The Indo-European wordlists.

These are the parallel wordlists of 24 Indo-European (IE) languages used in Ringe,
Warnow, and Taylor 2002. The first section (through page 42) is a 207-word version of the
Swadesh 200-word list with five of the characters (‘day’ and the 1st- and 2nd-person pro-
nouns) split into two characters each. The second section (numbered 301 to 421) is a list of
120 other basic words and words which appear to be culturally significant in many ancient
IE languages, plus the noun ‘tear’, which exhibits an interesting and potentially significant
phonological irregularity.
In a number of cases the meaning given in the Swadesh lists is ambiguous or vague.
We have specified the meanings more precisely as follows. Note that items separated by
semicolons in the right-hand column of this table are separated by semicolons in the word-
lists; apparent synonyms in the wordlists are separated by commas.
character notes on the meaning
10 belly external; internal (in that order, when the distinction is made)
19 breathe breathe in; breathe out (in that order, when the distinction is made)
28a day period of daylight
38 earth most general term available
94 lie stative
114 old of things (rather than people), if a distinction is made
116 other of more than two
117 person human being (most general term)
118 pierce by stabbing (or the like)
125 right correct
131 round spherical (rather than circular), if a distinction is made
144 sit stative
145 skin human: inner skin; outer skin (in that order, when the distinction is
made)
158 stand stative
171 thick dimension (not density)
172 thin dimension (not density)
173 think ratiocinate (not opine)
187 wash body or body parts; clothes (in that order, when the distinction is
made)
303 ask ask questions (rather than request)
313 bow weapon for shooting
 2

character notes on the meaning

318 brother-in-law husband’s brother
336 father-in-law husband’s father
371mother-in-law husband’s mother
379 ox draft bovine (usually castrated)
395 sister-in-law husband’s sister
401 stay stay in a place (not continue to exist)
Lexemes are listed as far as possible in comparable citation forms, as follows.
Verbs are given in the present indicative 3sg. active unless that form does not exist (e.g. in
the case of deponents and perfecta tantum) or does not express the relevant meaning (e.g.
when the meaning in the list is expressed by a passive). If the present system of a verb is
suppletive, forms representing the other stems are given in parentheses. Suppletive non-
present stems are not usually given because they introduce too much additional polymor-
phism into the database. Nouns are normally given in the nominative singular; numerals are
normally given in the masculine nominative (if inflected), and other nominals that express
gender are normally given in the masculine nominative singular.
If the usual citation form of a word is not attested and cannot be inferred with confi-
dence (because the grammar of the language in question is too poorly known), another form
of the word is given with an identification of its grammatical category in parentheses. For
further grammatical information, as well as for the spelling conventions of each language,
the standard grammars of the languages should be consulted.
In the Old Prussian wordlist, “E” marks items from the Elbing vocabulary and
“G” items from the vocabulary of Simon Grunau; unmarked items are from the cate-
chisms.
There are numerous gaps and uncertainties in the lists for the more poorly attested
ancient languages. Occasionally related words, or forms from closely related dialects, are
adduced (with appropriate identification) in an attempt to extract as much information as
possible from marginally adequate data.
 3

Hittite Armenian Greek

⁄ all (pl.) h5mantes amenekhean pãntew
¤ and -Ca ~ -ya ew ka€
‹ animal suppalas anasown z«ion
› ashes h3s, h3ss- moxir t°fra
fi at — a‡ §p€
fl back (nn.) iskis thikownkh n«ton
‡ bad id3lus çhar kakÒw
° bark (nn.) — ke¬ew floiÒw
· because kuit zi ˜ti
⁄‚ belly —; sarhuwanz phor; orovayn gastÆr
⁄⁄ big sallis mec µ°gaw
⁄¤ bird suwais (?) th‡çhown ˆrniw
⁄‹ bite w3ki xacanê dãknei
⁄› black hanzanas, dankuis seaw µ°law
⁄fi blood 2shar ariwn aµa
⁄fl blow [wind] parai ßnçhê pne›
⁄‡ bone hast3i oskr ÙstoËn
⁄° breast [wmn’s] t2tan stin µastÒw
⁄· breathe — phçhê pne›
¤‚ burn (intr.) ur3ni ayri ka€etai
¤⁄ child h3ssas manowk pa›w
¤¤ claw kaddu (?) magil ˆnuj
¤‹ cloud alp3s amp n°fow
¤› cold ekunanz chowrt cuxrÒw
¤fi come u2zzi gay pros°rxetai (-i°nai)
¤fl count kappuezzi thowê ériyµe›
¤‡ cut ku2rzi hatanê t°µnei
¤° day [¤› hrs] s1waz awr ≤µ°ra
¤°a day s1waz tiw ≤µ°ra
¤· die aki me‡ani époynÆskei
‹‚ dig paddai brê, phorê ÙrÊttei, skãptei
‹⁄ dirty iskunanz a¬te¬i =uparÒw, aÈxµhrÒw
‹¤ dog (kuwas ?) ßown kÊvn
‹‹ drink ekuzi ∑mpê p€nei
‹› dry h3tanz çhor, gaws, chamakh jhrÒw
‹fi dull alpanz bowth éµblÊw
‹fl dust — phoßi kÒniw
‹‡ ear ist3man ownkn oÔw
‹° earth t2kan erkir g∞
‹· eat 2z’zi owtê §sy€ei
›‚ egg — jow »iÒn
›⁄ eye s3kuwa (pl.) akn ÙfyalµÒw
›¤ fall mauszi ankani p€ptei
›‹ far (adv.) duw3n he‡i µakrãn, pÒrrv
›› fat (nn.) sakan çarp dhµÒw
 4

Albanian Tocharian B Vedic Sanskrit

⁄ all (pl.) gjithë poñc víΩv2
¤ and e, dhe ßp ca
‹ animal kafshë, shtazë luwo paΩús
› ashes hi taur, tweye (?) £sas
fi at te, ne -ne —
fl back (nn.) kurriz, shpinë sark p#߆hám
‡ bad keq yolo, pakw3re p3pás
° bark (nn.) shkëlbozë enmetre (?) tvák
· because sepse kuce, mäkte hí
⁄‚ belly bark k3tso udáram
⁄⁄ big madh orotstse mah£n
⁄¤ bird zog salamo luwo v@s
⁄‹ bite kafshon — dáΩati
⁄› black zi erkent- k#߃ás
⁄fi blood gjak yasar ás#k
⁄fl blow [wind] fryn pinaßßäµ v£ti
⁄‡ bone kockë 3y (pl. 3sta) ásthi
⁄° breast [wmn’s] gji, sisë päΩcane (du.) stánas
⁄· breathe merr frymë an3ßßäµ; sat3ßßäµ ániti
¤‚ burn (intr.) digjet tsakßtär, pälketär dahyát2
¤⁄ child kalama, √ilimi ΩamaΩke kum3rás, ΩíΩus
¤¤ claw thua — nakhás
¤‹ cloud re tarkär nábhas, m2ghás
¤› cold ftohët kroΩce Ω1tás
¤fi come vjen känmaßßäµ £ 2ti, £ gacchati
¤fl count njeh ßäµßtär —
¤‡ cut pret karsnaµ, latkanaµ k#ntáti
¤° day [¤› hrs] ditë kauµ dyáus
¤°a day ditë kauµ áhar
¤· die vdes sruketär mriyát2
‹‚ dig gërmon rapanaµ khánati
‹⁄ dirty ndyrë, fëlliqur sal, kraketstse —
‹¤ dog qen ku Ωv£
‹‹ drink pi yokäµ píbati
‹› dry thatë as3re Ωúßkas
‹fi dull — m3lle (?) —
‹fl dust pluhur tweye, taur r2ƒús
‹‡ ear vesh klautso kárƒas
‹° earth dhe keµ kߣs
‹· eat ha Ωuwaµ átti
›‚ egg vezë — (aƒ∂am)
›⁄ eye sy ek ákßi
›¤ fall bie kloyotär pádyat2
›‹ far (adv.) larg lau, lauke d5r@
›› fat (nn.) dhjamë ßalype p!vas, m@das
 5

Avestan Old Ch. Slavonic Lithuanian

⁄ all (pl.) vispe v¡si visì
¤ and ça i i‹
‹ animal — Ωivot∞ g!volis
› ashes 3trii∑m popel∞ pelena§
fi at — pri pri¶
fl back (nn.) parßt4 (xrib¡t∞) nùgara
‡ bad ak4, a©4 z∞l∞ blõgas
° bark (nn.) — — Ωiev%
· because z1 ponjeΩe, jel¡ma, iΩde nès, tod%l, kadángi
⁄‚ belly udar∑m çr™vo pi¤vas; ski¤vis
⁄⁄ big maza, mas- velij¡, velik∞ dìdelis
⁄¤ bird v1ß p∞ta, p∞tica pa•kßtis
⁄‹ bite da«s- gryzet∞, *koπsajet∞ kánda
⁄› black s3m4, sii3uua- çr∞n∞ júodas
⁄fi blood vohuni kr∞v¡ kra•jas
⁄fl blow [wind] v3iti v™jet∞, dußet∞ pùçia
⁄‡ bone as, ast- kost¡ káulas
⁄° breast [wmn’s] fßt3n4 s∞s∞, s∞s¡c¡ kr5tìs
⁄· breathe an- dyxajet∞ kv£púoja
¤‚ burn (intr.) daΩiiete gorit∞ d¶ga
¤⁄ child ap∑r∑n3iiuk4 d™t¡ va§kas
¤¤ claw (nail) srauu4 (pl.) nog∞t¡ nãgas
¤‹ cloud ma2©∑m, a∫r∑m, snao∂4 oblak∞ debesìs
¤› cold aot4, sar∑t4 studen∞ ßáltas
¤fi come 3 ∆asaiti, 3 a2iti pridet∞, gre®det∞ ate§na
¤fl count — çitet∞ skaiçiúoja
¤‡ cut k∑r∑ntaiti s™çet∞, r™Ωet∞ ke‹ta, r$Ωia
¤° day [¤› hrs] aiiar∑ d¡n¡ dienà
¤°a day azan- d¡n¡ dienà
¤· die miriiete (u)m¡ret∞ mìrßta
‹‚ dig kanaiti kopajet∞, ryjet∞ kãsa
‹⁄ dirty 3hit4 neçist∞ pu‹vinas, sùterßtas
‹¤ dog sp3 p¡s∞ ßuõ
‹‹ drink v
x araiti pijet∞ g¶ria
‹› dry hußk4 sux∞ sa•sas
‹fi dull — toπp∞ atßìpe®s, bùkas
‹fl dust pa«snuß prax∞ dùlk£s
‹‡ ear gaoß4 uxo ausìs
‹° earth zå zemlja Ω¶m£
‹· eat v
x araiti jast∞ válgo
›‚ egg — (j)aj¡ce kiaußìnis
›⁄ eye çaßma oko akìs
›¤ fall pataiti padet∞ kreñta
›‹ far (adv.) d5ra2 daleçe tolì
›› fat (nn.) p1uu4, 3z5itiß tuk∞ riebala§, tauka§
 6

Old English Old Irish Latin

⁄ all (pl.) ealle uili omn2s
¤ and and ocus et
‹ animal d2or anmandae animal
› ashes asce lúaith cinis
fi at æt oc ad
fl back (nn.) hrycg, bæc cúl, druimm tergum
‡ bad yfel olc malus
° bark (nn.) rinde crocenn cortex
· because for†6 †e úare quod
⁄‚ belly wamb brú venter
⁄⁄ big micel mór magnus
⁄¤ bird fugol én avis
⁄‹ bite b1tt — mordet
⁄› black sweart, blæc dub 3ter
⁄fi blood bl4d fuil sanguis
⁄fl blow [wind] w7we† sétid flat
⁄‡ bone b3n cnáim os
⁄° breast [wmn’s] br2ost cích mamma
⁄· breathe or†a†, 2†a† do‚beir anál sp1rat
¤‚ burn (intr.) birn† loscair 3rdet
¤⁄ child bearn, cild lelap puer
¤¤ claw cl2aw ingen unguis
¤‹ cloud wolcen nél n5b2s
¤› cold ceald úar fr1gidus
¤fi come cym† do‚tét (do‚tíagat) venit
¤fl count r1m†, tele† rímid numerat
¤‡ cut scir†, sn1†† tescaid secat
¤° day [¤› hrs] dæg lae, laithe di2s
¤°a day dæg lae, laithe di2s
¤· die stierf† at‚baill moritur
‹‚ dig græf†, dilf† claidid fodit
‹⁄ dirty f5l, horig salach sordidus
‹¤ dog hund cú canis
‹‹ drink drinc† ibid bibit
‹› dry dr6ge tírim siccus
‹fi dull 3stynt máel hebes
‹fl dust d5st lúaithred pulvis
‹‡ ear 2are clúas auris
‹° earth eor†e talam terra
‹· eat itt ithid edit
›‚ egg 7g og 4vom
›⁄ eye 2age súil oculus
›¤ fall fiel† do‚tuit cadit
›‹ far (adv.) feor in chéin procul
›› fat (nn.) smeoru blonac adeps
 7

Luvian Lycian Tocharian A

⁄ all (pl.) p5natinzi, tanimminzi huwedri, punemedezi poñΩ, puk
¤ and -ha -ke, se Ωkaµ
‹ animal huitarsa — lu
› ashes — — tor, twe (?)
fi at — — -aµ
fl back (nn.) — — —
‡ bad 3dduw3lis — omäskeµ, umpar
° bark (nn.) — — —
· because kuiza — kucne, kuyalte
⁄‚ belly — — k3ts
⁄⁄ big urazzas — tsopats (pl. Ω3we)
⁄¤ bird — — salat lu
⁄‹ bite — — —
⁄› black dakku1s, marw3y- — arkant-
⁄fi blood 3sharsa — ys3r
⁄fl blow [wind] — — piw3ß
⁄‡ bone h3ssa — 3y
⁄° breast [wmn’s] t1tan — päΩΩäµ (du.)
⁄· breathe — — wärsäß
¤‚ burn (intr.) — — tsäknäßtär
¤⁄ child nimuwizas tideimi Ωom
¤¤ claw — — —
¤‹ cloud — — tärkär
¤› cold — — kuraΩ
¤fi come aw1ti — kumnäß
¤fl count — — —
¤‡ cut kuwarti, karsti — kärßn3ß, l3tä∫k3ß
¤° day [¤› hrs] halli — koµ
¤°a day halli — koµ
¤· die *walati lati wälläßtär
‹‚ dig — — rpeñc (‹pl.)
‹⁄ dirty — — (kr3ke, nn.)
‹¤ dog zuwanis — ku
‹‹ drink 5tti — yokäß
‹› dry — — 3sar
‹fi dull — — —
‹fl dust pas5riyas (?) — twe, tor
‹‡ ear tumm3n — klots
‹° earth tiyammis — tkaµ
‹· eat azti — Ωw3ß
›‚ egg — — —
›⁄ eye t3w1s tawa (coll.) ak
›¤ fall — — klawatär
›‹ far (adv.) — — lo, lok
›› fat (nn.) — — ßälyp
 8

Old Persian Old Prussian Latvian

⁄ all (pl.) vis3 wissay visi
¤ and ut3, -ç3 bhe ùn
‹ animal — sw1rins (?; apl.), alne (E) dzîvnieks
› ashes — pelanne (E) pè®lni
fi at — pr2i pìe
fl back (nn.) — rikisnan (E) mugura
‡ bad gasta wargan (?; acc.) slikts, nelabs
° bark (nn.) — saxtis (E) miza
· because — beggi tàd¶l÷ ka, tàpêc ka
⁄‚ belly — weders (E) vê®de®rs
⁄⁄ big — deb1kan (acc.) li¶ls
⁄¤ bird — pippalins (apl.), pepelis (E) putns
⁄‹ bite — — kôΩ
⁄› black — kirsnan (E) me®¤ns
⁄fi blood — krawia asins
⁄fl blow [wind] — — pùß
⁄‡ bone — kaulan ka•ls
⁄° breast [wmn’s] — kraclan (E) pups, krùts
⁄· breathe — — dvaßõ, e®¤põ
¤‚ burn (intr.) — — de®g
¤⁄ child — malnijks, maldenikis (E) b8®rns
¤¤ claw — — nags
¤‹ cloud — wupyan (E) mãkônis, padebesis
¤› cold — salta (G) a•ksts, sa›ts
¤fi come 3itiy, 3-∆am- per2it nãk
¤fl count — — skàita
¤‡ cut *kart- (?) — griêΩ
¤° day [¤› hrs] rauça deinan (acc.) dìena
¤°a day rauça — dìena
¤· die mariyataiy aul3ut (inf.) mi‹st
‹‚ dig kantiy — ròk
‹⁄ dirty — — net§rs
‹¤ dog — sunis (E) suns
‹‹ drink — po5t, p5ton (inf.) dzer
‹› dry ußka saus3 (acc.) sàuss
‹fi dull — — neass, truls
‹fl dust — — pîßl÷i, putekl÷i
‹‡ ear gaußa 3usins (apl.) àuss
‹° earth b5miß semm2 zeme
‹· eat — 1st (inf.), wolgeit (iptv., G) ê®d
›‚ egg — paute (pl., G) õla
›⁄ eye çaßma ackis (pl.) acs
›¤ fall — kr5t (inf.) krìt
›‹ far (adv.) d5raiy — tâlu
›› fat (nn.) — ta<u>kis, instran, mynsis (all E) tàuki
 9

Gothic Old Norse Old High German

⁄ all (pl.) allai allir alle
¤ and jah ok inti
‹ animal dius d§r tior
› ashes azg4 aska asca
fi at at at zi, az
fl back (nn.) — bak rucki
‡ bad ubils illr, vándr ubil
° bark (nn.) — boπrkr rinta
· because unt2 fyrir †ví at bi diu wanta
⁄‚ belly wamba kvi∂r, voπmb wamba, b5h
⁄⁄ big mikils stórr, mikill mihhil
⁄¤ bird fugls fugl fugal
⁄‹ bite beiti† bítr b1zit
⁄› black swarts svartr swarz
⁄fi blood bl4† bló∂ bluot
⁄fl blow [wind] waii† blæss bl3sit, w3it
⁄‡ bone — bein bein
⁄° breast [wmn’s] brusts brjóst brust
⁄· breathe ºani† andar 3tum4t
¤‚ burn (intr.) brinni† brennr brinnit
¤⁄ child barn barn kind
¤¤ claw — kló cl3wa
¤‹ cloud milhma sk§ wolcan
¤› cold kalds kaldr calt
¤fi come qimi† kømr quimit
¤fl count gara†ji† telr zelit
¤‡ cut maiti† skerr, sní∂r, meitr sn1dit
¤° day [¤› hrs] dags dagr tag
¤°a day dags dagr tag
¤· die gaswilti†, gadau†ni† deyr stirbit, touwit
‹‚ dig grabi† grefr grebit
‹⁄ dirty unhrains, un†wahans saurigr, úhreinn uns5biri, unreini
‹¤ dog hunds hundr hunt
‹‹ drink drigki† drekkr trinkit
‹› dry †aúrsus †urr trocchan, durri
‹fi dull — sljór sl2o
‹fl dust mulda, stubjus dust stuppi, stoub, melm
‹‡ ear aus4 eyra 4ra
‹° earth aír†a joπr∂ erda
‹· eat matji†, iti† etr izzit
›‚ egg — egg ei
›⁄ eye aug4 auga ouga
›¤ fall driusi† fellr fellit
›‹ far (adv.) faírra fjarri, langt fer(ro)
›› fat (nn.) — smjoπr feizti
 10

