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Impact Requirements For Low Temperature Applications

The rules in ASME 8 Div 1 Section UCS 66 provide a good guide to reducing the risk of brittle fracture.

Materials are divided into 4 groups: A) high risk to D) low risk:-

A) Materials with low toughness or materials that don’t fit into the other groups.
B) Most materials fit into this group
C) Low strength materials; such as an SA516 Grade 60, note: grade 70 goes in B
D) Tough fine grain steels, all normalised grades of SA516.

If in doubt assume A

As thickness is increases so does the risk of brittle fracture; therefore the temperature before impacts tests
are required must get warmer. This is the basis of Fig UCS 66, which plots each material group between
MDMT (Minimum Design Metal Temperature) and thickness. If the MDMT falls below the appropriate
material curve (A to D), Impact testing is mandatory.

However if the item is not highly stressed there is less risk of brittle fracture, Fig UCS66.1 permits the
impact test temperature to be raised if the full material thickness is not required. If the resulting test
temperature exceeds the values in UCS 66, impact testing is not required.

Residual stresses are present in all welded structures and can be up to yield point in magnitude. Whilst
these stresses will not cause failure by yielding, they could drive a brittle fracture. Therefore stress relief is
mandatory on thick material that is prone to brittle fracture (UCS 56). Allowances for stress relief is built
into the code rules, but stress relief of any item when its not required will permit an increase in the impact
test exemption temperature (UCS68c).

Welding defects can also cause brittle fracture; therefore when material thickness exceeds a certain limit,
full radiography is required. (Table UCS 57). The toughness of weld metal must also be demonstrated by
production test plates, which are mandatory if impact testing is required.

As the strength of the material increases so does the risk of brittle fracture, particularly as thickness
increases. Therefore higher absorbed energy is required from strong materials above a certain thickness.
(Fig UG 84.1).

The following two programs compute the impact requirements of Fig UCS 66 and Fig UCS 66.1.

Fig UCS 66 Impact test exemption curves

Enter thickness described in Fig UCS 66.3, which must be between 0.25 inch and 6 inch, and click the
calculate button. If the MDMT is below the calculated values, impact tests are required, unless except by
UCS66.1.
 26

Enter Thickness mm
Impact test exemption temperature
20.84 69.51
0 0
A= C F
0.07 32.13
0 0
B= C F
-19.02 -2.24
0 0
C= C F
-34.02 -29.24
0 0
D= C F

FIG UCS-66.1 Reduction in Min Design Metal Temp Without Impact Testing
Enter either ratio defined below and click the calculate button. The impact test temperature can be made
warmer by the calculated temperature difference. If the new test temperature exceeds the figures
calculated above, impact tests are not required.
Example if impact tests are carried out at -10°C and the Ratio = 0.5, the MDMT can be as low as -42°C
(32°C below -10°C,)

Ratio = Required calculated thickness x E*

Actual thickness less corrosion and any thinning allowances

Ratio = Calculated Stress NOT including joint factor x E*

Design Stress x E {Actual Joint Factor}

Note:
• The required thickness is the minimum thickness calculated by code rules, including a joint factor,
but excluding any thinning or corrosion allowance.
• E* is the joint factor, if the actual joint factor is less than 0.8 then E* = 0.8.
• Impact testing is required if the MDMT is below: -55°F, -48°C unless the above ratio is 0.35 or less,
then its -155°F, -104°C.
• The above reductions can’t be applied to an MDMT colder than -155°F, -104°C
 2:5

Enter Ratio
Temperature Reduction
0 0
0 0
C F

UCS66 and UG84 MUST be read very carefully before any decision is made concerning impact testing, as
both sections contain many exceptions and exemptions.

