1    11.761575 m  sec
tan  tan 12
Note: Since 5% area of flow is blocked by the runner blades, therefore the
actual area of flow will be 95%
Q  0.95  D1 B1 Vf  0.95  D2B2Vf
1 2

D1B1  D2B2
D1 1
B2  B1  0.1   0.166666 m
D2 0.6
1.106 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

u2

 = V2
Vf2
Vr 2

Tange nt
to wh eel

= V f1
Vr1
1
V




u 1 = V w1

Vf Vf
1 1 2.5
sin    V1  
V1 sin  sin 12

 V1  12.02 m  sec

D1 N
u1 
60
60  u1 60  11.761575
 D1    0.802 m
N   280
 D2  0.6  0.802  0.481 m

  0.481  280
u2   7.06 m  sec
60
 Impact of Jets 1.107

Q  0.95  D1 B1  Vf

1

 0.95    0.802  0.1  2.5  0.599 m3  sec

Vf
2
tan 
u2

 Vf 
 1  2.5 
  tan 1  2
  tan    19.507
 u2   7.06 

1 V22
Working head H  [Vw u1  Vw u2] 
g 1 2 2g

Since Vw  0; V2  Vf  Vf  2.5 m  sec and Vw  u1

2 2 1 1

Vf2
1
H [u1]2  1
g 2g
1 1
 [2 u21  V2f ]  [2  11.7615752  2.52]
2g 1 2  9.81

 14.42 m

Power produced P  Q[Vw u1]

1

1000  0.5985801  11.7615752


1000

 82.8 kW

Result:
(a) Working head = 14.42 m

(b) Diameter of the runner at inlet D1  0.802 m

Diameter of the runner at exit D2  0.481 m

(c) Blade angle at outlet   19.507

(d) Power developed P  82.8 kW

1.108 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Problem 1.62: Design an inward flow Francis turbine whose power output
is 330 kW under a head of 70 m running at 750 rpm,
hyd  94%, o  85%. The flow ratio at inlet is 0.15. The breadth to diameter
ratio at inlet is 0.1. The inner diameter of the runner is 12 of outer diameter.
Assume 6% of the circumfrential area is blocked by the thickness of the
vanes. Flow velocity is constant. (Similar type Apr 2015 - MGU)

Given Data: P  330 kW ; H  70 m ; N  750 rpm ; hyd  0.94

B1 D1
o  0.85 ; 1  0.15 ; Y  0.94 ;  0.1 ; D2 
D1 2

Solution
Since the flow velocity is constant.

 Vf  Vf  1 

2gH  0.15 2  9.81  70  5.56 m/sec

1 2

P
o 
gQH

P 330  103
Q   0.565 m3/sec
o  gH 0.85  1000  9.81  70

Q  0.94  D1B1Vf
1

0.565  0.94   D1  0.1 D1  5.56 . .

[ . B1  0.1 D1]
D1 0.587
 D1  0.587 m ; D2  
2 2

D2  0.293 m and B1  0.0587 m

D1N   0.587  750

u1    23.05 m/sec
60 60
Vw u 1
hyd  1
gH
hyd  gH 0.94  9.81  70
 Vw    28 m/sec
1 u1 23.045711
 Impact of Jets 1.109

u2
R adial
  discharge
Vr 2 V 2 = V f2

V1
V f1
V r1
 
u1
vw1
Fig Velocity triangles of Francis turbine.

Refer Fig. for velocity triangle.

Vf
1 5.56
tan       11.2253
Vw 28
1

Vf
1 5.5589
tan   
Vw  u1 28.0094  23.045711
1

  48.23719
D2N   0.2934271  750
u2    11.522855 m  sec
60 60
Vf 5.5589118
2
tan   
u2 11.522855

   25.7538
1.110 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

0.5868541
D1B1  D2B2  B2   0.0586854
0.2934271
B2  0.11737 m

Result
(i) Diameter of the runner at inlet and outlet
D1  0.586854 m; D2  0.2934271 m