Welsh Oscan Umbrian

⁄ all (pl.) i gyd súllus —
¤ and a ~ ag íním et
‹ animal anifail — —
› ashes lludw — —
fi at yn az -afl, -kum
fl back (nn.) cefn — —
‡ bad drwg mallom (acc.) —
° bark (nn.) rhysgl — —
· because achos, am fod, oherwydd i — —
⁄‚ belly bol(a), tor — —
⁄⁄ big mawr (maimas, sup. fem. gen.) (mestru, comp. fem.)
⁄¤ bird aderyn — avif (acc. pl.)
⁄‹ bite cnoi — —
⁄› black du — atru (nt. acc. pl.)
⁄fi blood gwaed — —
⁄fl blow [wind] chwythu — —
⁄‡ bone asgwrn — —
⁄° breast [wmn’s] bron — —
⁄· breathe anadlu — —
¤‚ burn (intr.) llosgi — —
¤⁄ child plentyn — —
¤¤ claw crafanc — —
¤‹ cloud cwmwl — —
¤› cold oer — —
¤fi come d(yf)od cebnust (fut. pf.) benust (fut. pf.)
¤fl count cyfrif — —
¤‡ cut torri lamatir (?; pf. subj. pass.) -sekatu (iptv.)
¤° day [¤› hrs] diwrnod zicolom (acc.), iúkleí (loc.) ti√el (?)
¤°a day dydd — —
¤· die marw — —
‹‚ dig palu, cloddio — —
‹⁄ dirty brwnt, budr — —
‹¤ dog ci — —
‹‹ drink yfed pibisus (?; fut. pf. ¤sg.?) —
‹› dry sych — —
‹fi dull p¢l — —
‹fl dust llwch — —
‹‡ ear clust — —
‹° earth daear teras (gen.) —
‹· eat bwyta edum (inf.) —
›‚ egg wy — —
›⁄ eye llygad — —
›¤ fall cwympo, syrthio — —
›‹ far (adv.) ymhell — —
›› fat (nn.) bloneg, braster — aflepes (?; abl. pl.)
 11

Hittite Armenian Greek

›fi father attas hayr patÆr
›fl fear (vb.) n3hi erknçhi fobe›tai, d°doike
›‡ feather — phetowr pterÒn
›° few t2pawes sakawkh Ùl€goi
›· fight hullezzi martnçhi, paterazmi µãxetai
fi‚ fire pahhur howr pËr
fi⁄ fish parhus (?) jowkn fixyÊw
fi¤ five — hing p°nte
fi‹ float — lo¬ay ple›
fi› flow 3rszi he¬ani =e›
fifi flower alil ca¬ik ênyow
fifl fly (vb.) pittai th‡çhi p°tetai
fi‡ fog kammaras mêg Ùµ€xlh
fi° foot patas otn poÊw
fi· four meyawes çhorkh t°ttarew
fl‚ freeze (intr.) ek3izzi sa‡i, pa¬i pÆgnutai
fl⁄ fruit sesan ptow¬ µ∞lon, Ùp≈ra
fl¤ full suus li plÆrhw
fl‹ give p3i tay d€dvsi
fl› good 3ssus bari égayÒw
flfi grass w2lku xot pÒa
flfl green hahlawanz kanaçh xlvrÒw
fl‡ guts garates ∑nderkh, a¬ikh ¶ntera
fl° hair [head] tetanas her tr€xew
fl· hand kissar je‡n xe€r
‡‚ he -as na (obl. aÈtÒn)
‡⁄ head harsar glowx kefalÆ
‡¤ hear istamaszi lsê ékoÊei
‡‹ heart k2r, kard- sirt kard€a
‡› heavy suw3rus, nakkis canr barÊw
‡fi here k3 ast §ntaËya
‡fl hit walhzi harkanê tÊptei
‡‡ hold harzi, pl. harkanzi owni ¶xei
‡° horn kar3war e¬∆ewr k°raw
‡· how m3hhan orpês p«w
°‚ hunt huwarniskezzi orsay yhrçi, kunhgete›
°⁄ husband pis2nas ayr énÆr
°¤ I 5k es §g≈
°¤a me (acc.) ammuk is §µ°
°‹ ice ekan sa‡n krÊstallow
°› if takku ethe efi
°fi in andan (adv.) i §n
°fl kill ku2nzi spananê épokte€nei
°‡ knee g2nu cownr gÒnu
°° know [facts] s3kki gitê o‰de
 12

Albanian Tocharian B Vedic Sanskrit

›fi father atë p3cer pit£
›fl fear (vb.) friket, druan pr3skaµ bibh£ya
›‡ feather pendë paruwa (pl.) parƒám
›° few pak totka álp3s
›· fight lufton wit3re (pret. ‹pl.) yúdhyati
fi‚ fire zjarr puwar agnís
fi⁄ fish peshk laks mátsyas
fi¤ five pesë piΩ páñca
fi‹ float plevat plußäµ právat2
fi› flow rrjedh reßßäµ srávati, kßárati
fifi flower lule py3pyo púßpam
fifl fly (vb.) fluturon plußäµ pátati
fi‡ fog mjegull — mih-
fi° foot këmbë paiyye p£t
fi· four katër Ωtwer catv£ras
fl‚ freeze (intr.) ngrin — —
fl⁄ fruit pemë oko phálam
fl¤ full plotë ite p5rƒás
fl‹ give jep aißßäµ dád3ti
fl› good mirë kartse (krent-) vásus
flfi grass bar atiyai (obl.) t¢ƒam
flfl green gjelbër motartstse háritas
fl‡ guts zorrë — 3ntrám
fl° hair [head] flok matsi k@Ωas
fl· hand dorë ßar hástas
‡‚ he ai su sá
‡⁄ head kokë 3Ωce Ωíras
‡¤ hear dëgjon klyaußäµ Ω#ƒ$ti
‡‹ heart zemër arañce h£rdi
‡› heavy rëndë kramartse gurús
‡fi here këtu tane ihá
‡fl hit godit karnäßßäµ hánti
‡‡ hold mban — dh3ráyati
‡° horn bri kror1yai (obl.) Ω¢∫gam
‡· how qysh, si mäkte kath£
°‚ hunt gjuan Ωer1tsi (inf.) m#gáyat2
°⁄ husband burrë petso pátis, bhárt3
°¤ I unë ñäΩ ahám
°¤a me (acc.) mua ñäΩ m£m
°‹ ice akull — himás
°› if në, po krui, ente yát
°fi in në -ne —
°fl kill vret kaußäµ hánti
°‡ knee gju keni (du.) j£nu
°° know [facts] di aiΩtär, kärsanaµ v@da
 13

Avestan Old Ch. Slavonic Lithuanian

›fi father pita ot¡c¡ t$vas
›fl fear (vb.) bi∫3iia bojit∞se• bìjo
›‡ feather par∑n∑m pero plùnksna
›° few kamna- mali maΩa§
›· fight p∑r∑taite, y5i∂iieiti borjet∞, p¡rit∞ se® kovója, káunasi
fi‚ fire 3tarß ogn¡ ugnìs
fi⁄ fish masii4 ryba Ωuvìs
fi¤ five pança pe®t¡ penkì
fi‹ float — plovet∞ pla•kia, pl7duriuoja
fi› flow ©Ω3raiti, rao∂aiti teçet∞ t¶ka
fifi flower — cv™t∞, cv™t¡c¡ g£l%
fifl fly (vb.) frauuaite (pataiti, Daevic) poletit∞ l¶kia
fi‡ fog dunma m¡gla miglà
fi° foot p3∂a (du.) noga kója
fi· four ça†∫3r4 çetyre keturì
fl‚ freeze (intr.) — mr∞znet∞ ßáldo, paßã«la
fl⁄ fruit — ovoßt¡ va§sius
fl¤ full p∑r∑n4 ispl∞n∞ pìlnas
fl‹ give da∂3iti dast∞ dúoda
fl› good vaµhuß dobr∞ g¶ras
flfi grass — trava Ωol%
flfl green — zelen∞ Ωãlias
fl‡ guts — jelito viduria§
fl° hair [head] var∑s4 vlas∞ pláukas
fl· hand zast4 roπka rankà
‡‚ he h4 on∞, je- jìs
‡⁄ head sar4 glava galvà
‡¤ hear surunaoiti slyßit∞ gi‹di
‡‹ heart z∑r∑d- sr∞d¡ce ßirdìs
‡› heavy gouru- teΩ¡k∞ sunkùs
‡fi here i∂a s¡de çià
‡fl hit ∆ainti udarit∞ mùßa, da•Ωia, (ißtiñka)
‡‡ hold d3raiieiti dr∞Ωit∞ la§ko
‡° horn sruiie (du.) rog∞ rãgas
‡· how ç5 kako ka§p
°‚ hunt — lovit∞ medΩiója
°⁄ husband paitiß moπΩ∞ v!ras
°¤ I az∑m az∞ àß
°¤a me (acc.) ma«m mene manè
°‹ ice a2x∑m led∞ l¶das
°› if yat aßte, ali jéigu
°fi in — v∞ §÷
°fl kill ∆ainti ubijet∞ ùΩmußa, Ωùdo
°‡ knee Ωnu- kol™no k¶lis
°° know [facts] va2∂a, zan3iti v™st∞, znajet∞ Ωìno, paΩí÷sta
 14

Old English Old Irish Latin

›fi father fæder athair pater
›fl fear (vb.) fyrht, forhta† ad‚ágathar timet
›‡ feather fe†er cleitte penna
›° few f2awe úath, úathad pauc1
›· fight fieht, w1g† fichid pugnat
fi‚ fire f6r tene, daig ignis
fi⁄ fish fisc íasc piscis
fi¤ five f1f cóic qu1nque
fi‹ float fl1ett, flota† snaïd fluitat
fi› flow fl2w† rethid fluit
fifi flower bl4stma bláth, scoth fl4s
fifl fly (vb.) fl1eg† fo‚luathar volat
fi‡ fog mist céo nebula
fi° foot f4t traig p2s
fi· four f2ower cethair quattuor
fl‚ freeze (intr.) fr1est — gelat
fl⁄ fruit ofett torad p4mum
fl¤ full full lán pl2nus
fl‹ give gif† do‚beir dat
fl› good g4d maith bonus
flfi grass græs fér gr3men
flfl green gr2ne úaine viridis
fl‡ guts guttas, †earm — intest1na
fl° hair [head] h7r folt capillus
fl· hand hand lám manus
‡‚ he h2 é is
‡⁄ head h2afod cenn caput
‡¤ hear h1er† ro‚cluinethar audit
‡‹ heart heorte cride cor
‡› heavy sw7r, hefig tromm gravis
‡fi here h2r sund h1c
‡fl hit slieh†, b2att benaid, búalid ferit
‡‡ hold hielt con‚gaib tenet
‡° horn horn adarc corn5
‡· how h5 cía cruth qu1 (qu4 mod4)
°‚ hunt hunta† ad‚claid v2n3tur
°⁄ husband wer fer mar1tus
°¤ I ic mé ego
°¤a me (acc.) m2 -m- m2
°‹ ice 1s aig glaci2s
°› if gif ma- s1
°fi in in i in
°fl kill slieh† marbaid interficit
°‡ knee cn2ow glún gen5
°° know [facts] w3t ro‚fitir scit
 15

Luvian Lycian Tocharian A

›fi father t3tis tedi (?) p3car
›fl fear (vb.) kuwaya- — praskatär
›‡ feather — — —
›° few — — tsru
›· fight — zxxati —
fi‚ fire p3h5r — por
fi⁄ fish — — —
fi¤ five — — päñ
fi‹ float — — —
fi› flow 3rsi(ya)- — tsn3ntr-äµ (?; ‹pl.)
fifi flower — — py3pi
fifl fly (vb.) — — plawar (pret. ‹pl.)
fi‡ fog — — —
fi° foot pat3s (p3tas?) pede pe
fi· four m3winzi — Ωtwar
fl‚ freeze (intr.) — — —
fl⁄ fruit alattarsa — oko
fl¤ full — — ypic
fl‹ give piyai pije, pibiti eß
fl› good w3sus — k3su (krant-)
flfi grass zuhri — 3ti
flfl green hahhaluwantis — motarci (fem.)
fl‡ guts — — weßkiñc (?)
fl° hair [head] tapp3nis — Ω3ku
fl· hand 1ssaris izre tsar
‡‚ he -as, ap3s -¶, ebñn¶ (acc.) säm
‡⁄ head harmahis — lap
‡¤ hear t5mmantitti — klyoßtär (pass.)
‡‹ heart z3rza — 3riñc
‡› heavy suw3rus, kuwanzus — kr3märts
‡fi here z3wi(n) ebei tßaµ
‡fl hit d5piti tubidi kärnäsm3µ (ptc.)
‡‡ hold — — —
‡° horn zurni (HL) — kror (?)
‡· how — — mänt
°‚ hunt — — —
°⁄ husband zitis sidi pats
°¤ I (a)mu ¶mu näß, fem. ñuk
°¤a me (acc.) (a)mu emu (dat.) näß, fem. ñuk
°‹ ice — — —
°› if m3n ¶ kuprene
°fi in 3nta ñte -aµ
°fl kill — — koß
°‡ knee — — kanweµ (du.)
°° know [facts] un(a)i- — kn3naß, kärsn3ß
 16

Old Persian Old Prussian Latvian

›fi father pit3 t3was t¶®vs
›fl fear (vb.) tarsatiy bia bîstas, ba§dâs
›‡ feather — — spa¤va
›° few kamn3 — mazi
›· fight -∆antiy 5lint (inf.) cìnâs (kaûjas ?)
fi‚ fire *3√i- panno (E) uguns
fi⁄ fish — suckans (apl.), suckis (E) zivs
fi¤ five — [pi2ncts ‘fith’] pìeci
fi‹ float — — pludõ
fi› flow danu(va)- — te®k, plûst
fifi flower — — puk÷e, ziêds
fifl fly (vb.) — — laîΩas (skrìen ?)
fi‡ fog — kupsins (E) migla
fi° foot p3da nage (E) kãja
fi· four — [kettwirts ‘›th’] çetri
fl‚ freeze (intr.) — — sa›st
fl⁄ fruit — — aûglis
fl¤ full — pilnan (acc.) pi¤ns
fl‹ give dad3tiy d3st dôd
fl› good *vahu-, naiba (?) labs labs
flfi grass — schokis (E) zâle
flfl green — saligan (E) zal÷ß
fl‡ guts — grobis (E) zafina
fl° hair [head] — scebelis (E) mats
fl· hand dasta r3nkan (acc.) ròka
‡‚ he hauv(am) t3ns vin÷ß
‡⁄ head — gall5, glawo (E) ga›va
‡¤ hear xßnautiy (?) k1rdeiti (iptv.) dzìrd
‡‹ heart — s1ran (acc.), seyr (E) sifids
‡› heavy — — smags
‡fi here id3 schai, schien te, ße§t
‡fl hit ∆antiy kyrteis (iptv., G) sit
‡‡ hold d3rayatiy l3iku tur
‡° horn — ragis (E) rags
‡· how — [kai, rel.] kâ
°‚ hunt — [medies ‘hunter’ E] med§
°⁄ husband — wijrs v§rs
°¤ I adam as, es es
°¤a me (acc.) m3m mien mani
°‹ ice — ladis (E) le®dus
°› if yadiy ickai ja
°fi in — 2n —
°fl kill ava∆antiy gallintwei (inf.) nònâv¶, nògalina
°‡ knee — klupstis (E) celis
°° know [facts] d3n3tiy (xßn3-) waist (inf.) zina
 17

Gothic Old Norse Old High German

›fi father atta fa∂ir fater
›fl fear (vb.) 4g, faúrhtei† hræ∂isk forhtit
›‡ feather — fjoπ∂r federa
›° few fawai fáir f4he, luzzile
›· fight weihi† bersk, vegr fihtit
fi‚ fire f4n eldr fiur
fi⁄ fish fisks fiskr fisc
fi¤ five fimf fimm fimf
fi‹ float — fl§tr fliuzit, sweb2t
fi› flow rinni† rennr, fl§tr fliuzit, rinnit
fifi flower bl4mans (acc. pl.) blóm, blómstr bluomo
fifl fly (vb.) — fl§gr fliugit
fi‡ fog — †oka nebul
fi° foot f4tus fótr fuoz
fi· four fidw4r fjórir fior
fl‚ freeze (intr.) ºfriusi† fr§ss friusit
fl⁄ fruit akran aldin obaz
fl¤ full fulls fullr fol
fl‹ give gibi† gefr gibit
fl› good g4†s gó∂r guot
flfi grass hawi gras gras
flfl green — grœnn gruoni
fl‡ guts — †armr, goπrn darm
fl° hair [head] tagl, skuft hár, skopt h3r, fahs
fl· hand handus hoπnd hant
‡‚ he is hann er
‡⁄ head haubi† hoπfu∂ houbit
‡¤ hear hausei† heyrir h4rit
‡‹ heart haírt4 hjarta herza
‡› heavy kaúrus †ungr, hoπfugr sw3ri, hef1g
‡fi here h2r hér hier
‡fl hit slahi†, stauti†, bliggwi† slær, l§str, berr, drepr slehit
‡‡ hold habai† heldr hab2t
‡° horn haúrn horn horn
‡· how ¬aiwa hvé, hversu wuo / wio
°‚ hunt — vei∂ir jag4t, weid(en)4t
°⁄ husband aba verr gomman
°¤ I ik ek ih
°¤a me (acc.) mik mik mih
°‹ ice — íss 1s
°› if jabai ef oba, ibu
°fi in in í in
°fl kill usqimi†, afdau†ei†, afslahi† dey∂ir, drepr (ar)slehit, git4tit
°‡ knee kniu kné cneo
°° know [facts] wait veit weiz
 18

