PRACTICAL STRATEGY ,

A S I LLU STRA TED BY THE

LI FE A ND A C HI EVEMENTS
OF A

MA STEI
E OF THE A RT,

T HE

m
m
m m

FRED ERI C THE G REA T S PREC EP TOR

’ ‘

IN THE

ART OF WA R .

MA RSHA L TRAU N , that was a Mo m ind eed !

I went to school to TRAU N ”
.

FREDEB I C TH EG REA T:
M

A T S KIL L
C
R N ER OURNAL OFFI C E
.

JOESBU RY, BOOK A ND JO B P I T “ ”

Jos nm
'

, J .

1 863.
 I NT RODU C TORY REMA RK8 1

“
Je n t
ef fiea fai p our la po s
’
t
“ ’
j av ai§ l i l
m q le gu é c os e ; 3h
”
Q
01111111133 ,

Ab ou t to d ie t
b y th e G u illo ine , 2sth July, 1794 .

WASTE OF L I F E DU R IN G THE P R E S E N T WA R .

( C ould at9106 hare (16673

; bhviated by flwz W
L
fi
eh z sw n o f
‘

Pr acticat S Wategy
‘

Th e n atural p rinci p le of w ar is to d o th e m ost h aim

‘
to our

en em y tw ith th e le ast h arm to

j
“
o u r sel ve s ,
an d of qe u rse , is 5176 b e. ‘

A Victory is twice itself, Wh en th e ach ie ver b rin gs h om e fulh 1

SHA KSPEA R E wh A d o I , 1
”
b
gc
{ l
num e rs .
?
. .
f

This p am phlgig w as ip aged 1n 2? gre at g

d ne asar e ab o u t

a y e ar sin c e , an d finish e d Within th e m on th It 15 c alle d .

forth by th e cont e m p lation o f re su tl ss or cq m ativ e ly

ie mg ,

r e sul tl ess com b ats an d a prodigal W ,

aste | Of su eh 3 PER

SON AL as h as n e v e r b e for e G oh stitu te d th e bulk e f ar m i e s

Th e Lo yal North has su fie re d su eh g ep e ate d sacrifices ofi

'
'

su p e rior m e n that th e qu e stion forc e s itself u pon th e

,
»

m in d Wh e th e r su ch e xp e n ditu r e of l i fe w as ab sol u te ly
,

n e c essary, and Whe the r e x n et it Was n1ot z oh arge ab le to

v
,
. ¢

ign oran c e or incom pre he nsiog pft hep lgi n eet gule s of tru e
gene ral ship , Pr actical fitm te gy .

Th e m ost thou ghtl ess an d u n fee ling m an c oul d scarc e ly

re pre ss a shu dde r if h e W ould on ly p au se to refle ct u pon
,

in st an ces of th e fe arful w ast e of our b e st brav est an d ,

icers ahd priv ates st ake d W

”

m o st e x p e rie n c e d ofi ith a ,
,

de sp eration u nw orthy th e m ilit ary art, upon alm ost im

,
 8

p oss ib le ? r e sul t s ; re ul ar g
Balaclav a ch arge s pre sent ing
,

e qual gh apeee fof de stru c t101v W 1th far in fe rior chan c es of

t gleny w T he se sacrifices are h ot n eqe searily
g u es ese e m

attrib u tab le t l
o i ede
e r s i n ih e field ; L ik e th e Bala clam

L
'

and fm m , fifi e
p c al i ly p olit al
ie w this coun trys '

é w hm
care ffe o
fi
f t e fis rewm tion
‘ 1 1
13
118 onl y re w ards they ,

e k arre t angib l e one s

S e .

Be fo re earee r of th e G ene ral se lec te d

be 210
c
0 co
erk e
m e n m a n ot
y
b r iz éd l eather s, the y w ere n ex er th e ie se
i
i ii the e yéé of em
'

’ ‘ ’ r

rate d 11; their m m M il e b ythe m ost scient ific

; hhd
’

s ue
:

“
pe n se
queh ce
z h hat Was , e
(
d
onsi e re d , his W ap ton 1
5 31 01 1:

131 hi
??m tie l
a; 1 11 1 13 ev e r
11 y war Sh q u ld
h av e - an o e ctw and

Qfigf
b e
k
a t
y (of
War) . A War h ou l d b e prose eute d With
s

e ll as p erson al) prgpgr tionate 139 the ,

 4
H av e ou r G e ne rals With th e e x ce ption p e rh aps of
,

R o se cr an s an d Gilm ore p aid du e atten tion t o this m ax im ?

,

H ave the y e ve r app are n tly w e igh e d m e ans and ob st acles ;

m at e ri al s in h an d With m at e ri al s in disp e nsabl e t o th e

ob j e ot ? I n fact, how m any m il it ary m ax im s of acknow l

e dg e d au thority h av e our ge ne r al s ign ore d ? A nd if
e v e ry h ou r con c e d e d to th e e n e m y for fortific ation b e
‘

e qu al to th e r e in forc em en t of a b attal i on to t h at e n e m y,

ag ai n st Wh at odds h av e our sol di e rs be e n c all e d u p on to

c om b at ? With Wh at di sproportionate m e ans h ave our

le ade rs u nde rtak en to com p e l v ictory ? How m any of ‘

o ur G e n e r als h av e e ve r b e e n influ e n ce d in the ir actionb y

'

th e m ax im : I

I f y o ur y is e ntren chin g and it is your inte ntion

ene m ,

to attack h is position, do not del ay a m om e nt E ve ry .

hour s de l ay m ay c ost th e l oss of a thou sand m en i n an

’

assau l t
”
.T his w as M arlb orou gh s opinion ’
.

Th egre ate st t e st, as w e ll as th e du ty of a G ene ral is ,

to avoid an u nne c essary b attl e Th e gran des t ge ne ral

. ,

ship is to con qu e r With ou t fi h tin T fi h t r e u ires

g g o g .
q
m e re co u r age ; to c oe rce With ou t fi htin sci e n ce
g g ,
.

Th e c am al n of th e
P g Allie d Sp anish Fren ch arm y under
-

th e orde rs of D uk e of B erw ick, a gainst the Portu

th e

170
6 se rves as a u se fu l stu dy in re gard to
"
‘

in
'

u ese ,
g ,

rie d ou t in actu ality Th e tw o arm ies, thru sting and

.

p arryin g m ade alm o st a circui t of Sp ain T hey op en

, ed .

th e c am p aign ne ar B aj ados, (extre m e West ) I a

n nceuv ie d
'

acro ss Old (West North a nd NéW (E ast

n d C e n tre ) a
-

ce n tre) C astile and finish e d th e fenoing bou t in Valentia

,

( ) d Murci a (Sout h E ast): Th e arm y of the D uke

'

E a st an -

o f B e rw ick o ccu pi e d not l e ss th an 85 different canifis ,

an d, al th ou gh th e cam p a ign presents nopitch e d b attle,

 5

th e Portu g u e se arm y oppose d to th e ,

A nglo Fre nch l e ad e r
e

l ost in prison e rs al one ab ou t ,

m en.

Wh en th e D uk e of Al v a
gre at c aptains of on e of th e
'

m od e rn ti m e s w as r e pro ach e d With m an oeu ve ri n g too

;

m u ch an ,
d too o fte n avoidin g an e ngage m e n t in Which
t h e ch an c e s app ear e d to b e in h is favor th e as tu te Sp an ,

iard r e pl i e d th e obj e ct in v ari ably of e v e iy Ge n e ral is to

, , ,
'

e t th e b e tt e r o f or con qu e r, h is oppon e n t or th e e n e m y
g , ,

an d n ot al w ays to figh t for wh e n a c am p aign h as b ee n , ,

c arri e d on su cce ssfully a Ge n e ral h as trium phe d , Whe the r

,

h e h as fou ght a b attle or n ot .

Maochiav elli Who l iv e d an d wrote tw o centu ri e s pre

'

v i ou s e xpre sse d thi s id e a m u ch m or e ne atly G ood

'

. r
,

h e re m arke d , only figh t b attles Whe n n ece s

sity com p e ls th e m to, or th e opportun ity is e m ine n tly
”
propitious .

This ide a how e v e r does n ot originate With e ithe r of

, ,

th e ab ove for P e ricle s, th e Ath e ni an , th at spoile d ch il d

,

fl rish e d n th e b e gin
o f fort u n e ,
w h o ou
i n in g of th e V th
“
C e n tu ry B C , asse rte d th at it w as o fte n th e l as t re sou rc e
. .

an d th e pro of of a p oor g en e r al to figh t a b attl e , an d on

,

th e oth e r h an d , th e e vid en c e of su p e rl ativ e gene ral ship to

”
triu m ph Withou t figh ting .

N apole on Bon ap art e e nu nci ate d th e sam e gre at truth

rathe r by his action than by h is t e achin g al thou gh h e ,

often e xpresse d th e sam e advice m ore at l e ngth .

1
A Fre de ric th e G re at, far su p e rior to e ithe r of the
nd

pre ce din g pu t m ore faith in Practic al Strategy th an in

,

down right fighting an d lik e Hanni bal , his prototyp e in

,

an tiqu ity, pre fe rre d su c cesse s achie ve d by m anoeu v rin g to

tho se w on by h am m e r an d ton gs w ork, although h e did ‘

e nou gh of b oth H e le ft b e hin d him m any Wi se co u n sel s,

;

n ot th e le a
st of which Alw ays b e b eforeh and With , or
 6
trip u p, th e e nem y; and th e s tre nu ous advic e to sp ane
,
‘

110

p ain s to p re se rv e an s arm y acc li m at e d to w ar

Ein ally
re gard to t h e co m p arativ e v al ue of Ve te ran s
,
1n

an d Ree l n its liste n to th e e x p ei ie n e e o f th e astu te D uke

, ,

of A l va an d t h e gr e at (gr e at in e very sense ) G u st avu fi

“
; ’
:
,
, 1

A doltph u s an d the sagaeiou s Fr e d eric of Pru ssiay and the

, ,

i nte r e ste dly wis e and su p e rl ativ e ly cu n ni n g N apol e on ,

and the n wh e ,
n the ir te stim ony h as b e en duly w e 1
=
, 1
h
g ed
E er
th e ar e; fe w b u t w ill d e cide Wi th A u gustu s C ae sar

H
FE
Do no t le t im p e t u

a
'

W i th ; V b
au an , an d With T r ’ aun
,
t h t i t is b ette r t o W a1t a

soie ne e oom for

'

littie an d i et
'

p e ns ate valor an d b loo d a11d 1

,
'

“
th a t h e
t preserv e v aluabl e l ive s

t
F es i nar e nocet, nocet e t cunctatio scap e
Tefnp ore gu aequ e su o gu i f actt, ille s ap i t .
-

[ Ov m .

1 .
“
t is éimju rious
'

to b e p r eeipitate , an d d e l ay is
'

.
a s l o fre

”
thing in its pfOpe a tin1e "
r
r e se ve s h is ‘
good
tt oops for ithe ih ou r Wh en ad e oisiv e b l ow e an b e zstru ok
4 I t w as a s a ih
‘
f G S t h t h ‘
e ye i desire d t o
‘

TA W J
'

a n
’

y g o U S , e >

pl ac e h im self at th e he ad of m orethan 4 0 ;0 0 0 s pay

'

f
m e i1 ,

i ng no r e gard t o a m ilit ary m ax im e qu ally paofane ?an d

‘ r f
.

foolishf n am e ly, t h at the S uprem e B e in g al w ays fayors

“ ‘ ‘

; Walst e in
th e gre at er y u d ; ( o i t m t i
y g f
“

sq a r on s a on s a s
c
a n o x e . “ :
,

attr ibute d in e rror to Fg ed er ic th e

G r t d o th r ) th t
'

g e a an e s a
‘ ‘

M 5 w 07
m
91 ? 23
2
3,
Vb i il
E é t
st n h e int erim h ap -

.
.
1
4 d d i sp os e .
of

fiu ou s fp rssfi Po b et ter adv a ta

n ge e lsfivv e e h1 (39 m
'

? u p er .
i
-
,
i .

a z urre ntl i
yw w
th hat is
‘
it Was th e O pinion
 7
both of D UKE n ALVA arrd TURE N N E, th at no ar m y o ught
’ '

to consist :of m ere than an d t h e form e r h ee d

“

m en
"
alw a Were t it ef b on aé i an d
'

ys r to Say , th at V ETERA N tr oop , s

'

’
h
'

f th tar g b d d
'

m us cles o the m / o y, an t at n e w m /ts ed Teer utts

d in tém ti cea w tth shap e ea

on ty fi lle 4 4 1 the bzd
p l um
p n ess ” f
.

Gre at com m ande rs are ti e d up to no su ch ru les, (i e

‘

1
t
,
.

c ollec tingn h u ge a m r ie s to watch m qpor téd h u

ge x arm i es, )
an d fhis Pr i M j ty , u ss an S GREAT ) not a es (FRED ERI o i H E
‘
‘

d iss atisfi e d to im m itate GU STAVUS 1m m o st t hings, h as

”

x ~ 1
.
v

s u b divid e d hi s arm ie s in th e sam e n1annéna§ th at z Prin ce ~

r

Would do w er e! h e n ow l iving z l ffone gene ral por tion s '

ou t his tro ops with pr e c au tion, th e oth e ilWill b e

'
‘
' '
r

com p elle d to fo ll ow the l e X aniple WZA fiSTEI N} Whofi fir st

'

.
t

inv e nt e d thi s m e thod : of w aging War yplaye d the artifice ’

'

.
"

u po n Gu st avu s fo1: h e IWanted l ike : our d e ktious ne igh i

‘
’
-
~
,

b ors , t o protract th e tim e ,fan d p lu nge h is ehemies in to

' r

» '
-
»

e n orm o us eXpe ns e s Which is t rue :p ol c ywiith resf o

'
i
z
, p e t t o r '

u t of it s o i
‘
oppo sin g any on a w ar o
‘ '

n y fi
t b t GU A “ d i d wh f ti l it f th i t t
’ ‘

V a i '

y s
'

S T e s se e u
e o u r u p o s r

thou gh h e h ad only to =

h e fallow e dwthre e se lz arate ? bo di es

i
confr ont ab ove f

of his ow n t roop s to r an g e fr e ely throu h out th e e m p ire;

'

g
an d e n tre n eh e d h im selfiun dee r th h e ar d of fthe I m periat
:1 é ’

G e ner al w h o in th e e v e n t Was obl ige d to 1deoam pgan d

'
‘

~ f f
,

tak e sueh c arde as t h e S w edi sh m on ar eh w as pl eased to

' " e
‘ ‘

N e 1t h e1 1~ sh ou1d h th e le ssons ev er b e forgott en; nor th e

‘
'
~

'

con side ration b é negle ote d o

'

ctd/ vctrt
'

‘
i
,

tdges h e (Gustav u s) extr a ct e d from WI NT ER C M K fG Ns

’

1 :

w hieh m aly b e l oonside f e d, p artly; a

i s a new m Y ili
ta ly
‘
'

f
’ ‘
‘

an d it Wzas from th e s am e phh ciple

’

pr actice; (at his f ‘ -

"
that he gave little 61 h o eou ntenan oe to counci l s of War
i i ? ’
} ’ ’

“ ?‘
Since th e esse nc e o f ti ue practicial strate gy is seefeeyj ifi
'
‘

'

th at th e plah of ope rati ons which succeeds b est 1s ev ei

I
r
‘ ‘' ' '
l
' ’
'
 8
th at on e of which th e e n em y is ke pt in tot al ignorance ,
'

th e bl ow foll owin g th e or de r as th e h an d o b e ys th e b r ain !

“Thi o bl ig
s es m e (F RED ER I C th e Gre at ) to obse rve th at , ,

a G en e ral wou l d b e wron g shou l d h e b e in h aste to att ack

th e e n e m y in hilly po st s or on b rok e n groun d I h ave .

s om e ti m e s , by neces si ty be e n force d to this e xtre m ity ;

,
‘

b u t, w he n w ar is m ad e w ith e u al ow er s , actva/ntages
‘

q p
m or e cer ta n
/zx
’
m ax y he p r oc wm d by
f
s tratagem an d W 338 ,

Th e
’

an d w i thou t w om n g um a/rm /y to e u al
q danger . su m

o f m an y ll advan tage s will b e gre at Th e attack of a

sm a .

w e ll de fen de d post is b e side a b on e of h ard dige stion, and

th e assail an t is l i abl e to b e r e pu l se d a n d b e ate n (Witn ess ,

Fre de ricksbu rg l st an d 2d ) I t is only to b e c arri ed by

.

th e sacrifice of from 1 5 to m e n , Whi ch m akes a

Wide bre ach in an arm y Recruitsk supposing the y are to

.

b e pl en tifu lly o b taine d , Will fill u p fi u m b e rs, b u t Will n ot

‘
‘

su pply th e qu al itie s of th e s ol di e rs th at h ave b e e n l o st .

Th e kin gdom b e co m es d e pop ul ate d by re n e wing th e ar

m y ; th e troop s d e ge n e r ate ; an d , if th e w ar is l on g, th e

Ge n e ral Will find him sel f at th e he ad of ill disciplin e d

p e asants, With Whom h e sc arce ly dare s app e ar in face of
th e e ne m y I n any v iolen t conj un ctur e , I gr an t it is n ec
.
,

e ssary to d e p art fro m ru l e s, and to h av e r e cou rse to d es

p e rate re m e di es ; as poison is give n to th e sick , When th e re

are n o o the r m e ans of cu r e But, su ch c ase s e x ce pte d , it
.

is re qui site in m y opin ion to proce e d with m ore c au tion ;

‘

, ,

to we igh and to m e asure ; be c ause th at the G eneral w ho

allows the least to cha/nce 738 the m ost ab le.
”

Wh e n tion h as ne ithe r CA D RES (Which afte r all

a na ,
”

is b ut anothe r word for V ETERA N S , or e xpe n ence d troop s

and officers, or syn on ym ou s in a gre at m e asu re ) s ays
.
,

“
Nap ole on and th e Elem ents of Military Organ iz ation
, ,
”
it is ve ry difficult for th at cou n try to organ iz e an Tarm y .

Now W ho e l se b u t m e n w ho h av e l e arne d the ir bu sin ess

 9
in actual War ,ne nd b y th e “ o b se r v atio n of il it ary crises
'
'
‘

.
t m ,

pro v i de sushi Ele m Wasté t h e ir b eSt

i ts j z I f Ge n e r a
ls
’ ’

e ah ea

m en and o ffice rs, par tic u lanly agai nst w ork s an d c ah n on ,

,

for L th el b es t I ne n alw ays su ffe r w h e re e e wr agé an d ab ility

'
‘

is r e q u ire d , a coun try m ust e v e ntu ally d ep en d u po r nth e

'

r e fu se which r e m ain s b e hin d i n fe rio r in de e d in h e ad work

, ,

“
h and w ork an d he art work
,
The fie s t qu al i ty of a sol .

die r is fw tttud e in supportin g fatigue s an d p riv ation ,

”
VA L OR is b ut S EC ONDARY T o a sold ie r two qu al iti es are
.

é
i n disp e ns abl e, For titu de and D l S CQfilthe Cou r age it se lf
'
’
/

is b u t se co ndary Fortitu d e an d D i scipl in e ar e th e attri

.
”

bu t e s of ol d troops Yo u ng troop s are o ft en as b rave or

.

r e ckl e ss as v e te rans as far as re gards thro win g l ife aw ay

“

W an t priv ations an d su ffe ring are th e b e st sc h oo l of a

, ,

so l die r s Youn g tro op s c anno t posse ss th o se qu al iti e s b e

c ause to acqu ir e su ch prop e rtie s r e quir es a l o n g co u r se o f

e du c ation or t r ainin g To sac ri fice good ol d regim e nts is

.

l ik e tu rn in g th e in te llige n t an d in du striou s ou t o f school

an d k e e pin g o n o n ly W ith th e d u n c es an d sl othful To .

figh t an d to suffe r is th e sol die rs m otto

”
Man y gre at .

G e n e rals h ave te stifie d th at y ou n g troop s h ave fo ught

de sp e r ate ly, b u t the y hav e also adde d th at su ffe rings they
c oul d no t e n co u nte r or su pport .

C o n se qu e ntly PR AC TI C A L S TRA T E G Y , Whic h pre se rv e s

l ife , is as m u ch an obligation u pon a G e ne ral as it is th e
d u ty o f a s u rg e on to prese r v e a li m b by tre atm e n t Th e .

poor e st su rge on can b ar b er 01? a m e m b e r, b ut it is often

t h e highe st gl ory o f th e b e st s u rge on to save o ne To .

Wh at th e n are w e to attribu te th e prodigal W aste of l ife

Which h as ch ar acte riz e d thi s w ar T o all those appoin t .

e rs an d appoin te es Who h av e un de re stim ate d an d m i scom

pre h e n d e d Pr actic al Str at e gy To prove Wh at a Maste r .

o f th e Art did acco m p l i sh t h ro u gh t h e o bse rv an c e an d

appl ic atio n of its Rul es, an d to show Wh at c an b e e ffe ct e d

 10

by a G e n e ral, b y h is sol di e rs
.
a bl oody as

Ou r F ath e r 1 Who v alu e d th e l iv es of his troop s un d er

”
,

st ood h is b u sin ess an d kn e w 1 1OW to e co n om iz e th e m th is

'
'

l it tl e work h as b e en writte n . ANCHOR;

Texvoli , l et A
'

n gu st, 1863 .
 F RE D E C T HEG REA T S
‘ ’
RI PRE CE PT OR
I N T HE

AR T O F W A R ,

FI ELD MA RSHA L T RA U N,
A MA S TER OF PRA C TI C A L STRA TEG Y ,

I w eflt to schobt to Tr aun —M

o

u ‘
n m 10m G am ma
‘
.

l f
l

i ”
l

m l ;

All tn endo n o
t el iev e With D ry d en th at
b
,1
r
TB i p 1 tdb bt
"
g
d
W it b
b t t ght in e lace , a 1
u t ge nius m us
ac
e
io n, m ay
or n , an
h p ains
ne ve r c an e
e w ro u
au gh .
,

h ut, ath e 1: r with Wil co x, that

=

Th e z ainp Qf g
’
‘
i148 , th o b y nature lit,
I not p r otecte , p r u n d and f e d w i h care, t
flies , or ru ns to w as e w i th fitf ul glare t .

