AP Review #5: Industrial Rev. (Ch. 20) & 19th c. “Isms” & Revs. (Ch.

21)
Industrial Revolution: 1750-1870
Origins
 Why GB? 1) London- lg. city in Europe; 2) social structure supported the lower classes imitation of the
upper (created a consumer base); 3) excess capital + willing investors (entrepreneurs); 4) rich in mineral
resources; 5) government that supported factory owners; 6) good system of transportation that linked the
country (rivers/canals) 7) GB empire strong so good system of markets worldwide
 Slower to spread on the continent because they were economically devastated from Napoleon’s continental
system & did not have the right conditions as outlined for GB; will set high protective tariffs on imported
goods to protect domestic industries (France, Belgium first to take off)
Advances
 Factory System: develop of machines took over the hand-production of goods; used materials and labor
efficiently; exploited natural resources for energy; ability of LARGE profit for investors; division of labor;
end of guilds/apprenticeship; rise of laissez-faire capitalism (called for by Smith)
 Spinning Jenny: Hargreaves (1764)
 Water Frame: Arkwright (1768)
 Steam Engine: Newcomen & Watt; MAJOR impact on iron/coal/RR industries (steam boats/trains)
Social Impact
 Rapidly growing cities can’t meet demand for housing & infrastructure (roads, sewage, police)
 Factory work was mundane, dangerous, wages were low & women/children hired but paid less
 Pollution & human waste led to rampant diseases (cholera, typhoid) – Chadwick investigated and wrote
Report on the Condition of the Labouring Population in Great Britain (1842)
 Groups such as Luddites & Chartists led movements to gain better status for the factory worker
 Serious gov’t attention to reform will not happen until 1830s (Factory Acts 1833/47)
 Liberals want to extend the franchise to all male factory workers (the proletariat = new social class)
 Women’s roles change as working-class families made more money (man= breadwinner, woman= no
longer HAD to work, focus solely on domestic duties; BUT Rousseau’s “separate sphere’s” still realized;
most factory workers by 1850 were single women working to build dowry
Standard of Living
 Improves for many, but not all; social disparity a major issue (rich getting richer while poor are still poor)
which brings increased social tension & the rise of socialism as a political force
19th c. “Ism’s” & Revolutions
European royals led a conservative movement to return life to the Old Order in the wake of the Napoleonic Era. They
did not go unchallenged, however, as liberalism and nationalism grew in spite of economic unrest .
Congress of Vienna: 1814-15
Peace settlement reached by the Quadruple Alliance after Napoleon’s exile (GB, Prus, Rus, Aus)
 Led by Austria’s Klemens von Metternich (chief supporter of conservatism in early 19th c.)
 Goals = 1) return Europe to “Old Order”; 2) check the spread of liberalism (led to the restoration of the
Bourbon dynasty in France); 3) establish of “balance of power” in Europe (led to the redrawing of
boundaries); 4) support future peace through diplomacy
 The Principle of Legitimacy of crucial to the success of their goals (keep legitimate monarchs on thrones
wherever possible)
 Quadruple Alliances changes to the Concert of Europe and they promoted the Principle of Intervention,
which guided their foreign policy decisions, stated they had right to send troops to crush revolts in areas
where traditional monarchies were being threatened.
o Suppressed revolts in Italy, Spain, Greece…but NOT Latin America b/c GB did not agree
Conservatism Traditional powers who worked together to hold onto the Old Order & maintain tradition
 Who supports Conservatism? Legitimate monarchs, established church, landed aristocracy
  What Do Conservatives Support? 1) obedience to political authority (monarch has supreme power), 2)
organized religion (religious unity creates a morally banded nation), 3) community takes precedence over
the individual (needs of the state surpass individual needs), 4) society must be ordered (therefore
traditional way makes the most sense)
 Above all they despise revolutions that threatened their power, so revolutionaries must be stopped
Liberalism
Political philosophy based on individual freedoms and a limited government
 Inspired by the Enlightenment & civil liberties enjoyed in England (Bill of Rights, 1689) & the Declaration of
Rights of Man and Citizen from France (1789)
 Viewed by conservatives as anyone who threatened their power or traditional rule
o Economic Liberalism: (classical economics) all people have right to be entrepreneurs & those
businesses should be unregulated from the power of the government; this is the concept of laissez-faire
capitalism (promoted by economists Malthus & Ricardo)
o Political Liberalism: focused on people’s basic rights and derived from the ideas of Locke; all people
should have the freedom of speech and receive full equality before the law; believed in the extension of
the franchise
Nationalism
Belief that people who share common traditions, culture, race/ethnicity, language, & religion should be united.
 This fed desires of independence amongst minority groups (esp. in Italy, Germany & Austria) to form their
own nation-states free from imperial rule
Early Socialism Emerged in response to the problems associated with industrialization
 Favor SHARING resources (instead of competing for them); sharing creates better lives for the working
class (proletariat)
 Utopian Socialism = earliest form, appeared in GB/FR; advocated voluntary end of capitalism
o Fourier: build communities where the dullness of industrial existence replaced by liberated living
o Owen: humane industrial environment and making a good profit could occur simultaneously
o Saint-Simon: private property should be subject to administration other than its owners
o Blanc: The Organization of Labor ; paid more attention to political aspect of socialism; demands an end
to competition & right to vote to the working class; recognizes the power of the state to improve life &
labor conditions
Revolutions
 Russia: Decemberist Revolt (1825) death of Alexander I leads to crisis for his throne (neither brother
wanted it); the revolt, which tried to establish a more liberal gov’t was stopped; Nichols I becomes tsar and
was pushed to become harshly autocratic in response to the revolt
 Revolutions of 1830s : POLAND: wanted to be free of Russian control, but troops intervened to crush the
liberal movement; ITALY: failed attempts to remove Austria led to the risorgimento, a movement to unify
Italy, first led by Mazzini, also fails; FRANCE: liberals were disturbed by Charles X “ultraroyalism” led the
July Revolution succeeded in bringing a constitutional monarchy to France
 The Revolutions of 1848: bad conditions across the continent forced liberals to push for more
representative gov’t; FAILED due to lack of cooperation amongst various groups; not successful until late 19th
o FRANCE: Louis Philippe abdicated the throne b/c of inability to deal with corruption; prompted a
battle b/t moderates and radicals; new constitution created calling for election of Napoleon III
o AUSTRIA: losing control of its minority groups, Hungarians (“magyarization”) & Czechs drove to gain
self-governance; unable to solve problems, Metternich fled; eventually the dual monarchy will be est.
o ITALY: 1830s movement gained strength; largely unsuccessful still, except for in Piedmont
o GERMANY: calls for a new constitution at the Frankfurt Assembly and the creation of ‘Germany’ – but
which GR states should be included became a crisis (grossdeutsch or kleindeutsch); went with
kleindeutsch (excl. Aus); Fred Will IV refused the crown so the movement to create a unified GR died