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Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering is a branch of engineering that
encompasses the generation and application of heat and
mechanical power and the design, production, and use of
machines and tools. Mechanical engineering involves
application of the principles of dynamics, control,
thermodynamics and heat transfer, fluid mechanics,
strength of materials, materials science, electronics, and
mathematics
Mechanical Engineering is a branch of engineering that encompasses the generation and application of heat and
mechanical power and the design, production, and use of machines and tools. Mechanical engineering involves
application of the principles of dynamics, control, thermodynamics and heat transfer, fluid mechanics, strength of
materials, materials science, electronics, and mathematics.
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AIM
To study the toughness property of the materials
EQUIPMENT
Impact testing machine:
DESCRIPTION OF MACHINE
The Pendulum impact Testing Machine consists of the robust frame, the specimen support and measuring dial. The
pendulum shaft is fitted in anti friction bearings. The pendulum is clamped to the pendulum shaft. The pendulum consists of
the pendulum pipe and the pendulum hammer of U shaped design. Into this the striker is mounted for conducting Charpy
Impact test. The range with in which the pendulum is swinging is partially protected by the guard. A latch is provided for
operating the latch and releasing the pendulum. There is a dial attached concentrically with the pendulum shaft. The scale is
designed such that the Impact energy absorbed in breaking the specimen can be read directly in joules. A separate striker for
Izod test is provided.
THEORY AND PRINCIPE
Toughness depends fundamentally upon the strength and ductility. The property of the material relating to the work required
to cause repute has been termed as toughness. In this experiment a specimen of definite dimensions are subjected to a
hammer blow caused by a pendulum of known weight kept at a known height.
Let W -be the weight of hammer (w=21.025kg).
L -the length of the hammer (L=814.44mm)

– Angle measured from vertical up to the Initial position of the pendulum.

- Angle measured from the vertical up to the position of pendulum after breaking the specimen.
Initial potential Energy of the pendulum at A,

Final energy of pendulum at C,

But,

Initial position of the pendulum,

Energy loss,

Knowing the values of w, Land the energy loss can be calculated for various values of and calibration curve can be drawn
by plotting energy loss on the Y- axis and on the x-axis and on the X- axis.
A. Izod Test.
Specimen
The Izod Impact test consists of notched test piece 75mm long, 10mm x 10mm cross section. The test piece is gripped
vertically with the root of the notch in the same plain.
PROCEDURE
Fix the proper striker to the bottom of the hammer with the help of clamping device. Clamp the latching tube to the bearing
housings at the side. Adjust the pointer along with the pointer carrier on 168.1 reading on the dial when the pendulum is
hanging free vertically. Now simply raise the pendulum manually and latch in. The specimen for Izod test is firmly clamped
in the specimen support with the help of clamping screw and setting gauge. Care is to be taken that the notch on the
specimen should face the pendulum striker. Operate the lever so that the pendulum is released and the specimen is hit. Wait
till the pendulum reverses its swing. Carefully retard the swinging pendulum by operating the brake. Note down the Impact
energy. Remove the broken specimen by loosening the clamping screw.
Charpy test
Specimen
The Charpy U-notch impact test consists of test specimen notched in the middle and supported at each end. The test piece
which is machined all over shall be 55mm long, 10mm x 10mm cross section and in the centre of length of flat, there will be
a U notch of 5mm deep with 1mm root radius. The plain of symmetry of notch shall be perpendicular to the longitudinal
axis.
PROCEDURE
Fix the Charpy striker firmly to the bottom of the hammer with the help of clamping device. Firmly clamp the latching tube
to the bearing housing on the inclined face. Raise the hammer manually and latch in. Place the specimen should be placed in
such a Way that the notch is opposite to the direction of impact of the pendulum. For correct centering of the specimen, the
end stop is provided. Operate the lever so that the pendulum is released and the specimen is hit. Wait till the pendulum is
reversing its direction of motion and begins to swing slow. Thereafter, bring the pendulum carefully to stand still position
by applying the pendulum break. Note down the impact energy.

Fig: Specimen for the Charpy Test

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