Welsh Oscan Umbrian

›fi father tad patir patre (dat.)
›fl fear (vb.) ofni — —
›‡ feather pluen — —
›° few ychydig — —
›· fight ymladd — —
fi‚ fire tân — pir, pur-
fi⁄ fish pysgodyn — —
fi¤ five pump *púmpe *pumpe
fi‹ float nofio — —
fi› flow llifo — —
fifi flower blodeuyn *fluus- (?) —
fifl fly (vb.) ehedeg — —
fi‡ fog niwl — —
fi° foot troed pedú (?; gen. pl.) pefli (abl.)
fi· four pedwar pettiur petur-
fl‚ freeze (intr.) rhewi, fferru — —
fl⁄ fruit ffrwyth — —
fl¤ full llawn — plener (abl. pl.)
fl‹ give rho(dd)i didet [Vestinian] tefla, dirsa (subj.)
fl› good da (ualaemom, sup. nt.) cubrar (gen. fem.)
flfi grass glaswellt — —
flfl green glas — —
fl‡ guts coluddion — arvia
fl° hair [head] gwallt (coll.), blewyn — —
fl· hand llaw manim (acc.) manf (acc. pl.)
‡‚ he (f)e izic erek
‡⁄ head pen — —
‡¤ hear clywed — —
‡‹ heart calon — —
‡› heavy trwm — —
‡fi here yma — —
‡fl hit taro — —
‡‡ hold dal — tenitu (iptv.)
‡° horn corn — —
‡· how (pa) sut — —
°‚ hunt hela — —
°⁄ husband g¢r — —
°¤ I (f)i íív —
°¤a me (acc.) mi, (f)i — mehe (dat.)
°‹ ice rhew, iâ — —
°› if os, pe svaí sve
°fi in yn -en -en
°fl kill lladd — —
°‡ knee pen-lin — —
°° know [facts] gwybod, pres. ‹sg. ¢yr — —
 19

Hittite Armenian Greek

°· lake lulis (?) liç, covak l€µnh
·‚ laugh halwammar (noun) cica¬i gelçi
·⁄ leaf hurpastas terew fÊllon
·¤ left(hand) — jax, aheak éristerÒw
·‹ leg egdu srownkh sk°low
·› lie [recline] kitta kay edeal ke›tai
·fi live (vb.) huiszi keay z∞i
·fl liver lissi leard ∏par
·‡ long dalukis erkayn µakrÒw
·° louse — o∆il fye€r
·· man [male] pis2nas ayr énÆr
⁄‚‚ many m2kkies bazowmkh pollo€
⁄‚⁄ meat — mis kr°aw
⁄‚¤ moon armas lowsin selÆnh
⁄‚‹ mother annas mayr µÆthr
⁄‚› mountain — lea‡n ˆrow
⁄‚fi mouth ais, iss- beran stÒµa
⁄‚fl name l3man anown ˆnoµa
⁄‚‡ narrow hatkus anjowk, ne¬ stenÒw
⁄‚° near (adv.) manninkuwanz (adj.) mawt, merj §ggÊw, plhs€on
⁄‚· neck (kuttar ?) paranoch aÈxÆn
⁄⁄‚ new n2was nor kainÒw
⁄⁄⁄ night ispanz gißer nÊj
⁄⁄¤ nose tititan ownçhkh =€w
⁄⁄‹ not natta oçh oÈ
⁄⁄› old miyahwanz hin palaiÒw
⁄⁄fi one º3s mi eÂw
⁄⁄fl other damais ayl êllow
⁄⁄‡ person antuhsas mard ênyrvpow
⁄⁄° pierce isk3ri xoçhê, mxê kente›
⁄⁄· play duskzi, hinganiskezzi xa¬ay pa€zei
⁄¤‚ pull huettiezzi kharßê, jgê ßlkei
⁄¤⁄ push suwezzi m¬ê »ye›
⁄¤¤ rain (nn.) h2us anjrew ÍetÒw
⁄¤‹ red mitas karmir §ruyrÒw
⁄¤› right(hand) kunnas a∆ dejiÒw
⁄¤fi right 3ra ow¬i¬ ÙryÒw
⁄¤fl river hapas get potaµÒw
⁄¤‡ road palsas çanaparh, ßawi¬ ıdÒw
⁄¤° root s5rkas armat =€za
⁄¤· rope ishimas paran, malowx, to‡n, çhowan kãlvw, spãrton
⁄‹‚ rotten harranz nexeal saprÒw
⁄‹⁄ round — bolorak stroggÊlow
⁄‹¤ rub peszi ßphê tr€bei
⁄‹‹ salt — a¬ ëlw
 20

Albanian Tocharian B Vedic Sanskrit

°· lake liqen lyam sáras, hradás
·‚ laugh qesh ker- hásati
·⁄ leaf gjethe pilta parƒám
·¤ left(hand) majtë, mëngjër Ωw3lyai (adv.) savyás
·‹ leg këmbë ck3ckai (obl.) já∫gh3
·› lie [recline] rri shtrirë lyaΩäµ Ω@t2
·fi live (vb.) jeton, rron Ωaiµ j!vati
·fl liver mël√i wästarye yák#t
·‡ long gjatë pärkare d1rghás
·° louse morr pärΩeriñ (pl.) (?) (y5k3)
·· man [male] burrë e∫kwe n£
⁄‚‚ many shumë m3ka bahávas
⁄‚⁄ meat mish misa m£s, m3µsám
⁄‚¤ moon hënë meñe m£s
⁄‚‹ mother mëmë m3cer m£t3
⁄‚› mountain mal ßale girís
⁄‚fi mouth gojë koyµ £s
⁄‚fl name emër ñem n£ma
⁄‚‡ narrow ngushtë — aµhús
⁄‚° near (adv.) afër akartte, ysape, etsuwai antik@
⁄‚· neck qafë — gr1v£
⁄⁄‚ new ri ñuwe návas, návyas
⁄⁄⁄ night natë yßiye kßap- (nák, RV⁄x)
⁄⁄¤ nose hundë meli n£s3
⁄⁄‹ not nuk, s m3 ná
⁄⁄› old vjetër (ktsaitstse ?) sánas
⁄⁄fi one një ße @kas
⁄⁄fl other tjetër alyek anyás
⁄⁄‡ person njeri Ωaumo mánus
⁄⁄° pierce ther, depërton tsopäµ Ωnáthiti, vídhyati
⁄⁄· play luan k3ñmäµ kr!∂ati
⁄¤‚ pull heq sla∫ktär kárßati
⁄¤⁄ push shtyn nätkanaµ tudáti, nudáti
⁄¤¤ rain (nn.) shi swese varßám
⁄¤‹ red kuq ratre r$hitas
⁄¤› right(hand) djathtë saiwai (adv.) dákßiƒas
⁄¤fi right drejtë — #tás, #jús
⁄¤fl river lumë cake nad!, síndhus
⁄¤‡ road rrugë yt3rye pánth3s, ádhv3
⁄¤° root rrënjë witsako m%lam
⁄¤· rope litar, tërkuzë — rájjus, d£ma
⁄‹‚ rotten kalbur 3mpau p%tis
⁄‹⁄ round rrumbullak — (vartulas)
⁄‹¤ rub fërkon lyuwetär, kantanatär (gharßati)
⁄‹‹ salt kripë salyiye (lavaƒam)
 21

Avestan Old Ch. Slavonic Lithuanian

°· lake vairiß jezero ¶Ωeras
·‚ laugh — sm™jet∞ se® juõkiasi
·⁄ leaf var∑ka- list∞ lãpas
·¤ left(hand) haoii4 ßuj¡ kairùs
·‹ leg paitißt3n∑m gol™n¡ kója
·› lie [recline] sa2te leΩit∞ gùli
·fi live (vb.) ∆uuaiti Ωivet∞ g!vas yrà
·fl liver y3kar∑ je®tro k¶penos
·‡ long dar∑©4 dl∞g∞ ìlgas
·° louse — — ut£l%
·· man [male] n3, v1r4 moπΩ¡ v!ras
⁄‚‚ many parauu4 m∞nog∞ da•g(el)
⁄‚⁄ meat — me®so m£sà
⁄‚¤ moon må luna, m™se®c¡ m£nùlis
⁄‚‹ mother m3ta mati mótina
⁄‚› mountain gairiß gora kálnas
⁄‚fi mouth åµh- usta burnà
⁄‚fl name n3ma ime® va‹das
⁄‚‡ narrow — oπz∞k∞ sia•ras
⁄‚° near (adv.) asne bliz∞ artì
⁄‚· neck manao†ri, gr1uua vyja, ßija kãklas
⁄⁄‚ new nauu4 nov∞ na•jas
⁄⁄⁄ night xßap- noßt¡ naktìs
⁄⁄¤ nose nåµha nos∞ nósis
⁄⁄‹ not n4it ne nè
⁄⁄› old han4 vet∞x∞ s¶nas
⁄⁄fi one a2uu4 jedin∞ víenas
⁄⁄fl other ainii4 drug∞, in∞ kìtas
⁄⁄‡ person maßii4, maßii3k4 çlov™k∞ Ωmogùs (pl. Ωmón£s)
⁄⁄° pierce — bodet∞ pérveria, sme§gia, pérduria
⁄⁄· play — (igrajet∞) Ωa§dΩia
⁄¤‚ pull †an∆aiiete vl™çet∞ tráukia
⁄¤⁄ push — — stùmia
⁄¤¤ rain (nn.) v3r- d∞Ωd¡ lietùs
⁄¤‹ red raoi∂it4 çr∞m¡n∞ raudónas
⁄¤› right(hand) daßin4 desn∞ d¶ßinas
⁄¤fi right ∑r∑ßuu4 prav¡d¡n∞ teisùs
⁄¤fl river †raot4, rauua r™ka ùp£
⁄¤‡ road pantå, a∂∫a poπt¡ k¶lias
⁄¤° root var∑ßa∆iß koren¡ ßaknìs
⁄¤· rope — vr∞v¡ vi‹v£, vi‹Ωis
⁄‹‚ rotten p5t4 gnil∞ supùve®s
⁄‹⁄ round skar∑n4 (o)krugl∞ apvalùs
⁄‹¤ rub — t¡ret∞ trìna
⁄‹‹ salt — sol¡ druskà
 22

Old English Old Irish Latin

°· lake mere, s7 loch lacus
·‚ laugh hlieh† tibid r1det
·⁄ leaf l2af duille folium
·¤ left(hand) winestra clé sinister
·‹ leg scanca coss cr5s
·› lie [recline] lig† laigid iacet
·fi live (vb.) liofa† is béo v1vit
·fl liver lifer óa iecur
·‡ long lang fota longus
·° louse l5s míl p2diculus
·· man [male] wer fer vir
⁄‚‚ many fela, manige ili mult1
⁄‚⁄ meat fl7sc féuil car4
⁄‚¤ moon m4na ésce l5na
⁄‚‹ mother m4dor máthair m3ter
⁄‚› mountain beorg slíab m4ns
⁄‚fi mouth m5† giun 4s
⁄‚fl name nama ainm n4men
⁄‚‡ narrow nearu, enge cóel, cumung angustus
⁄‚° near (adv.) n2ah i n-ocus prope
⁄‚· neck heals brágae collum
⁄⁄‚ new n1owe nue novos
⁄⁄⁄ night niht adaig nox
⁄⁄¤ nose nosu srón n3sus
⁄⁄‹ not ne ní n4n
⁄⁄› old eald sen vetus
⁄⁄fi one 3n óen 5nus
⁄⁄fl other 4†er aile alius
⁄⁄‡ person mann duine hom4
⁄⁄° pierce prica† sáidid pungit, fodit
⁄⁄· play plega† im‚beir, cluchigidir l5dit
⁄¤‚ pull t1eh†, dræg† srengaid trahit
⁄¤⁄ push sc6f† — tr5dit
⁄¤¤ rain (nn.) regn flechud, bróen pluvia
⁄¤‹ red r2ad rúad, derg ruber
⁄¤› right(hand) sw1†ra dess dexter
⁄¤fi right riht cert, cóir r2ctus
⁄¤fl river 2a aub fl5men
⁄¤‡ road weg, str7t slige, bóthar via
⁄¤° root wyrttruma frém r3d1x
⁄¤· rope r3p, s3l, streng súanem, tét, loman f5nis
⁄‹‚ rotten f5l morgthae putridus
⁄‹⁄ round sinwealt cruind rotundus
⁄‹¤ rub gn1tt con‚meil fricat
⁄‹‹ salt sealt salann sal
 23

Luvian Lycian Tocharian A

°· lake — — lyäm
·‚ laugh — — kar-
·⁄ leaf — — pält
·¤ left(hand) ipalis — Ω3lyi
·‹ leg p3rtas (?) — —
·› lie [recline] z1yari sij¶ni lalku (?; pret. ptc.)
·fi live (vb.) — — Ωoß
·fl liver — — —
·‡ long 3rr3yis — pärkär
·° louse — — —
·· man [male] z1tis — o∫k, 3täl
⁄‚‚ many — — m3k
⁄‚⁄ meat — — Ωw3l
⁄‚¤ moon *armas ar⁄ma mañ
⁄‚‹ mother 3nnis ¶ni m3car
⁄‚› mountain *ariyattis — ßul
⁄‚fi mouth 3ssa — koy-
⁄‚fl name atamanza (?) adãma (pl.) ñom
⁄‚‡ narrow — — —
⁄‚° near (adv.) — — k3tse
⁄‚· neck — — kñuk
⁄⁄‚ new n3wis — ñu
⁄⁄⁄ night — — wße
⁄⁄¤ nose — — malañ
⁄⁄‹ not n3wa ne m3
⁄⁄› old — — ktsets (?)
⁄⁄fi one — — sas
⁄⁄fl other — kbi (acc.) 3lak
⁄⁄‡ person z1tis — napeµ
⁄⁄° pierce — — tsopäß
⁄⁄· play — — —
⁄¤‚ pull — — tsäkn3ß
⁄¤⁄ push — — nätk3- (?)
⁄¤¤ rain (nn.) — — swase
⁄¤‹ red — — rtär
⁄¤› right(hand) isarwilis — p3ci
⁄¤fi right — — —
⁄¤fl river h3pis — —
⁄¤‡ road harwas — yt3r
⁄¤° root — — tsm3r
⁄¤· rope — — sparp
⁄‹‚ rotten — — —
⁄‹⁄ round — — —
⁄‹¤ rub k5s3ti — —
⁄‹‹ salt — — s3le
 24

Old Persian Old Prussian Latvian

°· lake — assaran (E) e®ze®rs
·‚ laugh — — smejas
·⁄ leaf — — lapa
·¤ left(hand) — — krèiss
·‹ leg — nage (E) kãja
·› lie [recline] — — gul÷
·fi live (vb.) ∆1vatiy giwa dzîvõ
·fl liver — <j>agno (E) aknas
·‡ long darga [ilgi, adv.] garß
·° louse — — uts
·· man [male] *nar- wijrs v§rs
⁄‚‚ many parava — da•dzi
⁄‚⁄ meat — mens3 gal÷a
⁄‚¤ moon *m3ha- (?) menig (E) m¶ness
⁄‚‹ mother *m3t3 m5ti mãte
⁄‚› mountain kaufa grabis (E) ka›ns
⁄‚fi mouth — austo (E) mute
⁄‚fl name n3m3 emmens v9rds
⁄‚‡ narrow — — ßàurs
⁄‚° near (adv.) aßnaiy — tuvu
⁄‚· neck — winsus (E) kakls
⁄⁄‚ new — nawans jaûns
⁄⁄⁄ night xßap- nacktien (loc.?) nakts
⁄⁄¤ nose n3h(a)- nozy (E) de®guns
⁄⁄‹ not naiy ni ne
⁄⁄› old — urs (?) ve®cs
⁄⁄fi one aiva ains viêns
⁄⁄fl other aniya kittans (apl.) cits
⁄⁄‡ person martiya smunents, smonenawi<n>s (E) cìlv¶®ks
⁄⁄° pierce — [boadis ‘puncture wound’ (E)] dur
⁄⁄· play — — rõtal÷ãjas, sp¶l¶jas
⁄¤‚ pull — — vè®lk
⁄¤⁄ push — — stumj, b§da
⁄¤¤ rain (nn.) — aglo (E) liêtus
⁄¤‹ red — urminan (acc.), wormyan (E) safikans
⁄¤› right(hand) — tickray (fem. dat.) laba§s
⁄¤fi right r3sta tickars (?) pare§zs
⁄¤fl river rauta ape (E) upe
⁄¤‡ road *pa†i- [pintis ‘path’ (E)] cel÷ß
⁄¤° root — sagnis (E) sakne
⁄¤· rope — wirbe (E) vìrve, ta•va
⁄‹‚ rotten — — sapuvis, satrun¶jis
⁄‹⁄ round — — apal÷ß
⁄‹¤ rub — — befiΩ
⁄‹‹ salt — sali (G) s9ls
 25

Gothic Old Norse Old High German

°· lake (mari)saiws vatn s2o
·‚ laugh hlahji† hlær lehhit
·⁄ leaf laufs (lauf)bla∂ blat, loub
·¤ left(hand) hleiduma vinstri winistar
·‹ leg — leggr, fótr bein
·› lie [recline] ligi† liggr ligit
·fi live (vb.) libai† lifir leb2t
·fl liver — lifr lebara
·‡ long laggs langr lang
·° louse — lús (º)l5s
·· man [male] waír, guma karl(ma∂r) man
⁄‚‚ many managai, filu margir manage, filu
⁄‚⁄ meat mims kjoπt fleisc
⁄‚¤ moon m2na tungl m3no
⁄‚‹ mother ai†ei mó∂ir muoter
⁄‚› mountain faírguni fjall berg
⁄‚fi mouth mun†s munnr mund
⁄‚fl name nam4 nafn namo
⁄‚‡ narrow aggwus, †raíhans †roπngr, oπngr engi
⁄‚° near (adv.) n2¬(a) nær n3h
⁄‚· neck hals hals, svíri hals
⁄⁄‚ new niujis n§r niuwi
⁄⁄⁄ night nahts nótt naht
⁄⁄¤ nose — nasar nasa
⁄⁄‹ not ni eigi ni
⁄⁄› old faírneis forn alt, firni
⁄⁄fi one ains einn ein
⁄⁄fl other an†ar annarr ander
⁄⁄‡ person manna ma∂r man, mennisco
⁄⁄° pierce — stingr (ana)stihhit
⁄⁄· play — leikr spil4t
⁄¤‚ pull at†insi† dregr, togar dinsit, ziuhit
⁄¤⁄ push afskiubi† sk§fir sciubit
⁄¤¤ rain (nn.) rign regn regan
⁄¤‹ red rau†s rau∂r r4t
⁄¤› right(hand) taíhswa hœgri zeso
⁄¤fi right garaíhts réttr reht
⁄¤fl river a¬a, fl4dus á aha, fluz
⁄¤‡ road wigs vegr, gata weg
⁄¤° root waúrts rót wurzala
⁄¤· rope — reip, taug, strengr, síma seil, strang, stric
⁄‹‚ rotten f5ls fúinn f5l
⁄‹⁄ round — sívalr sinwelb
⁄‹¤ rub bnaui† gn§r r1bit, gn1tit
⁄‹‹ salt salt salt salz
 26

