METHODS OF PROBABILITY

SAMPLING

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
Dr. N. NITHYA RAJA RAJAN. P
MONISHA. P
RAM SHARATH. P
KAVIYARASU. M
VIJAY VIGNESH
JANANI
NAVEEN. J .D
 Probability Sampling Methods
SAMPLING
Sampling is a process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined number of
observations are taken from a larger population. The methodology used to sample from a larger
population depends on the type of analysis being performed but may include simple random
sampling or systematic sampling.

PROBABILITY SAMPLING
A probability sample is a sample in which every unit in the population has a chance
(greater than zero) of being selected in the sample, and this probability can be accurately
determined. The combination of these traits makes it possible to produce unbiased estimates of
population totals, by weighting sampled units according to their probability of selection.

TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING

 Simple Random Sampling (SRS)
 Stratified Sampling.
 Cluster Sampling.
 Systematic Sampling.
 Multistage Sampling (in which some of the methods above are combined in stages)
 Area sampling

Simple random sampling

Simple random sampling is a completely random method of selecting subjects. These can
include assigning numbers to all subjects and then using a random number generator to choose
random numbers. Classic ball and urn experiments are another example of this process (assuming
the balls are sufficiently mixed). The members whose numbers are chosen are included in the
sample.
Example: A simple random sample would be the names of 25 employees being chosen out
of a hat from a company of 250 employees. In this case, the population is all 250 employees, and
the sample is random because each employee has an equal chance of being chosen.

Stratified Random Sampling

Stratified Random Sampling involves splitting subjects into mutually exclusive groups and
then using simple random sampling to choose members from groups.
Example: Assume that we need to estimate average number of votes for each candidate in
an election. Assume that country has 3 towns: Town A has 1 million factory workers, Town B has
2 million office workers and Town C has 3 million retirees. We can choose to get a random sample
of size 60 over the entire population but there is some chance that the random sample turns out to
be not well balanced across these towns and hence is biased causing a significant error in
estimation. Instead if we choose to take a random sample of 10, 20 and 30 from Town A, B and C
respectively then we can produce a smaller error in estimation for the same total size of sample.

Systematic sampling
Systematic sampling is a statistical method involving the selection of elements from an
ordered sampling frame. The most common form of systematic sampling is an equip-
probability method. In this approach, progression through the list is treated circularly, with a return
to the top once the end of the list is passed. The sampling starts by selecting an element from the
list at random and then every kth element in the frame is selected, where k, the sampling interval
(sometimes known as the skip): this is calculated as

K = N/n
Where n is the sample size, and N is the population size
Example: We have a population of 5 units (A to E). We want to give unit A a 20%
probability of selection, unit B a 40% probability, and so on up to unit E (100%). Assuming we
maintain alphabetical order, we allocate each unit to the following interval:

A: 0 to 0.2
B: 0.2 to 0.6 (= 0.2 + 0.4)
C: 0.6 to 1.2 (= 0.6 + 0.6)
D: 1.2 to 2.0 (= 1.2 + 0.8)
E: 2.0 to 3.0 (= 2.0 + 1.0)

If our random start was 0.156, we would first select the unit whose interval contains this
number (i.e. A). Next, we would select the interval containing 1.156 (element C), then 2.156
(element E). If instead our random start was 0.350, we would select from points 0.350 (B), 1.350
(D), and 2.350 (E).

Cluster Random Sampling

Cluster Random Sampling is a way to randomly select participants from a list that is too
large for simple random sampling. For example, if you wanted to choose 1000 participants from
the entire population of the U.S., it is likely impossible to get a complete list of everyone. Instead,
the researcher randomly selects areas (i.e. cities or counties) and randomly selects from within
those boundaries.
Types of Cluster Sample

One-Stage Cluster Sample

Recall the example given above; one-stage cluster sample occurs when the researcher
includes all the high school students from all the randomly selected clusters as sample.

Two-Stage Cluster Sample

From the same example above, two-stage cluster sample is obtained when the researcher
only selects a number of students from each cluster by using simple or systematic random
sampling.

Example: A researcher wants to survey academic performance of high school students in

Spain. He can divide the entire population (population of Spain) into different clusters (cities).
Then the researcher selects a number of clusters depending on his research through simple or
systematic random sampling.

Multi-stage sampling
Multi-stage sampling is an additional progress of the belief that cluster sampling have.
Normally in multi-stage sampling design is applicable in a big inquires of geographical area, for
the entire country. Multistage sampling has to with the combination of the various methods of
probability sampling in most effective and efficient approach.
Area sampling
Area sampling is a design sampling that deals with subdivision of environment that
represents clusters of unit’s that centered on terrestrial location.