Co nse qu e n tly Whe n e ve r nations ackn ow ledge the pie ,

;

e m ihe n ee e f a le a de r th e y h atu r allyd nqu ire Whe re did

“
‘ ’

z -

Wh o Was
"
“
thi s m an e r h ero le arn te ib e so g re at ?
'

‘ ”

h is i n stru ctor a nd e x e m pl ar Z W h o an d wh at k i n dle d

’

”
'

h isf late n t t al en t i nto e fiic ie nt b xilli an cy ? I t is n ot .

”

al w ay s e asy to a n sw e r Fe w m in ds ane su n l ik e s ou rc es
"

, ,

o f l ight in th e mse l ve s an d to oth e rs

”
p articu l arly am o ng ,

G ene r als S om etim es p re e m in e n c e h as b ee n du e in a

.

great m e asure n ay alm ost e ntire ly to i nb orn prop e rtie s,, ,

as in th e c as e s l o f Caesar, Con d e th e gr e at Gu st av u s
; ”
.
-
‘

, ,

Torste n so ii C ro m w e ll b u t m or e p ar ticu l arly Cl i v e In

'

e .
, , ‘

th e l a st inst an c e it m ay j u stly b e cre dite d to th e in divid u al

hi m se lf A t othe r tim e s as in th e c ase of W ashington,
V
'

. »
,

to o f N apol e o n ; in fact b oth th e su ccessfu l

 12
Napol e ons to a sag aciou s m oth e r H annib al ow e d his
,
.

gre atn e ss to his gre at fath e r an d race hi s su rroun din gs ,

an d circ u m st an c e s C h arl e s X Gu stavu s of Sw e d e n an d, , ,

W ran ge l to Tor ste nson Torste nson as far as e x am pl e

, ,

an d opportu n it
y, B an er
an d Be na
ig r i of Sa
t l
x
e We i m ar t o
l
-

Gu stavu s A d ol phu s T u re nn e an d Mon tecu culi gre w i nt o

.

e m i n e n t co m m an d e rs .th e ir gre at an d p e cul i ar

d stu dy A s N apol e on
'

t al e n ts w e re th e i seul t'
.

s t antly gain e d by e xp e ri e n c e .

"
Freder ic th e Gr e at w as in see é ‘
Borh , in
m an y oth e rs a m ade G ene r al His inn ate prop e rti e s
. .

w e re du e to p osition fh is apqu re d to opportu n ities di

i

ge ste d by With in tellige n c e Ma .

c au l e y d e m on fin d
e v e ry hi story t es tifie s t h at F e edem e had a M as ter in th e
'

A rt of W ar To Whom , then did th e gr e at gru esian

.
,
“
attri bu t e h is fin al pr actic ally strateg1c sup erioritv 2 Th e
’
.

Kin g him self h as tol d us and cote m peraries have corro ,

b orate d th e fact To Marsh al TRA U N, Wh o m an oeu v r e d

.

h im out of Boh e m i a in 17
4
“
I t Was in th e m idst of d ifficulty and disgr ace (wrote
M ac au l ey) t h at h e cau ght th e fi rst cl e ar glim pse e f the ~
, ,
.

prin ciples of th e m i l itary art T his y e ar (174 5 )

.

is m e m orabl e in th e life of Fr e d e ric , as th e d at e at Whi ch

.

h is n o vi ci at e in th e ar t oi’ w ar m ay b e s aid to hav e ter m i

h at e d. There h ave be en gre at c apt ai ns w ho se pre cocious
an d se l f t au gh t m il it ary skill r ese m ble d intu ition 3C onde , ,
~

Ol ive an d N apo l e on are e x am pl e s ?

,

not one of th e se b rilli an t port e n t s His proficie n cy in . .

‘

m i l it ar y s ci e n c e w as si m ply t h e
p r oficie ne
y w hic h a m an
of v igor ou s facu ltie s m ak es in an i n t wh ich h
‘

r
y sc e ce o e

applies h is m i n d With e arn e stne s s and i nd ustr ?

y
D o yow know w ho tau ght the li ttle I hm ow m
"
“
m e
’
,
,
 13

m i lt ta/fig
/ id Fre de ric to t h e Prine e de Ligne
m e tter s ?
’’
e
sa

in 1770 “
Y01 m e ld (the A u stri an) TeA U N
’
‘

. 1 :
, ,
,

1:W A S A MA N IN D EED
111 1 1 1 A t an o th e r tim e h e con fe sse d
w en t to school to fl
h
fi‘
e am e ”

2; Wh o w as , this TRA U N this ,

1 toh ch -
sto n e to n re v eal r th e -

tr ue m e tal w h ich lay ; hi dsin ; th e gr e at Fre de ric Le t me .

His bio graphy is worth r e adin g , :an d ne w to the

”

see . . .

A m e ric an p u b lic , an d it should b e n ot s o ewe ll know n

'
‘
. u
as

in Bu m p e T h e foil and com p eti tor of so gre at a m on areh

'
‘

. e

ge n e ral m u st h ave b e e n a m an in de e d to re ce ive such an

Q tto Fe rdin an d , Cou nt .

, go f .A b e nsb urg~ and TBA U N ,
,

Royaéhlmperial (A u stri an) Fie l d : Marshal, ; Priy y C ou nc il a

C de r in Chie f:in T ransylv ani a, Knight of the

'

or , ; om m an ,

G olde n w Fle e ee , w as . b om i 27th A ug u st 1677, 1 and , ,

die d St adt
841
? -
H
.
of his Pr o
erm an v ince l 0
-

th ,
“ ”
,

Feb r uat y gl MS He spr ang from gon e :of th e gancie n t

’
c .
“

an d o n e of t he m o st nobl e fam ili e s o f i Ba va ria; and

'

fi t d t i dh f a civil or a dm i n ist r ative

‘

w t
‘

n f or
a s a r s e s e - 1
‘ ,

c aree r Bu t no m an thorou ghly i1nb u ed w ith a (3011

. ; , ,
e

v ic tion p f h is tru e ; de stinatio n can, inthe e nde m isle ad his

'

i n stinctiv e in cl inations for th e profe ssion n atu 1e h e rself

“

, ,

h as Pr e p ared him ito s hine m

.
C ircum s tan ces ; m ay de l ay
. . i

or su ppre ss the ope r ation ofwth e se in stin cts b u t, e arli er 01 ’

, :

t er , they Will e x e rt a:coh tr olli g i nflu e n ce ; S o it w as

l a n .
.

with th e y oung Tr au n No s oone r h ad he le arn e d the .

u
"
‘

d e ath of h is fath e r an d th e re by b e co m e m ast e r of h is ow n .

m o v e m e n tsfih an h e l e ft th e High Sc hoo l at Hall e a n d ,

e n te re d t h e Br an d e n bu rgh c o ntin ge n t to th e i m p e ri al
'

ar m y He w as pr e se n t at th e fam ou s si ege of Nam u r in

‘

. .

169 5 Which L ou i s X I V by V au b an ; afte r its c aptu re in

‘

, , ,

1 69 2 h ad m a,
de t h e s t ro n g es t fo rtr ess in th e N e th e rl an ds ,

S o stro ng w as it co n side r e d th at it di spl aye d ov e r its:gat e

'

“
the inscriptio n Re s tore d it m ay b e c aptu re d it can ne ve r _ ,
 14
"
? - 3I n furio u s assau lt s an d s all i e s , th e be si e ge rs and th e
A be

b e sie g ed l o st , within 67 days , m ot l ess th an me n

‘
.

A t las t t he p e rse ve rin g e ou’rage an d e ffo rt s 0fi th e gre at

’
'

r :

W illi am (I I I ) of Oran ge directe d by th e ge niu s of Cohow , ,

as i gr éat an d fam b u s alth ou gh n ot as w e ll known as h is

<

nd ant a o nis t Vau b an prov ed su cc e ss

e ot e in o r af
yr iv l “

p a a g
1

, ,

ful an d in s ight of a F r e n ch arm y e v e r 10 00 00in n u m b er

'

, , , ,

u n d e r th e Marsh al V ille re i s e nt to r e l i e v e th em t h e gar

'
‘

, ,

rison c ap itu lat e d n otwith st an din g the b oastih g m otto ove r

S oon t r Cou n t Tr au n e n te re d the Im peri al se r v iee

af e ,

m ad e 1 70 2 to 170
,
8 t h e c am p ai gn s on t h e Rhin e an d in
, ,

Italy d u ring th e War e f th e Sp an ish S uc c e ssion b u t only

,
‘

ro se step by st e p , b e ciause he n eith e r acce pte d pro m otion

'
.

at th e e x p e n se o f h is seh ior s n or wo u l d o w e h is adv anc e

'
‘
s
;

m erit to th e adv aritage s of hisb irth an d its influ e n ce s: '

N e v e rthe l e ss, in 170 4 a t th e age of 27 h is m erits h ad

’
‘
“
, ,

a l re ady m ade him Oolbn el and Adj u t an t—Ge n er al

‘

Th e ib est fwitn es s ef TR A U N S a b iiity w as h is se l e ction by

’
'

th e w is e hi av e an d di stingu i sh e d G u id o, 0f S t arh e m b e rg
‘

1
‘
'

,
’

te a ccomb a ny h im as adj u t an t ge n er al, tb Sp ain w h e r e h e

'
‘
- ‘
,

e b o p e r at e d n ot ably in th e pr e p ar atio n ari d le x e cii tion of

’ '
-

“
th erfian y gl orio u s u nd e rt aki ngs oft hi s j us tly styl e d g re at
“

C apt a i )
n ? To rew ard 1his se rvice s h e re c e iv e d in 1712 , , ,

th e co mm a
“

n d o f t h e s o styl e d E e k ish
(A u s tria n
) I n fan try
r e gim e n t cou pl ed with th e tru ly ho n or able r e qu e st to
'
'

“
contin u e w ith th e arm y i n Sp ain This y ou ng m an will .

c b m rfiah d ans w’enié d th e col d ast u t e S tarh e m b e m

g ,

tO t h e B ritish c om m an déem S tafrh op e wh e n th e l atte r saw

‘

’
'

T i ann aged 35 , fer t h e fi r st tim e at t h e fe rm éi s h ead

’

,
’

i r te rs and m i sl e d b y his fr ank b oy i sh e x re ss io n ask

‘

q m a , , p ,

e d in a sb m e w h at s c or nfu l t on e
“
Wh o t h e n is t h i s yeu ng
‘

'

B ut ne ithe r tim e n or sp c ‘
a e pe i m it 11 s: to follow s tep -

by
 15
t p
s e TRA U N ’
progr e ss in th e m ilit ar y c are e r S u fiice th
S .
,

h e w as al w ay s at th e po st o f du ty an d d ange r an d in th e
b attle of Fr an c a Vill a 17th (20th 2) Ju n e 1719, w hich ,
u

l o st t h e S pani ards Sicily re ce iv e d a d ange r ou s w ou n d

'

, , .

I n 1723, Trau n b e c am M aj or e e nem i m i727 e oe

‘

,
e -

e rn or o f Me ssin a, an d su b s e qu e n tly Gove rn or G e n e i al ef -

'

Na
'

Sicily wh e n ce h e w as r e —c alle d for

,
th e d efe nc e of pl e s
in th e i m p e n din g ge n e ral c onflic t l

i
Wh e n th e W ar of th e Poli sh S u cce ssion, 1733, c au se d
by th e dou ble e l e ction by con te n din g p arties of tw o
'

, ,

rival kin gs at W arsaw an d Cr acow kin dl e d a ge ner al w ar ,

in oppo se d ag ain to Sp ain m ade Italy

‘

,
, ,

( a l w ay s th e pri n cip al b att l e fi e ld b e tw e e n G e rm an y and

.

th e W e st e rn p ew e r s) th e e sp e ci al th e atr e of th e co n te st .

W ith pre scie n c e an d e m ph asis Cou n t TRA U N h ad u rge d ,

u pon hi s (the A ust ri an gov e rn m e nt

) (eve n as fluitle ssly
how e v e r as MOR EA U cou nse ll e d Macdonal d to th e sam e
,
,
,

e ffe ct in 1 7 9 9) to co n c e n tr at e th eir sc an t y forc es i n t o a

,

si n gl e arm y in L e we r I t aly an d m arch at o n c e b o l dly t o

,
.
,

m e e t th e Sp an i sh arm y adv an cm fro m T sc an y n d r

g u u e
,
.
, ,

th e In fan t DON C A R LOS a y o u n g L

,
e ader ; a e tiv e am b itio ns
, ,

an d not witho u t p e r so n al ab ility x Ke ; b ad fo o t ,

an d horse , th e A u stri an s n ot m ore th an in

th e whol e p e n i nsu l a N apl e s h ad b e e n co m m itt e d to
.

th e prot e ction o f its m i liti a (v ai n r eli an ce as it pro v e d)

‘

an d its im m e di ate g arri so n Au stri a as u su al (as is ge n .

,
fl
,

e r ally th e case u n d e r sim i l ar circu m st an ce s as h as be e n ,

prove d m ore th an on c e at h om e du ring ou r pr e se n t Iw ar) .

wi she d to k e e p all b ceupl e d e ach c astl e an d e v e ry fort , an d

,

éoatter ed b ee for ces ,

‘ '
w hi le the en e m y con ce n tm ted the ir s ,

an d ti m e g W
los t ith n o ev er y thi n
t m or e than m e n :
'

TEA M thre w hi m se lf int o th e b ou nd ary p ass of St G e r

'

'
.

m ane at th e feb t o f Mo n t e C assi n o ; thro u gh th e m o un t ai n

«
,
 16
lin e tre tchin g acro ss I t aly from G ae t a to Te rm oliy
s m

s h ow ed fae e to : th e e n em y m ain t ain e d h is p o st 23 d ays,

u
-

praye d eaTrnestly f or re inforé e ni e nts and — foun d n o h e ar

,
‘

z
h - a

ing fo r h is d e sper at e app e al s Th e n, l1e re solve d b y a

' '

b old w e ll com b ine d m arch to ge t the s t art o f the e ne m y

,

an d u n ite hi m se l f withano the r Au stri an corps at C apu a

an d the re un d e r th eprot ectiono f thi s fortre ss again m ake
, ,

b ol d fron t to th e e ne m y s aston a

ish m e n t, w he n h e arriv efl o ffiéafis

‘

'

in the conditi on nor as su s eptib le of d efe n c e as h e h ad c

hope d A le ss ab l e and ene rge tic c om m an det m isled b y

'

; r
,

the d espe rate eenditib n ofe fiaiis and when h e found t h e

’ ' “
v
.

d efe hce s dis m entied, e m u h av e con sidei e d his du t y ful

'

' ‘
s

fi fle d f if h e had quie tly Waite d ffoi the ene m y to pr e se n t

‘
' a r =
,

th em selve s in ou tnu m b ering forc e s, and t he n h av e yield ed '

raé efdh ; fee lin g h e h a e e en ree

r

d do a ll nld h v b
‘ ‘

g y n eo a e l
:

fi é
'

b f i cu sto m i
'

d f h i d i to“
ld b ad l d
‘

e c t e m ae e o f nl
g
‘
O t i
'

, u o ,
-
.

This is t h e w ay, the b ad oidf ‘

ou r ge n e r al s , or din a a

rily se e m j nstifie d in foll owing

,
'

.
‘

Bnt Tr ann was of anoth e r m o u l d He th dught nothing

' ’

J
.

anything te m aine d to b e done a

.

Was nd a ,

d e te rm ine d spirit is an ine xh au stible m ine of re sou rc e s ‘

He thre w him se lf inth e fortre ss of C ap u a re paire d th e ‘

,
'

w all s as quickly as p ossible, east u p n e w ou tworks, an d

m ad e e v e ry i m a i n a bl pr e p ar ation for the m os t p e rse !
g e «

ye ring an d eonr ageo ns resist an ce Two gloxions e nt e r

‘
‘

prise s partic ul arly disti ngu is he d thi s de fe nce I

The first , .
:

in W hich h e c apt ur e d from the ene m y in ah ardy sally 4 0 ‘

l
, ,

pr ovision and am m u ni tion w agon s toge the r with

-

d u c ats [ say inwh ar d cash ] th e s e ce nd in iw hi e h ‘

,

h e e n tiee d t h e Span iar ds u n dét a m ash e d b atte s y tefi d

‘ ’

x u f .
,
.

nam e d a horrible slan gh ter d Refe re n ce to th e fém e ufl n .

‘
x

Z e d le f Lexic on Vols b fli h d in fur nis he s the

t
p w s e ,
> /

d e t ail s o f th e l atte n s u cc ess Wh ie h are w onth y df s e nsitis e

’
‘
 17

atio n . Am ong th e o utworks Trau n c on structe d w e re '

n

three sm all forts skillfully dispo se d to facilitate an d co ve r

,
'

h is inte n de d s alli es Wh en the se we re finishe d Traun

. .
,

trac ed on t a fou rth workin g with gr e at dilige n ce b u t

'

, ,

l e ft a g ap in the con n e cting line s whe re h e fel t assu red ,

‘

th at th e Sp ani ards wou l d attack him to pre ve nt th e c om ,

p le t io n of the work D uri n g th e n ight of th e 215 t—

. 22d
S e pt e m be r h e m o v e d ou t o f C apu a with five to s ix hu n
,

d r e d m e n and se v e r al c ann o n an d po ste d th e m ab out the ,

l oc al ity h e had p l an ne d as a trap u sing e ve ry pre c au tion ,

to pre vent th e Sp an iard s from di scove rin g th at h e h ad

artill e ry with h im The Au strian s th e n sent forw ard
.

Working p artie s an d b e gan to dig as if t he y inten d ed tb

,

pe rfe ct th e ir e arthw ork d u rin g th e d arkness Th e b ait .

t ook an d th e y w e re at o nc e att acke d by 15 0

, 0Span iar ds;
A bri sk skirm ish en sue d the Austri an outposts afte r a
, ,

l ittl e falli n g b ack ste adily so as to e n tic e th e e ne m y on

, , .

W he n th e assail ants h ad re ach e d th e spot wh ere Trann

d e sir e d to h av e th e m who se b e arings an d r ange s h ad
,

b e en p rop e rly t ak e n th e pre ce ding d ay Tr ann e artill ery ,

’

op e n e d u pon th e m in st an tly with cann iste r shot an d kept ,

u
p s u blh a qu ick an d s t e ad y cross fire , th at a
pe r fe ct m as

s acr e e n sned Th e Sp an i ard s w e r e too b e wil de r ed a

. nd
s h att e r e d to m ak e good th e ir e s c ap e u n ti l 5 00h ad bee n ,

kill e d who w e re c ou n te d u pon th e grou n d ne x t m orning ;

th e irw o nn d e d wer e es tim at e d at an e qu al num b e r : This

st r at a e m w on r e at cre d it fe m Tr au n
"
g
g .

Bu t tru ly afte r V isc on ti s d i sgrac e fu l ab an donm e n t

’ ‘ “

o f N aples ; afte r the blo od y de fe at o f th e Im pe ri alists

at Biton to by Mon t e m ar [ 25 th May 17

, [whe re th e ,
-

Austro N eapolitan arm y w as com pose d prin cipally of

-

Low e r I t ali an Milit i a w h o [ as u su al w i th m ik h a w hen

' '

opp osed to old Woop s em the fie ld ] r an aw ay an d le ft th e ir

'

Au stri an office rs to figh t like com m on soldiers gl oriously

 18
b v i — f r tl1e fall o f G ae t a in Au gu st and all
'

ut in a n] a t e ~
1
, ,
'

th e r e m ai n i n g s tron g pl ac e s affairs in Low e r I t aly cou l d ,

n o t b e r e stor e d or l o n g s i m ai n t ai n e d by an y ge n i u s or

e x e 1 t10n S o C am e h ad at l ast— it h ad th e h en or to b e
.

th e l ast— to c apit ul at e 24 th Nov e m b e r b nt n o t b efor e

'

, ,

TR A U N S h e roic d e cl aration
’
Th at th e b e si e ge rs cou l d ,

o nly wr est h is w e apon s o u t of h is h ands wh e n d e ad, h ad ”

w o n fro m th e b e si e ge r s s o ov e rpow e rin g in n u m b e rs; th e

,

m o s t ho n or abl e t e rm s an d p e rm i ssio n for him,

to retire
n ot o n ly with h is g arri so n b u t with h is who l e w ar m at e ri al ,

an d with all th e ho n ors of w ar Th e N e apol it an h is .

tori an Ge n e ral Coll e tt a afte r e u l ogisin g th e d e fe n ce an d

, , ,

s t atin g th at wh e n C ap u a su rr e n d e r e d th e m agaz hnes w er e

“
e m p ty an d the éh osp i tals f u ll, adds Tr au n s m il it ary ’
,

gl ory w as i n cre ase d by h is ill fortu n e -

'
‘

I n 1733, Tr au n h ad att ain e d th e r ank of Field Mar

Sh al L i e u t e n an t in 17 35 th at o f F e ld z eu g—
,
m e istenI s Om e -

tim es in e rr or tr an sl at e d G e n e r al of Artill e ry or M ast e r

, ,

G e n e ral of th e Ordn an c e in r e ality e qu ival e n t to S e nior

,

G e n e r al of I n fan try ] in fe rior o nly to th at o ,

f Fie l d
Ma1 h al the high e st 111 th e sc al e of th e A u st1ian m ilitary
s

hi erarchy I n this c ap acity h e w as e m pl oye d to pu t

.

down an ou tbre ak at hom e .

Th e dignity of Privy Cou n se l or an d th e n om ination as

Com m an de r in Chie f an d Provision al Vice roy in th e du k e
- -

d om o f Mil an in 17 36, r e com p e n se d th e s ag acity prom pt

, ,

n e ss an d d e te rm in ation Tr au n h ad di sp l ay e d in cru shin g

o u t th e i n surr e ctio n of th e Uor u z z in or Cro ss Be th e r e n , ,

in h abit an ts of E aste rn Hu ngary al on g th e Koro s rive r ,

b orde rin g on Tr ansylv an i a in th e pre viou s ye ar 1735 , , ,

.

W ith n obl e sel f—d e n i al h e offe r e d to b e satisfie d with on e

h alf th e sal ary which th e form e r Vice roy h ad e nj oye d ,

whe n h e l e arn e d th e e m pty co nditi on o f th e tre asu ry of

" ‘
 19
h is j u risd iction I n 1737,
P arm a Pi ace nz a an d
'

ne w .
1 ,

M an tu a w ere add ed to h is gov e rn m e n t I n thi s c ap acity .

o f I m pe rialr e r e se n tativ e aft e th e d e ath o f Ch arl e sV I

’

p r , ,

h e r e c e i v ed th e ho m age of the se d uk e do m s in b e h al f of
th at m on ai c h s d augh tei M aria Th e i e sa 2l s t Jann ary
’
, , ,

1 74 1 I n th e p 1 e ce d ing March 1740T1 a11n h ad r e ach e d ,

.

th e s u m m i t of mil it ary dig nity by his appoi nt m e n t as

G e n e r al F ie l d M arsh al -

,
.