(ii) Width at inlet and outlet B1  0.0586854 m and B2  0.11737 m

(iii) Fluid angle at inlet and outlet   11.2253 and   90

(iv) Blade angle at inlet and outlet   48.23719 and   25.7538

Problem 1.63: The following data is given for a Francis Turbine. Net head
H  60 m, speed N  700 rpm, shaft power
 294.3 kW, overall  84%, h  93%, flow ratio  0.2, breadth ratio  0.1;
outer diameter of runner  2  inner diameter of runner. The thickness of
vanes occupy 5% of circumferential area of runner, velocity of flow is
constant at inlet and outlet and discharge is radial. Determine. (a) Guide
blade angle, (b) Runner vane angle at inlet and outlet (c) diameters at
inlet and outlet (d) width of wheel at inlet. (Apr 2015 - MGU)

Solution
Given H  660 m; N  700 rpm; S.P  294.3 kW; o  84%  0.84

Hydraulic efficiency h  93%  0.93

Vf
1
Flow ratio  0.2

2gH

Vf  0.2   2gH  0.2 

 
2  9.81  60  6.862 m/s.
1

B1
Breadth ratio,  0.1
D1

Outer diameter D2  2  inner diameter

 2  D1
 Impact of Jets 1.111

u2

V f =V 2 =V f
2 1

Vr
2

V1
Vr
1
 
u1
Vw1

Velocity of flow Vf  Vf  6.862 m/s

1 2

Thickness of vanes  5% of circumferential area of a runner

 Actual area of flow  0.95  D1  B1

Discharge is radial at outlet,  Vw  0, Vf  V2

2 2

S.P shaft power

o  
W.P water power
294.3
0.84 
W.P
294.3
W.P   350.357 kW
0.84

W.P  350.357  103 W

We know W.P  gQH

 350.357  103  QgH

1.112 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

350.357  103
Q  0.5952 m3/sec
1000  9.87  60
Also discharge Q Actual area of flow  velocity of flow

 0.95 D  B1  Vf
1

. .
0.5952  0.95    D1  0.1  D1  6862  . B1  0.1 D1

 D1 

 0.5952
2.048
 0.54 m

B1  0.1  D1  0.1  0.54  0.054 m  54 mm

D1 0.54
 D2    0.27 m
2 2
Tangential speed of the runner at inlet
D1N   0.54  700
u1    19.79 m/s
60 60
Vw u1
Hydraulic efficiency h 
1
gH
Vw  19.79
1
0.93 
9.81  60  Vw  27.66 m/s
1

(i) Guide blade angle 

Vf
6.862
tan   1
  0.248
Vw 27.66
1

  tan 1 0.248  13.92

(ii) Vane angles at inlet and outlet  and 

Vf
1 6862
tan     0.872
Vw  u1 27.66  19.79
1

  tan 1 0.872  41.1

 Impact of Jets 1.113

Vf Vf
6.862
tan  
2 1
 
u2 u2 u2

D2N   0.27  700

u2    9.896 m/s
60 60
6.862
tan  
9.896

   tan 1 0.6934  34.74

(iii) Diameters of runner at inlet and outlet

D1  0.54 m D2  0.27 m

(iv) Width of wheel at inlet

B1  54 mm

Problem 1.64: Design a Francis Turbine runner with the following data:
Net head  50 m, Speed N  450 rpm. Output power 400 kW, Hydraulic
efficiency  85%, Overall efficiency  85%, Flow ratio  0.15, Breadth to
diameter ratio  0.1, Inner diameter is 1/2 of outer diameter. Neglect by the
thickness of the vanes. The flow is radial at exit and remains constant
throughout. (Apr 2015 - MGU)

Given
Net head, H  50 m

Speed, N  450 rpm

Output power

P  400 kW  400  103 W

Hydraulic efficiency,   85%  0.85

Overall efficiency 0  85%  0.85

Vf1
Flow ratio, 1   0.15

 2gH
B1
Breadth to diameter ratio,   0.1
D1
1.114 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

1 1
Inner dia, D2   outer dia   D1
2 2

Radial flow at outlet, ie   90,  Vw2  0 & Vf2  V2

Velocity of flow is constant, ie Vf1  Vf2

Solution
Vf1
Flow ratio,  

2gH
Vf1 Vf1
0.15  

 
2  9.81  50 31.32

 Vf1  0.15  31.32  4.698 m/s  Vf2

P 400  103
Over all efficiency, 0  
gQH wQH

400  103
ie, 0.85 
9810  Q  50

400  103
Q  0.9594 m3/s
9810  50  0.85
But Q  Actual area of flow  Velocity of flow