Welsh Oscan Umbrian

°· lake llyn — —
·‚ laugh chwerthin — —
·⁄ leaf deilen — —
·¤ left(hand) chwith, aswy nertrak (fem. abl.) nertru (abl.)
·‹ leg coes — —
·› lie [recline] gorwedd — —
·fi live (vb.) byw — —
·fl liver afu — —
·‡ long hir, maith — —
·° louse lleuen — —
·· man [male] g¢r — —
⁄‚‚ many llawer — —
⁄‚⁄ meat cig — —
⁄‚¤ moon lleuad, lloer — —
⁄‚‹ mother mam maatreís (gen.) matrer (gen.)
⁄‚› mountain mynydd — —
⁄‚fi mouth genau, ceg — —
⁄‚fl name enw numneís (gen.) numem, nome
⁄‚‡ narrow cul, cyfyng — —
⁄‚° near (adv.) yn agos (nessimas sup. fem. pl.) (nesimei sup. adv.)
⁄‚· neck mwnwgl, gwddf — —
⁄⁄‚ new newydd — —
⁄⁄⁄ night nos — —
⁄⁄¤ nose trwyn — —
⁄⁄‹ not d-… d(d)im (< nid …), na nei neip
⁄⁄› old hen — —
⁄⁄fi one un — —
⁄⁄fl other arall allo (fem.) —
⁄⁄‡ person dyn humuns (pl.) homonus (dat. pl.)
⁄⁄° pierce gwanu — —
⁄⁄· play chwarae — —
⁄¤‚ pull tynnu — —
⁄¤⁄ push gwthio — —
⁄¤¤ rain (nn.) glaw anafríss (?; dat. pl.) —
⁄¤‹ red coch, rhudd — rufru, rofu (acc. pl.)
⁄¤› right(hand) de(au) destrst ‘d. est’ destram (fem. acc.)
⁄¤fi right iawn, cywir — mersto (acc.), rehte (adv.)
⁄¤fl river afon — —
⁄¤‡ road ffordd víú via (abl.)
⁄¤° root gwreiddyn — —
⁄¤· rope rhaff — —
⁄‹‚ rotten pwdr — —
⁄‹⁄ round crwn — —
⁄‹¤ rub rhwbio — —
⁄‹‹ salt halen — salu (acc.)
 27

Hittite Armenian Greek

⁄‹› sand — awaz êµµow
⁄‹fi say t2zzi, pl. taranzi asê l°gei
⁄‹fl scratch ºarrirrai kherê kn∞i
⁄‹‡ sea arunas cov yãlatta
⁄‹° see auszi tesanê ırçi
⁄‹· seed warwalan sermn sp°rµa
⁄›‚ sew — karê =ãptei
⁄›⁄ sharp alpus sowr, chich ÙjÊw, toµÒw
⁄›¤ short manninkuwanz karç braxÊw
⁄›‹ sing ishamai ergê êidei
⁄›› sit 2sa nsti kãyhstai
⁄›fi skin — morth xrÒa, d°rµa
⁄›fl sky n2pis erkinkh oÈranÒw
⁄›‡ sleep seszi nn∆ê kayeÊdei
⁄›° small kappis phokhr µikrÒw
⁄›· smell (intr.) — hototi ˆzei
⁄fi‚ smoke tuhhuwais cowx kapnÒw
⁄fi⁄ smooth mius harth le›ow
⁄fi¤ snake — awj ˆfiw
⁄fi‹ snow (nn.) — jiwn xi≈n
⁄fi› some (pl.) kuiesqa okh ¶nioi
⁄fifi spit (vb.) allappahhi thkhanê ptÊei
⁄fifl split iskallai herjow, chelow sx€zei
⁄fi‡ squeeze sai khamê pi°zei
⁄fi° stand arta kay ßsthke
⁄fi· star hast2rz ast¬ éstÆr
⁄fl‚ stick pahhis (?) bir, ∆in =ãbdow, bakthr€a
⁄fl⁄ stone passus khar, vêm l€yow
⁄fl¤ straight — ow¬i¬ eÈyÊw
⁄fl‹ suck u(n)hzi ccê, diê yhlãzei
⁄fl› sun istanus arew ¥liow
⁄flfi swell suwattari aytnow, ow‡now ofide›
⁄flfl swim — lo¬ay ne›, nÆxetai
⁄fl‡ tail (sisai ?) towtn, jet oÈrã, k°rkow
⁄fl° that ap3s ayn §ke›now
⁄fl· there apiya and §ke›
⁄‡‚ they -e nokha (obl. aÈtoÊw)
⁄‡⁄ thick — stowar paxÊw
⁄‡¤ thin maklanz anawsr leptÒw
⁄‡‹ think — xorhi front€zei
⁄‡› this k3s ays otow
⁄‡fi thou z1k dow sÊ
⁄‡fia thee (acc.) tuk khez s°
⁄‡fl three t2ries erekh tre›w
⁄‡‡ throw pessiezzi, 5ssiezzi ∑nkenow, arkanê bãllei, =€ptei
 28

Albanian Tocharian B Vedic Sanskrit

⁄‹› sand rërë warañc (obl.) síkat3s
⁄‹fi say thotë weßßäµ vívakti, bráv1ti
⁄‹fl scratch gërvish, kruan — k߃áuti, káßati
⁄‹‡ sea det samudtär samudrás
⁄‹° see sheh lk3ßßäµ páΩyati
⁄‹· seed farë s3rm, Ωäkt3lye b!jam
⁄›‚ sew qep — s!vyati
⁄›⁄ sharp mprehtë m3tre, akwatse t1k߃ás
⁄›¤ short shkurtër — (hrasvas)
⁄›‹ sing këndon piyaµ g£yati
⁄›› sit rri ndenjur ßamäµ, 3ßßäµ £st2
⁄›fi skin lëkurë ewe; yetse tvák
⁄›fl sky qiell iprer dyáus
⁄›‡ sleep fle kläntsaµ sásti
⁄›° small vogël lykaΩke, totka árbhas
⁄›· smell (intr.) lëshon erë, kundërmon warßßäµ gandhás (nn.)
⁄fi‚ smoke tym — dh5más
⁄fi⁄ smooth lëmuar ßmare Ωlak߃ás
⁄fi¤ snake gjarpër arß3klo, auk áhis
⁄fi‹ snow (nn.) borë (*Ωiñc…, cf. adj. Ωiñcatstse) himás
⁄fi› some (pl.) disa, ca ßemi k@ cit
⁄fifi spit (vb.) pështyn pitke (nn.) ߆h!vati
⁄fifl split √an kautanaµ bhinátti
⁄fi‡ squeeze shtrëngon klupn3tär, nuskaßßäµ p1∂áyati
⁄fi° stand rri më këmbë kaltär tí߆hati
⁄fi· star yll Ωcirye star-
⁄fl‚ stick shkop, shufër Ωak3tai (obl.) daƒ∂ás
⁄fl⁄ stone gur kärweñe áΩm3
⁄fl¤ straight drejtë — #jús
⁄fl‹ suck thith — dháyati
⁄fl› sun diell kauµ svàr, s%ryas
⁄flfi swell ënjtet staukkanatär Ωváyati
⁄flfl swim noton n3ßßäµ právat2
⁄fl‡ tail bisht — Ω@pas
⁄fl° that ai su, samp sá
⁄fl· there aty, atje tane, omp tátra
⁄‡‚ they ata cey t@
⁄‡⁄ thick trashë — sth5rás, bahulás
⁄‡¤ thin hollë — tanús
⁄‡‹ think mëndon pälskanaµ mányat2, d!dh2ti
⁄‡› this ky se ayám
⁄‡fi thou ti tuwe tvám
⁄‡fia thee (acc.) ty ci tv£m
⁄‡fl three tre trey tráyas
⁄‡‡ throw hedh karßßäµ, saläßßäµ kßipáti, ásyati
 29

Avestan Old Ch. Slavonic Lithuanian

⁄‹› sand — p™s∞k∞ sm%lis, smiltìs
⁄‹fi say mraoiti, aoxte reçet∞, pov™st∞ sãko, tãria
⁄‹fl scratch — struΩet∞ i÷br$Ωia, §÷dreskia
⁄‹‡ sea zraii4 morje j6ra
⁄‹° see va2naiti vidit∞ mãto
⁄‹· seed taoxma, çi†r∑m s™me® s$kla
⁄›‚ sew — ßijet∞ siùva
⁄›⁄ sharp ti©r4 ostr∞ aßtrùs
⁄›¤ short m∑r∑zu- krat∞k∞ tru⁄pas
⁄›‹ sing — pojet∞ dainúoja
⁄›› sit 3ste s™dit∞ s$di
⁄›fi skin suri koΩa óda
⁄›fl sky asma (diiau-, Daevic) nebo dangùs
⁄›‡ sleep xvafsaiti s∞pit∞ mi¶ga
⁄›° small kasuß mal∞ mãΩas
⁄›· smell (intr.) — vonjajet∞ kv¶pia
⁄fi‚ smoke — dym∞ d6mai
⁄fi⁄ smooth — glad∞k∞ glõdnas, gludùs
⁄fi¤ snake aΩiß zmija gyvãt£
⁄fi‹ snow (nn.) vafra- sn™g∞ sni¶gas
⁄fi› some (pl.) — jeteri, n™kyji ka§ kuri¶
⁄fifi spit (vb.) sp3ma- (nn.) pljujet∞ spiáuna
⁄fifl split dar∑dairii3t (opt.) (c™pit∞) sk¶lia
⁄fi‡ squeeze — t™ßtit∞ suspáudΩia
⁄fi° stand hißtaiti stojit∞ stóvi
⁄fi· star st3r4 (pl.) zv™zda ΩvaigΩd£
⁄fl‚ stick — — lazdà
⁄fl⁄ stone asma kamy akmuõ
⁄fl¤ straight ∑r∑zuß prav∞ tiesùs
⁄fl‹ suck — s∞set∞ Ωìnda, çiu¤pia
⁄fl› sun huuar∑ sl∞n¡ce sául£
⁄flfi swell sispimn4 (ptc.) — tìna, brìnksta
⁄flfl swim — plovet∞ pla•kia, pla•ko
⁄fl‡ tail duma- opaß¡ (oçes∞, oßib∞) uodegà
⁄fl° that h4 t∞, on∞, je- tàs
⁄fl· there — tu teñ
⁄‡‚ they t2 oni, je- ji¶
⁄‡⁄ thick — debel∞ stóras
⁄‡¤ thin — t¡n∞k∞ plónas
⁄‡‹ think mainiiete myslit∞ galvója, d5mója
⁄‡› this a2m s¡, ov∞ ßìs
⁄‡fi thou t5m ty tù
⁄‡fia thee (acc.) †∫a«m tebe tanè
⁄‡fl three †r3ii4 tr¡je tr@s
⁄‡‡ throw aµhiieiti, spaiieiti metet∞, vr∞Ωet∞ m¶ta
 30

Old English Old Irish Latin

⁄‹› sand sand ganem har2na
⁄‹fi say sæg† as‚beir d1cit
⁄‹fl scratch plicge†, scrip† scrípaid scabit
⁄‹‡ sea s7 muir, fairrge mare
⁄‹° see sieh† ad‚cí videt
⁄‹· seed s7d síl s2men
⁄›‚ sew s1wa† úaigid suit
⁄›⁄ sharp scearp, hwæs gér, áeth ac5tus
⁄›¤ short scort gerr, cumair, berr brevis
⁄›‹ sing sing† canaid canit
⁄›› sit sitt saidid sedet
⁄›fi skin h6d cnes cutis
⁄›fl sky heofon nem caelum
⁄›‡ sleep sl7p† con‚tuili dormit
⁄›° small l6tel, smæl bec parvos
⁄›· smell (intr.) stinc† bolad (nn.) olet
⁄fi‚ smoke r2oc, smoca dé f5mus
⁄fi⁄ smooth sm2†e réid l2vis
⁄fi¤ snake wyrm, nædre, snaca nathir anguis
⁄fi‹ snow (nn.) sn3w snechte nix
⁄fi› some (pl.) sume araile aliqu1
⁄fifi spit (vb.) sp7tt, spitt saile (nn.) spuit
⁄fifl split cl1ef† dlongid findit, scindit
⁄fi‡ squeeze †ring† fáiscid premit
⁄fi° stand stent do‚airisethar stat
⁄fi· star steorra rétglu st2lla
⁄fl‚ stick sticca, stæf slatt baculum
⁄fl⁄ stone st3n lie, cloch lapis
⁄fl¤ straight riht díriuch r2ctus
⁄fl‹ suck s6c†, s6g† denait (pl.), súigid s5git
⁄fl› sun sunne grían s4l
⁄flfi swell swil† attaid tumet
⁄flfl swim swim† snaïd nat
⁄fl‡ tail tægl err cauda
⁄fl° that s2 sin ille
⁄fl· there †7r tall ibi
⁄‡‚ they h1e é e1
⁄‡⁄ thick †icce tiug, remor crassus
⁄‡¤ thin †ynne tanae, séim tenuis
⁄‡‹ think (ge)†enc†, hyg† im‚rádi, smúainid c4gitat
⁄‡› this †2s so hic
⁄‡fi thou †5 tú t5
⁄‡fia thee (acc.) †2 -t- t2
⁄‡fl three †r1e trí tr2s
⁄‡‡ throw wierp† fo‚ceird, sreïd, do‚léici iacit
 31

Luvian Lycian Tocharian A

⁄‹› sand — — w3ry3ñc
⁄‹fi say 3ssatti (?) — trä∫käß
⁄‹fl scratch — — —
⁄‹‡ sea alasammis (?) — s3mudtär
⁄‹° see man3ti — lk3ß
⁄‹· seed warwalan — s3rm, Ωäkt3lyi
⁄›‚ sew — — —
⁄›⁄ sharp — — —
⁄›¤ short mannakunas — —
⁄›‹ sing — — piy3- (?)
⁄›› sit asti — ßmäß
⁄›fi skin — — —; yats
⁄›fl sky tappassa — eprer
⁄›‡ sleep — — klisn3ß
⁄›° small — — lykäly, tsru
⁄›· smell (intr.) — — wräß
⁄fi‚ smoke — — —
⁄fi⁄ smooth — — —
⁄fi¤ snake — — 3rßal
⁄fi‹ snow (nn.) — — —
⁄fi› some (pl.) — — ßome
⁄fifi spit (vb.) tapp3tti — —
⁄fifl split — — kotnaß
⁄fi‡ squeeze wisiti — —
⁄fi° stand t3i sttati kälytär
⁄fi· star — — Ωreñ (pl.)
⁄fl‚ stick winal — ßtop
⁄fl⁄ stone — — p3reµ
⁄fl¤ straight — — —
⁄fl‹ suck — — —
⁄fl› sun tiwaz — koµ
⁄flfi swell — — —
⁄flfl swim — — —
⁄fl‡ tail — — —
⁄fl° that ap3s — säm
⁄fl· there — — tmaµ
⁄‡‚ they -ata, apinzi -¶ (acc.), ebtte (dat.) cem
⁄‡⁄ thick — — —
⁄‡¤ thin — — —
⁄‡‹ think maliti — pältsä∫k3ß
⁄‡› this z3s ebe säs
⁄‡fi thou t1 — tu
⁄‡fia thee (acc.) t5 — cu
⁄‡fl three tarris tri tre
⁄‡‡ throw — — worta-µ (pret.)
 32

Old Persian Old Prussian Latvian

⁄‹› sand — sixdo (E) smìlts
⁄‹fi say †3tiy (†ah-) gerdawi (⁄sg.) tèic, saka
⁄‹fl scratch — — kasa, kaßã
⁄‹‡ sea draya i5rin (loc.?), <j>uriay (E) j•ra
⁄‹° see vainatiy widdai (pret.) redz
⁄‹· seed — semen (E) s¶®kla
⁄›‚ sew — — ßuj
⁄›⁄ sharp tigra — ass
⁄›¤ short — 1nsan (acc.) îss
⁄›‹ sing — gr1mons (pret. ptc.) dziêd
⁄›› sit — syndens (ptc.) sê®d, seΩ
⁄›fi skin — keuto (E) âda
⁄›fl sky asm3 dangan (acc.), dangus (E) debess
⁄›‡ sleep — meicte (inf., G) gul÷
⁄›° small — likuts mazs
⁄›· smell (intr.) — — ôΩ, smifid
⁄fi‚ smoke — dumis (E) d•mi
⁄fi⁄ smooth — — glude®ns
⁄fi¤ snake — angis (E) ç•ska
⁄fi‹ snow (nn.) — snaygis (E) snìegs
⁄fi› some (pl.) *kaiçiy (?) — daΩi
⁄fifi spit (vb.) — — spl÷a•j, spl÷a•da
⁄fifl split — — ska›da, ßk÷el÷
⁄fi‡ squeeze — — spiêΩ
⁄fi° stand st3- stall3 stãv
⁄fi· star — lauxnos (pl., E) zvàigzne
⁄fl‚ stick — laxde (?; E) spi¶k÷is, n•ja
⁄fl⁄ stone as3, a†anga- stabis (E) akmens
⁄fl¤ straight — — tàisns, tìeßs
⁄fl‹ suck — — zîΩ
⁄fl› sun — saule (E) sa•le
⁄flfi swell — — pàmpst, tûkst
⁄flfl swim — — pe›d
⁄fl‡ tail — — aste
⁄fl° that ava stas tas
⁄fl· there avad3 stwen tùr
⁄‡‚ they — tennei vin÷i
⁄‡⁄ thick — — bìezs, re®sns
⁄‡¤ thin — — tiêvs
⁄‡‹ think maniyataiy pom1rit (?; inf.) dõmã
⁄‡› this iyam, hauv schis ßis
⁄‡fi thou tuvam to5 tu
⁄‡fia thee (acc.) †uv3m tien tevi
⁄‡fl three *√i- [t1rts ‘‹rd’] trîs
⁄‡‡ throw ahiyatiy [metis (nn., E)] me®t, sviêΩ
 33

