Supersonic Airfoil Analysis

Supersonic Airfoil Analysis
 Shapes

NACA‐0012
Mach Number Contours
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DOUBLE WEDGE

BICONVEX
FF‐35
35 Joint Strike Fighter
Joint Strike Fighter
 Terminology

p
M∞, ρ∞, p∞, u∞

Angle of attack α
g o

Span b
 L
M∞, p 
Coefficients ρ∞,
p∞, αo
D
U∞ c

p − p∞
Pressure C p ≡ 1
ρ U
2 ∞ ∞
2

L / bc
Lift C L ≡ 1
ρ
2 ∞ ∞ U 2

D / bc
Drag C D ≡ 1
ρ
2 ∞ ∞U 2
 Shock‐Expansion
Shock Expansion Theory
Theory
M∞, p1
For geometric airfoil 
g p2
ρ∞,
sections in supersonic 
p∞,
flow p3 p4
U∞

• Assume: (1) Each turn the supersonic flow makes can be 
computed separately from every other e g no wave
computed separately from every other, e.g. no wave 
reflections back onto surface. (2) All waves are attached
• Method: (1) Break airfoil section into a sequence of implied 
or real sudden expansion or oblique shock turns. (2) Use 
l dd i bli h kt (2) U
Prandtl Meyer or oblique shock theory to get pressures on 
flat airfoil sections. (3) Formulate results in terms of CL and 
CD
 Example: M∞,
ρ∞, p∞
Flat Plate Airfoil

αo

L / bc
b
CL = 1
2 γ p ∞ M 2
∞

D / bc
CD = 1
2 γ p ∞ M 2
∞
 Example M∞,
ρ∞, p∞
Double Wedge Airfoil

αo=0

L / bc
b
CL = 1
2 γ p ∞ M 2
∞

D / bc
CD = 1
2 γ p ∞ M 2
∞
 Supersonic Thin Airfoil Theory
Supersonic Thin Airfoil Theory
For arbitrary airfoil  M∞,
sections in supersonic  ρ∞, p∞
flow

• Assumption: (1) Attached waves (2) Flow 
angles produced by airfoil are all small
angles produced by airfoil are all small.
• Allows all turns to be treated as isentropic. 
All
Allows simplified (linearized) expression to be 
i lifi d (li i d) i b
used to compute pressure changes. 
Computing a Small Angle Turn at Mach 2
Methods for computing a small angle turn at Mach 2
0.4
Oblique-shock theory
Prandtl-Meyer theory
0.3 Linear theory

dp − γM 2 dθ
0.2
=
p M 2 −1
((p -p )/(p )

0.1
1
1
2

-0.1 p1

p2
-0.2
θ
-0.3
03
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Turn angle degrees (positive convex)
 Pressure Coefficient
Pressure Coefficient
M∞,
p − γM 2 dθ
dp ρ∞, p∞
=
p M 2 −1
 Pressure Coefficient
Pressure Coefficient
M∞,
p − γM 2 dθ
dp ρ∞, p∞
=
p M 2 −1
 Pressure Coefficient
Pressure Coefficient
2α M∞,
Cp =
M 2 −1 ρ∞, p∞
α positive for net
concave turn from M∞
 y d ( y u − yl )
α t = 12
1 d ( yu + yl )
αc = 2
Decomposing 
p g dx
dx

The Airfoil
x
αo
M∞
 2(−α 0 + α c + α t ) 2(α 0 − α c + α t )
Lift C pu =
M ∞ −1
2
C pl =
M ∞ −1
2
 2(−α 0 + α c + α t ) 2(α 0 − α c + α t )
Drag C pu =
M ∞ −1
2
C pl =
M ∞ −1
2
 y d ( y u − yl )
α t = 12
1 d ( yu + yl )
dx αc = 2
Summary dx

x
αo
M∞
2(−α 0 + α c + α t )
C pu = • Lift varies linearly with angle of 
y g
M ∞ −1
2

attack 
2(α 0 − α c + α t )
C pl = • The lift curve slope decreases 
p
M ∞ −1
2
with Mach number
4α 0
CL = • Camber and thickness have no 
M ∞ −1
2
effect on lift, and only add drag
4(α 02 + α c2 + α t2 ) • Drag goes as the square of 
gg q
CD =
M ∞ −1
2
angle of attack
 y
yu x⎛ x⎞ yl x⎛ x⎞
Example 
p c
= 0.1 ⎜1 − ⎟
c⎝ c⎠ c
= −0.1 ⎜1 − ⎟
c⎝ c⎠
Biconvex Airfoil
Find CL and CD as  x
αo
f ti
functions of α
f o
Find Cpu and Cpl as  M∞
functions of x and αo

d ( y u − yl )
α t = 12
dx
1 d ( yu + yl )
αc = 2
dx
 y
x⎛ x⎞ x⎛ x⎞
Example  yu
= 0.1 ⎜1 − ⎟
yl
= −0.1 ⎜1 − ⎟
Biconvex Airfoil c c⎝ c⎠ c c⎝ c⎠

Find CL and CD as  x

αo
f ti
functions of α
f o
Find Cpu and Cpl as  M∞ α t = 0.1 − 0.2 x / c α c = 0
functions of x and αo

4α 0
CL =
M ∞ −1
2

4(α 02 + α c2 + α t2 )
CD =
M ∞ −1
2
 y
Variations c/2 c/2
Double Wedge Airfoil
t
x
αo
M∞
Variations – Airfoil Design
Variations  Airfoil Design