 Circumferential area  Vf

  D1 B1  Vf1

 . . B1 
 .  0.1; 
 D 1 
  D1  0.1  D1  4.698  
  B  0.1 D 
 1 1 
 
0.9594  1.48 D21

 D1 

 0.9594
1.48
 0.805 m
 Impact of Jets 1.115

 B1  0.1  0.805  0.0805 m  80.5 mm

Tangential velocity of runner at inlet,

 D1 N   0.805  450
u1  
60 60

u1  18.97 m/s

Vw1 u1
Hydraulic efficiency, h 
gH

gH 9.81  50
 Vw1  h   0.85 
u1 18.97

Vw1  21.98 m/s

Vf1 4.698
From inlet velocity triangle, tan   
Vw1 21.98

 0.2137

   tan 1 0.2137

 12.06
Vf1 4.698
tan     1.56
Vw1  u1 21.98  18.97

   tan 1 1.56

  57.35
 D2 N D1 N
u2   
60 2 60 ...D 1D 
 2 2 1
 
0.805 450
 
2 60

 u2  9.484 m/s
1.116 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Vf2 4.698
From outlet velocity triangle, tan     0.4954
u2 9.484

  26.35
D1 0.805
D2    0.4025 m
2 2

 D1 B1 Vf1   D2 B2 Vf2

D1 B1 0.805  0.0805
 B2    0.161 m
D2 0.4025

B2  161 mm

Result
(i) Diameter of the runner at inlet and outlet D1  0.805 m &
D2  0.4025 m

(ii) Width of runner at inlet and outlet, B1  805 mm &

B2  161 mm

(iii) Fluid angle at inlet   12.06

Fluid angle at outlet   90 (given)
(iv) Blade angle at inlet & outlet,   57.35 &   26.35
Problem 1.65: In an inward flow reaction turbine, the supply head is 12m
and the maximum discharge is 0.28 m3/s. External diameter
 2  internal diameter and the velocity of flow is constant and equal to
0.15 

2gH . The runner vanes are radial at inlet and the runner rotates at
300 rpm. Determine (i) The guide vane angles (ii) The vane angle at exit
for radial discharge (iii) The widths of the runner at inlet and outlet. The
vanes occupy 10% of the circumference and hydraulic efficiency is 80%.
(Feb 2013 - MGU)

Given

H  12 m ; Q  0.28 m3/s ; D  2 D2 ; Vf1  Vf2  0.5 


2gH
 Impact of Jets 1.117

  90 radial at inlet ; N  300 rpm ;

Actual area of flow  0.9  D1 B1  0.9 D2 B2 ;
hyd  80%, Radial discharge ;

Solution
Vf1  Vf2  0.15 

2gH

 0.15 

2  9.81  12  2.3 m/s u2


Vf1  Vf2  2.3 m/s Vf2
= V2
Vr 2

Vw1 u1 u21
hyd  
gH gH

u21  hyd  gH Tange nt
to w h eel
 0.8  9.81  12 = V f1
Vr1

u21  94.176
1
V



u1  9.704 m/s
u 1 = V w1

From inlet velocity triangle

Vf1 2.3
tan     0.237
u1 9.704
Guide vane angle at inlet

  13.33

Vane angle at exit 

Vf2
tan  
u2

D1 N u1  60 9.704  60
u1   D1    0.6178
60 N   300

D1  0.6178 m
1.118 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

D1 0.6178
D2    0.3089 m
2 2
D2 N   0.3089  300
u2    4.852 m/s
60 60
Vf2 2.3
tan     0.474
u2 4.852

  25.36
Vane angle at exit   25.36

Width of runner at inlet and exit

Q  0.9 D1 B1 Vf1  0.9 D2 B2 Vf2

Q  0.28  0.9    0.6178  B1  2.3

B1  0.0696 m

Q  0.28  0.9    0.3089  B2  2.3

B2  0.1394 m

Problem 1.66: A Francis turbine working under a head of 30 m has a wheel

diameter of 1.2 m at the entrance and 0.6 m at the exit. The vane angle at
the entrance is 90 and guide blade angle is 15. The water at the exit leaves
the vanes without any tangential velocity and the velocity of flow in the
runner is constant. Neglecting the effect of draft tube and losses in the guide
and runner passages determine the speed of the wheel in rpm and vane angle
at exit. (Apr 2016 - AU)
Given Data: H  30 m; D1  1.2 m; D2  0.6 m;   90;