Gothic Old Norse Old High German

⁄‹› sand malma sandr sant
⁄‹fi say qi†i† segir, kve∂r quidit, sag2t
⁄‹fl scratch — skefr crazz4t
⁄‹‡ sea marei haf, sær / sjór meri, s2o
⁄‹° see saí¬i† sér sihit
⁄‹· seed fraiw fræ / frjó s3mo
⁄›‚ sew siuji† saumar n3it
⁄›⁄ sharp º¬ass hvass, skarpr scarf, was
⁄›¤ short — skammr kurz, skemmi
⁄›‹ sing siggwi† syngr, gelr singit
⁄›› sit siti† sitr sizzit
⁄›fi skin ºfill hú∂, skinn h5t, fel
⁄›fl sky himins himinn himil
⁄›‡ sleep sl2pi† søfr sl3fit
⁄›° small leitils lítill, smár luzzil, smal
⁄›· smell (intr.) — †efr stinkit
⁄fi‚ smoke — reykr rouh
⁄fi⁄ smooth slaíhts sléttr sleht, eban
⁄fi¤ snake waúrms, (?) nadrs ormr, na∂r n3tra, wurm
⁄fi‹ snow (nn.) snaiws snær / snjór sn2o
⁄fi› some (pl.) sumai sumir sume
⁄fifi spit (vb.) speiwi† hrækir, sp§tir sp1wit
⁄fifl split — kl§fr kliubit, speltit
⁄fi‡ squeeze †reihi† †ryngr drucchit
⁄fi° stand standi† stendr stentit, st2t
⁄fi· star staírn4 stjarna sterro
⁄fl‚ stick hrugga kefli gerta, ruota
⁄fl⁄ stone stains steinn stein
⁄fl¤ straight raíhts réttr, beinn reht
⁄fl‹ suck — s§gr s5git
⁄fl› sun sauil, sunn4 sól sunna
⁄flfi swell — svellr, †rútnar swillit
⁄flfl swim — svimmr swimmit
⁄fl‡ tail — hali zagal
⁄fl° that sa sá der
⁄fl· there †ar †ar d3r
⁄‡‚ they eis †eir sie
⁄‡⁄ thick — †ykkr dicchi
⁄‡¤ thin — †unnr dunni
⁄‡‹ think hugji†, fra†ji† hugsar, hyggr denkit
⁄‡› this sa sjá, †essi dese
⁄‡fi thou †5 †ú d5
⁄‡fia thee (acc.) †uk †ik dih
⁄‡fl three †reis †rír dr1
⁄‡‡ throw waírpi† verpr, kastar wirfit
 34

Welsh Oscan Umbrian

⁄‹› sand tywod — —
⁄‹fi say dweud (dywedyd) deíkum (inf.) deitu (iptv.)
⁄‹fl scratch crafu — —
⁄‹‡ sea môr — —
⁄‹° see gwel(e)d — uirseto (ptc. nt.)
⁄‹· seed hedyn — —
⁄›‚ sew gwnïo — —
⁄›⁄ sharp llym, miniog — —
⁄›¤ short byr, cwta — —
⁄›‹ sing canu — kanetu (iptv.)
⁄›› sit eistedd — sersitu (iptv.)
⁄›fi skin croen — —
⁄›fl sky wybren — —
⁄›‡ sleep cysgu, huno — —
⁄›° small bach, bychan malaks (?; acc. pl.) —
⁄›· smell (intr.) arogli — —
⁄fi‚ smoke mwg — —
⁄fi⁄ smooth llyfn — —
⁄fi¤ snake neidr, sarff — —
⁄fi‹ snow (nn.) eira — —
⁄fi› some (pl.) rhai — —
⁄fifi spit (vb.) poeri — —
⁄fifl split hollti — —
⁄fi‡ squeeze gwasgu — —
⁄fi° stand sefyll staít stahitu (iptv.)
⁄fi· star seren — —
⁄fl‚ stick ffon, gwialen — percam (?; acc.)
⁄fl⁄ stone carreg, maen — vapefle (abl.)
⁄fl¤ straight union — —
⁄fl‹ suck sugno, dyfnu — —
⁄fl› sun haul — —
⁄flfi swell chwyddo — —
⁄flfl swim nofio — —
⁄fl‡ tail cynffon — —
⁄fl° that hynny úlleis (gen.) uru (abl.), ulu (adv.)
⁄fl· there yna ifei (?) ife, ef, eruk
⁄‡‚ they nhw iusc eaf (fem. acc.)
⁄‡⁄ thick tew — —
⁄‡¤ thin tenau — —
⁄‡‹ think meddwl — —
⁄‡› this hyn ekík (nt.) eso (fem.)
⁄‡fi thou ti tiium —
⁄‡fia thee (acc.) ti, di — tiu, tiom
⁄‡fl three tri trís trif (acc.)
⁄‡‡ throw taflu — —
 35

Hittite Armenian Greek

⁄‡° tie ishai, hamanki kapê de›
⁄‡· tongue lalas lezow gl«tta
⁄°‚ tooth gagas atamn ÙdoÊw
⁄°⁄ tree t3ru ca‡ d°ndron
⁄°¤ turn (intr.) wehzi, n2a da‡nay tr°petai, str°fetai
⁄°‹ two d3n (adv.) erkow dÊo
⁄°› vomit — orcay §µe›
⁄°fi walk iyatta ßr∆i peripate›
⁄°fl warm 3nz ∆erm yerµÒw
⁄°‡ wash 3rri, warpzi lowanay loÊei, n€zei; plÊnei
⁄°° water w3tar ∆owr Ïdvr
⁄°· we w2s mekh ≤µe›w
⁄°·a us (acc.) anz3s mez ≤µçw
⁄·‚ wet hurniyanz xonaw ÍgrÒw, noterÒw
⁄·⁄ what kuit zi t€
⁄·¤ when kuwapi erb pÒte
⁄·‹ where kuwapi owr poË
⁄·› white harkis spitak leukÒw
⁄·fi who kuis o t€w
⁄·fl wide palhis layn eÈrÊw
⁄·‡ wife ºkuwanz kin gunÆ
⁄·° wind (nn.) huwanz ho¬m êneµow
⁄·· wing partawar, pattar thew pt°ruj
¤‚‚ wipe 3nssi ∆n∆ê époµãttei
¤‚⁄ with katti- handerj sÊn
¤‚¤ woman ºkuwanz kin gunÆ
¤‚‹ woods tiessar anta‡, mayri Ïlh
¤‚› worm — ordn sk≈lhj
¤‚fi ye sum2s dowkh ͵e›w
¤‚fia you (acc.) sum3s jez ͵çw
¤‚fl year w1z am, tari ¶tow, §niautÒw
¤‚‡ yellow hahlawanz de¬in janyÒw
 36

Albanian Tocharian B Vedic Sanskrit

⁄‡° tie lidh Ωanmästär, badhn£ti, syáti,
kärkaßßäµ náhyati, dyáti
⁄‡· tongue gjuhë kantwo jihv£
⁄°‚ tooth dhëmb keme dán
⁄°⁄ tree dru st3m v#kßás
⁄°¤ turn (intr.) sillet, kthehet klutta∫ktär, sporttotär vártat2, v#∫kt@
⁄°‹ two dy wi dv£
⁄°› vomit villet a∫kaiµ yamaßßäµ vámiti
⁄°fi walk ecën yaµ gácchati
⁄°fl warm ngrohtë emalle u߃ás
⁄°‡ wash lan laikanatär n@n2kti
⁄°° water ujë war v£r (ud(á)n-)
⁄°· we ne wes vayám
⁄°·a us (acc.) ne wes asm£n
⁄·‚ wet lagët, njomë *kar1tstse 3rdrás
⁄·⁄ what √ kuse kád, kím
⁄·¤ when kur ente kad£
⁄·‹ where ku — kvà, kútra
⁄·› white bardhë 3rkwi árjunas, Ωv2tás
⁄·fi who kush kuse kás
⁄·fl wide gjerë aurtstse p#thús, urús
⁄·‡ wife grua Ωana pátn1, j3y£, ján1
⁄·° wind (nn.) erë yente v£tas, v3yús
⁄·· wing fletë — pakßás, parƒám
¤‚‚ wipe fshin lyy3stär m£r߆i
¤‚⁄ with me Ωle smát, sahá
¤‚¤ woman grua klyiye ján1
¤‚‹ woods pyll wartto, kar3Ω vánam
¤‚› worm krimb yel k¢mis
¤‚fi ye ju yes y5yám
¤‚fia you (acc.) ju yes yußm£n
¤‚fl year vit pikul vatsarás
¤‚‡ yellow verdhë tute háris
 37

Avestan Old Ch. Slavonic Lithuanian

⁄‡° tie hiß3iia (pf.), bandaiieiti s∞ve®Ωet∞, povr∞zet∞ rìßa
⁄‡· tongue hizuua je®zyk∞ lieΩùvis
⁄°‚ tooth dant3n4 (pl.), d3t3- zoπb∞ dantìs
⁄°⁄ tree vana dr™vo, doπb∞ m¶dis
⁄°¤ turn (intr.) uruuisiieiti obratit∞ se® ve‹çiasi
⁄°‹ two duua d∞va dù
⁄°› vomit vam- bljujet∞ v¶mia
⁄°fi walk ∆asaiti idet∞, xodit∞ e§na
⁄°fl warm gar∑m4, tapt4 topl∞ ßi¤tas
⁄°‡ wash snaiieiti, na2niΩaiti myjet∞ mazgója
⁄°° water 3fß voda vanduõ
⁄°· we va2m my m¶s
⁄°·a us (acc.) ahma nas∞ mùs
⁄·‚ wet napt4 mokr∞ ßlãpias
⁄·⁄ what kat ç¡to kàs
⁄·¤ when ka∂a kogda kadà
⁄·‹ where k5, ku†ra k∞de ku‹
⁄·› white spa2ta-, auruß4 b™l∞ báltas
⁄·fi who k4 k∞to kàs
⁄·fl wide p∑r∑†uß, pa†an4 ßirok∞ platùs
⁄·‡ wife n3iri, n3ir1ka Ωena Ωmonà
⁄·° wind (nn.) v3t4 v™tr∞ v$jas
⁄·· wing par∑n∑m krilo spa‹nas
¤‚‚ wipe — t¡ret∞ ßlúosto
¤‚⁄ with mat, ha∂a s∞ sù
¤‚¤ woman ∆ainiß, n3iri, str1 Ωena móteris
¤‚‹ woods razur∑m l™s∞ mìßkas
¤‚› worm — çr∞v¡ kirm£l%
¤‚fi ye y5Ω∑m vy j7s
¤‚fia you (acc.) v4 (encl.) vas∞ jùs
¤‚fl year y3r∑ l™to m¶tai
¤‚‡ yellow zairiß, zairit4 Ωl¡t∞ geltónas
 38

Old English Old Irish Latin

⁄‡° tie bint, t1g† con‚rig, naiscid, cenglaid ligat
⁄‡· tongue tunge tengae lingua
⁄°‚ tooth t4† dét d2ns
⁄°⁄ tree tr2ow crann arbor
⁄°¤ turn (intr.) went sóïd vertitur
⁄°‹ two tw2gen dáu duo
⁄°› vomit sp1w† sceïd vomit
⁄°fi walk gange†, g7† cingid, téit (tíagait) ambulat
⁄°fl warm wearm té tepidus
⁄°‡ wash †wieh†, wæsc† nigid lavat
⁄°° water wæter uisce aqua
⁄°· we w2 sní n4s
⁄°·a us (acc.) 5s -n- n4s
⁄·‚ wet w7t, f5ht fliuch 5midus
⁄·⁄ what hwæt cid quid
⁄·¤ when hwonne cuin quand4
⁄·‹ where hw7r cairm ubi
⁄·› white hw1t find, bán albus
⁄·fi who hw3 cía quis
⁄·fl wide br3d, w1d lethan l3tus
⁄·‡ wife w1f, cw2n ben, sétig uxor
⁄·° wind (nn.) wind gáeth ventus
⁄·· wing fi†eru ette, scíath 3la
¤‚‚ wipe w1pa† — terget
¤‚⁄ with mid co cum
¤‚¤ woman w1f ben mulier
¤‚‹ woods weald, wudu caill, fid, ross silva
¤‚› worm wyrm cruim vermis
¤‚fi ye g2 sí v4s
¤‚fia you (acc.) 2ow -b- v4s
¤‚fl year g2ar blíadain annus
¤‚‡ yellow geolu buide fl3vos
 39

Luvian Lycian Tocharian A

⁄‡° tie hishiti, h3piti — kärk-
⁄‡· tongue l3lis — käntu
⁄°‚ tooth — — kam
⁄°⁄ tree — — ßt3m
⁄°¤ turn (intr.) kuwal1ti (?) — sparcwatär
⁄°‹ two — kbi wu
⁄°› vomit — — —
⁄°fi walk — — yäß
⁄°fl warm — — s3t
⁄°‡ wash 1lh3ti, l3hunti — likäß
⁄°° water w3rsa — wär
⁄°· we — — was
⁄°·a us (acc.) 3nza — was
⁄·‚ wet — — wipo
⁄·⁄ what ku1 ti kus
⁄·¤ when kuwati — änt3, kupre
⁄·‹ where kuwar(i) (?) teli t3
⁄·› white — — 3rki
⁄·fi who kuis ti kus
⁄·fl wide — — wärts
⁄·‡ wife — lada Ωäµ
⁄·° wind (nn.) — — want
⁄·· wing aruti — —
¤‚‚ wipe ammassiti — ly3señc (‹pl.)
¤‚⁄ with — ese Ωla
¤‚¤ woman wanattis, w3nas — kuli
¤‚‹ woods — — wärt, k3r3Ω
¤‚› worm — — walyi (pl.)
¤‚fi ye — — yas
¤‚fia you (acc.) 5nza(s) — yas
¤‚fl year ussis uhi pkul
¤‚‡ yellow hahhaluwantis — —
 40

Old Persian Old Prussian Latvian

⁄‡° tie band- perr2ist (inf.) sìen
⁄‡· tongue haz3na- insuwis (E) mèle
⁄°‚ tooth — dantis (E) zòbs
⁄°⁄ tree — garian (E) kòks
⁄°¤ turn (intr.) vartataiy wartinna v8rß, grìeΩ
⁄°‹ two *duva- dwai divi
⁄°› vomit — wimbmis (form??; G) vemj
⁄°fi walk — — iêt, sta§gã
⁄°fl warm — — sìlts
⁄°‡ wash — [aum5snan (nn.)] mazgã
⁄°° water 3piß unds, wundan (E) ûdens
⁄°· we vayam mes m¶s
⁄°·a us (acc.) — mans (dat. no5mas) m•s
⁄·‚ wet — — slapjß
⁄·⁄ what — ka kas
⁄·¤ when — kadan kad
⁄·‹ where — quei kùr
⁄·› white — gaylis (E) ba¤ts
⁄·fi who ka kas kas
⁄·fl wide — — plats
⁄·‡ wife — gennan (acc.), genno (E) si¶va
⁄·° wind (nn.) — wetro (E) v¶jß
⁄·· wing — — sp9rns
¤‚‚ wipe — — sla•ka
¤‚⁄ with had3 sen ar
¤‚¤ woman — gennan (acc.), genno (E) si¶vi¶te
¤‚‹ woods — median (E) meΩs
¤‚› worm — [slayx ‘earthworm’ (E)] t9rps
¤‚fi ye — io5s j•s
¤‚fia you (acc.) — wans j•s
¤‚fl year †ard- mettan (E) gads
¤‚‡ yellow — gelatynan (E) dze®›te®ns
 41

Gothic Old Norse Old High German

⁄‡° tie bindi† bindr bintit
⁄‡· tongue tugg4 tunga zunga
⁄°‚ tooth tun†us toπnn zan
⁄°⁄ tree bagms tré boum
⁄°¤ turn (intr.) wandei† hverfr, sn§r wentit, k2rit
⁄°‹ two twai tveir zw2ne
⁄°› vomit — sp§r sp1wit
⁄°fi walk gaggi† gengr gengit, g2t
⁄°fl warm ºwarms varmr warm
⁄°‡ wash †wahi† †vær waskit
⁄°° water wat4 vatn wazzar
⁄°· we weis vér wir
⁄°·a us (acc.) uns(is) oss unsih
⁄·‚ wet ºnats vátr naz, f5hti
⁄·⁄ what ¬a hvat waz
⁄·¤ when ¬an hvenær wanne
⁄·‹ where ¬ar hvar w3r
⁄·› white ¬eits hvítr w1z
⁄·fi who ¬as hverr wer
⁄·fl wide brai†s ví∂r, brei∂r breit, w1t
⁄·‡ wife q2ns kona quena, gimahha
⁄·° wind (nn.) winds vindr wint
⁄·· wing — vængr federah
¤‚‚ wipe biswaírbi† — swirbit
¤‚⁄ with mi† me∂ mit
¤‚¤ woman qin4 kona w1b
¤‚‹ woods — vi∂r, moπrk, skógr wald, holz
¤‚› worm ma†a ormr, ma∂kr wurm
¤‚fi ye j5s †ér ir
¤‚fia you (acc.) izwis y∂r iuwih
¤‚fl year j2r, a†n(s?), ata†ni ár j3r
¤‚‡ yellow — gulr gelo
 42

Welsh Oscan Umbrian

⁄‡° tie rhwymo, clymu — —
⁄‡· tongue tafod fangvam (acc.) —
⁄°‚ tooth dant dunte[s] (abl. pl.?) —
⁄°⁄ tree coeden, pren — —
⁄°¤ turn (intr.) troi — couertu (iptv.), vurtus (fut. pf.)
⁄°‹ two dau — dur
⁄°› vomit chwydu, cyfogi — —
⁄°fi walk cerdded — amboltu (iptv.)
⁄°fl warm cynnes — —
⁄°‡ wash golchi — vutu (iptv.)
⁄°° water d¢r aapam (acc.) utur, un-
⁄°· we ni — —
⁄°·a us (acc.) ni — —
⁄·‚ wet gwlyb — —
⁄·⁄ what (pa) beth píd pifle
⁄·¤ when pryd (< pa bryd) — —
⁄·‹ where ble (< pa le) puf pufe
⁄·› white gwyn, can — alfu (pl. nt.)
⁄·fi who pwy pís pisi
⁄·fl wide llydan — —
⁄·‡ wife gwraig — —
⁄·° wind (nn.) gwynt — —
⁄·· wing asgell, adain — —
¤‚‚ wipe sychu — —
¤‚⁄ with gyda com com
¤‚¤ woman menyw, gwraig usurs (?; acc. pl.) —
¤‚‹ woods coedwig, gw#dd — —
¤‚› worm pryf, abwydyn — —
¤‚fi ye chwi uus [Paelignian] —
¤‚fia you (acc.) chwi — —
¤‚fl year blwyddyn akeneí (loc.) acnu (acc.)
¤‚‡ yellow melyn — —
 43