I n 174 2 the d e ath of the Em per e r C h ai le s VI , o n c e

m 01 e b r o u ght all the n atio n s of Em op e in to th e ar e n a o f

b attl e an d aecor ding to i nv ari abl e rul e I taly w as th e

, , ,

s t ag e w h e 1 e on b l ood flow e d l n t 01 r e n ts in a qu arl e l in a ,

,

gre at m e asu r e foreign to its p e opl e T1 au n com m an de d

,
.

th e Au stria n for e e s i n co nj u n ction with th e S ardi n i an s

,
,
at firs t u n d e r th e i 1 kin g an d afte 1 w 5 r ds u n d e r th e
,

C on n t o f A sp r e m on te an d afte r b e ati n g an d m an oeu

,
v e r in h is an t ago n is t th e Sp an is h G e n e r al th e D u k e d e
g , ,

Mon te m ar vict01 of Biton to o u t of North e rn I taly

, , ,

with th e l oss of h alf h is arm y he de fe at e d Mon te m ar s ,

’

su cc e ssor th e Sp an ish M arsh al Co u n t d e G age s at C am po

, ,

S an to 8th Fe b ru ary i n the s u cc e e din g ye ar 174 3 Many

, a
.
!

i n cide n ts co nn e cte d with this c on flic t r e se m bl e those p r e

c e din g W ate rl oo Th e Sp anis h o ffice r s {like W e lling
, . ,

’
to n s] w e re at aGran d B all , gi ve n by th e e ity of Bol ogn a ,

[in 1815 at Bru ssel s] Whe n th e ir G en e ral s in te n tio n to

’
.

m arch to att ack Tr au n w as qu i e tly co m m u n ic at e d to the m

at th e h eight o f th e fe stivity On e by on e th e y sl ipp ed .

o u t j oi n e d th e ir troop s al r e ady in ord e r o f m arch an d

,

thu s a forc e v ariou sly e stim at e d at h om

,
to
Sp an i ards m ove d to catch Trau n n appin g and fou n d h inn ,

wide aw ak e to g re e t the m w ith b u ll e t s I t is said th at .

th e Sp an i ards h ad c are fully g u ard e d all th e gates e nd

m od e s of e gre ss fro m Bol ogn a an d o b se r v e d th e gre atest

se cr esy b nt th at a fri e n d of th e A u stri ans fo un d m e ans t

f
h a
 20

th e risk of b l ife to gi v e w arning to Tr aun T raun did

e .

n ot Sp are hi m sel f onthi s occ asio n b u t thr e w hi m sel f with ,

ou t tho u ght of se l f i nto th e bl oodiest m i d—m e l ee to e nflam e

'

h is troop s by word an d de e d sin ce h is force s esp e cially ,

-
r

th e c av al ry— h ad sufiereci se v e r ely in th e b e ginn in g o f

‘

th e b attl e Two horses on e afte r th e oth er, w e re shot

'

.
,

5
u n d er m i W ith you thfu l ardor 3 11110 h e b ore th e w e ight
Z
n .

of 66 ye ar s, Tr au n spr an g u po n th e third , a n d am id th e

cry of Ou r fath e 1 l ive s ! b rok e throu gh th e r an ksof th e

“ ”

Sp anish gren adi e rs Th e victory wou l d h av e b een m ore

.

c om ple te if h e h ad b e e n abl e to follow u p th e e n e m y,

'

Which h e cou l d h ave done to the ir de st ru ction , h ad th e

r e inforc em e n ts h aste nin g to j oin him arrive d, as w as e x
, ,

t d two d s e arl i e r (How m y r v r u st

‘

e a a n e e se s m
p c e
y
.
,

b e ch arge d to th e n on arriv al of prom ised re inforc e -

m e n t s withh e l d or d e l ay e d )
,
Ne v e rth e le ss th e Sp an i ards .

l ost e ve ntu ally i n con se qu en c e of the ir de fe at 12 0

,
0 0m en , ,

h al f the ir whole forc e u pon th e im m e diate th e atre of ,

hostiliti es .

i? 9? 9G

The cam p aign of Traun an d Charle s Em anu el III,

King of S ardin i a in North ern an d C en tral It aly, aga
,
in st
Mon tem ar an d th e Hisp an o Ne apolit an for c e s, in July -
‘

Au gu st, 1742 re sem ble s som e wh at th at b f th e D uk e of

,

B erwick again st th e Portu gu e se cit e d by D e ck e r and ,

r e fe rre d to in th e In trodu c tion (P age 4 5 ) to this BiOgra -

h
p y . Tr au n m ove d fro m his h e ad qu art e rs at C o re ggi o
‘
,

in th e Mod e nese an d in Ju ly took Miran dol a a town of

, , , ,

n ote stron gly fo rtifie d for th e e r a, 1n the N E an gl e o

,
f . .

the sa n e du chy
r Co ll e tt a e sti m at es th at th e co al esce d
.

A u stro — S ardini an force s e qu all e d tho se of th e Sp an i ar ds

aiid N e a polit an s com bin e d bu t the re is n othing e lse
'

, ,

whe re which corrob orate s this l arge estim ate This

'

eon qu est an d sub se q ue n t m anoeu vr es e oin i

“
oe lle d Monte
'

' '
 21

m ar , a l thou gh at th e h e ad of m e n , good troop s ,

for th e offe n siv e an d p rot e ction o f th e Mon d e n e se to

’

ab an do n e v en th e Bo l ogn e se H e b rok e u p h is c am p
’
"

at Bon d e n o on th e P an aro in th e N
,
W Fe rr ar e se ,
.
'

.
,

wh e nc e h e re tr e ate d in th e h asti e st m ann e r thro u gh

,
.

S an Giorgio and Arge n t a to Rave nn a,? t h e n c e b y ,

.

C e se na, Bim ini P esaro an d Fan o th at is down al on g

, , ,

th e co ast of th e A dri atic wh e n c e fro m Fan o h e m ov e d

.
,
:

acro ss th e Ape nn i n e s, who se d e so l aten ess in thi s l o cal ity

‘

giv e th em an asp e ct of alt itu de th e y do n ot i n re ality

possess to F olign o , ab ou t m idw ay b e tw e e n the se as
'

,
'

which w ash th e Pe nin su l a This m e tre at is t h e m ore . ,

in exp lic abl e as h e ign ored th e d efen sibl e n ess of th e P asso

‘

del Furlo an d n arrow v alli es of th eMet aur ean d Ca n ti an o

'
'
‘

,
,

throu gh whieh hi s ro ute lay I t h as b e e n alleg e d as an

'
‘

e x c u se for Mon te m ar s hu rrie d r e tre at th at it w as owi ng

’ .

to th e de se rtion of th e Neapolit ans Th is cou l d not b e so .

sin c e th e y idid no t sep arat e fro m th e S pani ard s an d in areh ,

ofi ho m e w ard s u n ti l Mon t e m ar h a d r e tre at e d twice alJ

'
.

t oge ther 25 0m il e s A b an don e d to h is ow n r es our ces

'

‘ ‘
'
«
.
,

Mon te m ar con tinu e d hi s re trograde into th e State de gli '

Pr e sidii on th e Tu sc an eo ast an d C an al of E lb a, a terri ’

tory he l d at this tim e b y th e Sp an iards to facilit at e the ir

m il it ary c om m u n ication s b e twe e n th e Mil an ese an d

A s F olign o 25 0m il e s th e A u stro S ardi nians

far as ,
“

,
‘
-

k e pt u p a h ot p u rsu it of th e e ne m y Th e n ce owin g to ~
.
,

th e i nv asion o f S av oy by th e F re n ch Which c all e d aw ay ,

th e Kin g of S ar din iat o th e d e fe n se of thi s d u c l1y th e

'

,
.

er m 3o f his ki ngdo m th e far th e r r etr e at of th e Sp an i ard s

g , ,

ab ou t 10 0m il e s w as u n m ol e st e d
'

.
,

Afte r th e dep artu re of Ch arl e s Em anu el whose r ac e , ,

“
howe v e r h e roic have e v e r prove d inco nst an t an d u n r e~
,

li ab l e in th e ir alli an c e s wh e r e inte r e st co nflicte d with

‘

,
 22
n ac ts ,
c or p Trau n fe ll b ack and occu pie d th e l in e of th e ‘

Panaro from Buo npo rto; Sou th to Solaro North to

’

, , , ,

cove r th e r e ee n tly conq u e re d Mod e n e se

’ '

f .

Me anw h ile th e Spani sh forc e s r e cru ifte d in e v e r y se n se

,
.
,
.
.
,

u n de r fi a n e w c om m an d e r ; M a r sh al Co u n t of Gage s h ad
'

, ,

re tr ac e d th e ir step s, e astw ar ds an d n orthw ard s b y th e

"
v
.

r o ad s u o n w hich th e y h ad re tr e ate d I n O cto b e r

’ '

v er
y p
'

o .
,

G age sz w as again in th e pre se n c e of th e Au stri an s with ,

positive orde rs to se e k ou t the e n em y an d to offe r th e m

b attl es W he th e r an d wh en it wou l d h e acc e pte d ho w ,

e v e r dep e nd e d u pon; the pl an s o f th e A u stri an practic al

,

str ategist not th e will of th e S p anish Cou n t Mar shal

" ‘

.
, , . .

1. Tr aun had assu m e d th e d e fe nsive againsth is Will an d

con viction J T h e A u str ian arm y w as e n o u gh
' ‘

m :

to ac t in d e pen de ntly e v elii of the sm all su b sidi ary S ar

'

d i ni an foree w h ich its h ing h ad le ft with T rau n u n d e r

, ,

the Co u n t of This l att e r Ge n e ral h ad r e 1

c eiv ed com m ands to coJop e r ate With th e A u stri an s, if th e

“
“

Sp an i ards cro sse d th e B an aro to attack the m b u t in n o

”

.
,

e v e n t to p ass th at rive r an d ac t o ffe n siv e ly ag ai nst th e

‘

e n e m y th e Sp an i a
, ,
rds .

Trau n w as too good a com m an de r to I Q m ain o n th e s im v

'

le d e fe n siv e an d h is ofie nsiv e d e fensiv e w as d ashing fo r

p , f , ,

h is e r a From h is c am p s on th e Pan aro his d e t achm en t s

.
,

op e r at e d as far I m ol a an d R ave nn a 4 0to 60m il e s to th e ,

fro n t an d his hu ssars e v e n wh e n c om p e ll e d to fall b ack , ,

inflicte d s e ve re l osse s u po n th e e n e m y foll owi ng th e m u p

»

B
{ o th a rm i e s oc c u pi e d an an t ag o n i stic pos itio n on th e -

P an aro anal ago u s to th at of th e R e be l an d Fe de ral force s

al o n g th e Poto m ac 1861 with thi s diffe re n ce th at Traun
,

with in fe rior n u m b e rs h e l d G age s in ch e ck j u st as th e ,

R e b el s p ar alyz e d th e far m or e n u m e ro u s L oy al arm y ’

Wh at re n de rs th e re se m bl an c e m ore strikin g is th at Traun

u s he d a co l um n acro ss to B az z an o 11 rn ile s W of B0 1
p ,
.
 23
'

0gna, which wo u l d n ot i n aptly re prese nt ou r op e ratio ns

towards Martin sburg an d W in ch e ste r He re th e A u s .

trian s how e ve r stro n gly e n tre n ch e d th e m s e lv e s an d t h e

v e n t e d an y for w ard m ov e m e n t of th e e ne m y Fi n ally .

,

McDow e ll an d G age s d e l ive re d b attl e s in ob e di enc e to

ord er s or u n de r th e pressu re of pop u l ar cl am or an d we re
d e fe at e d .

Th e S p ani sh G e ne r al s n ow r e sol v e d to m ak e an att e m pt

to qu art e r th em selv e s u pon ab u n d an t T uscan y hith e rto
s p ar e d th e pr e se n c e of an e n em y A t on c e T r au n d es
'

patch e d a corps of 5 to m e n acro ss th e r u d e m o u n

‘

t ain s of Po (a) re tta (A W P h an ie or i A p d ane

,
fam ou s
for sul phu r b ath s ab ou t m idw ay an air lin e b e tw e e n Mo
,

d e na an d Pr ato to j oin a c orp s u n d e r G e n e r al Breit

, ‘
‘
‘

witz st ation e d at Pistoj a, an d pre v e n t th e Sp an i ards from

‘

occu pyin g tho se rich districts This w as an e ne rgetic .

m o v e at s o l at e a se as on an d in s o tre ach e ro u s a m o un t ain

I t w as su ccessful
'

d istrict a s th e A p e nn l n e s . .

'

Bo th arm ie s n ow w e n t i nto w i11te r (174 2

, , qu arte rs .

Trau n s h e ad qu art e rs w e re at C arpi th e ap e x o f th e tri

’ -

an gl e occ u pi e d b y h is forc e s, who se b ase w as t h e P ah aro

‘

, .

H is troop s w e re s o po ste d th at whil e th e y s u ffic ie n tly

prote ct e d th e whol e E aste rn b o un d ary o f th e Mod e n e se
th e y co u l d b e con c en trate d with th e u tm ost e as e and c e l
e rity .

Sp u rre d i n to su dde n action by ord e rs from h is distant

an d u n m il it ary su p e rio rs by n e w s of r e ve r se s e x p e ri e n c e d
'

by th e S ardin i an s on th e ir w e st e rn fron ti e r at th e h an d s
o f th e F r e n ch an d S p an iar ds , b y h is e x p e ct atio n s o f t ak é f
'

"
in g Tr au n by su rpris e an d by h is c al cu l atio n s 01 o v e r
,

wh e lm in g th e Au stri ans in de t ail b e fore th e y h ad r e ce iv

e d th e prom i se d r e i nforc e m en t s alr e ady on th e m ar c h fro m
'

Ge rm any M arsh al G age s p l u ng e d forw ard w ith v iole n cc

,
t

an d w as hu rl e d b ack with d e str u ctio n Thi s re sul t prove s .

 24
th c ity ;of m ak in
su ch a di spo sitio n of tr eops as o
e n e e ss
g t
'

fav or th e ir i m m e di at e con cent ration an d th e b ringi ng of ,

the ir force s as a em it to be ar u pon afr action of th e en em y ,

an d of th e n e c e ssity of un d e rstand in g th e siin ple r ule s by

“

which it c an b e done T he re is n o doub t th at f any m an

.
" ‘

w h o posse sse s th e requ isit e com b in atio n of qu alitie s fto ,

u n d e r st an d an d apply s u ch r ul e s will m ak e a b e tt e r
g e n

e r al th an th e m o st s cie ntific ally e du c at e d office r w ith ou t

th e n e c ess ary aptitu de xBank s is an e x am p l e

. Well in g .
;

ton showe d h is strong sen se by th e foll owin g r e m ark , h e re

truly appo site which p ut in practic e by him w o n all his

, , ,
“
su cc e sse s I kn ow (quotin g Ou st ) th at one m an ocen
’

. .

pie s 2 fe e t of front ; t her efo re as th e s ol di e rs ar e i n 2

.
,

’
ran k s each m an m ay b e said to oceup y 4 sq ft of gr ou n d ;
‘ '
, . .
,

th e re fore , fi5 ,000m en o ccu py a m ile in l ength ; and con .

,
e

sequ e n tly it w ill r e qu ir e th e sam e ti m e th at a m an can

,

m ar ch a m il e to b ringfu th e f co l m n of
’

p r e arra
o a u .

m e n to th e p oi nt fiom w h ich th e h e ad h as st art e d

'
'

T he b attl e 0f 0 am po S an to h as b e e n d e e m e d worthy
"

of p artic u l ar e l u cidatio n by Von K A U SL ER in h is c e l e b r a

“
te d A tl as an d Te x t o f Me m or able B attl e s &c In
‘

. . .

’
s om e respe cts , throwin g ou t S e dgwick s corps an d t aki ng
a

'

no acco un t o f th e d ifie r e n ce in n u m b e r s b u t o n ly th e ,

m an oeu v e ri ng an d d i spo sitio ns o f th e troop s, it m ay b e ‘

con side re d as b e ari ng som e re se m bl an c e to th e b attl e of

Oh anc e llors v ille, p artic ul arly as r e g ards th e p ositio n of
’

th e ar m i e s as to e ach oth e r an d to th e P an aro th e atte n ,

»

d an t circu m st an c es an d th e re sul t th at is as far as littl e - -

b attl e s c an b e co m p are d with l arg e on e s;

A s ab ov e m e n tione d M ar sh al Cou n t o f G ages hu rrie d
forw ar ds 1st Fe b ru ary 174 3 from Bol ogn a cro sse d th e
’

.
, , ,

Panar o I n av igab le at th is poi n t ] 4th Fe bru ar y, 011 tWa , “

b rid ge s o f b o ats n e ar Oam po S anto an‘d pu shed on as far

, ,

as Sol aro h e ping to s urpri se th e A u stro Pi e d m o nt ese in

,
-
.
 25

th r w
er i nt er q u arte rs Having l earned
in th e Mod e n e se .

fro m sp ie s an d s co u ts th at Tr au n h ad co n c e n tr at e d h is
troops at Buonpo rto h e G age s ab an don e d th e offe n sive
, , ,

an d fe l l b ack 1 ap1d ly u po n Bol ogn a O u th e 6th of Fe b .

r ua h is troops w e re agai n at C am po S an to an d on th e
1
y , ,

7 th th e Sp an ish train co m m e n c e d th e ir 1 e tre at ove r th e

,

Pa naw Thi s m ove m en t con tinu e d throu ghou t that d ay

.

an d w as n ot co m p l e te d o n th e m orn i n g of th e 8th wh e n
,

the t roop s th e m se lv e s m ad e r e ady to fo l low th e ir e qu ip ag e s .

W hile th e Spani ards we re thu s losm g ti m e in accor

d an c e with th e ir u su al slu ggish m o d e of proc e du re Tr aun ,

w as follow m g th e m u p u po n the ro ad fro m Mir an dol a t o

.

C am po S an to On th e n ight of th e 7th 8th Fe bru ary h e

.
-

e nc am p e d o n t h e littl e m arshy str e am of La R e ggi an a ,

j u st acro ss from S an F e lice ab ou t thre e m il es from th e ,

enem y . He h alte d b e c au se h e hop e d by th e d e lay to

,

c atch th e Sp an iards j u st as Me ade o u ght to h av e c au gh t

,

th e r e b e l s whi l e actu ally cro ssi n g th e rive r in th e ir r e ar

, ,

with p art of th e ir force s on this an d p art of the ir force s ,

o n th at sid e of it
,
.

O u th e m orn i n g
Tr au n se n t forw ard d e
of th e 8th ,

t achm en ts of light in fan try an d c av al ry u n d e r Co l o n e l

'

Hoh e n au to re conn oitre th e Sp an ish position

,
The .

Sp a ni sh ai till e ry w as actu ally 111 m ov em e n t to cro ss th e

riv e r in th e i1 r e a1 whe n Trau n s advan ce show e d the m

,
’

'

s e l v es on th e ir e x tre m e l e ft Th at T r au n se n t forw ard .

Hoh e n au at all prove d a gr e at m ist ake on his p art, for ,

as oo n as h is ec lair e u r s show e d th e m se l ve s M ar sh al
"

s ,

G age s saw it w as im po ssibl e to e ffe ctu at e his re tre at in

'

th e pr ese n c e of th e e n e m y an d r apidly form e d his l in e o i

,
.

b attle His l e ft re st e d upon th e Pan aro and h is righ t

'

,
.

u po n thr e e l ar po n ds m arshe s co u n trv ho u se s an d iarfn

'

g e , ,

"
b hildin e e n o b t use afi le t o the
'

g; (
s b d si n S Qp r scn ting a g
 26
A stro Pi e dm on te se w hose ap e
u -

,
x w as nea r th e ro ad u
p on
1 11 3
‘
il )
}
‘

wh ich th e All i e w e r e adv an cin g

' '

s .

esm
'
J im . J ‘ ‘ ’

ion s of re gul ar ih ian try a nd 2

w H .

a
i 1 (

p peax s of
vo l un t e e rs 1 00 00 a 1d
1 ,
c v , ,
(S
f

tot a l 1240 0m en
,
The ,
1110 1ite s

b att alion s oi i 1fa11try 8 000 an d 4 re gim e n

'

1 , , ,

like vol tige u rs prop e r b oth ,

tot al 10 60 0m eii
' H l

, ,

Tr au n adv an ce d l n colu m n s with th e m a j or ty of the

i
artille ry on h is righ t wi n g which h e ap p e ar s to h av e 1n ,

t e n de d to r efuse whil e h e occflpie d the rew ith th e atten tion

of th e Sp ni sh l e ft Th e m aJority of his c av al ry cons ti
a
t u te d h is right win g which W e r e t o m ake a fla nk m ov e
“

m e n t an d tu rn th e Austri an rig ht ov e r m ar sh y gr ou n d ,

fro z en how e v e r at thi s ti m e which th e A u striah s h ad n ot

‘

Occu pi e d b e tw e e n th e po nd s an d ri v e r
,
Thi s n egl e ct .
,

altho u gh at on e p e riod app ar e n tly r e tri e v ed n o d o ub t , ,

l o st th e b attl e sm ce it n ec essit ate d th e tr ansfe rr al of troop s

,
'

from t he l e ft to right an d m uch m an oeu v e rin g u n d e r fil e ,

al w ays u n adv i sabl e ev e n with th e b e st of s ol di e rs .

A s s oo n as th e A u str o Pie dm on te se adv an ee d to th e

‘

Sp an ish ge h e ral s e n t de taph m e i iisto o c cu py th e

l l
, ‘

sp aee b e tweep
th e ir ri ht an d th e P anar o a d cha
g p r g ed

A u tr1a11 qav alry 1n th e act of d e lo 1 1 to charg e th e

th e s p y 1g,

1 i h in f 1tr T n t er h
$p 1 s
a a1 y his q
e o c arg
, e e l e g an tly e x ec u t ed -

, ,

l} Qf Seyg z at Rossb ach w as Q OP

fgha l
,
it P t el 5 0
y 1 9 1
1 9 S3 , .
‘

e se G at sb y W a
£ 1 1 14 s A r fi
11 1,
t b u st a e d m a
n t r s S Q 9 49 1 11
011 3 1

11 9
10 1 39 t h at,
t h e y wa yz
b e sa idl
t o h a v e t ak e n ,119 1 f
a t h e r ,

ab o v
t,
u e r
e b u t e v en
the
,
n ac co p
m s l i hed little or g oth in
g ,
.