Since fluid comes out from the guide blade, therefore fluid
angle  Guide blade angle

   15
Water leaves the vanes without any tangential velocity.
 Vw  0 ; V2  Vf ; Vw  u1 [Refer Fig.]
2 2 1
 Impact of Jets 1.119

u2

 = V2
Vf2
Vr 2

Tange nt
to w h eel

= V f1
Vr1
1
V




u 1 = V w1

Solution
(i) Speed of the Turbine
Vf Vf Vf
1
tan  
1
 u1  
1
 3.732 Vf ... (1)
u1 tan  tan 15 1

If there is no loss of energy when the water flows through the vanes,
therefore the working head

1 V22 . .
H [Vw u1  Vw u2]  [ . V2  Vf and Vw  0]
g 1 2 2g 2 2

Vw u1 Vf2
1 2
 
g 2g
1.120 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

u21 Vf22
 
g 2g ... (2)
By substituting equation (1) in (2)

3.732 Vf2 V2f

H 
g 2g

V2f 2 V2f
H [2  3.732  1]  [28.855648]
2g 2g
2gH 2  9.81  30
V2f  
28.855648 28.855648
 Vf  4.516424 m  sec  Vf  Vf
1 2

 u1  3.732  4.516424  16.8552946 m  sec

D1N 60u1 60  16.855295

u1  N 
60 D1   1.2

 N  268.26 r pm

(ii) Vane Angle at Exit

D2N   0.6  268.26
u2    8.42764 m  sec
60 60
Vf
2 4.516424
tan  
u2 8.42764

   28.1871

Result
(i) Speed of the runner wheel N  268.26 rpm
(ii) Vane angle at exit   28.1871
Problem 1.67: The following data is given for a Francis turbine. Overall
  75% is required to produce 203 HP. It is working under a head of
7.62 m. The peripheral velocity  0.26 

2gH and the radial velocity of flow
at inlet is 0.96 

 . The wheel runs at 150 rpm and the hydraulic losses in
2gH
 Impact of Jets 1.121

the turbine are 22% of the available energy. Assuming radial discharge.
Determine. (a) The guide blade angle (b) The wheel vane angle at inlet
(c) Diameter of the wheel at inlet, and (d) Width of the wheel at inlet
Solution
Given Data:
0  0.75; P  203  735.5  149306.5 Watts; H  7.62 m

u1  0.26    0.26  
2gH   3.179 m/s
2  9.81  7.62
Vf  0.96 

  0.96  
2gH   11.73811m  sec;
2  9.81  7.62
1

Hydraulic loss  22%

Therefore, hydraulic efficiency
hyd  0.78
u2
From velocity triangle, (refer Fig.) R adial
  discharg e
Vw u1
hyd  1 Vr 2 V 2 = V f2
gH
hyd  gH
 Vw 
1 u1

0.78  9.81  7.62

  18.3412 m  sec
3.179
Vf
1 11.73811
tan   
Vw 18.3402 V1
1 V f1
V r1
   32.6186  
u1
 Guide blade angle (or) Fluid angle vw1
at inlet to the runner,   32.6186 Fig 1.19 Velocity tria ngles of Francis turbine.

Vf
11.73811
tan  
1
  

Vw  u1  18.3412  3.179 
1

   37.7459
1.122 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

D1N
u1 
60
u1  60 3.179  60
 D1    0.40476 m
N   150
P
o 
gQH
P 149306.5
Q 
o gH 0.75  1000  9.81  7.62

 2.661368 m3  sec

Q  D1B1Vf
1

Q 2.661368
 B1    0.17842 m
D1Vf   0.40476  11.73811
1

Result
(a) The guide blade angle   32.6186

(b) Vane angle at inlet   37.7459

(c) Diameter of the wheel at inlet D1  0.40476 m

(d) Width of the wheel at inlet B1  0.17842 m

Problem 1.68: Two inward flow reaction turbines working under the same
head and same hyd have runner of same diameter 550 mm. The velocity of
flow for both the turbine is 5.5 m/sec. One of the runner ‘A’ has inlet blade
angle 65 and runs at 520 rpm while the other runner ‘B’ has inlet blade
angle 115. What will be the speed of the runner ‘B’.