Hittite Armenian Greek

‹‚⁄ arm ishunau (?) bazowk brax€vn
‹‚¤ arrow n3tas net ofistÒw, b°low, tÒjeuµa
‹‚‹ ask punuszi harchanê §rvtçi
‹‚› autumn z2nanz aßown fyinÒpvron
‹‚fi be awake arriezzi (h)skê, arthown kay §grÆgore (pf.)
‹‚fl ax ates, summittanz tapar éj€nh, p°lekuw
‹‚‡ axle — — êjvn
‹‚° be 2szi ê, kay §st€
‹‚· bear (nn.) hartaggas ar∆ êrktow
‹⁄‚ beard zamankur mawrowk h p≈gvn
‹⁄⁄ bee — me¬ow µ°litta
‹⁄¤ be born hassanz 2szi cnani g€gnetai
‹⁄‹ bow (nn.) — a¬e¬n tÒjon
‹⁄› branch alkistas ko¬r, ost klãdow
‹⁄fi break (tr.) duwarnizzi bekanê, phßrê katarrÆgnusi, katãgnusi
‹⁄fl bronze — p¬inj xalkÒw
‹⁄‡ brother negnas e¬bayr édelfÒw
‹⁄° brother-in-law gaenas taygr daÆr
‹⁄· bull — chowl, zowarak taËrow
‹¤‚ buy w3si gnê »ne›tai
‹¤⁄ carry p2dai, udai berê, krê f°rei
‹¤¤ cattle (pl.) — ar∆a‡k h bÒew
‹¤‹ collect (tr.) liszi, tarupzi Ωo¬ovê, kha¬e sull°gei
‹¤› comb (nn.) — sandr kte€w
‹¤fi cook (vb.) zanu- hasowchanê p°ttei
‹¤fl cow — kov boËw
‹¤‡ darkness dankuyatar xawar, mowth skÒtow
‹¤° daughter — dowstr yugãthr
‹¤· daughter-in-law (gaenas ?) now, harsn nuÒw
‹‹‚ door arasas (-is ?) dowrk h yÊra
‹‹⁄ drive (tr.) pennai, 5nnai, nannai — §laÊnei
‹‹¤ duck lahanz — n∞tta
‹‹‹ eight — owth Ùkt≈
‹‹› elbow — armowk(n) égk≈n
‹‹fi eyebrow ineras yawnkh ÙfrÊw
‹‹fl father-in-law gaenas (s)kesrayr, aner penyerÒw
‹‹‡ field [plowed] A.ß À terippi art, and, aga‡ak égrÒw
‹‹° finger kalulupas matn dãktulow
‹‹· fly (nn.) — mΩi¬, çanç µu›a
‹›‚ follow 3ppanda paizzi z-het (z-kni) gnay ßpetai, ékolouye›
‹›⁄ free arawas azat §leÊyerow
‹›¤ furrow — — aÔlaj
‹›‹ go paizzi erthay, gnay ¶rxetai (fi°nai)
‹›› goat — ayc x€µaira
‹›fi gold — oski xrusÒw
 44

Albanian Tocharian B Vedic Sanskrit

‹‚⁄ arm krah pokai (obl.) b3hús
‹‚¤ arrow shigjetë prere, tsaiµ íßus, Ωárus
‹‚‹ ask pyet prekßäµ p#ccháti
‹‚› autumn vjeshtë — Ωarát
‹‚fi be awake është i zgjuar 3ksau nesäµ j3g£ra (pf.)
‹‚fl ax sëpatë peret paraΩús
‹‚‡ axle bosht ßem ákßas
‹‚° be është nesäµ (ßey), mäsketär ásti
‹‚· bear (nn.) ari — ¢kßas
‹⁄‚ beard mjekër — ΩmáΩru
‹⁄⁄ bee bletë kro∫kΩe mákßas (pl.)
‹⁄¤ be born lindet tänmastär j£yat2
‹⁄‹ bow (nn.) (h)ark wäntalyi (obl.) (?) dhánva
‹⁄› branch degë kar3k Ω£kh3, vay£
‹⁄fi break (tr.) thyen kautanaµ bhanákti
‹⁄fl bronze bronc, tunxh — l4hám (áyas ?)
‹⁄‡ brother vëlla procer bhr£t3
‹⁄° brother-in-law kunat — d2v£
‹⁄· bull ka kauurße ukߣ, v#ßabhás
‹¤‚ buy blen kärn3stär kr1ƒ£ti
‹¤⁄ carry bart, √on paräµ bhárati
‹¤¤ cattle (pl.) gjedha kewi, oksaiñ g£vas
‹¤‹ collect (tr.) mbledh kraupnaµ, k3ratsi (inf.) sám / pári cin4ti
‹¤› comb (nn.) krehër seriñ (?) ká∫katas
‹¤fi cook (vb.) gatuan pakßäµ pácati
‹¤fl cow lopë keu gáus, vaΩ£
‹¤‡ darkness errësirë, terr orkamñe támas
‹¤° daughter bijë tk3cer duhit£
‹¤· daughter-in-law nuse — snuߣ
‹‹‚ door derë twere dv£r3 (du.)
‹‹⁄ drive (tr.) nget kalßtär ájati
‹‹¤ duck rosë — —
‹‹‹ eight tetë okt a߆£
‹‹› elbow bërryl — aratnís
‹‹fi eyebrow vetull pärw3ne (du.) bhr%s
‹‹fl father-in-law vjehër(r) — ΩváΩuras
‹‹‡ field [plowed] arë miße urvár3, kß@tram
‹‹° finger gisht pr3ri a∫gúris
‹‹· fly (nn.) mizë tanaulykañ (pl.) mákßik3 (?)
‹›‚ follow ndjek koloktär sácat2
‹›⁄ free lirë — sv3dh!nas
‹›¤ furrow brazë, hulli — s!t3
‹›‹ go vete, shkon yaµ @ti, gácchati
‹›› goat dhi (*3s, cf. adj. aßiye) ajás
‹›fi gold ar, flori yasa híraƒyam
 45

Avestan Old Ch. Slavonic Lithuanian

‹‚⁄ arm b3z3uß myß¡ca rankà
‹‚¤ arrow ißuß str™la str£l%, v@lyçia
‹‚‹ ask p∑r∑saiti v∞prosit∞ kláusia
‹‚› autumn — jesen¡ ruduõ
‹‚fi be awake ∆a©3ra (pf.) b∞dit∞ nemi¶ga, bùda
‹‚fl ax taß4 s™kyra (brady) ki‹vis
‹‚‡ axle — os¡ aßìs
‹‚° be asti jest∞ yrà (es-)
‹‚· bear (nn.) arß4 medv™d¡ lok@s, meßkà
‹⁄‚ beard — brada barzdà
‹⁄⁄ bee — b¡çela bìt£, bitìs
‹⁄¤ be born zaiiete raΩdajet∞ gìmsta
‹⁄‹ bow (nn.) †anuuar∑ loπk∞ lañkas
‹⁄› branch fraspar∑©4, frauu3xß- v™tv¡, v™ja ßakà
‹⁄fi break (tr.) sçandaiieiti lomit∞ láuΩia
‹⁄fl bronze aii4 (?) m™d¡ brònza
‹⁄‡ brother br3ta brat(r)∞ brólis
‹⁄° brother-in-law — d™ver¡ ßvógeris, sváinis
‹⁄· bull uxßa byk∞ bùlius
‹¤‚ buy — kupit∞ pe‹ka
‹¤⁄ carry baraiti nosit∞ n¶ßa
‹¤¤ cattle (pl.) g3uu4 *gove®do (nuta) galvìjai
‹¤‹ collect (tr.) hançaiieiti s∞beret∞ reñka
‹¤› comb (nn.) — greben¡, çesl∞, çesalo ßùkos
‹¤fi cook (vb.) paçaiti varit∞ vérda
‹¤fl cow g3uß krava kárv£
‹¤‡ darkness t∑m4 t¡ma, mrak∞ tamsà
‹¤° daughter du©∂a d∞ßt¡ dukt%
‹¤· daughter-in-law — sn∞xa martì
‹‹‚ door duuar∑ dv¡r¡ dùrys
‹‹⁄ drive (tr.) azaiti Ωenet∞ vãro, g¶na
‹‹¤ duck — oπty ántis
‹‹‹ eight aßta osm¡ aßtuonì
‹‹› elbow ar∑†n4 lak∞t¡ alk6n£
‹‹fi eyebrow bruuat- br∞v¡ añtakiai
‹‹fl father-in-law v
x asur4 svekr∞ úoßvis
‹‹‡ field [plowed] karßuß vr∞t∞, vr∞tograd∞ dirvà, la•kas
‹‹° finger ∑r∑zuß pr∞st∞ pi‹ßtas
‹‹· fly (nn.) maxßi m∞xa mus%
‹›‚ follow haçaite v∞ sl™d∞ idet∞ s¶ka
‹›⁄ free — svobod¡ la§svas, liúosas
‹›¤ furrow karß4 brazda vagà
‹›‹ go a2iti, ∆asaiti idet∞ e§na
‹›› goat — koza oΩkà
‹›fi gold zaranim zlato áuksas
 46

Old English Old Irish Latin

‹‚⁄ arm earm lám, dóe bracchium
‹‚¤ arrow earh saiget sagitta
‹‚‹ ask frign†, 3sca† imm‚comairc, iarmi‚foig rogat
‹‚› autumn hærfest fogamar autumnus
‹‚fi be awake waca† — vigilat
‹‚fl ax æcs bïail, túag sec5ris
‹‚‡ axle eax fertas axis
‹‚° be is (bi†, b2on/wesan) is, atá (biid) est (fu-)
‹‚· bear (nn.) bera math ursus
‹⁄‚ beard beard fésóc barba
‹⁄⁄ bee b2o bech apis
‹⁄¤ be born wier† geboren gainithir n3scitur
‹⁄‹ bow (nn.) boga fidbocc arcus
‹⁄› branch b4g, telga, twig cráeb, géc, géscae r3mus
‹⁄fi break (tr.) bric† brisid, con‚boing frangit, rumpit
‹⁄fl bronze 3r umae aes
‹⁄‡ brother br4†or bráthair fr3ter
‹⁄° brother-in-law t3cor cliamain l2vir
‹⁄· bull fearr tarb taurus
‹¤‚ buy byg† crenaid emit
‹¤⁄ carry bir† beirid fert
‹¤¤ cattle (pl.) hr1†eru, n2at boí bov2s
‹¤‹ collect (tr.) gadera†, samna†, lis† do‚inóla, do‚ecmalla colligit
‹¤› comb (nn.) camb cír pecten
‹¤fi cook (vb.) gegearwa† fo‚noí coquit
‹¤fl cow c5 bó vacca
‹¤‡ darkness †2ostru temel, dorchae tenebrae
‹¤° daughter dohtor ingen f1lia
‹¤· daughter-in-law snoru — nurus
‹‹‚ door duru dorus foris, i3nua, 4stium
‹‹⁄ drive (tr.) dr1f† ad‚aig agit
‹‹¤ duck ened lachu anas
‹‹‹ eight eahta ocht oct4
‹‹› elbow elnboga uilenn cubitus
‹‹fi eyebrow ofarbr5 brú, forbrú supercilium
‹‹fl father-in-law sw2or cliamain socer
‹‹‡ field [plowed] æcer gort arvom
‹‹° finger finger mér digitus
‹‹· fly (nn.) fl2oge cuil musca
‹›‚ follow folga† sechithir sequitur
‹›⁄ free fr2o sóer l1ber
‹›¤ furrow furh etarche sulcus
‹›‹ go g7†, fær†, gange† téit (tíagat) it
‹›› goat g3t gabor capra
‹›fi gold gold ór aurum
 47

Luvian Lycian Tocharian A

‹‚⁄ arm — — poke
‹‚¤ arrow — — pär
‹‚‹ ask — — prakäß
‹‚› autumn — — yäpsant (?)
‹‚fi be awake — — w3wru naß
‹‚fl ax — — porat
‹‚‡ axle — — —
‹‚° be 3sti esi naß (ße), mäskatär
‹‚· bear (nn.) — — —
‹⁄‚ beard — — —
‹⁄⁄ bee — — kro∫Ωe
‹⁄¤ be born — — tämnäßtär
‹⁄‹ bow (nn.) — — añcäl
‹⁄› branch — — karke
‹⁄fi break (tr.) m3lh5ti, tatarhti — kotnaß
‹⁄fl bronze — — —
‹⁄‡ brother n3nais n¶ni pracar
‹⁄° brother-in-law — — —
‹⁄· bull — — kayurß
‹¤‚ buy — ije —
‹¤⁄ carry patzati (?) — pärtär
‹¤¤ cattle (pl.) — — kowi
‹¤‹ collect (tr.) — — kropnaß
‹¤› comb (nn.) — — —
‹¤fi cook (vb.) — — pkäß
‹¤fl cow w3w1s wawa ko
‹¤‡ darkness — — orkäm
‹¤° daughter duttariyatis kbatra ck3car
‹¤· daughter-in-law — — —
‹‹‚ door — — —
‹‹⁄ drive (tr.) paprai — —
‹‹¤ duck — — —
‹‹‹ eight — aitãta okt
‹‹› elbow — — —
‹‹fi eyebrow kuwannanis — pärw3µ
‹‹fl father-in-law — — —
‹‹‡ field [plowed] — — mißi (?*)
‹‹° finger — — pr3r
‹‹· fly (nn.) — — —
‹›‚ follow — — säkn3m3µ (?; ptc.)
‹›⁄ free — (arawa ‘freedom’) —
‹›¤ furrow — — —
‹›‹ go 1ti — yäß
‹›› goat — — 3s
‹›fi gold — — wäs
 48

Old Persian Old Prussian Latvian

‹‚⁄ arm — irmo (E) ròka
‹‚¤ arrow — — bu¤ta
‹‚‹ ask parsatiy — ja•tã, va§cã, prasa
‹‚› autumn — assanis (E) rudens
‹‚fi be awake — bud2 ir nõmôdã
‹‚fl ax isuv3 (?) bile (E) cìrvis
‹‚‡ axle — assis (E) ass
‹‚° be astiy est ir (e®smu)
‹‚· bear (nn.) — clokis (E) lâcis
‹⁄‚ beard — bordus (E) b9rda
‹⁄⁄ bee — bitte (E) bite
‹⁄¤ be born — gemmons (pret. ptc.) pìedze®m, pìedzìmst
‹⁄‹ bow (nn.) *†anuvan-, *va√a- — lòks (stõps ?)
‹⁄› branch — wipis (E) zars
‹⁄fi break (tr.) — l1mauts (pret.) laûΩ
‹⁄fl bronze — — bronza
‹⁄‡ brother br3t3 br3ti brãlis
‹⁄° brother-in-law — — sva§nis
‹⁄· bull *arßa(n)- (?) lonix (E) bu¤lis
‹¤‚ buy — — p8®rk
‹¤⁄ carry baratiy p1dai ne®s
‹¤¤ cattle (pl.) — pecku (sg.) li¶lõpi
‹¤‹ collect (tr.) — senr1nka krãj, lasa, pulcina
‹¤› comb (nn.) — coysnis (E) k÷e⁄me
‹¤fi cook (vb.) — — vàra, vàr§
‹¤fl cow *gav- klente (E) gòvs
‹¤‡ darkness — — tùmsa
‹¤° daughter — duckti meîta
‹¤· daughter-in-law — m3rtin (acc.) ve®de®kla
‹‹‚ door duvar- wartin (acc.), warto (E) dùrvis
‹‹⁄ drive (tr.) — gunnimai (⁄pl.) dze®n
‹‹¤ duck — antis (E) p§le
‹‹‹ eight — [asmus ‘°th’] astôn÷i
‹‹› elbow — alkunis (E) è®lkonis
‹‹fi eyebrow — wubri (?; E) uzacs
‹‹fl father-in-law — tisties (E) v§rat¶®vs, si¶vast¶®vs
‹‹‡ field [plowed] — laucks, samye<n> (E) t§rums, la•ks
‹‹° finger — pirsten (E) pìrksts
‹‹· fly (nn.) — muso (E) mußa
‹›‚ follow — r1piaiti (iptv. pl.) se®kõ
‹›⁄ free — pow1rps br§vs
‹›¤ furrow — redo (E) vaga
‹›‹ go aitiy 2it iêt
‹›› goat — wosee (E) kaza
‹›fi gold daraniyam ausin (acc.), ausis (E) zè®lts
 49

Gothic Old Norse Old High German

‹‚⁄ arm arms armleggr, handleggr, hoπnd arm
‹‚¤ arrow ar¬azna oπr str3la
‹‚‹ ask fraíhni† spyrr, fréttir fr3g2t, eisc4t
‹‚› autumn asans haust herbist
‹‚fi be awake (º)wakai† vakir wahh2t
‹‚fl ax aqizi øx acchus, barta
‹‚‡ axle — oπxull ahsa
‹‚° be ist (wisan) er (vera) is (bim, wesan)
‹‚· bear (nn.) — bjoπrn bero
‹⁄‚ beard — skegg bart
‹⁄⁄ bee — b§fluga b1na, bini
‹⁄¤ be born gabaírada er borinn ist giboran
‹⁄‹ bow (nn.) — bogi bogo
‹⁄› branch asts grein, kvistr ast, zwelga, zw1g
‹⁄fi break (tr.) briki† br§tr brihhit
‹⁄fl bronze ais eir 2r
‹⁄‡ brother br4†ar bró∂ir bruoder
‹⁄° brother-in-law — mágr sw3gur
‹⁄· bull — †jórr, gra∂ungr, boli far
‹¤‚ buy bugji† kaupir coufit
‹¤⁄ carry baíri† berr tregit
‹¤¤ cattle (pl.) — naut(fé) rindir
‹¤‹ collect (tr.) (ga)lisi† samnar, less lisit, saman4t
‹¤› comb (nn.) — kambr camb
‹¤fi cook (vb.) — matb§r cohh4t
‹¤fl cow — k§r kuo
‹¤‡ darkness riqis myrkr finstarnessi, tunkal1
‹¤° daughter daúhtar dóttir tohter
‹¤· daughter-in-law br5†s snor, mágkona snura
‹‹‚ door daúr(4ns), haúrds dyrr, hur∂ turi
‹‹⁄ drive (tr.) dreibi†, draibei† rekr, keyrir tr1bit
‹‹¤ duck — oπnd anut
‹‹‹ eight ahtau átta ahto
‹‹› elbow — oπlnbogi elinbogo
‹‹fi eyebrow — brún br3wa
‹‹fl father-in-law swaíhra verfa∂ir, mágr swehur
‹‹‡ field [plowed] akrs akr acchar
‹‹° finger figgrs fingr fingar
‹‹· fly (nn.) — fluga flioga
‹›‚ follow laistei† fylgir folg2t
‹›⁄ free freis frjáls fr1
‹›¤ furrow — — furuh
‹›‹ go gaggi†, galei†i† gengr, ferr, lí∂r gengit, g2t, ferit
‹›› goat gaits geit ziga, geiz
‹›fi gold gul† gull gold
 50