The Sp an ish c a v alry

hn w e v e r we r e e qu ally c u p ab l e,
l , , [

3 8 9 111911 cont nt W itht h e ir threw

5 e ,

‘
ca
ya iy r ,
they re turned to the ir ori
gipal p s 9 1 3 5 113
o iti 1 1
3 1 3
 27

ond , 1 1 é 213 to ok , app a1 e n tly , nu ia1 t11e 1 fl o tab le p ant in th e

'

p
a ctio n .

Which some au thors stat e th e

at

ec am é en th e Sp an i sh in faritry of th e ri ht
g
0 “ t g .

“ 1
th e Au strian ee n tre a11d b 1 ok e thro u gh its
1

eri o r at th e poin t of d e cision .

of Wlloo a n i1 fa11try,
1 o f th e
G e ner al Jau ch e , t ir e d of

re s u lt fro m thi s
r e su m e th e 01

ns . The se b attal ion s, zid

til th e y had m u tu ally inflicte d a

rr or u n .

Thig accide n t , V ery com m on to s u ch

y o ung troop s 111ay exbiéih W hy o iir
‘ ‘

battle s h av e been fou ht ori first prin cip l es in con tin u oiis
z

g
atte m pts at 111

Me an while th e Sp anish right W h ich h ad b e e n W p rsted ,

se v e ral ho u rs b e for e w as thoro ughly b e at e n th e c ountry

, , .

ho u se s b u ildings an d positio n s ab o ut th e p on ds c arrie d

, , ,

an d on e b att al io n c apt u re d .

Why Tr adfi did 1101: press hom e d est roy the Sp an an d

iards W 1io continue d te r e treat ac ro ss the riVe r du ring

’ ‘

,
W
Hé flight b y ‘
ahd brok e 116 their B fi figé
‘
’ ‘

z
b éhin d th em can only b e ex pl ain e d by th e fact th at his
‘ ‘ '

Which had ah d fo u gh t th e
"
Whole da W
‘

b h
'

‘
d
‘

y ; r é l él f g d t at
‘

et y g e t d
‘

e e om a u an ,
 28
v l y
ca a r ,
b e aten in th e m orning w e re n ot in
th orou gh ly ,
'

h an d c on d ition 01 spirits
,
'
.

H e l ost 1 7 0 3 d e ad w ou n d ed an d prison er s ; am on g th e se
,

2 g e n e r al s kill e d an d 2 w ou n d e d ,
S tr an ge to say th e .

Sp an ia r d s h ad al s o 2 g e n e r al s k ill e d an d 2 w o u n d e d
,

kille d 1 39 7 w ou n d e d an d 824 p rison e rs T r aun s r ep or t ’

‘

.
, ,

r e ad s th at his to tal c asu al tie s did n ot e x c e e d 1 20 0

”
2
an d th at m any str aggle r s r ej oin e d him W ith in the n e x t
fe w d ay s H e e stim ate d th e l osse s of d e G ag e sin and
.
,

in con se qu e n ce of th is d e fe at as h igh as ,
h al f ,

h is for ce p r e se n t ac c or din g t o Vo n Kau sle r

,
G ages W h o .

e nj oy e d a g re at r e p u t ation m h is da d e se rv e s b u t l ittl e
y , ”

c redit for h is disp osition s 1n th is b attl e , a nd foii gh t it v e r y

b adly T h e r e w e re o rd e rs an d c ou nte r or de r s a
”

. n d as ,
‘

u su al con se 11e n t d is or d e r s th itou h ou t

, q g N e v e r th el e s s h e .

sh ow e d g r e at c al m n e s s an d sol d ie rsh ip in th e m ann e r in

W hich h e e ffe cte d h is re tre at A s som e e x cu se for th e .

“
Sp anish M arsh al it is w e ll to r em e m b e r th at h av in g
,

r e c e iv ed r e p e ate d c om m an d s to m i ss n o o pp ortu n ity o f

attack in g th e e n e m y
”
h e acte d as too m any G e n e r al s ,

h av e d on e u n d e r sim il ar cir cu m st an c e s ob e y e d bl in dly ,

an d fail e d G age s fough t m ore W ith a w e w to satisfy

.

'

th e cou rt in M ad rid th an p e rh ap s W 1th th e h op e of any ,

s p l e n did re su l t N 0 adm in istr a

.
”
tl on i n a c ap ital c an or

sh ou l d atte m p t to d ir e ct m o v e m e n ts in th e he l d Su ch .

gu id an ce is b e yon d th e s cop e of m ortal ity s r e ason and ’

v ision

N otw ith st an din g h is s11cc e sse s , m ali n

g in flu e n c e s s oon

afte r le d to Tr au n
’
s r e si
‘
gning th e com m an d m I taly ,

w h e re h e h ad c on du c te d affau s With so m u c hi ab ility an d

gl ory . Sch l osse r in sin u ate s th at T r au n h ad b e e n

,
em i
“
n e ntl
y su ccessfu l, an d st ate s th at h e m igh t a sol h av e .

”
ta k e n N ap l e s if affairs h ad b e e n l e ft to h is sol e dire ction
‘

, ,
 29
“ slz e d r an k
u iv ale nt u nd e r
'

an d if en e 1 al of d is tim gm
a G ( q e

th e Au strian ad m in istration to a po l itic a1 app oin te e in

th eU S h ad n . ot a1 r 1v e d
.
(to re l ace h ir
p n ) in s te ad o f o n e ,

bil ities
o f v e ry g re at a
”
.

( q,

Pe 1l1aps m or e p r ope 11y speaki ng u n de r cu rre n ts o f

’
' '

, ,

in tr ig u e as W
I 1

e ll a 1101 b o th so po te n tialI 1n
I 1

s p u bl ic (31111 ,

th is c o11n try , le d to T r au n s r e c a
’
ll . M ilita yW rit i r e s
'

it to h is de term m e d r e fu s a n ot l to adv e n tu r e in to ahos

til e an d difficu lt cou n try , o c e 11p ie d by far su
p e r1or force s,
nd
a im p e ril h is c om m u nic ation s With his b ase of su pplies ,

u n til fu r n ish e d W ith ade qu ate m e an s to c ar ry o1 lt o r de r s

re o e iv ed as W e ll as h is o wn pl ans I f this Wa s th e re ason

'

it r efle c ts the m or e 11011 01 on T r aun HOWsel do m W ill a .

n e r al o r o fi i e ial r e l in qu ish h igh p o si tion s u n til com p e l

g e

led to d o so We h ow e ve r h ave r e ce ntly se en h otab le

.
, ,

e x am p l e s l n th e g e n e r ou s B u rn sid e an d 1ntre pid H oohe

’

r .

C om m on h istory attrib u te s T r au n s s u p e rse d u re t o ’

th e c l am or s of allie s W h o d esire d pr o te ction W ith o ut

b e in g w illin g t o b ear an y sl1a1 e of th e b u r th e n s 1m

‘

p ose d by t he pr e se n ce of th e ir p r ote ctors ; to th e sl an

"
1s al w ays o cc asw n e d by th e c ond u ct of a n 11 1f
i
p igl1t
'

clef
’
'

l e ad e r Wh ose l ib e r al ity b ase m e n ‘

p ose s pr o dig al ity an d Wh ose e con om y av arice an d

'

, , , ,

j e alousy of in fe rior m e rit o f e qu al r an k b 11t snb or d1n ate

'

s1tio1 1 H a v e ou r g e n e r al s an d ar m ies w itn e sse d n o

'

o
p .

s trikin g m s tan ce s of t h e s u cce ss of su ch conc u r m ng 1n

flu e n ce s ? A t all e v en ts on e or all o f th es e c o m bin ,

e d (a s

h at h o m e c c asion ed
m or e th an o n c e (lu rm
g t i s w ai
) o

Tr au n s r e sign ation o r r e c all B e for e h e l e ft I taly th e

' '
’ '

Kin g o f S ar dinia addresse d h im a m ost e l e g an t l e tte r of

co m m e n d ation an d add e d h is o w n p or tr ait se t w ith
, h

diam o n d s t o th e v alu e of $ 12 0 00 ,
.

T h u s h igh ly h on 01 e d by th e K ing o f S ar d inia ,

Wh ose g e n e ral s j e al o u sy h ad l atte rly n e u tr al iz e d T r au n s

’ ’
 30
Tr a 11n st e n e d to th 1 o 11 h in
ise lt a feet
°

ha t th e
°
his E 1pre ss Q u e en a n d d e r an d am ost séa1 ch in
°
°
01
n n g
-

en q uir y in to his ofi i oiai (3b 11d u c t M a1ia Th er e s a r aise d .

h e r gall an t d e fe nde r W 1th th e re m ark I th ink of y ou as

“

’"
I (10 of e very hon est I n an d b estowe d 111011 h i th e
°
an ,
1 n
1
o r de r the th e h ighest hon or 1n h e r
po w e 1

4 Th e a e
s m m o n th h e w as
:
m ad e G e ne ral in Chi e f -

in Boh e nm a an d Mo avia r ,
th e

b ulWaks of A u t i
r s r a a ainst
g t he encroaoh rh en ts of Pr u ssia .

Th W h n Kh
en, e ev e nh u l e r
Jan y of th e sam e l die d ,
26th ,

e ar 1744 sh e se nt h im t o ooo1i g r e at g e n e r al s
’
t h at
y , , py
p l a c e as c oun se ll or a nd assistan t to th e Au stria n C om

m an e 1 C h 1e f on t he Rhin e Prin ce C h arl es of L orrain e

g1; h
-

, ,
i
W h o e nj oys th e fam e W h sh Tr a
:

n
°
1 alon e d e se r v e s an d ao
1
qu ir e d for h is sup e rior To Pr inc e Ch arl e s Tr aun acte d
'

.
,

t on c e as Chi e f of h is S taff an d m il tary ad v is

i
a (
e r AI 3 L A ,

TU S is th e r o e r te rm or A L TER EG O
) an d h e l d in r e g ar d
p p
to h is g e ne r al th e s a m e re l ation that H e s s occu p ie d u n d e r

Rad e tsky111 184 8 i n I taly , an d Un d e r the p r e se n t Em

°

ror o f Au stria in th e Sol fe rin o c am p ai n I f i n th e

'

p e , g n a c t .

e n s uing c am p aign s A 11str ian m il itary an n al ists in d ic ate

,

Traim as th e a ctu al p l ann e r m otor an d dir ec tor e v e n , ,

Wh e re th e y w rite of th e op e ration s in Wh ich th e Prin ce .

h im se l f com m an de d W e n ow e nter u pon t h at y e ar an d

.

a h al f of P RAC TI C AL S TR ATEG Y W h ich e n titl e s TRAU N t o

p articu lar atte ntion h is gre ate st m onu m e nt an d h is l ast

,

e ffor ts as a G EN ERA L i n til e M m e sen se f tiz e wm d n ot a

o
( '

A s a p re face to th e
'
n arr ative s of th e se ae h iev m e n ts , it

Wiil b e
’

w e ll to W h at S c h l osse r TH EHistorian of
con sid er
'

th e X V I I I C entu ry r e m arks in r e l ation to Tr au n s in

,
‘
‘
’

stru fie n tality th e re in
“ Whilst th e k ing , (Lou is X V, of Fran ce ) b eg an ,
1118
 31

o p e rations in th e N e th e rlands C ou n t TR A UN in r e al ity

m ad e an ad m ir ah le c am p a1gn on th e Rh in e an d P r in ce ,

C h arl e s (broth e r of th e Arch duk e Fra11cis G r cm d D uke ,

T r ds th e E
o
f u s can
y a ft e
,
r w a m p e 1 or F1 a 1 1s I
1p of A u s .
,

tria an d h u sb an d o f M aria
,
l e ast accord
ing to th e n e w sp ap e r s an d h istor ie s o f t hose t im e s w h ose ,
,

p e cu l iar v ocation an d purp ose it w as to flatte r th eir ru l e r s .

T r au n h ad b e e n r e call e d fro m I taly W h e re h e h ad gath ,

e re d h is l aure ls at C am po S ant o an d se n t a s an assist an t

,

t o p rin c e C h arle s w h o kn e w m u ch b e tte r h ow to h e l p

‘
‘ '

h im s e l f at taole and to th e Bottle th an in th e fibfd ”

a11
'

’
d
‘ '

, ,

“
by len d in g his n am e som e tim e s to G e n e r al fBrow n afi d
,
’

s om e tim e s to G e n er al Tr a u n did 111111

z
'

311 m ore ev il t h an
'
’ '

“
good . Fre de rick II (th e great ) rem ark s W ith great j u s ,

“
tice th at Au stria tr e ate d Tr aun ( w h o r e ce ive d th e c om

m an d o f th e gr an d ar m y W h ich b or e th e n a m e o f th e

Pr in ce o f L orr ain e ) v e ry u ngrate fully on th is occasion :

’

N ot th e sl igh te st m ention h ad hith er to b e e n m ad e of him

L obk ow itz (ap m hw e) W a
‘

in th e p u blic r e p orts ; s Se n t to -

It aly t o g a
'

th e r th elau r e ls Wh ich h e h ad r e ally viron a11d "

'

h e w as on ly se n t b ack in to I taly afte r h e h ad com i hand

'

e d in tw o adm ir ably w e ll con du c te d cam aigns on th e l

p
Rh in e an d in B ohe m ia (iii 1744 arrd 17 on Wh ich
’
'

o c c asion al so n o p u b lio n otioe W h at e ve r w as tak e n o f h is

'
‘

s e r v ices Ev e n th e Au strian official h istorian Wh o giv es

'

.
,

an accoun t of e v e r y y e ar o f this w ar in a thick o ct av o

‘

v ol u m e com p ose d in th e m ost r e pu lsive ch an ce ry styl e

,
‘

v e n tu re s ge ntly to hin t th at th e cou r t party in th e y e ar

, ,
‘

1 74 4 h ad b e h av e d W ith gre at i nj u s tic e to t h e v alian t

,

”
T r au n .

T h e re ge ne ral e x p e ctation testifie s the cou rt

w as a ,

historiog raph e r th at th e h ou se of Au str ia h ad fo u n d i n

,

th is v al iant c n e 1 al s om e com p e n sation for th e log

n1 s of
 32
Kh e venh u lle r . Eve n th e qu ee n ac te d
'

do if 8116 p laced
h er w h ole r e li an ce on lw m . For th at r e ason , I k n ow n o t

Why it is th at so little IS h e ar d sin c e th e n of th at b 1 av e

ge n tl e m an I n th e accou n ts fro m th e arm y th e r e is
.

s c arce ly any all1i si on to h im w h ich cir cu m stan ee g iv es

'

,
,
'

rise t o m u ch c onj e ctu re

”
.

C om pare th e se ire m ark s W ith w h at is b ecom in g" h isto ry

'

arou n d us I I as th e favoritism of d e spo tic r u le fou n d its

.

cou n te r p art or p arall e l in th e fav o ritism of o u la

p p y go v :

e rnm e nt 2 H as th e e x p irin g influ e n c e of th e A u l ic C ou n

.

c il of Vie nn a and of th e C am ar ill a of M adrid , or th e

‘

,
,

r oseri tion an d p ar tial ity o f th e C ab al o f C h ar l e s II o f

p p l
,

th e Segg i of N ap l e s o r of th e Te n of V e n ice re viv e d

, , ,

w ith like m y ste rio u s an d u bi qui tou s p ow e r u n d e r Dem o

c r atic ins titu tion s ? T h at th e r e w as alr e ad y a str on g

"

r e se m b l an c e s om e y e ar s; sin ce th e foll ow ing oce urr e n c e ,

will pro v e
«
A n Au strian m ilitary offic e r or ag en t w as in con v e r
s ation w ith on e of ou r m ost d istin g u ish e d g e n e r al s sin ce
.
,

gl oriously d e ad u p on th e b attle fie ld sacrifice d by a ,

p p
o u lar app oint e e
r
T h e l atte r h ad com m e n ce d to e x p l ain
'

how it w as th at ge n e r al shi p s in th is c ou n tr y w e r e con

fide d to influ e ntial civ ili ans inste ad of m e rito riou s m e n ,

of m il itar y e d u c ation , r e p u tation or e x p e rie n c e w h e n th e ,

“
for e igne r m ad e th e foll o w in g r e ply I u n de r stan d it .

I n A u stria chie f c om m an d s are de stin e d for th e pr in ce s o f

th e bl ood an d h igh aristoc racy in th e Un ite d S tate s th e y
are g iv e n t o p olitic al m ag n ate s an d fav or ite s o f th e

ad m in istr a tio n in p o w e r : m e rit or se r v ic e s are n ot tak e n

in to c on sid e r at ion in e ith e r c ou n try u n l e ss c o m p ul sorily ;

”
Th e prin c ipl e is th e s am e .

T h u s e xtrem e s m e e t an d th e p e op l e eve ry w h e re sacri

,

fice d . A s N ap ol e on 1 e m ark e d Th e 1 e is b u t on e ste p ,

fro m th esublim e to th e 1 id iculou s T his w al w as to .

77
 33
h ave br ok e n th e fe tte rs p oliticians h ad p ose d u pon th e im
p e opl e Has it done so as
.
’

y e t ? H as it n ot r iv e te d th e ir

y ok e u pon th e p atriotic
, ,
ind ustrial p ro du cing m iddle
,

cl a sse s .

96 96 ec

I nA p r il, 1744 , T rau n le d th e Au strian y 4 0to arm ,

str on g in fou r col u m n s ou t of th e ir w in te r qu ar te rs

in th e c am p at He ilb ronn o n th e N e ck ar w h e re Prince , ,

Ch arle s h ad co n centr ated an d org aniz ed the m and settle d

u ponth e pl an of ope rations an d th e n cres se d the N e ck ar ,

in o rd e r t o in v ade Al sace
.
Th e Fre nch ar m y u n d e r .

M arsh al d e Co ign y 60 b attalion s an d 10 ,

0 s qu ad ron s
“

s tr o n g w h ic h e xt e n d e d al ong th e w e st b an k of th e r iv e r
,

from Ge m e rsh e im (5 0m ile s air lin e , b e l ow S trasbu r g) to ,

Wor m s on th e 30th July dre w toge th e r an d u nite d itse l f ,

w ith th e B av ar ian arm y I n or d e r t o m islead th e F re n ch

.

in re g ar d to h is p l an of cro ssing o v e r th e Rhin e in to A I '

s aoe ,
w hich w ith th e e x ce p tion o f th e C om m an d er in
,
-

Ch ie f Pr in c e , Ch a l es
r of k n ow n only to
L orr aine ,
w as

G e n e r al s T r au n an d Nadas dy th e arm y m ade v ariou s '

d e m on strations an d appe are d to w ish to attem pt th e p as

s a e at dif f r e n t p oin ts b u t e sp ec ially in th e n e igh b orh ood
g e

o f S to ck s ta d t an d Ke tsch (vill age e ast bank one third dis ,

-

t an c e fro m Sp ir e s to Manh e irn ) Th e o p e r ation w as al so.

,

in app e aranc e act11 ally c arrie d ou t in the n e igh b orh oo d o f

,

S tocks tadt an d G e ne ral B arenk l au th re w a b ridge across

an ar m o f th e R hin e P rin ce C h arle s m ad e at th e s am e
.

tim e a m ov e m en t as if it w as h is in te n tion to p ass o v e r

,

th e N e ck ar an d e ffe ct a j un ction w ith B ar e nk l au Th e .

M arsh al d e Co ign y d e ce iv e d by this m an oeu vr e m ade

, ,

th e do uble m istak e th at h e se nt th e B avarian Fie l d Mar

,

s h al S e e k e n d o rf o v er th e Rhin e in o r d e r to u n d e r tak e th e
,

d e fe n se o f th e riv e r b e tw ee n Sp ire s an d L au te rb u rg (w e st ,

s h o re
,
34 m il e s N E of S tras b u rg ) an d th at h e him se l f
. .
,
 34
b rok e up h is cam p an d m arched off w ith arm y t o We n n
’

an d F r ank e nth al i nstead of p osting, as h e sh ou l d; h av e

“ ‘
«

don e th e iinite d Freneh B avarian a rmy at? l east

' ’
‘
-

, ,

s tr on g b e tw e e n th e r iv e r s Q u e ich an d Sp e y e rb aeh w hil e

, ,

h e st re tch e d ou t a l in e of sm all d e tach m e n ts fro m F ort

"

Lou is m idw ay b etwe e n S tr asb u rg and Lahterb urg to ,

A s soon as Prin ce Ch arle s Marsh al Tr aun an d Fie ld '

r e ce iv e d n e w s of th e se err on e ou s m ov e m e n ts th e y e }
; -

e dite d th e or d e r to G e n e r al Nad a s d t o s e n d at th e
p ,

y ,

v ill ag e of S ch r oeck e ast s h or e 10m ile s S by W of Phil

( , ,
. .

ip sb u rg) n ow kn ow n as L e op ol d sh afe n 2
,
Croats in ,

sk iffs o v e r th e Rh in e The se u n d er th e kn ow n p artis an

.
,

Tr e n ch su rp rise d on the F re n ch le ft o r o p o ite , sh or e

,
p s ,

th r e e B av arian r e gim e n ts p oste d th e r e an d con v e rte d th e

, ,

c on fu sion occasion e d by th e ir u n e x p e c te d app earan c e in to

pr e cipitate fligh t N ad asdy h im self 1ne anw h ile at th e

.
, , ,

h e ad of Hu ssars cro sse d th e m ain str e am w h ilst

,
.
,

th e e n g in e e r s w e r e m ost d il ig e ntly o ccu p ie d b e h in d h im

in fin ish ing th e ponto on b ridg e s al ready c om m e n ce d .

A t th e first al arm p assag e S e ck en d orf

an d n e w s o f this ,

ind e e d h aste n e d th ith e r w ith h is w h ole arm y b u t in ste ad ,

o f b oldly att ack in g N ad asdy b e fore th e P rin ce of W al

‘ ,
.

d e ck with th e infantry c o ul d j oin him h e w as s atisfie d

‘

,
.