Solution
Given Data:

HA  HB; hydA  hydB; Vf A  Vf B  5.5 m/sec

1 1

D1A  D1B  0.55 m; A  65; NA  520 r pm;

 Impact of Jets 1.123

B  115; NB  ?

Assume radial exit.

hydA  hydB

 Vw1 u1   Vw u1 
   1 
 gH A  gH B
Vw u1A  Vw u1B ... (1)
1 1

DA NA
u1A 
60
  0.55  520

60
 14.97492 m/sec

V1 V1 Vr 1
Vf 1 Vf 1
Vr 1 o
  

u1 Vw1
Vw 1 u1
Turbine ‘A’ Turbine ‘B’
Fig. Inlet Velocity Triangle

From velocity triangle for the turbine A

Vf
1
tan A 
Vw  u1
1

5.5
 Vw  u1A 
1 tan 65
 2.56469 m/sec
Vw A  2.56469  14.97492  17.5396 m/sec
1
1.124 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

From velocity triangle for the turbine B

Vf
1
tan 65 
u1  Vw
1

 u1  Vw B  2.56469
1 ... (2)
From equation (1),
Vw u1A  Vw u1B
1 1

Vw u1A
1 262.65419
 Vw B  
1 u1B u1B ... (3)
Substituting equation (3) in (2), we get,
262.65419
u1   2.56469
u1

u21  262.65419  2.56469 u1

u21  2.56469 u1  262.65419  0

Using quadratic equation,

 2.56469  

2.564692  1050.61676
u1B 
2
u1B  17.5396 m/sec

u1B   14.9749 m/sec

Since the blade speed will not be a negative,

DB NB
 u1B  17.5396 
60
60  17.5396
 NB   609.0576 rpm
  0.55

Result
Speed of the runner B, NB  609.0576 rpm
 Impact of Jets 1.125

Problem 1.69: An inward flow reaction turbine is supplied 300 litres of

water per second. Outlet pipe of the turbine is 36 cm in diameter. The turbine
works under a head of 35 m, radial velocity of flow through the wheel is
same as the velocity in the outlet pipe. Wheel velocity at inlet is 20 m/sec.
Find (i) guide blade angles, (ii) blade angle at inlet, (iii) Power developed.
(Nov/Dec 2015 AU)

Solution
Given Data:

Q  0.3 m3/sec ; D0  0.36 m ; H  35 m ; u1  20 m/sec

Refer Fig.
Velocity at the outlet pipe of the turbine
Q
V2 
area of the pipe
0.3  4

 0.362

 2.94731 m/sec
In an inward flow radial turbine, fluid leaves radially.
 Vw  0 and V2  Vf  Vf  2.94731 m/sec
2 2 1

We know that,

1 V22
H  [Vw u1  Vw u2 ] 
g 1 2 2g
2Vw u1
1
V22
 
2g 2g

2gH  V22  2Vw u1

1

2  9.81  35  2.947312
 Vw 
1 2  20

 16.95033 m/sec
1.126 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Guide Blade Angle at Inlet

Vf
1 2.94731
tan   
Vw 16.95033
1

   9.8639
Since u1  Vw , the inlet velocity triangle becomes as shown in Fig.
1

Vf
tan 180   
1

u1  Vw 
1
V1 Vr 1
180    44.022 V f1

Vf 
 
180    tan 1  1
 Vw 1
u  Vw 
 1 1  u1
2.94731 
 tan 1  
 20  16.950 
   136
Power developed
P  Q [Vw u1 ]
1

 1000  0.3 [16.95033  20 ]

 101.70198 kW

Result
(a) Guide blade angle at inlet and exit
  9.8639 and   90
(b) Blade angle at inlet   136
(c) Power developed P  101.70198 kW
Problem 1.70: An inward flow reaction turbine has a circumfrential velocity
of runner, velocity of flow and velocity of whirl at inlet as 30 m/sec, 3 m/sec
and 24 m/sec respectively. Assuming the discharges as radial at outlet and
hydraulic efficiency as 80%, determine the total head on the turbine and the
inlet vane angle. (Apr/May 2014 AU)
 Impact of Jets 1.127