Welsh Oscan Umbrian

‹‚⁄ arm braich — —
‹‚¤ arrow saeth — —
‹‚‹ ask gofyn, holi — ehueltu (?; iptv.)
‹‚› autumn hydref — —
‹‚fi be awake bod (mae) ar ddi-hun — —
‹‚fl ax bwyall — —
‹‚‡ axle echel — —
‹‚° be bod, pres. ‹sg. mae, yw est (fut. fust) est (fut. fust)
‹‚· bear (nn.) arth — —
‹⁄‚ beard barf — —
‹⁄⁄ bee gwenynen — —
‹⁄¤ be born geni cnatois (ptc. dat. pl.) [Pael.] —
‹⁄‹ bow (nn.) bwa — —
‹⁄› branch cangen, cainc — —
‹⁄fi break (tr.) torri — —
‹⁄fl bronze efydd (aizniv adj. nt. pl.) (ahesnes adj. abl. pl.)
‹⁄‡ brother brawd fratrúm (gen. pl.) frater (pl.)
‹⁄° brother-in-law brawd-yng-nghyfraith — —
‹⁄· bull tarw tauroµ (acc. ) turuf, toru (acc. pl.)
‹¤‚ buy prynu emmens (pf. pl.) emantur (?; pass. pl. subj.)
‹¤⁄ carry cario, cludo feret (pl.) [Marruc.] fertu, portatu (iptv.)
‹¤¤ cattle (pl.) gwartheg — buf (acc.)
‹¤‹ collect (tr.) casglu, cynnull — —
‹¤› comb (nn.) crib — *peten (?)
‹¤fi cook (vb.) coginio — —
‹¤fl cow buwch — —
‹¤‡ darkness tywyllwch — —
‹¤° daughter merch futír —
‹¤· daughter-in-law m.-y.-ngh., gwaudd — —
‹‹‚ door drws — —
‹‹⁄ drive (tr.) gyrru — aituta (iptv. pl.)
‹‹¤ duck hwyad — —
‹‹‹ eight wyth — —
‹‹› elbow penelin — —
‹‹fi eyebrow ael — —
‹‹fl father-in-law tad-yng-nghyfraith — —
‹‹‡ field [plowed] cae, maes — arvam (acc.), ager
‹‹° finger bys — —
‹‹· fly (nn.) gwybedyn, cylionen — —
‹›‚ follow dilyn — —
‹›⁄ free rhydd loufir [Paelignian] —
‹›¤ furrow rhych, cwys — —
‹›‹ go myn(e)d eite (iptv. ¤pl.) [Pael.] etu (iptv.)
‹›› goat gafr — kaprum (acc.)
‹›fi gold aur — —
 51

Hittite Armenian Greek

‹›fl goose — — xÆn
‹›‡ grain (coll.) halkis h
c orean s›tow
‹›° grind mallezzi a¬ay éle›
‹›· half (adj.) taksan kês ¥µisuw
‹fi‚ have harzi, pl. harkanzi owni ¶xei
‹fi⁄ hide (vb.) munnaezzi, sannai h h h
t ak owc anê, cackê krÊptei
‹fi¤ honey milit me¬r µ°li
‹fi‹ horse — ji ·ppow
‹fi› house p2r, parn- town ofik€a
‹fifi hundred — hariwr •katÒn
‹fifl jaw — cnawt gnãyow
‹fi‡ join hapzi zowgê sunãptei
‹fi° king hassus arkhay, thagawor basileÊw
‹fi· knot — hamboyc h ëµµa
‹fl‚ lamb — ga‡n, bowc érÆn
‹fl⁄ lead (vb.) n3i varê, acê, tani êgei, ≤ge›tai
‹fl¤ leave (tr.) d3lai lkhanê, tho¬ow le€pei
‹fl‹ lick lipzi, lilipai lizow le€xei
‹fl› lift karpiezzi ba‡nay a‡rei
‹flfi light (nn.) lalukkimas loys f«w
‹flfl lip puris ßowrthn xe›low
‹fl‡ livestock suppales eramak ktÆnh, boskƵata
‹fl° make i2zzi a‡nê, gorcê poie›
‹fl· middle (adj.) istarniyas mê∆ (noun) µ°sow
‹‡‚ milk — kathn gãla
‹‡⁄ mother-in-law (gaenas ?) h h
(s)kesowr, zok anç penyerã
‹‡¤ mouse kaperz mowkn µËw
‹‡‹ nail [of finger] sankuwais e¬owngn ˆnuj
‹‡› naked nekumanz merk guµnÒw
‹‡fi navel — — ÙµfalÒw
‹‡fl nine — inn §nn°a
‹‡‡ now kinun ard nËn
‹‡° orphan kurimmas orb ÙrfanÒw
‹‡· ox — ezn boËw
‹°‚ pig — xoz w, xo›row
‹°⁄ plow (vb.) t2ripzi jlê éro›
‹°¤ pour l3hui, suhhai, lelhuntaezzi he¬ow xe›
‹°‹ put d3i dnê t€yhsi
‹°› remember karta siya- yißê, mtaberê µ°µnhtai
‹°fi roof suhha- yark, tanik h t°gow, st°gh, ÙrofÆ
‹°fl row (vb.) — — §laÊnei
‹°‡ send uppai, piezzi h
a‡ak ê, y¬ê p°µpei
‹°° seven *siptan ewthn •ptã
‹°· shadow — hovani, stower skiã
‹·‚ sheep iyanz, *pikkus ? oçhxar prÒbaton
 52

Albanian Tocharian B Vedic Sanskrit

‹›fl goose patë — haµsás
‹›‡ grain (coll.) bereqet, drithë Ω3tre, ys3re yávas, dh3n£s
‹›° grind bluan waltsanaµ piná߆i
‹›· half (adj.) gjysmë yw3rtsa ardhás
‹fi‚ have ka — —
‹fi⁄ hide (vb.) fsheh tukästär g%hati
‹fi¤ honey mjaltë mit, caut3µ mádhu
‹fi‹ horse kalë yakwe áΩvas
‹fi› house shtëpi ost dámas, g#hás
‹fifi hundred qind kante Ωatám
‹fifl jaw nofull wicuko hánus
‹fi‡ join bashkon, lidh tsuwäßßäµ yunákti
‹fi° king mbret walo (l3nt-) r£j3, r£†
‹fi· knot komb, nyjë — granthís
‹fl‚ lamb qengj — úr3, úraƒ-
‹fl⁄ lead (vb.) prin, udhëheq 3Ωäµ náyati
‹fl¤ leave (tr.) lë 3rßäµ riƒákti, jáh3ti
‹fl‹ lick lëpin — r@∂hi
‹fl› lift ngre musn3tär, taläßßäµ út sth3payati
‹flfi light (nn.) dritë lyuke, läkutsauña rúk, bh£s, jy$tis
‹flfl lip buzë lymine (du.) $߆has
‹fl‡ livestock bagëti — paΩús
‹fl° make bën yamaßßäµ k#ƒ$ti
‹fl· middle (adj.) mesmë ywarΩk3ññe mádhyas
‹‡‚ milk qumësht malkwer páyas, kß1rám
‹‡⁄ mother-in-law vjehër(r) — ΩvaΩr%s
‹‡¤ mouse mi maΩc1tsi (pl.) m%s
‹‡‹ nail [of finger] thua mekwa (pl.) nakhás
‹‡› naked lakuriq — nagnás
‹‡fi navel kërthizë kele n£bhis
‹‡fl nine nëntë ñu náva
‹‡‡ now tani, tash ñake, tompok n%, n5nám
‹‡° orphan jetim — —
‹‡· ox ka okso gáus
‹°‚ pig derr, thi suwo s5karás
‹°⁄ plow (vb.) lëron rapanaµ kárßati, k#ßáti
‹°¤ pour derdh kußäµ siñcáti
‹°‹ put vë taßäµ / t3ßäµ dádh3ti
‹°› remember mban mend epiyac käll3stär smárati
‹°fi roof √ati, pullaz ßim, raktsi chadís
‹°fl row (vb.) vozit — —
‹°‡ send dërgon lyewetär prá ißyati
‹°° seven shtatë ßukt saptá
‹°· shadow hi(j)e skiyo ch3y£
‹·‚ sheep dele Ωaiyye, eye ávis
 53

Avestan Old Ch. Slavonic Lithuanian

‹›fl goose — *goπs¡ Ωa«sìs
‹›‡ grain (coll.) yauu4 Ωito gr5da§, java§
‹›° grind — meljet∞ mãla
‹›· half (adj.) na2m4 pol∞ (nn.) pùs- (pref.)
‹fi‚ have — imat∞ tùri
‹fi⁄ hide (vb.) guzaite s∞kryjet∞ sl¶pia
‹fi¤ honey *pa2na- med∞ medùs
‹fi‹ horse asp4 konj¡ arkl@s
‹fi› house nm3n∑m dom∞ bùtas
‹fifi hundred sat∑m s∞to ßi⁄tas
‹fifl jaw *z3nu- çeljust¡ Ωándas
‹fi‡ join yun∆inti (‹pl.) s∞çetajet∞ sujùngia
‹fi° king xßaii4 c™sar¡ (kral¡) karãlius
‹fi· knot — (oπzl∞) mãzgas
‹fl‚ lamb — agne®, agn¡c¡ £riùkas, avin%lis
‹fl⁄ lead (vb.) naiieiti, v3∂aiieiti vedet∞ v¶da
‹fl¤ leave (tr.) paiti.irinaxti ostavit∞ pali¶ka
‹fl‹ lick ra2zaite (‹pl.) liΩet∞ la§Ωo
‹fl› lift us.g∑r∑∫n3iti v∞z-dvignet∞, -neset∞, -¡met∞ k¶lia
‹flfi light (nn.) raoç4 sv™t∞ ßviesà
‹flfl lip aoßt4 ust¡na l6pa
‹fl‡ livestock pasuß skot∞ g!voliai, bandà
‹fl° make k∑r∑naoiti tvorit∞ (d™lajet∞) dãro
‹fl· middle (adj.) mai∂ii4, ma∂∑m4 sr™d¡nj¡ vidurìnis
‹‡‚ milk paii4, xßuu1s ml™ko píenas
‹‡⁄ mother-in-law — svekry úoßv£, an!ta
‹‡¤ mouse — mys¡ pel%
‹‡‹ nail [of finger] sruua nog∞t¡ nãgas
‹‡› naked ma©n4 nag∞ núogas
‹‡fi navel n3f4 poπp∞(k∞) bámba
‹‡fl nine nauua deve®t¡ devynì
‹‡‡ now n5, n5r∑m nyn™ daba‹
‹‡° orphan — sir∞, sirota naßláitis
‹‡· ox g3uß vol∞ jáutis
‹°‚ pig h5ß svinija kia•l£
‹°⁄ plow (vb.) karßaiti orjet∞ ãria
‹°¤ pour hinçaiti l™jet∞ pìla, líeja
‹°‹ put da∂3iti kladet∞, po-loΩit∞, -stavit∞ d¶da, stãto
‹°› remember paitißmareite po-m™net∞, -m¡nit∞ atsìmena
‹°fi roof — krov∞, str™xa stógas
‹°fl row (vb.) — grebet∞ ìria
‹°‡ send — s∞lajet∞ siuñçia
‹°° seven hapta sedm¡ septynì
‹°· shadow *saii3- s™n¡, st™n¡ ßeß$lis
‹·‚ sheep anumaii4 ov¡ca avìs
 54

Old English Old Irish Latin

‹›fl goose g4s géd 3nser
‹›‡ grain (coll.) corn ith, arbor fr5mentum
‹›° grind grint meilid molit
‹›· half (adj.) healf leth- d1midius
‹fi‚ have hæf† táithai habet
‹fi⁄ hide (vb.) h6tt, hele†, bed1egle† ceilid, fo‚lugai c2lat, occulit, abdit
‹fi¤ honey hunig mil mel
‹fi‹ horse hors ech equos
‹fi› house h5s tech domus
‹fifi hundred hund cét centum
‹fifl jaw c2ace, ceafl — m3la
‹fi‡ join f2g† ad‚comla iungit
‹fi° king cyning rí r2x
‹fi· knot cnotta snaidm n4dus
‹fl‚ lamb lamb úan agnus
‹fl⁄ lead (vb.) l7tt feidid d5cit
‹fl¤ leave (tr.) l7tt léicid, fo‚acaib relinquit
‹fl‹ lick licca† ligid lingit
‹fl› lift hef† con‚ocaib tollit
‹flfi light (nn.) l2oht soilse l5x, l5men
‹flfl lip lippa, weler bél labrum, labium
‹fl‡ livestock feoh indile, crod pecus
‹fl° make wyrc†, maca† do‚gní facit
‹fl· middle (adj.) midd, middel medónach medius
‹‡‚ milk meolc blicht lac
‹‡⁄ mother-in-law sweger — socrus
‹‡¤ mouse m5s luch m5s
‹‡‹ nail [of finger] nægl ingen unguis
‹‡› naked nacod nocht n5dus
‹‡fi navel nafola imbliu umbil1cus
‹‡fl nine nigon noí novem
‹‡‡ now n5 indorsa nunc
‹‡° orphan st2opcild dílechtae orbus
‹‡· ox oxa dam b4s
‹°‚ pig sw1n mucc s5s, porcus
‹°⁄ plow (vb.) ere† airid arat
‹°¤ pour g1ett do‚essim fundit
‹°‹ put sett, leg† fo‚ceird (‚cuirethar) p4nit
‹°› remember geman cuimnigidir meminit
‹°fi roof †æc, hr4f tugae t2ctum
‹°fl row (vb.) r2w† ráïd r2migat
‹°‡ send sent foídid mittit
‹°° seven seofon secht septem
‹°· shadow sceadu, sc5wa scáth umbra
‹·‚ sheep sc2ap cáera ovis
 55

Luvian Lycian Tocharian A

‹›fl goose — — —
‹›‡ grain (coll.) — — ws3r
‹›° grind — — —
‹›· half (adj.) — — —
‹fi‚ have — — —
‹fi⁄ hide (vb.) — — tpukäß
‹fi¤ honey malli — —
‹fi‹ horse azzuwas (?) esbe yuk
‹fi› house parnanza *prñn... waßt
‹fifi hundred — — känt
‹fifl jaw — — Ωanweµ (du.)
‹fi‡ join — — tsw3ß
‹fi° king handawatis (?) xñtawati wäl (l3nt-)
‹fi· knot — — —
‹fl‚ lamb — — —
‹fl⁄ lead (vb.) nan3i — 3Ωäß
‹fl¤ leave (tr.) — — 3räß
‹fl‹ lick — — —
‹fl› lift wallitti — musn3tär
‹flfi light (nn.) — — lkäΩ, lukΩone
‹flfl lip — — lymeµ (du.)
‹fl‡ livestock — — —
‹fl° make 3ti adi yaß (‹pl. ypeñc)
‹fl· middle (adj.) — — yw3rck3 (adv.)
‹‡‚ milk — — malke
‹‡⁄ mother-in-law — — —
‹‡¤ mouse — — —
‹‡‹ nail [of finger] — — maku (pl.)
‹‡› naked — — —
‹‡fi navel — — —
‹‡fl nine — nuñtãta ñu
‹‡‡ now n3nun — t3pärk
‹‡° orphan — — —
‹‡· ox — — opsi (pl.)
‹°‚ pig — — —
‹°⁄ plow (vb.) — — p3tar (pret. ‹pl.)
‹°¤ pour lil5wai — kuß
‹°‹ put duwai tadi, tuweti t3ß
‹°› remember — — opy3c käll3ß
‹°fi roof — — —
‹°fl row (vb.) — — —
‹°‡ send harwannitti — lawaß (subj.)
‹°° seven — — ßpät
‹°· shadow — — —
‹·‚ sheep h3w1s xawa ΩoΩ (coll.)
 56

Old Persian Old Prussian Latvian

‹›fl goose — sansy (E) zòss
‹›‡ grain (coll.) — arrien (acc.), syrne (E) lab§ba, graûds
‹›° grind — — mal÷
‹›· half (adj.) — — puse
‹fi‚ have — turei —
‹fi⁄ hide (vb.) apagaudayatiy auklipts (pret. ptc.) slèpj, nòglabã
‹fi¤ honey — meddo (E) me®dus
‹fi‹ horse asa camnet (G) zifigs
‹fi› house *m3na- buttan mãja, nams
‹fifi hundred — — sìmt(s)
‹fifl jaw — — Ωôklis
‹fi‡ join — send3uns (pret. ptc.) saviênõ
‹fi° king xß3ya†iya konagis (E) karalis, k÷¶nin÷ß
‹fi· knot — — me®zgls
‹fl‚ lamb — eristian (E) j¶®rs
‹fl⁄ lead (vb.) nayatiy wedd2 (pret.) ve®d
‹fl¤ leave (tr.) — — atstãj, pame®t
‹fl‹ lick — — làiza
‹fl› lift — erl3ngi cel÷
‹flfi light (nn.) — — gàisma
‹flfl lip — warsus (E) l•pa
‹fl‡ livestock gai†3 — lõpi
‹fl° make kunautiy, dad3tiy tickinnimai (⁄pl.) dara
‹fl· middle (adj.) — — vid¶js
‹‡‚ milk — dadan (E) pi¶ns
‹‡⁄ mother-in-law — — v§ramãte, si¶vasmãte
‹‡¤ mouse — — pele
‹‡‹ nail [of finger] — nagutis (E) nags
‹‡› naked — — kaîls, pliks
‹‡fi navel — nabis (E) naba
‹‡fl nine *nav3 [new1nts ‘·th’] devin÷i
‹‡‡ now n5ram t2nti paßla§k, patlaban
‹‡° orphan — — bãrenis
‹‡· ox — kurwan (acc.), curwis (E) v8rsis
‹°‚ pig — swintian (E) c•ka
‹°⁄ plow (vb.) — [artoys ‘plowman’ (E)] ar
‹°¤ pour — pralieiton (pret. ptc.) lej
‹°‹ put dad3tiy saddinna lìek
‹°› remember — — atminas
‹°fi roof — stogis (E) jùmts
‹°fl row (vb.) — — a§r¶, ir
‹°‡ send *aißayatiy pertengginnons (pret. ptc.) sùta, ra§da
‹°° seven — [septmas ‘‡th’] septin÷i
‹°· shadow — — ¶®na, pav¶nis
‹·‚ sheep — camstian (E) àita
 57