, ,

w ith w asting th e g pr e e iou s tim e in in d e cisiv e an d ha lf

’
he arte d e n c onn te rs u n til h e r e ce iv e d th e n e w s of C oigny s
K
,

re tre at t o Lan d au w h e r eu p on h e fe l b ack th ith e r th r ou h

, l g ,

G erm e rsh eim fe arin g l e st h e sh ou l d b e e n tire ly cu t off

,

fr om th e F r e n ch m ai n a m
r y .

.M e an w hil e G e n e r al B ar e nkl au w ith h is co rps h ad lik e ‘

w ise c r o ss e d o v e r th e Rh in e in th e n e ighb orhoo d of

M ay e nce an d th e Au strian m ain arm y h ad p e rfecte d

,

th e ir p on to o n b ridg e s so th at o n th e 3d J 111y, th e w h o l e
,
 35

o f1 P i
r n ce Q liarlf ie rce s h ad b e e n transfe rre d to , the

Fre nc h si de of th e v er
ri .

T h u s w as th e fo re ver m e m ora ble passage o f th e Rh ine

by the A u s trian s (in m th e face of th e F1 e n ch an d

B avari ans, carried j ont W ith ou t l oss Prin ce C h arl e s

,
‘

t ru lg ac qu ired t h ere b y th e a m ple st re no w n b u t in it 01

r 11 .
,

With
‘

T rau n ,
assur ed jiy gh ad the great er ,
m e ri t . the se

v er y significant Wo rds Jo se
p h F r e h e rrn V on H orm a r ,
y y
au th or of the ,
‘
Au strian Pl u tarch , c loses h is su c cinct , _
.

acc unt
o
.
‘

1 He, _
a m os t e l
r ab i le , h as hith er to
, be en th e

c h e f,
i auth ority for this x pl oit
e .

Eor tho se de r s , w ho ar e fo nd of d e tails, th e foll o w

’

zr e a

ing des crip tio n h as be e ne olle cte d from th e b est au th or i

tie s and
. m ap s p ar ticu l arly Z e dle r s e g icon an d F e ssl e r s
,
’

fN ad asdy s
’
com pil ation of
‘ t
in th e
Ach ie ve m e n ts of M aria Th ere sa th e v e r y
an d ,
”

w o rk w hich c on ce d es th at A ustrian o fficials w e re so u nj u s t

'

10n the ,
3 19 th —2 9th May ,
1744 , Ch a les o f Lor rr ai n e w 1th

a m igh ty ar m y , e oz nm He ilbr onn to e n oe d his m ar ch fr om

th e Rhi ne w her e for him an d his A d l atu s TR A U N ac tu all
y
-

, ‘ , ,

c hie f no m inal l s e con d in com m an d th e h e r o FR A N Z

, y ; ,

NA DA S DY an d th e H u ngar ian con tinge n t u nd e r h is c om

,

m an d im pe rish abl e laure ls w e re pre p ar e d

,
.

H e p r oy ed his m ilitary ab ility by his vic toriou s c am

‘

p ga i n u pon a nd
p a ssa e ov er th e Rh in e
g ,
O n th e w e st .

b an k o f th at rive r stoo d M arsh al COIG NY wh o h ad ple dg .

e d h is h e ad t o h is king (L ou is X V) th at s o l on g as h e , ,

r e tain e d th e e om m an d n o A u strian s h ou l d l iv e t o l ant

p ,

his foot o n th e Fre n ch s id e ,

H is ar m y w as s tre tch ed ou t from Oppe nh e irn (ab ou t 15

m il e s ab o v e May e n c e ) b e low to Sp ire s (4 0 m il e s n ot , ,

h
c ou n ting t e b e n d s o f th e rive r) ab o v e w h il e m id w a
y at , , ,

Worm s, i e n w e r e e ne a
n a e d w h o furn ish e d garr i
l
 36
s ons for all v g posts M
th e in te r e n in ea nw hile from Hun .

n in g e n ( j u st b e l ow B asl e ) to Sp ire s [ e u arc of o v e r 1 5 0

m ile s] a c h ain of m ilitia se n tin e ls p oste d 10 0p aces ap art, ,

h1ain tain e d a con stan t w atch SEC KENDORF had asse m

‘

bl e d th e re m ain de r of th e Bayarian A rm y from th e ir scat

t or e d c an ton m e n ts an d establis h e d the m on th ee ast sh or e

o f the Rh in e fi nde r th e protection of fiehi w ork s and th e

stron g fo r tr e ss of P h ilip sb ur g Bu t w h e n B are nk l au an d

.

Prin ce An th on y Eszte rh az y m ove d forw ar d w ith th e

adv an ce gu ar d o f Infantr y an d C av al ry to
S tock stadt and th e e ntire Au strian arm y h ad b ee n ang
,

m e n t e d accor d in g to v ariou s estim ate s to 60 an d ev e n

, , ,

to m e n S e ek e n dorf continu ally h ar asse d by N a

, ,

d asdy s aw h im se lf co m p e lled to tr an sp ort h is forc es ov e r

‘ '
‘

t h e Rhin e and u nite th e m w ith those u n d e r Co ign y T h is .

w as on th e 27th J li ne A fte r h e h ad e nc am p e d arou n d

.

G e rm e r sh e im [3 to 6 m ile s W by S of Philip sb u rg] an d . .

Mo de rsh e im th e Fr e n ch m ove d from Sp ire s d own [25

,
~

m il es] to W orm s an d O [ b h ir d s dis

'

pp e nh e nn a ou t tw o t

t an c e to Maye n ce j Th e h orse s of M arsh al Coign y w e re

k e pt saddle d nigh t an d d ay and th e v igil an ce of h is troops
,

see m e d a cer tain assu ranc e ofth e fru str ation ofthe e n e m y s
’

p l an s
.

Bu t Fr anz N adasdy ?fe l t ee rtain o f th e su cce ss of a pl an '

c l aim e d to h av e b e e n his c onc e p tion Th e tim e an d p l ace ‘

.

of c ar ry in g it o ut w a s l ike w ise a se c re t an d l e ft t o T r au n

an d h im .Princ e C h arle s w as the o nly oth er in dividu al

e x ce p t Tr aun cog n iz an t of th e p roj ecte d Op e r ation s an d ,
,

d e void of e nv y an d j e al ous y its liber al prom Ot e r,

Eigh t .

d ays pre viou s th e Au strian troops h ad bee n oc cu p ie d in ,

t o sp ie s an d s tr anger s un intell igibl e m arch e s and c ou n

,
te r

m arch e s th e r e by as w e ll as th r ou h fal se r e orts of d e

’
, , g p
se rte r s an d t r aitors t o d e ce ive Co igny an d S ecke n d orf
, .

Aft er Nadasdy h ad m ade all t h e ne cessary p re p ar ation ,

 37

C OL A dj utan t G e ne ral C oun t 013111111 011 th e e v e ning o f

,
-

, ,

th e 30 th Ju n e in v ited th e for e ig n e m b assie s and n ob il ity

, ,

o f May e nce t o a g r an d ball at w h ich B are nk l a

.
:
,
u and
,

J oseph E sz te rhaz y w er e pu rp ose ly an d con spie u o usly ,

p res e n t On th e sam e e vening Prin ce Ch arle s of Lon

.

r ain e g av e a c ostly coll ation to h is M a r sh al s G e n er al s .

,

an d C ol on e l s A t th is e n te r t ain m e n t as w e ll as tha t
1

.
,

g ive n b y O ste in n othing el se w as t alk e d abo u t e xe ep t

.
,

th e d iffic ulty an d im p ossib il ity o f th e p as sage of a river so

s tr ong ly d e fe n d e d as th e Rh ine Me anw hile th e y p aid n o .

atte n tion to th e atte n tiv e sp ie s a n d l iste ne rs w h ,

n ot w a nt in g at e it h e r fe as t an d a ssu re dl y w ou l d con e y
, v
s uch c on sol ing ne w s as sp e e di ly as p os sibl e to th e e ne m y .

B are n kl au an d E sz te rh az y stol e opportu n ely aw ay from

O ste in s w e ll d runk e n com p an y an d Princ e C h arl e s d is
’

t rib u te d se al e d or ders to th e com m an d er s d e p ar tin g fro m

h im ab o ut m idnigh t w ith dir ec tions to op e n th e m at th e

,

sou n d of th e first s g n al gu n an d fulfill th e m in stan tly an d

i
u on th e sp ot A t d a yb re a k on W e dne sda y t h 1 t July
p . e s , ,

th e thu n d e r of six cannon s av e the s gn al for c arr in g

g i y
o u t a Master pie ce of T actics t he g re ate st p e rh a
s ps ofth e
,

c e ntu ry Th e assem bl e d division s b etw ee n Ne udorfarid

.

Grab en [v ill ages 5 to 10m ile s S S E of Ph ilipsb urg] . . .

c om m e n ce d th e ir m ov e m ents at on ce Not a m an failed

'

in h is co m p an y r an k or p l ace ye t no on e kn e w w h ith e r
,

h e w as go i n g o r w h ith e r he w as t o b e le d Th e for ee d .

m ar ch w as dire ct ed u p on th e v ill ag e S ch roe ck [1igh t b ank

°
1
,

a p oor v ill a g e n ow L eop ol d sh afe n ] o pp os ite th e t ow n

,

,
Rh e inz ab e r e n Al re ady Nad asdy to w hom th e e x e cu tion
.
,

o f th e m o v e m e n t h ad b e e n con fid e d stoo d u p on th e b an k ,

o f t h e riv er C onfide nce of suc ce ss shon e in his eye and

.
; ,

w as s t am p e d u p on h is fe atur es Aroun d him w e re group .

e d h is su b o r dinate s w h o pl ace d as im pl ic it c onfide nce in

.
,

h im as h e did in the con certe d pl an C ou n t E ue b la .

,
 38
S trasolfio , Desoe lfy, Fo rgacs B etta and Moro étz Un der .

th e c om m an d of Tr e riclé P an dours took th e m ‘ '

itiat iv e T h e se P an d ou rs w e re ligh t infantry cl ad i n th e

'

;
,

l
o d Tu
'

rkis h j
costu m e Som e tim e s a k ind of ligh t c av ,

airy Up w ar d s of 160 l arg e b oats l ash ed toge ther in to

.
’

i
flying b ridg e s n ou nte d w ith 8 fie ld piece s h ad b e e n p r e
‘ '

, ,

p e d:to c arry th eu i o v er
ar Th e Pandou r s p u sh e d ah e ad
‘

. .

Th e fir st attack h ad b ee n assign ed to th e m The en em y s .

’

sh or e w as defe n d ed b y D r agoons w h o fire d a fe w ,

sh ots b ut th e furiou s onse t of th e te rribl e d ise m b arkin g ,

nd th e ir w1ld Ior y (51 1 1115111 1 All ah ! first

‘
"
P aiid our s a
'
- * 1 1

,
1
h eard 11 th is w ar th e grea t ,

th e Freh ch out? o f t h e ir l ine s

:
' ’

norm ousSh out o i"i A llah 1"r os e

‘

“
‘
i
A n d on e e
‘

I n th e s am e m o m e n t, lo u d as e v e n th e r oar
Of w ar
’
8 m o s t m arti a e ngine s , l to th e ir f oe s

de d “A llah an d th e cl ou d s w hich clo se

Re s ou n
1 1With thicke n ing éan opy th e conflict 0 er
‘ '
,

Vib rate to th e Ete rn al Nam e Hark ! throu gh .

2 A llah ! A llah ! 1111 1 "

'

“
'

111 s oun d e ir pie rce m

‘

, ,

I n acr Os th e l riou s Magy ar l e ad e rs le d th e ir H u n

'
’ '

g o

lr ans
hi ; Oa ) i
rlst ad t W
e rs (S ou th
r as din er s w este rn C ro ats
'

f
g a ’ -

f No r th eastern Croat s ar d rTai a

f
i

( ) ;
‘ -

p tf
c
‘
h e s (H u ng ar ian foo t
'

from th eK l i hros district) sav age d an ge r and d e ath d espis

’ ‘ '

, ,

ing troop s to re inforce th e 25 0Hu ssars r oWe d

" ‘

, ,

se p ar ate ly i n sm al l b o ats acr os s th e riv er (h e r e ab out

,

120 ~
0fee t w i de with a str on g curre nt) an d by 5 A M
‘ *
, ,
. .
,

not a single Fre nch m an r e m ain e d up on th e sh ore

‘ '
The ,

b r av e A u strian s m ere m asters of it a n d th e a dj oinin g -

I n fth e me anw h il e th ou san d s w ith u n re m it ting

“
w oo d
”
’
’
.
,

l ab or work e d u p on the niain b ridge s of b o ats w h ich w ere

' ‘

, ,

l e dfab ou t nhid d ay I p
n th e s ac e of 8 h o u rs, 1 5
' ‘

et
’

c om p
-

le gion s o f C avalry an d I n fan try h ad p asse d ov e r , an d b y

3 -

th e next l g the r e st of th e m orn in .

foot an d «
h orse '
Were
e st ab lish e d o n the F rench shore of
’

th e Rh ine .
“
 39
Th e d p oint of p ass age according to N adascly s
se c on ,
’

pl an appro v e d by T rau n ; for th e crossing of th e Rh in e

, ,

w as 62 t o 70E ng l ish m il es b el o w S ch r o e ck n e ar Bib e

'

e as t sh or e ) ab ou t 5 E ngl ish m il es b e l ow '

- :
,
"
For tu n ate ly w ith out th e l oss of a m an
'

M aye n ce .
, ,

B ar e nk l au an d Jose ph Esz terh az y solv éd on th e s am e d ay

' '
'

th e difficu lt m il itary p robl e m confided to th e m 011 .

T u e sd ay th e y or d e r e d 3 0 0 0Cr o ats an d H ussars o ve r th e

,

My a n a t K o sth e im t o se i ze e v e,
r y th
in g av ail abl e as

m e an s of tr an sp or t ab ov e May e n ce w h ich the y cou ld dis

cov er by l an d or by w ate r A t 10 P M th e y r e ach e d . .

,

th e Rhin e at Wolfie n n ot far from Bib e rich w ith a g re at

, ,
3
n u m b e r of b o ats r afts an d w h ate v er w ou l d flo at w h ich
, ,

th e y h ad b r ou gh t w ith th e m o u t of th e Maya .

Gu stav us A d ol phu s w h en h e crosse d th e Rhin e at En

'

'
'

fe l d e n , a l ittl e ab ove Opp e nh e im so gl oriously in the , ,

t e e th of th e Sp aniar d s De s aid to b
'

c e en .

,
fe rr ie d o v e r on a b arn d oor h is tr oop s m ad e th e p ass age
’

s in g in g a p s al m .

C n
a
“

By m e an s o f th e app lian ce s c oll e cte d , th e r oats d

Hu ssar s transp orte d th e m sel ve s across th e riv er [15 00to
“ ;

170 0fe e t in w id th w ith a stron ge ifl cu rr ent th an ab oye

w h e r e N ad asdy p asse d] an d h e r al d e d th e ir app r oach to

th e F r e n ch sh ore by th e ir te r r ific an d p e cul iar sh o u t of

victor y Url i ! Url i ! Th e F re n ch ou tp osts w e r e “

to fligh t o r c u t to p ie ces A signal by m e ans of rocke ts

.
,

an d c ann o n sh o ts an n ou n c e d th e ir su c c e ssfu l cr oss in g to

,

t Ne u stadt a
:
th e ir associate s ab ov e a n d P h ilip sb u rgl At
’

4 A M W e dn e s d ay th e y m ar ch e d u p on th e draw ofth e
. .
, ,

b ridge o f b oats [ 1666 fe e t l on g] opposite M aye nce at th e

'

C artha u se rh ofe Ab ou t 4 P M B are nkl au and Esz te i

. : . .
,

ha z y le d o v e r the n ar till e ry e quip age s an d b a, g ,

 40
g age : Ou th e 2d July , P rin ce C h ar l e s of L orrain e a nd
'

T r au n c rosse d with the r e st o f! th e tr oop s above Mau h e irn .

T h is , an d h um b e rle ss oth er in stan c e s, p rove th at l arge

’

r iv ers ar e by no m e an s im p assable b arrie rs for an y coun

try .T h is N apole on adm its} No gre at arm y ably com .
,

m an de d and su pplie d w ith c om m e nsu rate p on toon tr ain s

and b ridge re s ou r c e s c an b e p r e ve nte d fr om p as sing an

,

o r d in ary siz e d r iv e r e v e n by an a r m y e qu al in n u m b e rs

an d u nd e r g oo d office r s Th e only e xpl an ation for th is

.

app are ntly strang e r esu l t 1s th at OFFE N C E l16m abwa /ys i716

ad v m tage b
’
EF EN C E, sin ce it c an ch oose its tim e p l ace ,

Tu headl ong caree r of victory Au strian arm y p re ss ,

th e

1161forw ar d ov er r an agre at p art of A ls ace an d th r e ate n e d

, ,

L orr ain e Traun Sto od re ady fo r d e cisive action in th e

.

n eigh b orh oo d o f S trasb 11r w h e n a c ou r ier d ash e d u t

p o
g .
_
,

the h eadqu ar ters and ann ou n c e d th at in c on se qu e n c e of

,the E r
anl
r for t p on v e n tion o f th e 13th Ma
y 174 4 B oh e ,
-

, ,

m ia h ad ag ain b e e n in vade d by the P r u s s ian ar m ies .

T his w as th e op e nin g sc e ne of th e S e con d S ile s1an W ar,

from w h ich Fre d e r ic issu e d triu m ph an t th e e n su ing y e ar ,

al thou gh as w ill b e sho w n T r au n tr ave rse d h is first m ov e s ,

an d r n de r e d al m o st n ug atory h is first c am p ai g n O n
e .

th e 2l st A ugu s t a C o u nc il of W ar w as s u m m on e d c om
, ,

p ose d of T rau n th e S e n ior G e n e rals of In fan try an d

,

C av alry an d Fiel d M arsh al Lie ute n ants U n am m ou sly -

th e se de cide d u po n a re treat ov e r th e Rh in e .

To e ffe c t th 1s re p assage ,
h ow e v e r , w ith ou t loss, w as a

m uc h h ard e r task th an to r e solv e u p on it, sin ce th e F re n ch

an d B av arians c ou nte d 116 m e n in cl u din g ,

pick ed troop s br ou gh t up fr om th e N e th e rl a
,
n ds Th e .

Au strian s accor din g to C u st s Ann al s of th e W ar s h ad

,
“ ’
,

on ly 7 0 00 0 w h ose actu al com m an d e r for tu n ate ly for

, ,

th e m w as é Tr au Th e All ie s w e re un der th re e Fre n ch

‘

,
n .
 41
an d o n e Bavarian Ma
l All o f th e se h ad distin guish
rsh a .
'

e d t h e m se l v e s at on e p e rio d o r an oth e r C oigny r e ceive d .

h is b ato n fo r h is b r ill ian t victory o f Gu as tall a in 17 34 ,

N o aill e s as W 186 i n co un cil as b rav e in th e fie ld for m an y

, ,

d istinguish e d service s p ar ticul arly at th e s ie g e of P h il

,

ip sb u rg i n 17 34 ; Be lle isle in d om it a b l e an d fe rtil e in r e

,

s o 1ir e e s ne v er c an n o r sh oul d b e forg otte n fo r h is w on d er

,

fu l r e tre at fr om Pr agu e 174 2 S e ck e n d orf h ad b e e n

,

c r e ate d F ie l d M arsh al ch ie fly for s u c c e sse s g aine d o v e r

tw o of h is assoc iate s C oig ny an d Be lle isle in 17 35 aft e r

, , ,

w hich b e d isp l ay e d at tim e s r e al ab il ity by h is r e c on qu e s t -

o f B av ari a in 1742 an d op e r ation s ag ain st T r au m s

’
,
r
p e
de ce ssor Kh e v e nh u lle r P e rh ap s on e c au se o f Trau n s
,
.
’

'

d e cid e d su cce ss w as this co alition o f m ilitary m agn ate s ,

e ithe r of w h om w oul d h av e b e e nm or e d an g e rou s al on e .

I t w as pl ain th e n to fo re se e th at th e F r e n ch w oul d fol

'

low h e first m o v e m e n t o f r e tre at w ith all th e ir for ce s

'

u
p t

an d tak e adv an t age of th e first fav or abl e

pp ortun ity to o

fall w ith su p e rior n u m b e r s u p on th e Au strian arm y or at

l e ast u p on on e or m or e of its disloc ate d col um n s Th is .

c ir cu m stan ce m ade th e g r e ate st c au tion n e ce ss ary Th e .

Au strian s h ad to b e pr e p are d n ot on ly to r e sist b u t also ,

t o b e abl e to m e e t e ach attack w ith an e n e rg e tic c ou n te r

b ufi Ou th e oth e r side oe le rity w as n o l e ss urge nt th an

'

p ru d e nce in con du ctin g th is r e tre at since th e B av arians , ,

u n d e r S e ck e n d orf h ad m ade all

, po ssibl e pr e p ar atio n s to

e t ah e ad of th e Au strians an d by th e d e s tru ction o f

g , ,

th e ir b ridg es c u t off th e ir r e tu rn to Ge rm an y
,
.

On th e 15 th of Au g u st th e h e avy b agg ag e b e g an t o
.

d e file in r e tr e at S w iftly an d al toge th e r u n e xp e cte dly to

.

th e e n e m y th e ariny follow e d an d fe ll b ack across th e

.
'

Z oor (afflu e n t W e st o f Rh in e ) b e fo re th e F re n ch c ou l d
com e u p w ith it A t Be nh e im (W sh ore 25 N N E3
'

. . . .
,

o f S tr asb u rg) n e ar S e l z 2l s t—23d A ug u s t

,
t h e A u strian s ,
 42

d re w u
p in or de r
b attle an d in vite d a con flict w h ich
of ,

th e th r e e F 1 e n ch M arsh al s to th e am az e m e n t o f all Eu
“

e d id n
”
ot d ar e t o acc e p t
r
op ! r
.

To Ge ne r al D au n h ad b e e n c on fid ed th e c om m an d o f
th e v an g u ard of g1 e n ad1e rs to assu r e th e p ass ag e o
,
ft h e
r iv e r an d n o w ag in t o his r e sol u tion w as assign e d th e
a
c om m an d o f th e r e ar— g u ard c on sisting o f on e infantry ,

( g r e n ad ie r an d tw o d r ag oon re im e n ts to c ov e r th e r e
) g ,

tr eat T h is D au n w as aft er w ard s Fr e d er1o th e G re at s

.
’

su c c e ssfu l an tag on ist at K oll in m 17 5 7 an d th at m on ar ch s

’

.
,

u n succ essfu l o pp on e n t at H ochk irch e n in 17 5 8 an d at Lie

g ,

n i z an d T o rg au in 1 7 60 P rote c d b y a m or ass h e gal

t te ‘
.

lan tly r e pu l se d th e attack o f th e Fr enc h v an g u ar d In .

this c am p aig n an oth e r r e at A u strian G e n er al afte rw ar d s

g ,

Fiel d Ma1 shal Landon w as se rvin g u n der th e n otorious ,

Tre n ck He distin gu ish e d h 1m se lf an d w as sh ot th rough

.
,

an d t h ro ugh th e ch e st an d sh oul d e r bl ade a bu tton of h is ,

d o lm a n a cc o m p an y in
g th e b all .