Solution
Given Data:

u1  30 m/sec; Vf  3 m/sec; Vw  24 m/sec; hyd  0.8

1

Vw u 1
Since the discharge is radial at outlet, thereforeVw  0 and hyd 
1
2 gH
Vw u1
1
H Vr 1
g  hyd V1
V f1

24  30 
  91.74311 m
9.81  0.8 Vw 1
u1
Since u1  Vw , the inlet velocity triangle is
1

Vf
3
tan 180     0.5
1

u1  Vw  30  24
1

  153.435

Result
(i) Total head on the turbine H  91.74311 m

(ii) Inlet vane angle   153.435

Problem 1.71: For an inward flow reaction turbine, blade angle at inlet is
90 and the velocity of flow is constant. Discharge from the runner wheel is
2
radial. Show that the hydraulic efficiency is expressed by where
2  tan2 
 is the exit angle of guide blades at inlet.

Solution
Given Data:   90; Vf  Vf ;
1 2

Discharge is radial, ie,   90;  Vf  V2

2

Vf
1
From inlet velocity triangle, tan  
Vw
1
1.128 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

u2

 

Vf2 = V 2
Vr 2

V1
Vr 1 = V f1
 

u1 = V w 1

Vf  Vw tan 
1 1 ...(1)
We know that,
Vw u1
1
V22
Working head H  
g 2g
V2w V2f
1 1
 
g 2g ...(2)
By substituting Vf value in equation (2)
1

V2w V2w tan2 

1 1
H 
g 2g

V2w  tan2  
H 11 
g  2  ...(3)
 Impact of Jets 1.129

Vw u1
1
Hydraulic efficiency hyd 
gH

Vw u 1
. .
[ . Vw  u1 ]
1

 V2w  
tan2   
1

g 1
1

 g  2 

V2w
1

 2  tan2  
V2w  
1
 2 
2
  2 

 2  tan  
Proved.
Problem 1.72: An outward flow reaction turbine running at 200 rpm is
supplied with water at the rate of 5000 lit/sec, under a head of 40 m. The
internal and external diameters of the wheel are 2 metres and 2.5 metres
respectively. The wheel width at inlet and outlet is 200 mm. Assuming the
discharge to be radial, determine the angles of the turbine at inlet and outlet.
(Apr/May 2013 AU)

Solution
Given Data:

N  200 rpm; Q  5 m3/s; H  40 m; D1  2 m; D2  2.5 m

B1  B2  0.2 m;   90; Vw  0; Vf  V2
2 2

D1N   2  200
u1    20.9439 m  s
60 60
D2N   2.5  200
u2    26.18 m  s
60 60
Q  D1 B1 Vf
1

Q 5
Vf    3.9788 m/s
1 D1 B1   2  0.2
1.130 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com


u2
V2
Vf 2 =

Vr 2

R unn er

V1 V f1
Vr 1

 

u1
Vw1

Q 5
Vf    3.183 m  s
2  D2 B2   2.5  0.2

For radial discharge Vf  V2  3.183 m  s

2

Working head
Vw u1
1
V22
H 
g 2g
 V22  g  3.1832  9.81
Vw   H     40  
1  2g  u1  2  9.81  20.9439
 18.4938 m  s
 Impact of Jets 1.131

From inlet velocity triangle

Vf  Vf 
   tan 1  1   tan 1 
1 3.9788 
tan   
Vw Vw  18.4938 
1  1
   12.14
Since u1  Vw therefore, the inlet velocity triangle will become as
1

given here.