Gothic Old Norse Old High German

‹›fl goose — gás gans
‹›‡ grain (coll.) kaúrn korn corn
‹›° grind mali† melr melit
‹›· half (adj.) halfs hálfr halb
‹fi‚ have habai†, aih hefir, á hab2t
‹fi⁄ hide (vb.) filhi† felr, hylr, leynir gibirgit, hilit
‹fi¤ honey mili† hunang honag
‹fi‹ horse (ºaí¬s?) hross, hestr ros
‹fi› house gards, razn hús h5s
‹fifi hundred taíhunt2hund hundra∂ zehanzug
‹fifl jaw — kjoπptr kinnibahho
‹fi‡ join gawidi† samlagar, samtengir fuogit, spennit
‹fi° king †iudans konungr kuning
‹fi· knot — knútr cnopf
‹fl‚ lamb wi†rus, lamb lamb lamb
‹fl⁄ lead (vb.) tiuhi† lei∂ir leitit
‹fl¤ leave (tr.) l2ti†, bilei†i† lætr, skilr eptir, leifir l3zit
‹fl‹ lick bilaig4† sleikir lecch4t
‹fl› lift hafji† hefr, lyptir, reisir hefit
‹flfi light (nn.) liuha† ljós lioht
‹flfl lip waíril4m (dat. pl.) voπrr leffur, lefs
‹fl‡ livestock — (kvik)fé fihu
‹fl° make tauji†, waúrkei† gørir tuot, wirkit, mahh4t
‹fl· middle (adj.) midjis mi∂r mitti(l)
‹‡‚ milk miluks mjoπlk miluh
‹‡⁄ mother-in-law swaíhr4 vermó∂ir, mágkona swigar
‹‡¤ mouse — mús m5s
‹‡‹ nail [of finger] — nagl nagal
‹‡› naked naqa†s nøkvi∂r nacchot
‹‡fi navel — nafli nabalo
‹‡fl nine niun níu niun
‹‡‡ now nu nú n5
‹‡° orphan widuwaírna foπ∂urlauss weiso
‹‡· ox aúhsus, aúhsa oxi ohso
‹°‚ pig swein svín sw1n
‹°⁄ plow (vb.) arji† err erit
‹°¤ pour giuti† hellir giuzit
‹°‹ put (ga)satji†, (ga)lagji† setr, leggr sezzit, legit, stelit
‹°› remember gaman, and†agkei† sik man, minnisk gihugit
‹°fi roof hr4t †ak dah
‹°fl row (vb.) — rœr —
‹°‡ send sandei† sendir sentit
‹°° seven sibun sjau sibun
‹°· shadow skadus skuggi scato, sc5wo
‹·‚ sheep lamb sau∂r sc3f
 58

Welsh Oscan Umbrian

‹›fl goose g¢ydd — —
‹›‡ grain (coll.) #d — —
‹›° grind malu — kumaltu, comoltu (iptv.)
‹›· half (adj.) hanner — —
‹fi‚ have — hipid (pf. subj.) habetu (iptv.)
‹fi⁄ hide (vb.) cuddio, celu — —
‹fi¤ honey mêl — —
‹fi‹ horse ceffyl, march — —
‹fi› house t# trííbúm (acc.) —
‹fifi hundred cant — —
‹fifl jaw gên, cern — —
‹fi‡ join cydio, cysylltu — —
‹fi° king brenin — —
‹fi· knot clwm — —
‹fl‚ lamb oen — —
‹fl⁄ lead (vb.) arwain, tywys — —
‹fl¤ leave (tr.) gadael — —
‹fl‹ lick llyfu — —
‹fl› lift c(yf)odi — sumtu (iptv.)
‹flfi light (nn.) golau — —
‹flfl lip gwefus — —
‹fl‡ livestock da — pequo (acc.)
‹fl° make (gw)neud fakiiad (subj.) fa√ia (subj.)
‹fl· middle (adj.) canol, perfedd mefiaí (fem. loc.) —
‹‡‚ milk llaeth — —
‹‡⁄ mother-in-law mam-yng-nghyfraith — —
‹‡¤ mouse llygoden — —
‹‡‹ nail [of finger] ewin — —
‹‡› naked noeth — —
‹‡fi navel bogail — —
‹‡fl nine naw — nuvis (adv.)
‹‡‡ now nawr (< yn awr) — —
‹‡° orphan amddifad — —
‹‡· ox ych, eidion — —
‹°‚ pig mochyn — sim (acc.), porca (acc. pl.)
‹°⁄ plow (vb.) aredig — —
‹°¤ pour tywallt — —
‹°‹ put gosod, dodi prúffed (perf.) perstu (iptv.)
‹°› remember cofio memnim (inf.) —
‹°fi roof to — —
‹°fl row (vb.) rhwyfo — —
‹°‡ send danfon — —
‹°° seven saith — —
‹°· shadow cysgod — —
‹·‚ sheep dafad — uvef, oui (acc. pl.)
 59

Hittite Armenian Greek

‹·⁄ ship — naw naËw, plo›on
‹·¤ shoulder palta(na)s, kuttar ows Œµow
‹·‹ silver — arcath êrgurow
‹·› sister negas khoyr édelfÆ
‹·fi sister-in-law (gaenas ?) nêr gãlvw
‹·fl six — vech ßj
‹·‡ son pullas ? ordi, owstr uflÒw
‹·° son-in-law kusas phesay gaµbrÒw
‹·· spin malkiezzi niwthê n∞i, kl≈yei
›‚‚ spring [season] hameshanz garown ∑r
›‚⁄ stay 3szi mnay, kay µ°nei
›‚¤ steal t3iezzi go¬anay kl°ptei
›‚‹ summer — ama‡n y°row
›‚› sweat (vb.) allaniezzi khrtni fldr«i
›‚fi sweet malittus anoyß, kha¬chr glukÊw
›‚fl ten — tasn d°ka
›‚‡ thousand — hazar x€lioi
›‚° twenty — khsan e‡kosi
›‚· udder — — oÔyar, µastÒw
›⁄‚ wasp — brêt sfÆj
›⁄⁄ wear [clothes] w2sta zgecheal ê fore›
›⁄¤ weave — ankanê Ífa€nei
›⁄‹ wheel h5rkis aniw troxÒw
›⁄› widow kurimmas ayri xÆra
›⁄fi winter gimmanz jme‡n xeiµ≈n
›⁄fl wolf wetnas gayl lÊkow
›⁄‡ wood t3ru phayt jÊlon, Ïlh
›⁄° wool hulana- bowrd ¶rion
›⁄· yoke iukan lowc zugÒn
›¤‚ young ammiyanz nor, mata¬ n°ow
›¤⁄ tear [noun] ishahru artawsr dãkru
 60

Albanian Tocharian B Vedic Sanskrit

‹·⁄ ship anije olyi (obl.), kolmai (obl.) náus
‹·¤ shoulder sup 3ntse áµsas
‹·‹ silver ergjënd ñkante rajatám
‹·› sister motër ßer svás3
‹·fi sister-in-law kunatë — nán3nd3
‹·fl six gjashtë ßkas ßá†
‹·‡ son bir soy s5nús, putrás
‹·° son-in-law dhëndër — j£m3t3
‹·· spin tjerr — k#ƒátti
›‚‚ spring [season] prëndverë — vasantás
›‚⁄ stay rri (ndenjur), qëndron wsaßßäµ, woloktär, tí߆hati, vásati
kaltär
›‚¤ steal vjedh karkatsi (inf.), kälyp1tsi (inf.) mu߃£ti
›‚‹ summer verë ßm3ye (adj.) gr1ßmás
›‚› sweat (vb.) dërsin sy3tsi (inf.) sißv@da (pf.)
›‚fi sweet ëmbël sw3re madhurás
›‚fl ten dhjetë Ωak dáΩa
›‚‡ thousand mijë yaltse sahásram
›‚° twenty njëzet ikäµ viµΩatís
›‚· udder gji, mjelm — %dhar
›⁄‚ wasp arëz, grerë — —
›⁄⁄ wear [clothes] mban yäßßitär (ipf.), paräµ vást2
›⁄¤ weave ven, end w3patsi (inf.) váyati
›⁄‹ wheel rrotë yerkwantai (obl.) cakrám
›⁄› widow ve — vidháv3
›⁄fi winter dimër Ωimprai (obl.) hím3, h2mantás
›⁄fl wolf ujk — v¢kas
›⁄‡ wood dru or d£ru
›⁄° wool lesh yok %rƒ3
›⁄· yoke zgjedhë pyorye yugám
›¤‚ young ri maiwe yúv3
›¤⁄ tear [noun] lot akr5na (pl.) áΩru
 61

Avestan Old Ch. Slavonic Lithuanian

‹·⁄ ship *n3uu- ladij¡ la§vas
‹·¤ shoulder daoß, suptiß ramo, pleßte pet@s
‹·‹ silver ∑r∑zat∑m s¡rebro sidãbras
‹·› sister xvaµha sestra sesuõ
‹·fi sister-in-law — zl∞va sváin£, móßa
‹·fl six xßuuaß ßest¡ ßeßì
‹·‡ son pu†r4 (hunuß, Daevic) syn∞ s5nùs
‹·° son-in-law z3m3ta ze®t¡ Ωéntas
‹·· spin — pre®det∞ ve‹pia
›‚‚ spring [season] zar∑ma2m, vaµhar∑ vesna pavãsaris
›‚⁄ stay — ostanet∞ se® li¶ka
›‚¤ steal t∑r∑fiieiti kradet∞ vãgia
›‚‹ summer ham- Ωe®tva, l™to vãsara
›‚› sweat (vb.) xv1saiti potit∞ se® prakaitúoja
›‚fi sweet — slad∞k∞ saldùs
›‚fl ten dasa dese®t¡ d¶ßimt
›‚‡ thousand hazaµr∑m tysoπßta t6kstantis
›‚° twenty v1saiti d∞va dese®ti dvìdeßimt
›‚· udder — — teßmuõ
›⁄‚ wasp *va∫Ωa- (?) — vapsvà
›⁄⁄ wear [clothes] vaste nosit∞ d%vi, vi¤kia
›⁄¤ weave — t∞çet∞ áudΩia
›⁄‹ wheel çaxr4 kolo rãtas
›⁄› widow vi∂auua v¡dova naßl%
›⁄fi winter ziiå, ai∫ig3m4 zima Ωiemà
›⁄fl wolf v∑hrk4 vl∞k∞ vi¤kas
›⁄‡ wood d3uru dr∞va m¶dis, málkos
›⁄° wool var∑na vl∞na vìlnos
›⁄· yoke — igo (jar¡m∞) jùngas
›¤‚ young yauua (*yuua) jun∞ jáunas
›¤⁄ tear [noun] asru- sl¡za ãßara
 62

Old English Old Irish Latin

‹·⁄ ship scip nau, long n3vis
‹·¤ shoulder eaxl, sculdor gúalu, formnae umerus
‹·‹ silver siolfor airget argentum
‹·› sister sweostor sïur soror
‹·fi sister-in-law — — gl4s
‹·fl six siex sé sex
‹·‡ son sunu macc f1lius
‹·° son-in-law 3†um cliamain gener
‹·· spin spin† sníïd net
›‚‚ spring [season] lencten errach v2r
›‚⁄ stay b1tt anaid manet
›‚¤ steal stil† gataid f5r3tur
›‚‹ summer sumor sam aest3s
›‚› sweat (vb.) sw7tt allas (nn.) s5dat
›‚fi sweet sw2te milis dulcis
›‚fl ten t1en deich decem
›‚‡ thousand †5sund míle m1lle
›‚° twenty twentig fiche v1gint1
›‚· udder 5der uth 5ber
›⁄‚ wasp wæfs — vespa
›⁄⁄ wear [clothes] were† — gerit
›⁄¤ weave wif† figid texit
›⁄‹ wheel hw2ol roth, droch rota
›⁄› widow widuwe fedb vidua
›⁄fi winter winter gemred hiems
›⁄fl wolf wulf fáel lupus
›⁄‡ wood tr2ow, wudu fid lignum, m3teri2s
›⁄° wool wull olann l3na
›⁄· yoke geoc cuing iugum
›¤‚ young geong oac iuvenis
›¤⁄ tear [noun] t2ar dér lacrima
 63

Luvian Lycian Tocharian A

‹·⁄ ship — — olyi, koläm
‹·¤ shoulder — — es
‹·‹ silver — — nkiñc
‹·› sister *n3nas(a)ris — ßar
‹·fi sister-in-law — — —
‹·fl six — — ßäk
‹·‡ son nimuwizas tideimi se
‹·° son-in-law — — —
‹·· spin — — —
›‚‚ spring [season] — — yus3r
›‚⁄ stay — — sakatär, kälytär
›‚¤ steal — — kärn3ß
›‚‹ summer — — ßme
›‚› sweat (vb.) — — —
›‚fi sweet mitgaimis — sw3r
›‚fl ten — — Ωäk
›‚‡ thousand — — wälts
›‚° twenty — kbisñtãta (?) wiki
›‚· udder — — —
›⁄‚ wasp — — —
›⁄⁄ wear [clothes] wassatari — wäs-
›⁄¤ weave — — wpatär
›⁄‹ wheel — — wärkänt
›⁄› widow — — —
›⁄fi winter — — Ωärme
›⁄fl wolf ulipnis — —
›⁄‡ wood t3ru — or
›⁄° wool *hulanis — —
›⁄· yoke — — —
›¤‚ young — — wir
›¤⁄ tear [noun] — — 3kär
 64

Old Persian Old Prussian Latvian

‹·⁄ ship *n3v- — ku˙is
‹·¤ shoulder — pette (E) ple®cs
‹·‹ silver ardatam sirablan (acc.), siraplis (E) sudrabs
‹·› sister — swestro (E) mãsa
‹·fi sister-in-law — — svaîne
‹·fl six — [wuschts ‘flth’] seßi
‹·‡ son pu√a so5ns dê®ls
‹·° son-in-law — — znõts
‹·· spin — — v8rpj
›‚‚ spring [season] *v3hara- — pavasaris
›‚⁄ stay — pol1nka palìek
›‚¤ steal — r3nctwei (inf.) zòg
›‚‹ summer — dagis (E) vasara
›‚› sweat (vb.) — [prak3isnan (nn.)] svîst
›‚fi sweet — — sa›ds
›‚fl ten — dessimpts desmit
›‚‡ thousand — t5simtons (apl.) t•kstoß
›‚° twenty — — divdesmit
›‚· udder — — tesmenis
›⁄‚ wasp — wobse (E) lapsene
›⁄⁄ wear [clothes] — — n¶®sã, va¤kã
›⁄¤ weave — [tuckoris ‘weaver’ (E)] aûΩ
›⁄‹ wheel — kelan (E) ritenis, rats
›⁄› widow — widdew5 atra§tne
›⁄fi winter — semo (E) zìema
›⁄fl wolf *varka- wilkis (E) vìlks
›⁄‡ wood d3ruv malko (G) kòks
›⁄° wool — — vi¤na
›⁄· yoke — — jûgs
›¤‚ young — maldai (pl.) jaûns
›¤⁄ tear [noun] — — asara
 65

Gothic Old Norse Old High German

‹·⁄ ship skip skip skef
‹·¤ shoulder amsans (acc. pl.) oπxl scultira, ahsala
‹·‹ silver silubr silfr silabar
‹·› sister swistar systir swester
‹·fi sister-in-law — mágkona geswige
‹·fl six saíhs sex sehs
‹·‡ son sunus sonr sun
‹·° son-in-law m2gs mágr eidum
‹·· spin spinni† spinnr spinnit
›‚‚ spring [season] — vár lenzo
›‚⁄ stay wisi† dvelsk bil1bit
›‚¤ steal hlifi†, stili† stelr stilit
›‚‹ summer asans sumar sumar
›‚› sweat (vb.) — sveitisk swizzit
›‚fi sweet — sœtr suozi
›‚fl ten taíhun tíu tehan
›‚‡ thousand †5sundi †úsund d5sunt
›‚° twenty twai tigjus tuttugu zweinzug
›‚· udder — júgr 5tar
›⁄‚ wasp — — —
›⁄⁄ wear [clothes] wasji† hefir w3tit sih
›⁄¤ weave — vefr wibit
›⁄‹ wheel — hvél / hjól rad
›⁄› widow widuw4 ekkja wituwa
›⁄fi winter wintrus vetr wintar
›⁄fl wolf wulfs ulfr, vargr wolf
›⁄‡ wood triu tré, vi∂r holz, witu
›⁄° wool wulla ull wolla
›⁄· yoke jukuzi ok joh
›¤‚ young juggs ungr jung
›¤⁄ tear [noun] tagr tár zahar
 66

Welsh Oscan Umbrian

‹·⁄ ship llong — —
‹·¤ shoulder ysgwydd — uze, onse (loc.)
‹·‹ silver arian aragetud (abl.) —
‹·› sister chwaer — —
‹·fi sister-in-law chwaer-yng-ngh. — —
‹·fl six chwech — —
‹·‡ son mab puklum (acc.) —
‹·° son-in-law mab-yng-ngh., daw — —
‹·· spin nyddu — —
›‚‚ spring [season] gwanwyn — —
›‚⁄ stay aros — —
›‚¤ steal lladrata — —
›‚‹ summer haf — —
›‚› sweat (vb.) chwysu — —
›‚fi sweet melys — —
›‚fl ten deg — desen-
›‚‡ thousand mil — —
›‚° twenty ugain — —
›‚· udder pwrs — —
›⁄‚ wasp cacynen, picwnen — —
›⁄⁄ wear [clothes] gwisgo — —
›⁄¤ weave gwau — —
›⁄‹ wheel olwyn, rhod anei (?; loc.) —
›⁄› widow gweddw — —
›⁄fi winter gaeaf — —
›⁄fl wolf blaidd — —
›⁄‡ wood pren, coed — —
›⁄° wool gwlân — —
›⁄· yoke iau — —
›¤‚ young ifanc — iouie (acc. pl.)
›¤⁄ tear [noun] deigryn — —