Me anw h il e T r au n on th e n igh t of th e 23d— 24 th A 11 ,

tr ansp o rte d th e w h ol e A u trian arm y o v e r h is

gi t
l s , s p on ,

toon b ri dg e s to the e ast b an k of th e Rhin e

,
B e fore .

b reak of d ay 4 P M 24th A u gu st th e r eturn p assage

,
. .
, ,

w as s afe ly accom p l ish e d an d th e b ridg e s b ro k e n u p ,

,
Th e ,

sa m e d a tb 3 A u str ians e n c am p e d at Ott e rsdorf a sm all

Y ‘ r
~
.
-
; ,

vill a e ne a ly op osit e Be nh e ir 5 m il e s W of Ra stad t

g r, R n ,
.
,

“
ony aden so il w h e n ce w th i i c re d bl e e x eQ ition T
i ”
'

n a n
, p r u

a d v a n c e d t o D o n au w e rth 5 0m ile s N W oi M1 n ich

1 ,
. . .
'
-

Mu ch is to b e ob serve d h e r e On th e on e h and t his

,
.
n

p assage an d r e p assage of the Rh in e pre se n ts strong p oints

-

f r e s m bl an ce to th e crossing an d r e cr ossin g of th e
o e
-

,
‘

Bi pp
a ah an n ock , b e fore an
d ter
af F de rick sb u rg 1st an d ‘
re
,

]h
2d, A ll t e se w e re ach ie v ed su o

ss
g ally in th e face of a su p e rio or e u al e
r q ne y P
m r e p ar
qe ‘
,
,

e d o x e sist and pu rsue , I t is n ot hing it is th u s

t g
'
{ ' ‘
ne w ,
 43

p rov ed , to cross and r e cross gre at riv e rs s afe ly in th e

'
-

pre s e n c e an d against th e w ill of an e x pe r ie nce d actiée '

, ,

an d d e te rm ine d opp on e nt Bu t on the o th e r h an d con trast .

, ,

D au n s su cce ssful d e fe n ce w ith th ree r e girn

’
e n ts an d w ith
,

ou t f ie l d w ork s, ag ain st a V ery nu m e r ou s arm y with th e

‘

ab an do n m e n t of m o r e th an on e for tifie d p os itio n by o u r

c o m m an d e rs al th ou gh at th e h e ad o f arris on s b ut l ittle
g
'

, ,

inferior in n u m b e rsto th e a ss ail ing o r m e n acing fo r c e .

A b rav e an d su c ce ssfu l m ain te n an c e o f a p ost is a g r e at

glo ry to an ofii ce r an d o fte n of inc al cul able im po rtanc e
t o a c o o pe r ating ar m y .

A t D on au w e rth on th e 9 th Sept . P 1 111c e Ch a l 1 es 1c

h hqu ish ed th e co m m an t l 1n ch ie f-

,
n o fn in ally h is , of th e

ar m y to C ou n t T1 a11n , al w ay s 1n r e a l ity its ac tu a l co m

m an de r . p s by for c e d m ar ch e s by
T h is l atte r le d h is t ro o

th e w ay o f R atisb on on th e D an u b e to Brn ck n e ar , , ,

W al dm u n che n on th e fr on tie r o f B oh e m ia an d r o ad to
, ,

P il se n He r e ach e d th is po in t on the 22d S e pt h av ing

.
”

ac c o ni lish e d fr om 9 5 0 o 30 0
.

t m il e s in 29 d ay s O n hi
p s

p ass age th rou gh t h e U pp e 1 P al atin ate h e l aid th is district

u n d e r con trib u tion O11 r e ach in g th e fro n tie r of B ohe m ia,
.

h e l 111ade
‘ ‘
‘
his ,
d is s itio n s t o free th e k in d om
po ' g t
,
fro m the

v ic tor iou sPru ssian s T h e se i n v ad e rs h ad m e an w h il e

.
,

c ap tu re d its cap ital P r ag u e l 6th S e p t 1744 an d c o m .

, , ,
.

p e lle d th e c ity a s e c o n d t im e to d o h o m age r t o C h arl e s ,

V I I th e p su e d o B avaro e l e c to r e in p e ror
,
- - -
.

T his c a
m p aign h as b ee n con sid e r e d at l en gth inC hap .

IX of History of m y ow n T im e
Fr e de rics ’ “
To h is
'

p ag e s re fe re n ce sh oul d b e h ad I n it th e practical stratel .

-

i n iu s o f T r au n d e v e l o p ed itse l f a ainst th e rea t

g c g e g g
Kin g an d sh on e in its fu ll e st b rill iancy “
My gran d .
'
'

“
arm y s ai d F re de ric which w as to h av e Swall ow e d u p
”
, ,

B oh em ia and to h av e ov e rnin Austria met with th e fate

‘

,
 44

th at b e fe l th e inv in c ibl e arm ad a Ph ilip II o f Spain w of

“
All th e a dvan tag es of this c am p aign w e re for th e A us
tr ian s M d e T r au n pl ay e d th e r e in t h e p ar t of S e r toriu s
,
.

an d th e Kin g th at o f P om p e y Th e condu ct of M d e . .

T r au n w as a m od e l of p e r fe c tion Wh at rhor e c ou l d b e .

s aid .

Fre de ric Gre at h as r e c ord e d h is te stim on y that it is

th e

m or e difficu lt to c arr y on a w ar in B oh e m ia th an an y .
,
»

w h e r e e l se in M idd l e E u r op e .

B oh e m ia is an irr e gu l ar qu adr il ate ral e n cl ose d by fou r

m igh ty ch ain s of gr an ite m ou n t ain s Th e Or e m ou nt ai n s .
,

on th e N W se p ar ate it fr om S ax on y ; th e Gian t m ou n
.
,

t ain s o n th e N E d ivid e it fr om Sil e sia an d th e P in e

.
,

an d F or e st m ou n tai
, ,

n s o n th e S W sw e ll u b e tw e e n it
p .
,

an d B av ar ia an d A u s tria On th e fou rth side th e S u de tic .

r an ge fr om w hich th e G 1an t m ou n tain s r u n 01

,
1 tow ar d s
th e N W th r ow o u t a b r an ch th e S u nk e n m ou n t ain s
. .
, ,

w hich form s th e S E b ou n d ar y Th e se u n itin g w ith th e

. . .

F o re st m ou n tain s inte rp ose b e tw ee n B oh e m ia an d Mor a

v ia an d L o w e r A u str ia
,
Th e sp u rs of all th e se ch ain s .

ru n in an d to g e th e r an d th r ou gh e ach oth e r to w ar ds
.

Pr agu e as a ce ntr al p oint in a n e t w ork of r idge s w h ich ,

w h e th e r l o w e r o r l ofti e r ar e al w ays r u d e in th e ir cl im ate ,,

ru gge d in th e ir asp e c t u n p r o du cti v e in th e ir soil ,

and ,

in te r se cte d by str e am s su bj e ct to fu r iou s fr e sh e ts I n fac t .

th is k ingd om or p rov in ce w ill sc ar ce ly yie l d to any p o r

tion of th e U S in r ou gh n e ss o f su rface e x ce p t th e str ip

. .

o f th e A lle h anies p r o p e r in V irgin ia T h e c e ntr al tr i

g , , .

an g l e b e tw e e n th e E lb e an d th e M ol d au
,
th e sce n e o f ,

Trau n s su cce ssfu l str ate gic op e r ation s if n ot as n iou n

’
,

tain ou s as th e d istricts e n com p assin g it is n e v e rth e l e ss ,

e qu ally difficu lt b e c au se th e v alle y s are ir r e gu l ar an d

s u bj ec t to ov e rflow s
.
A b ird s e ye vie w w ou l d pre se n t
.

as d iv e r sifie d a c o u n t r y as d e fe n c e c ou l d d e sir e P on ds .
,
 45

n iaxsh e s, stre am s , v
b 1 ush w o ods fo res ts r avm e s
ri e 1s,
'

, , , ,

tor tu o u s v a ll e ys h e igh ts isol ate d c on ic al m o un tain s

, ,

crow n e d by old c as tl e s an d sp u rs o f m ou n tain r an g e s

, ,

m ingl e th e r e in c on fuse d ly C onse qu e ntly th ose w h o

.

m a im ag in e th at Tor ste n s on an d H atz fe l d T r au n an d

y ,

Fr e de rick h ad an e asie r ch e ss b o ar d to m ak e th e ir m ov es -

p t h an u r G e n e r al s h ad t o p l ay th e ir g am e o n e rr
p o n
,
o ,
,

gr e atly . R e ad e rs c o u l d in d ic ate fe w st ag e s for op e r ation s

w h ich an o r d in ar y G e n e r al w o u l d n o t h av e s el e c te d ih ,

pr e fe re n ce .

Au gu st 13th 1744 F r e d e ric e n te r e d B oh e m ia w ith

, ,

m en S e p te m b e r 16th h e t o ok Pr agu e afte r a te n

d ays sie ge He th e n c ap tu r e d T ab or Bu dw e iss an d o th
.
, ,

e r tow n s an d m ad e h im se l f m ast e r o f all B oh e m ia e as t of

th e M ol d au G e n e ral Batth yan i w ith 28 000 r egulars

.
,

an d ab ou t C r o ats H u ss a1 s an d G r oen itz e rn (S ol die rs

, ,

fr om th e M ilitar y F r on tie r) h ad b e e n u n abl e to in te rru p t

h is op e r ation s or sto p h is p r ogr e ss Ev en Vie nn a b e g an .

t o tr e m b le an d t o p re p ar e ag ain s t a sie g e S u dde nly .

T r au n sh o wed hi m s el f n e ar Pise k o n th e flank s of th e

“ '

P ru ssian s ari d m an ife ste d an inte ntion to inte rp ose h is

for c e s b e tw e e n th e Prussian s an d th e S asa w a an d c u t

th e m off fr om P r a gu e Oct! 2d Tr au n h ad u nite d h is

.
,

coluin n s w ith th ose of Ba tth y an i ne ar M iro titz 5 0 m il es

'
' ‘

S S W o f P r agu e
. . . Th e ir c om b in e d troop s am oun te d to
.

ab ou t m en B e sid e s th e se T r au n h ad a l arg e
.
,
'

for c e o f H u n g arian par tisan s w h e r e w ith to h ar ass th e

" ‘ ‘

enem y . T akin g al arm Fr e d e ric at o n c e c om m e n c e d fall

,
~

in g b ack on P r agu e b u t as h e adm its did n ot c on cen

‘

, , ,

t r at e all hi s force s as h e sh o ul d h av e d on
‘

e H e e ven .

c om m itt e d th e g r e at e r r o r o f l e av in g g ar rison s b e h in d in

T ab or an d Bu dw e iss S im ul tan e ou sly Tr au n str u ck at .

Fr e de ric s c om m u nic ation s an d pou nce d u p on h is ou tlying

’

p osts By th e 3d O ct T ab or an d Bu d w e iss h ad b e e n,
. .
,
 46

go o d s ol die rs be side s 111611

war ds o f
'

tak en w ith
‘

u
p
'

id s an d al r e ad y Tr au n s v an gu ar d w as h aste n in g forw ar d
’
,

t o oc c u p y th e im p or ta n t p os t o f B e n e s ch au T h is place “

lie s m id w ay onth e ro ad fro m T ab or 25 niile s S E of , . .

P r agu e Th e posse ssi on of th is al m ost in e xpu gn abl e po

.

s itiou cou l d h av e d e t er m m e d th e fa te of th e w ar an d of

th e P r uss ian torce s For t u n at e ly for th e m th e ir Fiel d

'

.
,

M arsh al S c h w e rin h ad alr e ady w on an d occu pie d it w ith

m e n b e for e th e c om in g u o f th e A u str ians Ou
, p .

th e 14 th Oc t th e K in g h im se l f re in for c e d h is L ieu ten an t

.
, .

Fore stall e d by S ch w e rin Trau n fe ll b ack to N e w e clow

'

, ,

ab b u t 8 m il e s W S W an d th e n c e t o M a rsch o w itz
'

2
’

. . .
, , , , ,

or 3 m i l e s to th e S E ag ain H e re O ct 22d T rau n

. . .
,
.
,

w as j oin ed by 90o r 22 0 00S ax on s un de r the Du k e o f S ax

' '

We isse n fe l s Fre de ric r e c e ive d th e se tidin gs w ith gr e at

.
'

Ch agrine d a
'

p le a s u re . t th e l oss o f T ab or an d Bu dw e iss

an d th e fa il u r e of h is gr e at p l an s h e c on fesse d th ath e w as

in h op e s th at th e h ou r fo r v e n g e an ce h ad arrive d H is .

axm y in e igh t c olu m n s 1n ar ch e d Oc t 24 th P M to se e k

, ,
.
,
. .

o u t th e e n em y “ By r o ad s o r p ath s n e v e r b e for e tr av e r se d
.

by tr oop s th e y toile d forw ar d A t n igh t fall th e y arrive d .

u p on a h e igh th l e ss th an a m i l e d istan t fr om the Au stri

an s an d d r w u p in or d e r of b attl e i n fu ll sigh t o f th e ir
, e
l in e s I t 1s difficult to r e con cil e th e d iffe re n t ac c ou n ts of
. , .

th e n u m e ric al fo r ce o f e ith e r arm y in p r e se n c e Still

'

Fre de r ic ce rtainly had ab ou t m e n an d th e A us ,

tri an s not m u ch ove r th at nu m b e r Th e P ru ssians h av e .

b e e n e stim ate d at fro m 60t o m e n th e A u s tr

.

ians ,
a ’

fro m 75 t o

Tra
'
in For tfine He
'

l l ittl e co nfid e n ce
un , as a r u e , put
“
.

k n e w th e j ad e w as ofte n ac cu st om e d to pl ay an u nlucky

trick With th e finest b e au tifu l p roj ec ts , and cu t, with 1111

exp e c te d s ash ,
l th rough and across th e w eb of th e
’
m ost
 47
s k illfu l pl ans P h ryne —like sh e ofte n e r in p re fe re nc e
.
, , , ,

in sp ire d a y ou ng im p e tu ou s w arrio r w ith con c e p tio n s th e ,

s o u r c e s o f v ic to ry th an an o l d re fle c tin an d e x p e r ie nce d
, g ,

h e ro su ch as h im se l f g ro w n g r ay in arm s
, ,
C o nse qu e n tly .

b e d e t e r m in e d to av oid th e offe re d b attl e o n w h ich the

fate of B oh e m ia an d Bav am a d e p e n d e d Th e n igh t p asse d .

in d isp osition s in acc or d an c e w ith th is re sol v e ,

.

Th e n e x t m orn in g at b re ak o f d ay Fr e d e ric an d h is
, ,

prin cip al office rs w e re ou t to r e c onn oitre th e ir e ne m y .

T h e y fou n d th at h e h ad e n tire ly ch an g e d th e p osition o f

his c am p T r au n w as n o w p oste d opp osite th e righ t
.

flan k o f th e Pr u ss1an s u p on an alm est pr e cipitou s h e igh t

, .

A t th e foot o f th ise l e v ation str e tch e d a m arshy b o ttom ,

in te rse cte d by a m ir y str e am T h e se im p e d im e n ts s e p a

.

r at e d th e t w o arm i e s I n this d ir e ction T r au n w as e n

.

tir e ly u n ass ail abl e A n e x te n siv e sc r e e n o f b r u sh w o o d

.

af for d e d c o v e r fo r th e e x am in atio n of Tr au n s righ t It

’
.

w as as adv an t ag e o u sly p o ste d as h is l e ft Th e m os t .

accu r ate r e c on n o is s an c e s d e m on s tr at e d th at T r au m s p o s
’

i
tio n w as al t o g e th e r u n su sc e p tibl e o f an y s u cc e ss fu l att ack .

D e ar th of p r OV1s1on s con strain e d Fr e d e ric t o r e tre at ?

S till m or e ou t of h u m or th an w h e n h e adv an ce d h e fe ll
'

b ack again t o B e n e sch au A t on ce Tr au n w as in m ov e

.

m e n t an d foll o w e d him u c l o se T h is is an e x am p l e of
p .

th e p r ac tic al str ate gy w h ich ste ad ily p re ss e d Fr e de r ic

b ack an d o ut o f B oh e m ia .

A t B e n e sch au Fr e d e ric in tu rn assu m e d an e q u ally

, , ,

adv an t ag e ou s p osition M al adie s an d p r iv ation s o f all ’

kin d s an d s c ar city of food an d forag e s oon constrain e d

, ,

hi m to ab an don it T r au n th e re u p on p asse d o v e r th e
.
, ,
.

S as aw a affine nt E of Mol d au at K am m e rb u rg 25 m ile s

,
.
, ,

S E of P r agu e an d d ire cte d hi s m arch on J an ow itz —

. .
,
m r

T hi s vill age l ie s in th e dire ction of and m id w ay to Oz as , ,

lau . T h er e Fre d e ric h ad b e e n v ic to rious in 1742 te r ,

 48
" :
m in ate d Firs t S ile s ian W ar an d r at ifie d
th e l ,
h 1s c aim s to
S ile sia w ith th e s w ord Jan o witz o r Jan ilt au w as n o l ess
'

I t w as th e s ce n e of Torst e n son s g re at e st
'
’
m em or abl e .

v ic tory j u st 99 y e ars p r e viou s in 1645

,
He r e the cr ipf ,
.

l e d S w e de l e r b o rn e d e fe ate d t h e E m p e ro r s b e st
’
p it t ,
-

e n e ral a n d d e s t r oy e d h is l ast arm y T r au n in w h o m

g
'

.
,

“
w as r e fle c t e d th e g e n iu s o f u n d e r S w e d e n s th ron e
’

S w e d e n s gre ate st c om m an de r w as r e ve r sin g th e p ictur e

’ ”
.

'

Un d e r To rste nson th e P ru ssian s h ad assiste d in h u m ili

,

at in g A u st ria Au stria by T r au n w as n ow h a
.
,
m bl in
g ,

th e agg r an d iz e m e n t of P ru ssia A t C z aslau near b y .

, ,

Pr in ce Ch arles n ow Tr au n s n om in al su p e rior h ad b e e n
,
’
,

d efe ate d an d h ad l ost S il e sia for h is sis te r—in law Trau n

,
-

w as n o w c au sin g d ou bl e bl u sh e s an d Con fu sion o f faces

'

P r in ce C h arl e s h ad c au se t o bl u sh at th e in fe rio rity of

h is g e n e ral sh ip to th at of T rau n s u cc e ssfu l on th e v e r y ,

fie lds w h ich h ad w itn e ss e d h is fail u r e Fr e de ric at his .

im p o te n c e in th e p r e sen c e of th e v e te r an M ar sh al v ic ,

t or1ou s w ith ou t figh ting th r ou gh p r ac tic al str ate g y in , ,

i

th e n am e of th e v e ry su p e r io r o v e r w h om h e h ad t ri ,

u m ph e d at th e c o st o f su ch e x e rtion an d bl oo d sh e d .

Au str ian p artis an corp s sw arm e d o u t in e ve ry di

Th e
r e c tion N o stingl e ss dr on e s w e re th e y T h e y foll ow e d
'

h ar d u p on th e h e e l s of th e r etre atin g P ru ssian s an d d og3

e d th e ir e v e ry m ov e m e n t T h e y p r e v e n te d th e ar r iv al
g .

’
b f su ppl ie s of e v e r y k in d an d in te rc e p te d co u rie r s an d
m ail s . A t on e p e riod th e k in g w as fou r w e ek s w ith ou t
'

re ce ivin g in te ll ig e n ce fr om P r a u e o r n e w s o f w h at w as
g
p assing in th e r e st of E u rop e T a
i
k e on e in stanc e of th e ir .

u b iq uit ou s ou fall s On e n igh t ab b u t 9 P M am id th e

-
. . .
,

r ain an d p itch d ark n e s s th e K in g w as st ar tl e d in th e

-

s u b u rb s of K ollin by th e c ym b al s an d b ar b arou s T u rk ish

'

m u sic o f T r e n ch s P and ou rs The n e x t m om e n t th e

’
.
 49

ne ighb oring h o use s bu rs t in to abl az e an d from th e adj a

c e nt w in d o w s issu e d a sh ar p fire o f m u sk e try Me an
‘

~
,

w hil e T r e n ch h ad d iv e rt e d th e co u rse o f a r iv ul e t and by ,

m idn igh t th e h orse s of th e P russian s w e re in w ate r u p

,

t o th e ir b e llie s All the w h il e m u sk e try an d ligh t fie ld

.

e c e s w e r e p l ayin g u pon th e m Th e P r u ssian s w e r e

'

p i ,
.

in c ap abl e of d e fe n ce Horse s and m e n w e re fall ing e ve ry

.

m in ute I n a sh or t tim e all Fr e d e ric h im se l f incl u de d ,

.
,

w ou l d h av e b e e n tak e n p rison e rs S u dde nly th e attack ,

sl ack e n e d A c ann on b all h ad cr ush e d Tre n ck s foot

’
. .

He w as c arrie d off an d, al m ost sim u l tan e ou sly th e firin g ,

ce ase d A s Fr e d e ric l e ft Koll in h e r e m ark e d to th e

‘

Tre n ck in h is se rvice , Your te rribl e cou sin m igh t h av e

”
give n as a se v e re blow l ast nigh t T h is w as on e of th e .

K ing s m an y r e m ar k abl e e sc ap es
’
.

T h rou gh ou t th is r e tre at th e Austrian l igh t troop s

con tin u e d to pr o v ok e th e P ru ssian s by con tinu al sk irm

ish e s an d n igh t attack s P artial e n cou n te rs w e re in ce s

. f
~

s an t b u t n ot th e sligh te st o pp or tu n ity w as affor d e d to

,

b r ing on a g en e ral e ng age m e n t Bad w e ath er w re tch e d .