Vr 1
V1 V f1

180


Vw 1

u1
M od ified inlet velocity triangle

Vf
tan 180    1

u1  Vw 
1

3.9788
  1.623933
20.9349  18.4938

180    tan 1 1.623933  58.375

   121.624
From exit velocity triangle
Vf
2 3.183
tan     0.12158
u2 26.18

   6.932
1.132 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Result:
(i) Fluid angle at inlet   12.14

(ii) Blade angle at inlet   121.62

(iii) Blade angle at exit   6.932

Problem 1.73: A reaction turbine at 450 rpm, head 120 m, diameter at
inlet 120 cm, flow area 0.4 m2 has angles made by absolute and relative
velocities at inlet 20 and 60 respectively. Find volume flow rate, H.P. and
Efficiency. (Nov/Dec 2012 AU)

Solution
Given: Reaction Turbine
o
Speed of turbine, N  450 r.p.m =90

Head, H  120 m
Diameter at inlet,
D1  120 cm  1.2 m

Flow area  D1B1  0.4 m2

Angle of absolute velocity at inlet,   20

Angle of relative velocity at inlet,   60

Whirl at outlet; Vw2  0

Tangential velocity of the turbine at inlet,

 D1N   1.2  450

u1    28.3 m/s
60 60
From inlet velocity Triangle,
Vf1
tan  
Vw1

Vf1  Vw1  tan   Vw1  tan 20

Vf1  0.364 Vw1

 Impact of Jets 1.133

Vf1 0.364 Vw1

tan   
Vw1  u1 Vw1  28.3

0.364 Vw1
tan 60 
Vw1  28.3

Vw1  28.3  tan 60  0.364 Vw1

 1.732 Vw1  49.02  0.364 Vw1

 1.732 Vw1  0.364 Vw1  49.02

49.02
 Vw1   35.833 m/s
1.368
 Vf1  0.364  35.833  13.043 m/s

(i) Volume flow rate, Q   D1B1 Vf1

 0.4  13.043  5.217 m3/s

 Q  5.217 m3/s
(ii) Workdone/s on the turbine

 Q  Vw1u1

 1000  5.217  35.833  28.3

 5290423.54 Nm/s or W
5290423.54
Power   5290.42 kW
1000
Vw1u1 35.833  28.3
(iii) Efficiency, hyd    0.8614
gH 9.81  120

 86.14%
Problem 1.74: The inner and outer diameters of an inward flow reaction
turbine are 50 cm and 100 cm respectively. The vanes are radial at inlet
and discharge is also radial. The inlet guide vane angle is 10. Assuming
the velocity of flow as constant and equal to 3 m/s, find the speed of the
runner and the vane angle at outlet. (Apr/May 2008 AU)
1.134 Fluid Machinery - www.airwalkpublications.com

Given
Internal diameter, D2  50 cm  0.5 m ;
External diameter, D1  100 cm  1 m ; Inlet vane angle   10
Velocity of flow, Vf1  Vf2  3 m/s

Solution
Vanes radial at inlet
i.e   90
 Vw1  u1 & Vr1  Vf1  3 m/s
Discharge is radial
i.e Vw2  0; V2  Vf2  3 m/s
From inlet velocity triangle,
Vf1
tan  
u1

Vf1 3
 u1    17 m/s
tan  tan 10
 Vw1  u1  17 m/s

 D1 N
u1  w.k.t
60
60  u1 60  17
N   324.7 rpm
 D1 1

Speed of the runner  324.7 r pm

 D2 N   0.5  324.7
u2    8.5 m/s
60 60
Vf2
From outlet velocity triangle, tan  
u2

 Vf2  3 
 Vane angle at outlet,   tan 1   tan 1 
u2   8.5 

 
  19.44
 Impact of Jets 1.135

Table 1.1 Comparison between Impulse Turbine and Reaction Turbine

Impulse Turbine Reaction Turbine

1. The total available energy of the Only a part of the available

water is converted into kinetic energy is converted into kinetic
energy before it strikes the runner. energy.
2. The water flows through the The water is guided by the guide
nozzle and strikes the runner blades and flow over the moving
buckets. blades.
3. The water strikes the runner The water glides over the runner
buckets with kinetic energy. blades with pressure energy.
4. The pressure of the flowing water The pressure of water reduces
after striking the buckets remains gradually when it flows through
constant. the runner.
5. It is not necessary that the wheel It is essential that the wheel
should run full. There should be should always run full i.e., it is
free access of air between the kept full of water.
blades and wheel.
6. Water is admitted over a part of Water is admitted over the entire
the circumference of the wheel. circumference of the runner wheel.
7. Flow can be regulated without Flow cannot be regulated without
loss. loss.
8. Draft tube is not required. Draft tube is required.