,

r o ads an d th e w an t of n e cessarie s e ng e n d e r e d c am p m a1a ~

d ie s Unre m itting fatigu e au gm e n te d th e su fie rings

'

. .

look on y ond er cam p

Be h old w hole h e ap s of de ad w ith ou t on e w o un d
Be h old h o w lik e th e d e ad th e l iv ing l o o k !
,

S o ne ar th ei r e nd , that th e y w h o w ait th e ir fi dr en s

l
T o th e as t ri te s , are b urnt o n th e s am e pile !
Th e s tu r dy "
tro o ps di s e ase s
“
un s in e w
’
dby ,

That fi m ly w e nt im p re s s ing d e e p th g oun d

r , e r 61

011 w h ic h the y trod w ith th ir larg e lu sty s t i de s

, e r ,

N o w s car ce ly craw l su pp o te d on th e i arm s

, r r .
”

No t 10
0sol die rs in e ach r e im e nt w e re
g fre e from dyse n~
te r ie s th e b adly off as th e m en
office rs Tr au n
w e r e as .

s e e m e d r esol v e d to d e str oy th e Pr u ss ian s by fam in e .

F am in e h ow e v e r w as e ven be foreh and w ith th e e n e m y

, , .

F red e ric w as c au gh t as it w e re in a n e t He h ad o nly

'

th e gn ple asant c h oice b e tw e e n B oh e m ia an d S il e sia If .

 5 0
Fre deri0 m d
a e up his m i n d to
l f in Pragu e m ain tain him se ,

h e m ust give u p all h is com m u n ic ations wi th S il esia an d

h is 0wn k ingdom I f h e tu rned aside t 0w ar ds P ard u bitz
'

.
.
, ,

o n th e m ain r o ad to S il es ia, P r ag ue an d B oh e m ia w e re

l ost B o e ia w ou l d b e delive re d from e ve y de ta hm e n t

h m r c

of th e P r u ssian in v ad e rs .

I n th e pre se n t w ork it is n ee dl e ss to go far th e r in to

“

d e tail s i Fr e d e ric n e gle cte d n oth ing to com p e l th e F ie l d

. =

M ar sh al to ac ce pt a b attl e I I e for b ore :n o m anoeu vre to .

-

ave rt or av oid th e in e v itabl e alte rn ativ e w hich Tr au n

e d fer h is ac c e
crib e p t T au n n e v er assu m e d ia
'

p r e s an ce “ r

p o sitio n su sc e p tibl e of s u cce ssful att ack F re d e r ie h ad

'

r forc e to r e tire in ob e die n c e t o Tr au n s ur e ;

’
p e p r e ss s

M ise rie s w h ich e v e ry d ay augm en te d in h is arm y, com '

l le d F r e d e ric t o fall b ac k ov e r the E lb e O n th e 29th

'

e
p , :

No ve m b e r h e r e crosse d that rive r an d pl ac e d hi s t roop s

,

in cantom ne n ts
'

Pr ague h ad al ready b e en disgracefully

r
.
'

e v acuate d , o n th e 26th .

The s u r p r ise at C olon itz (S olon itz or T e in itz on th e

'

1 .
,

Elb e ) on th e 19th Nove m b er th e l ast en cou n ter w as one , ,

'

ost aggrav atin g in c

"
o f th e id e nts 01 the c am p ai g n I n
m 1 .

s p it e of allfth e K ing s prov erb ial c au tie n and Wat ch fu l

' ' ‘
’ ‘
“

n e ss th is su r p rise w as p l anne d an d c arr ie d ou t by T r au n

’ ’

, ,

w ith e ve n as m ach cunn ing as goo d I ts re su l t !

w as th e e n tire evac u ation of Bo h e m ia by th e P r u ssian s .

C onqu er e d w ith ou t a b attl e Fre de ric e xcl aim e d, I m igh t

“

h av e m ad e w ith adv antage to thyse lf a cou ple of c am

p ga i ns u n d e r T r aun S cru tiniz e and Com par e Will .

” ‘ '

any on e de ny th at m e asur e d b y th e s tan dar d o f Fred e ric

'

the g e n eralsh ip of Gilm ore and R ose cran s com e s n e ar e st ,

in its p e cu l iaritie s to t h e p r ac tic al strategy of

T his an e c dote le ad s to fle ctions th e p en c ann ot r e

'
a re

fr ain fr om x pre ssin g W ar w as a v ery difiere nt thing

'
'
e
"
o
.
,

’
in Trau n s d ays from wh at it is ne w . The re w as a re
U
m
 5 1 -

s p le nde ncy and e l e le vation ih t h e

xh i l aration ,
an act u a

m il itary se rv ice th e n w h ich cou l d n o t b u t e x e rc is e a ,

m ag ic influ e n c e u p on any o n e in cl ine d to e n te rp rise an d

e x c ite m e n t T h e r e w as e v e n an el e g an c e in th e c are e r o f
.

th e sol d ie r S om e of th e b e st spirit of ch iv al ry s till lin

.

e r e d ab ou t it T h e c am p ai ns o f F r e d e r ic an d h is c o
g g
~
.
,

t e m p orar ie s o pp os e d in th e are n a r ace s w h ich it r e qu ir e d

al m ost h al f a ce ntury an d th e v ast aggr e ssiv e m ael s tr om , ,

influ e n ce of N ap ol e on to d raw an d w h ir l an d c o nfus e , ,

in th e m add e n in g c h u rrn of b attl e u p on th e s am e fie ld s ;

Wh e n T r au n com m an de d th e G od of b attle s w as in voke d , ,

in opp osin g ar m s by e ve ry gre at fai th an d se c t an d

‘

, .
, ,

sc h ism from th e Ye llow S e a to th e A tl an tic

,
All th e .

"
m ost pi cture sque an d d az z l in g an d b iz ar r e co s tu m e s
, ,
.

m ing l e d in th e st rife w h il e m u s ic d isc or d ant t o attem

,
,

p e re d e ars b u t b re athing harm on y to th e u ntu tore d se m i

,

s av ag e w arrio r m ad e itse l f h e ar d am id th e rattl in g of

,

m u sk e tr y an d th e d is sim il ar c om m an d s of conflic tin

, g
m ul titu d e s wh il e ,

d s o f h o ror chi m e
S ou n r

I n, i l ke ch urch b e lls , w ith s ig h h ow ] gr o an y ell p r aye r

, , , , .

t o th e
diap ason o f th e i c an u on ad e .

N e v e r ag ain , wi ll an Eu rop e an com m an e r d h e ar th at w il d

T urk ish m u sm w ith w h ich T rench ’
s P an dours an d Tal
p atch e s startl e d Fr e d er ic am id th e flam es of Kol lin I n .

o ur w ar th e days of old T illy s e e m

,
t o r e v ive b e fore u s ,

“a
ragg e d sol die r b u t a b righ t m usk e t p r e s e n t th e m
”
an d

se lv e s in re vie w in ste ad of th e gay u n iform s an d cl e an

“

p e rson s an d e l eg an t carriage it r e quir e d so m any y e ars

an d l u c id m in d s to i ntr o d u ce m ain tain s im p l ify and , ,

T he se v
m o e m e n ts an d c ou nte r m o v e m e n ts r e c a
-
ll a p as
g from Sir Wal te r S co tts Le ge n d of Montrose
sa e
“ ”
w h ic h

is e x actly app osite if it b e j u stifiab le to m ak e c om e d y the

,
 52
exp on e n t of trage dy Th e c o m p arison b e tw e e n the re l
,
.

ativ e p o sitio n s an d action s o f C ap t ain D alg

,
e tty an d th e
“
Man w ith th e A x e and of F re d e ric w h o sou gh t to t ak e
”
,

adv an t ag e o f an u n g u ar d e d m om e n t o n th e p ar t of M aria

T h e re sa and of T r au n w h o re pr ese n ts th e ax e b e arin g

, ,

g u ar d are so r idicu l ously alik e th at it is im p ossibl e to

,

forb e ar qu o tin g th e p ar agr aph .

“
A cc or d in gly w h e n all w as qu ie t h e (Fr e der ic) op e n e d “

, ,

h is ch am b e r door (S ax on y) an d p r e p ar e d t o l e av e it w h e n
~
, ,

h e saw h is frie n d w ith th e ax e (T r au n) adv an cin g to w ar ds

h im fr om th e dist an t e n d of th e g all e r y (C ir cl e s u p on th e
Rh in e ) h alf w h istling h alf h u m m in g a G aelic (Magyar)
, , ,

tu n e To h av e sh ow n any w an t of con fid e n c e w ou l d
.
,

h av e b e e n at on c e im p olitic an d u n b e com in g h is m il itary ,

ch ar ac te r so th e C ap t ain p u ttin g th e b e st face u p on h is i

, ,

situ ation h e c ou l d w h istl e d a S w e dish r e tr e at in a t on e

, ,

s till l ou d e r th an th e n ote s of h is se n tin e l an d r e tr e atin g

p ace b y p ace w ith an air of in diffe re n ce as if h is only

, ,

p u rp ose h ad b e e n to b re ath e a littl e fre sh air h e sh u t th e ,

d oor (Fr ontie rs of S ile sia) in th e face of h is gu ar d (T r au n)

w h e n th e fe l low h ad app r o ach e d w ith in a fe w p ace s of
”
him .

“
Th u s de d this c am p aign of
en (to u se th e v e ry
w or d s of L or d Dov e r T0w e rs C am p b e ll an d o th e r his
’

, , ,

“
t orian s an d p an e gyrists of Fr e d e ric) on e of th e m ost dis

astr ou s w h ich e v e r b e fe ll th e Kin g of P r u ssia

“ ”
I n his .

r e tre at h e is state d to h ave l ost ab o v e m e n to e th

g ,
’
e r w ith all h is h e av y b agg ag e an d artil le ry an d m an y
,

“
w ag on s l ad e n w ith p r o v ision s an d p l u n de r
”
Th e G e n .

e r al o pp ose d to th e king F ie l d M ar sh al T r au n w ho i n -

, ,

com m d ed the a/r m x y o f t h e P r in ce o f L orr ain e w as

,

al so it m u st b e con fe ss e d a m an of tal e nt an d too k ad

‘

, , ,

v an t age o f w h ate v e r fav or abl e circ u m stances p re se nte d

 5 3
“
T he du c t o f Marsh al T raun in this c am p aig n
c on , ,
”

“
re m ark s h is o pp on e n t w as a m o d e l of p e r fe c t io n w hich
, ,

se er y m i li tar y m am w ho f f M
is 8 p or f on d o
ession , o u h t
g
s tu d y , in ord er to i m i tate i t sf h e has s uficien t talen ts
”
to , .

Th e “
k in g h im s e lf ll p aign w as h is
a o w e d , th at th is c am

SC H OO L in th e ar t o f w ar an d th at M d e T r au n w as h is
,
.

Pre ce p tor .
”

“
Jo m in i in h is T re atise o n G r an d Mil itary Op e rati on s
“
re m ark s T h is c am p aig n did gre at h on or to T r au n w h o
o p e rat e d w ith as g r e at s ag acity w h il e h e w as y e t in fe r io r

in for c e to Fr e d e ric as h e m an oeu v e re d w ith ab il ity afte r ,

h e h ad b e e n j oin e d by P r in c e C h arl e s in or d e r to co m p e l ,

th e P ru ssian s to ab an d on B oh e m ia T h e n w ith o u t d o u b t .
,

h e sh ou l d h ave ac com p l ish e d m or e b u t h e h ad an ad v e r ,

s ary w h o w as n ot l ik e h im se l f su bj e c t to the A 11 lic

, ,

C ou ncil .
”

T r au n ach ie v e d m or e th an c ou l d h av e b e e n e x p e c te d
o f him u n d e r e x istin g m r cu m st an c e s P rin ce C h arl e s of .

“
L orrain e b y l e n din g his n am e to G en e r al T r au n did ,
“
m u ch m ore e vil th an goo d H e kn e w m u ch b e tte r .
”

h o w t o h e l p h im se l f at t abl e an d to th e b ottl e th an in th e
fie ld . With T rau n for ad l atu s Prin ce Ch arl e s ach ie ve d
” -

w on d e r s ; w ith ou t h im h e accom p l ish e d n oth in g b u t pr e

p arin g de fe ats for h im se lf With T r au n in actu al com .

m an d of th e ar m ie s w h ich b o re h is nam e Pr in ce Ch arl e s ,

w on n oth in g b u t l aur e l s l au r e l s w ith e r e d by h is d e fe at at

,

C z aslau in 1742 sh riv ell e d an d torn from h is b ro w by h is

, ,
"

discom fitu re s at Hoh e n Fr ie d b e rg an d S oh r in 174 5 an d

-

, ,

h is in e x cu sabl e r ou t at L e u th e n in 17 5 7 D e sp ite Prince

’

Ch arl e s an d th e Au l ic C ou ncil T rau n v ery n e arly d e te r ,

m in e d th e fate of th e w ar ag ain st Fr e d e ric Oh th at .

,

Au lic C ou n cil w h ich h as ab ase d A u stria d e sp ite h e r

, ,

gl oriou s arm ie s from a first to a se con d r ate p ow e r Oh

,
.
,

th at C am ar ill a of old f ism , th at C ab al of sel f suf fi cie n

ogy
 54

an d r ed pe w hich a
pp e are d to e x e rt itse l f o n ly to
"

«c
y ta

b e w ilde r a n d fe tte r G e ne r al s Mon te cu cu li is th e o n ly .

c om m an d e r on r e c or d w h o h ad th e m or al c ou ra g e to ig
n o re th e d ir e c t ion s an d ad v ice e x p e d ite d fr o m Vie n n a .

Wh e n h is c am p aign s w e re e n de d b e c ar e fu lly r e store d to

’

th e A ul ic C ou n se ll ors th e ir d e sp atch e s an d in str u c tion s

w i th the se als u nb r oken Wou l d th at ou r ge n e ral s in a .
,
‘

free cou n try c ou l d r ep e at th e p r ac tic al str ate gy o f T rau n

,

and im it ate the re s ol u tion of Mon t e cu cu ii

'

Oh th e 20 th J anh ary 174 5 th e E m p e r o r C h arie s VI I

’

, , ,

w h o in th e atte m p t to ac qu ir e fo re ig n s t at e s l ost h is o w n
, , , ,

die d E x p elle d led b ack d rive n forth an d br ough t in

.
, ,

ag ain h e e x p ire d n e v e r th e l e ss at l ast in th e c astl e o f h is

, , , ,

an ce s to r s at M u n ic h H is s on M axim il ian Jose p h

'

.
, ,

w ar n e d by th e s ad fate o f h is fath e r ac te d m ore w ise ly ,

an d w ith sto o d th e in t e r e st e d c aj ol e rie s o f F r ance an d

P ru ssia A p r il 28th h e su b scrib e d th e p re lim inarie s of

.
,

p e ac e w ith M ari a Th e r e sa .

A 11 e l e c tio n fo r E m p e ror w as n o w to b e h e l d in th e
I m pe ri al city of F r an kfort on th e M ayn To gu ar ante e .

fr e e do m of c h oic e to th e G e rm an E l e c to ral C oll e ge th e ,

re m aining A u str ian fo r ce s in B av aria app e ar e d u n d e r

T r au n in th e circl e s of S u ab ia an d F ran c on ia T h e se .
,

an d th e district s in w h ich T r au n o p e r ate d ar e now t h e ,

k ingdo m s o f W u r te m b e rg an d th e sm all e r S tate s im m e ,

d iate ly n or th o f th at k in gdo m an d B av ar ia b e tw e e n th e ,

L ah n N an d th e K och e r S th e F u l d a S inn M ayn

,
.
, , , .
, ,

an d Tau b e r E an d th e Rhin e W,
p artic ul arly E le c tor al
, ,
.
,

and Gr an d d u c al H e sse -
.

Ev en as h e h ad com m an de d on th e Rhin e and in B oh e

m ia in 174 4 in th e n am e of P r in c e C h ar le s e v e n s e in
,
<
, , ,

1 745 T r au n e x er te d h is t al e n ts in th e n am e of h is b r oth e r
, ,

the Ar ch duk e F ran cis Gran d D u k e of T u sc any

-

,
M e an .

w hile the K ing of F rance an d his ge ne ral s h ad pl e dge d

 55

th em l to F re d e ric to opp ose th e e l e c tion o f th e A rc h

se v e s «

d uk e Fran cis h usb an d of M ar ia T h e re s a e v e n at th e r isk

, ,

o f a b attl e A cco rd in gly Lou is X V se n t a Fr e n ch arm y

.

of m e n u n d e r L ie u te n an t G e n e r al th e P r in ce o f
,
-

C on ti to th re ate n th e asse m bl e d E le c tors C on ti h ow

,
.
,

e v e r l ittl e g e n e r al sh ip b e d isp l ay e d in th is c am p aig n h ad ,

n e v e r th e l e ss sh ow n co nsid e r abl e e n t e rp rise an d ab il ity in

h is o p e r ation s again st th e S ar din ian s am on g th e Man ,

tim e Al p s in th e pr e ce din g y e ar, 1744

,
.

T r au n h ad fr om 30to 4 0 00
0tr oop s He
'

,
. c on c e r te d h is
p l an p e r ation s in p e rfe ct accor d an c e w ith h is ac cu s
of o

t om e d m o d e of ac tion With ou t d elive rin g a b attl e h e

.

achie v e d com pl e te su cc e ss by h is P r ac tic al S tr ate gy .

May 30
th , 174 5 ,
y in th re e gran d
T r au n le d h is ar m

divi si on s o u t of th e D u ch y of N e u b u rg on th e D anu b e , ,

in to N orth e rn W u r te m b e rg H e first adv an ce d in th e

.
,

dire ction of H e ilbr on n to H all on th e K och e r th e n h e

, , ,

w h e e l e d su dd e nly n or th w ard s an d h as te n e d by for ce d

in ar ch e s th rou gh Me rge n th e irn N e x tr e m ity of W u rte m ,

.

b e rg ,
t o th e M ayn .

A t th e p e ning of th e c am p aign th e Prin ce of C on ti

o ,

h ad di sp ose d his arm y so as t o disp u te th e p ass ag e of th e

N e c ar in th e e x p e ctation th at th e A u strians in te n d e d to
,

c r oss v
th is Wh e n afte rw ar ds h e l e arn e d th at in
r i e r. , ,

s t e ad o f adv an cin g w e stw ar d s T r au n w as in r e ality m o v

,
e

ing n or th w ard s p ar al l e l t o th e N e ck ar th e Fr e n ch h ur
, ,

rie d l ik e w ise in th e s am e dir e ction by fo r c e d m ar ch e s

, , ,

in to H e s se D arm stadt by a r ou te p arall e l to th at w h ich

-

th e y s u pp o se d th e Au strian s w ou l d tak e C on ti e nc am p .
-n

e d on th e p l ain s n e ar Um stad t 10 m i l es E o f D arm stadh

,
.

Th e Fr e n ch h ad m ade th is m o ve m e n t to ge t ah e ad of
T raun an d p re v e n t his j unction w ith the Austrian arm y
v
 56
p
co r s , u nd e r Batthyani com ing up fro m th e N e th erl an ds ,

an d m ov in g sou th w ard s to j oin h im .

A s all th e p l ac es m e n tion e d h e r e in are l aid d o w n o n

John s ton s (E dinb u rgh ) N ational Atl as r e fe re n ce th e r e to

’
,

will sh ow th at th e p osition of Um st ad t w as n ot ill ch o se n ;

th at th e nce C on ti coul d m an oeuvr e on In te rior l in es w hil e

Trau n w as m oving by E xt e r ior lines alm ost on th e a r c of ,

a c ir c e of w h ich
l U m stadt w as the c en tr e . N e v e r th e l e ss
T r au n m ar ch e d w ith such c ele rit
y, e ven on th is c ircum
fe r e n c e th at h e Was al w ays ah e ad of th e Fre nch
,
From .

Um stadt, C onti sh ou l d h av e ov e rw h e lm e d Batthyani b e fore

h e cro sse d theKin z ig an d b e for e T r aun cou l d j oin him , ,

s in ce th e Fr e n ch w e r e at th e ap e x o f a trian g l e w h ose
,

m u ch sh orte st sid e s tr e tch e d tow ar d s Batth an i an d w h ose

y
l onge st tow ar ds T rau n .

M e an w h il e Batth y an i h ad al re ady p asse d th e Lahn an d ,

w as h aste n ing o n by th e w ay o f L au b ach an d Bir ste m

, ,
i

to w n s ly ing al m ost in a dire ct l in e b e tw e e n Gie sse n on ,

th e L ah n an d S alm un ste r on th e Kin z ig

,
L au b ach l ie s ,
.

15 m il e s S E of G ie sse n in H e sse D ar m stad t ; B ir ste in

. .
,
-

,
,

in H e sse C asse l ab ou t th e sam e distan c e N W of Orb

-

. .
, ,

on th e Orb an afflu e n t of th e K inz ig at th e e xtr e m e

, ,

n orth p oin t o f B av aria .

T r au n con stan tly m ov ing on m ad e con tinu al fein ts of ,

attack ing th e P r in ce o f C on ti l ast m e n tion e d as e n cam p ,

e d n e ar Um stad t an d com pl e te ly d e c e iv e d h im
,
as to h is

inte n tion s C on ti h ad adv an ced to A schafie nb u rg on

.
'

th e M ayn ab ou t 12 m il e s N E of U m stadt an d 23 m i l es
‘

. .
,

E S E of Fr an kfor t RA M at on ce T r au n disapp e are d

. . . .

from b e for e th e F re n ch in p osition th e r e an d w as l os t to , ,

th e ir r econn oissan ce s an d e clair e u rs b e h in d th e scre e n of

th e for est cl ad Sp e ss ar t m o u n tain s

-

.
 5 7
This ge p ar all e l to and h e re n orth an d ye t w est
ran , , , ,

o f th e M ay n str e tch e s N N E to th e K in z ig
,
.w h e r e it .
,

j oin s th e w e s te rn spurs of th e Rhoe ngeb irge I t for m e d a .

p e rfe ct bl in d I n l ike m ann e r th e R e b e l s h av e op er ate d

.
,

p ro te cte d an d cov e re d by th e B lu e Ridge D o w n al ong .

th e S h e n an d o ah ag ain an d ag ain S ton e w all J ack son r oll

, ,

e d h is v ic torio us torr e n t of w ar B ack w ar d s an d for .

w ar d s l ik e a sh u ttl e r e b e l c ol u m n s a c ontinu al m e n ace

, , , ,

sh ot t o an d fro th ro u gh th at v all e y w h il e o u r arm ies lay

on th e P otom ac fr om Al e x an d ria u p w ar d s Ju st so Le e .

t urn e d P o p e u n de r c ov e r o f th e B l u e Ridge B e h ind th e .

d ou bl e blin d of th e B ull Ru n an d Kittoctan r ang e s an d

o f th e B l u e Ridg e Le e ag ain s ou gh t to d e ce ive Ho ok e r .
,

H aving th us outm ance u v r ed his adv ersarie s T raun m o ,

v e d r ap id ly b e hin d th e l e afy Sp e ss ar t fr o m We rth e im by

th e w ay of L oh r b oth o n th e M ayn to U rb or Orb an d
, , ,

u nite d w ith Batth an i

y W ith f or ce s au m e n te d by th is
.
g
j u n ction to ,
m e n T r au n now in tu rn offe r e d b attle
, , ,

ag ain an d again to C on ti He e v e n d e tach e d Bare n k l au

.
,

w h o p asse d ar ou n d th e Fr e nch l e ft an d cr osse d th e Rh in e

at Bib e r ich j u st b e l ow M aye n ce Th e Prin c e of C on ti .

took al ar m at on ce an d r e tr e ate d h u rr ie dly d ow n th e

M ayn S o m u ch w as b e afraid of th e Au strians th at h e

.
,
'

bl e w u p th e bridge at A sch afie nb u rg an d brok e d ow n

th at at H oe ch st an d fe ll b ack to Gross G e r au n e ar th e -

Rhin e T rau n p asse d th e M ayn an d B ar e nkl au op era

.
, ,

tin g in ob e d ie n ce to or d e r s actu ally d e fe ate d a Fr e n ch

,

d e tach m e nt of C on ti s Fre e C orp s ne ar Opp e nh e im di

’ -

r e ctl
y in th e r e ar 01 th e Fre n ch , on th e ir ow n , th e We st

d
si e of th e Rhin e ,
w h ich in t e r v e n e d b e tw ee n C on ti an d

Fr an ce . On re c e i p t o f this inte llige n ce C onti m ad e n o ,

far th e r atte m p ts to h ol d his gr ou n d b u t re p asse d th e ,

 5 8 e

Rh ine ,
1 8th July ,
1745 ,
at o
G e rn sh e im an d Rh e in turk
h e im ,
b e l ow Wo y b eh in d
rm s , an d e n cam
p d e n e ar th at c it

th e str e am Osth oie n From th e nce h e r etire d to Mu t

'
-r
.
,
,

t er stadt I n th is r e tr e at th e Prin ce of C on ti l ost h is b ag

.

gage an d h ad hi s troo ps m u ch h ar asse d .

"
“
Tr au n p aign h as alw ays r eceive d h igh com m en
s c am

d ation b ec au se h e conip elle d th e Fre nch to r e tire b e h ind

' '

th e Rhine by w elI p l ann e d m ar ch e s an d th e ch oi c e of h is

-

p ositions al one Political re ason s prev e nte d h im from

.
‘

foll owi n g th e Fre n ch b e c aus e Au stria w as d e p e n d en t on ,

”
its all ie s .

T h is is a w on de rful e x am ple of a serie s of Victori es Wi th

o u t b attl e s in w h ich T r au n cr osse d an d r e cr osse d th e
,
-

Rhine su cces sfully in th e pre se nce of an e n em y v astly

'

su p e r ior in for ce , d iscon ce r te d all th e p l an s of th e F r e n ch

m il it ary l e ade rs tr ave r se d a n d r e tr av e r se d Ge rm an

, y
-

w ith th e sp ee d of a c av al ry cor p s, drov e Fre de ric th e

'

G re at ou t of B oh e m ia an d th e Fre n ch acr oss th e Rhine , ,

an d w ou l d h av e b r ou gh t ab ou t a d iffe r e nt r e su l t for his

tor y to r ecor d h ad h e b e en l e ft u n tr am m e l e d by th e Au l ic

Council .

In qu e n ce o f th is suc ce ssfu l practical strate gy th e

con se ,

e l e ction at F r an k for t w as u n distu rb e d an d th e gr an d d u k e

Franz Ste ph e n in spite of all th e opp osition of Fran ce

,

an d P russia attain e d to th e Im p e rial dign ity

,
Oh th e .

8th Oct 174 5 th e n e w E m p e r or r e ce iv e d h is h e r oic w ife

.
, , ,

M aria T h ere sa th e qu e en of Hu n g ar y an d B oh e m ia in
, ,

th e c am p at H ei d elb e rg an d th en ce le d h er th an ks to , , , ,

T r aun b ack in triu m p h to Vie nn a

, .

T hith e r now like w ise 30111118 d th e triu m p h an t Tr au n

, ,

and in conse qu e n ce of th e p rosp e cts of a g e n e r al p e ace

, ,

w hich e v e ry d ay b ec am e m or e h op e fu l re ce iv e d a ye ar s
’
,

l e av e of ab se n ce to re st his w ar w orn b ody an d m in d I n -

.
 59

1 74 7, th e d in T r an sylv an ia w as confe rre d

ch ie f com m an

u p on him T h is di gn ity h ow e ve r h e only e nj oye d for a

.
,

fe w w e e k s Oh th e l oth Fe b 1748 h e die d at th e c ap

. .
, ,

ital H e rm an n stad t at th e adv an ce d age of 7 0y e ar s n ot

, , ,

[E i i m or e d an d bl e sse d at h is de ath th an w h e n h e h ad
form e rly l aid dow n h is v ice r oy al ch arg e at M il an -
.

Kh e v e nh u ller and T rau n h av e b e e n style d by m il itary

c ritics th e (Aj ax) T e l am on an d F ab ius of Au stria in its
,

h ou r of e x tre m e st d an ge r an d its dire st n e e d T h e ir .

n am e s app e ar in th e li st of th e w ar ch iefs of a m il itary

’

n ation as th ose of h e roes fore ve r w or th y of th e hig h e st

'

praise an d en du rin g gratitu de of the ir coun try .

T h at T r au n is com p arative ly unk n ow n is u n de n iabl e

th at h e w as th e gre ate st p ractic al str ate gist (i e G e n e r al . .

in th e tr ue s e n se of th e w or d) of th e m iddl e h al f of th e
X VIII C e n tu ry is in dispu tabl e T his se e m s a p ar ad ox ‘

an d ye t n o th in g is m or e su sc e p tib l e o f d e m on stration ,

w h e n all th e facts ar e b r ou ght tog e th e r an d con sid e re d .

I t w as Tr au n s m isfortu n e th ro u gh ou t h is car e e r of G e n
’

e ralshi p to se rve e v e n w h e n in v e ste d w ith e q u al au th or i

,

ty wi t h a re igning p ow e rfu l m il itary k ing an d w ith or

, ,

u n de r as ad l atu s [i e G e r : z u r S eite or cu r H u gh ] tw o
,
-

,
.

p rin ce s th e fir st of w h om th e Gran d D uk e of T uscany

, , ,

w as n e u tr al as to th e Sp an iar d s in r e g ar d to h is I tal ian ,

d om in ions w h ile b e ing h u sb an d of T rann e sove r e ign h e

, ,
’
,

w as ac tu ally h os til e ag ain st th e m an d afte rw ar d s E m p er or ,

o f G e r m any ; th e s e c on d th e b r oth e r of th e fo rm e r
,
a ,

p rin ce an d arch d uk e an d a pre te nde r to sove re ign righ ts .

S e rv ing w ith th e King of S ardinia T rau n w as e m in e ntly ,

s u c ce ssful ag ains t th e g r e ate st o dd s an d ac c om p l is h e d

m o re than his in ad e qu ate m e ans w ou l d se e m to h av e ju sti

fie d his atte m p ting Ye t th e King in g e ne r al h istory h as

.
,

all th e gl o ry

l
Th e p oor (T rau n) s e w th e (S an is h ) b o p
Th e k 1n g (S ard inia11) h ad t h e glo ir c ” .
 60
I n 174 4 , p e c ially u pon th e Rhine Tr aun is sc arc e ly
es
,

n o tic e d an d in h is o p e r ation s ag ains t F r e d e ric Du ar c

, , , p q
“
in h is Histor ic al an d Mil itar y S tu die s on Pru ssia actu ”

“
ally ascrib e s h is ac tion s to D aun an d L or d D ov e r 1n h is
” '

, ,
“
Life of Fr e de ric II th e Gre at to Br ow n (Br au n ) Eire n
”
'

s
, , .

S chl osser m istook B row n (B r au n) fo r Tr au n an d r epr e ,

se n ts th e l att e r as figh ting ag ain s t th e F re n ch an d s as

p
iar ds in I t aly w h e n h e w as ac tu ally b attl in g ag ainst h is
,

ow n b o d ily in fir m itie s at h om e Th e r e su l t p rove s th at all

.

’
T r au n s ach ie v e m e nts se r ve d on ly to in cre ase th e ce l
e b rity o f su p e rior s in p ol itic al r an k an d th e b rillian c y o f

h is t al e n ts w e re ab sorb e d i n th e spl e n dor o f th e c aste of

“
h is coadj utors S u ch is th e trustw orth ine ss of History
.

“
th e thin gs c all e d h istorie s (w h ich ) ar e
’
for th e Mill ion ,

3 ”
w orse th an w ill o f th e w isp s S u ch is th e inj u stice d aily
‘
.

cu l m in atin g c v e n ar ou n d u s .

S ch l osse r an d Russe ll ve n C oll e tta w hil e ad m it

,
an d e ,

tin g th at T r au n cov e r e d him sel f w ith gl ory in I taly in ,

17 34 c ann o t fr e e th e m se l v e s fro m th e w e igh t of preju dic

,

c d au th oritie s s o as to d o j u stic e to T r au n an d m ak e h im ,

as con spicu ou s as h e d e se rv es Th e A u str o I tal ian V ic e

‘

-
.

.
ro t o w h om h e ow e d ob e d ie n ce , r an aw ay afte r h e h ad
y
’
frittere d aw ay T r ann e su pp or ts an d e n rich e d h im se l f , ,

“
an d l e ft T r au n to sh ift for h im se l f ; an d V iscon ti s co adj u
” ’

' '

to r C arafia w h o h as th e su fir age s of Italian h istorian s afte r

-

, ,

d oing all th e h arm th at h e cou l d d o w as or de re d to Vie n ,

n a t o j u stify his con d u c t b e fore th e S u p r e m e C ou n cil

w h e n n o m or e h ar m c ou l d b e d on e l e avin g t o T r au n th e ,

o nly alte rn ativ e of u n av ailin g r e sist an c e or of su cc u m b in g

gl oriou sly I n a w or d Trau n s su p e riors h aving pre p are d

.
,
’

in e vitab le de fe at, 1e ft h im to su ffe r a c e rtain r e ve rs e w h ich

’
by his m ann e r of m e e ting it con v e rte d Trau n s m ish ap s
into th e in strum e n ts of h is ap oth e osis .

H orm ayr in h is Au strian P lu tarch con cl u de s h is b iog

,
 61
ra h
p y of T r au n l qu e n t re flec tions o f wh ich th e
w it h e o
,

fo ll o w ing ar e in som e re sp e cts as clos e a tr ansl ation as h is

, ,

Ge rm an w ill p e rm it to avoid ob s cu rity ,

.

I t is in d e e d a gre at gl ory to b e th e for tu n ate l e ad e r o f

Vic toriou s ar m ie s at an e p o ch o f gr e at an d g e n e r al w ar
o

an d by su cc e s s
,
to EN L ARG E th e d o m in ion s o f a n ative
,
“

s tate . Bu t su ch a fam ou s an d fort un ate c ar e e r is n ot

re se r ve d for e ve ry ge n er al and it is pe rh ap s a still gre ate r

,

gl ory to assu m e th e co m m an d at th e m ost im m in e nt crisis

an d th e d ir e st n e e d o f a n ation and S A V E a cou n try as ,

w as th e c ase w ith Kh e v e n h u lle r and w ith T r au n For .

e v e n as th at l e ad e r d ar e s an d adv e n tu r e s m u ch l e ss w h o

figh ts ag ai n st h is e qu al in a v ary in g an d al te rn ate ly su c

c e ssful c am p aig n th an an oth e r com m an d e r w h o c arrie s o n

a d e fe n siv e c am p aig n again st l on g an d c on s tan tly su c ce ss

fu l su p e riority or ag ain s t sw ift e v e r—in cre asing an d ov e r

, ,

p ow e rin g fo rce fu riou s as a m ou n tain torre n t e v e n so

, ,

H IG H ER h on or c ann o t b e d e n ie d t o e v e n I N F ERI OR g e niu s

an d sk il l w h e n th e d e fic ie n cy is m ad e u p by a n obl e c on

te m p t o f d ang e r an d l o ss o f r e p u t ation w ith th e m u l ti

tu de or by ind om itabl e fo rc e o f w ill th e on ly q u al ity

, ,

w h ich p res e n ts an in div idu al as e qu ally g re at u n d e r fa

v or ab le or adv e r se c irc u m s tan c es

, .

I t w as this in vin c ible n e ve r d es p airing d e te rm in ation

,

w h ich m ade T r au n so g r e at an d g r e atly to b e ad m ir e d ,

au d it is as a p e rh aps n ot al w ays v ic tor io u s b u t still

’r
, , ,

n e ve r su b d u e d W ar C h ie f th at his im ag e l oom s u p b e
,

for e u s in th e P r e se n t so strik ingly gr an d fro m th e m isty

d is tan ce of a gre at e p och of th e P ast .

T RA U N sh ou l d n e v e r b e forg o tte n by any m il itary st u

d e n t as a w on d erful e x am pl e of sk ill m ak ing am e n ds for ,

w an t o f Fo rtu n e an d as a M aste r o f th at S c ie n ce w h ich

,

is m ost n e e d e d at th is j u n c tu re th e m isu n d e rstoo d b u t,

ine stim abl e appl ic ation o f P RAC TI C A L S TR A T EG Y .

 62

SU M MA R Y .
“

He i s th e b es t
'

ge ne al w h o w in s a d ecisiv e b attl e w ith th e losaef tha

r
few est n; i“

MA N Y T H OU G H T S oN MA NY Ta m as .

BA T TL ES are th e last Re s ort of a good G e ne ral .

” h

He i s th at ac co u n t s L e arn ln th e N o u r is hm e n t o f M ili tar Vir tu e , an d y

l y h
o ne
a s t at as h i s fir s t o un ati o n
k ll
i ten o f h is e n e m ie s
f d
H e ad r at e r sa e o n e o f h i s o wn s o ie r s t h an
.

k
H e n ow s th e h az ar s o f b att e s— n o t t h e o m
h vd l
ld
p p
of
ld h d d
.

c e r e m o n i e s ar e s o
’
i e r s b e s t t e atre s H e u n e r s tan s , in w ar s th e re is
g
.

n o m e an s t o e rr tw i ce ; th e fir s t an d l e as t fa11l t b e in sufi i m e n t t o r u in an ar m y ;
f l h f
au t s , t er e o re , h e p d hy h
t e t at ar e r e s i e n t s o f i s or e r o r m u tin y , p d d d
p
re air i t b y b e in
'
e x am
ar on s n o n e
g
f
pl
e s o f h i s Ju s tice
as t h e air i s n o t c u t r o m h i m , h is
B e s i e e h im n e e r s o s tri ct , s o on
e ar t ain t s n o t He h at h f
. g vh l d
lyl g
l
k
c arr1e s all a or e h im , b e in f
v y
m a e u se o f a ictor as t o ge t i t ; an d in u r su in
g
e arn e as w e l t o
p
h is e n e m , i k e a w ir w in ,
if e e r a m an w i b e n e fit d v
im s e
g
.

ll
y l
h
h l d
lf p
as s ur e
hy v yl f
foe , th e n i s th e t im e , w h e n t e h a e os t o rc e , w i s o m , c oura e , an d r e ut ati o n
v
u o n h is
d
d
p
I f h e c ann o t o e rco m e h i s e n e m b y F o rce , h e o e s it b y im e He
l g p p l y gl l
.

c as t s a s m i in c on t e m t u o n ca u m n it m e e t s h im as if as s s h ou d e n
c ou n t e r a am an t d
d —
. h k
H e t in s w ar i s n e e r to b e i e n o e r b u t o n on e o f th e s e
dp
v l v "
gv v d h
t hr e e co n it io n s a h a ss ure e a c e b
, a so
u t e i cto y , o a h on e s
r r n t e at
O
.

S I R T H OMA S VERB U RY .
S trate gy m ay b e i i e dvd d
in t o Hyp o th e tica
“

l (i e. new p ap ) sTh er e o r e tica , l

pp d h k w hi h
.
,
A l i e , (1 e actu al, c ec m at e , w efl cth atige), -
an d Ta ti al (i
c c '
n c b att le s
gy
. .

are n e ce s s ary age nt s) , S t t

r a e
”
. W . P W . .

T h e re is n o th in , e rh a s , s o g p
e ne r a p
m is un de rstoo , e en b
'

g lly d v y
l
m i it ar m e n , y b
o th as to d efin itio n , th e or , an d a lic atio n , as y pp
P R A C TI C A L (e ffic acio u s o r re a1, ) STR A TEG Y The A naconda S ys
d v d d
.

v
tem , o nc e so au nt e , n o w as m u ch re ile , w h ic h o ft e n su cce e s
g
a ain st a r e e io n , b ll
articu ar p l ly
w h en th at re b e lion h as e le m e nts o f l
d d
iscor w ith in itse f, is n oth in m ore th an one a l ppl ic ation of Prac g
p v
tic al (e fficie ntly o e rati e ) S trate gy v l d
N e er th e e ss, t o su cce e , its
j k pp p
.

x
fo rc es m ust b e e ert e d u st as th e m onst e r sn a e a lie s its ow e rs
p p p y y
.

I t is th e e cul iar ro e rt of o ur c o untr m e n to cry h o s ann as o e r v

v y g
e e r th in l d
th at is at o n ce app ar en tly s uc cessfu , an d c on e m n e e rv y
d k
th in g w h ich oes n o t w o r s m o o th ly d ly b gl
an d im m e iat e in a u n e r s ’

h an s d v y v
A t firs t, e e r o n e w as in fa or of w h at w as te rm e t h e d
d gy v yb dy g p
.
“

A nac o n a S trate ; 11 0W , e e r o is a ain st it Th e first o inio n

b y v y
.

w as c o rre c t at th at tim e , e c au se th e cou ntr h ad e e r r e ason t o

su pp
o s e th e re w as a s tro ng l
u nio n e e m e nt w it h in th e S o u th , an d th e
d gd p
se co n , ch an e , o in io n m ay b e e u a q lly g r i h t at th is tim e , s inc e it

b p vd x
h as e en ro e th at th e u nio n se n tim e nt c ann ot e e rt itse f e fis o l
tu ally p v b d
Bo th o inio n s m ay h a e ee n c orrec t b u t at iffe r e n t tim e s,
d d d y
.

an d u n er iffe r e nt cir cu m st anc es But if th e A n ac on a S st e m did

d v pp ly l
.

n o t su cce e , e e n a are n t w hy d id it fai Be cau se th ose w h o

k pply dy
,

u nd e rt o o to a it , d id n o t s tu an d im itat e th e ac tio n o f th e
d
an ac on a its e f l l l p l d
Th e c o o ss a re ti e oes n ot sim ply le n circ e its
p l b g g b
.

re y wi th an in e rt , flac cid c o i an d rin its stre n th to e ar in

p
s as m o ic ,d d l d bj
is o cate e fio rts, b u t, as soon as th e o ec t of i ts a
'

k tt ac
bg d
is e irt w ith its tre m e n ou s c on tr actile force , it e x e r ts th at fo rc e
bl l
w ith t e rri e , sim u tan e o u s , p y
e rsiste nt in te n sit k p
an d e e s up t h e
p q lly
re ssure e u a v y l
an d e e r w h e re , u n ti all th e p o w e r o f r esis t an c e is

e x tin ct, an d its p yre d

is cr u sh e in to an in e rt m ass , fitte d t o b e sw al
d p
lo w e u p , to n ouri sh an d to r e c u e r ate , for n e w e ffor ts , th e er v y
p
ow e r w h ich d yd
e str o e it S o sh ould d
ou r an aco n a of arm ie s an d
d d ll
.

v
fle e ts h a e act e an d s o sh o u l th e N o r th s ti c o ntinu e t o ac t

u n ti l th e Sou th is c rush e d b
into a su m ission w h ich c ou ld n ot
p
rese n t any fo rm or c o n sis t e n c e t o p v ld
re e nt th e N o rth fro m m ou

d g
i ng its futur e ac co r in to its w i an d ll pl d v
e as ure , an d th us eri e ,

fro m its t ran sform e d d dq

c o n itio n , a e u ate re sou r c e s to m e e t n e w

e nem i t hes a b d o m e o r a ro a
p th w v d Sy t l t q id g
.

I n o n e res Aec o e e r o ur n ac o n a s em e u nu n c s ar ue

w h t th y w ill d id t f il ft ld h v b
,

a e ll f
, wh t no a a er a ,
or a cou a e een ao
 63
c om pli h d hs e bl k di g q d
ad no t pl t d
th e d i
oc a n s u a ron s c om e e an m an -r

t i a ne d it il 80 v t h w v
s co w th i fas b d
o e er as e c rc u m e re nc e em r ac e

ly t d i q t t wh t D k
.

th t a ff t
o ur e o r s on am ou n e n so m e u ar e rs o a ec er

styl P es ly i f th
ar a y i th t N t li ti P h p
s s o e e ne m n o e rs o eu r a z a on er a s
t w id pp it th Th ti l d d i
.
,

th e r e are n o o e as m o re o os e an e ore ca ea or n
p r tiv ti l ffi i t S t t gy
,

o e a d P e, an rac Th f ca or y e c en ra e e orm e r m a
d d i j t fli i t b fi t t j tify it
.
, ,

h v a e su cc e e e n us a su c en num er o n s an ce s o us s

c on s id ti e ra by ilit y lyz on d am i ti U de w h t h dar an a er an cr c n r a ea

p ti
.

c an M C l ll c e an s o th
’
P t 61
era b l
o ns ifi d ? on e o o m ac
’
e c ass e

W it P t i l S t t g y
as rac D k
ca t gh t ? W ld it b
ra e j t
as ec er au ou e un us

tyl it th ti l t gi l t liz ti f th b l
,

t o s e e ore ca -
s r at e ca -
n eu r a a on o e re e m as se s

i p
n pp d t b t g i ti ? I t t i ly w
rese n c e or su o se o t e an a o n s c c er a n as no

W kth tig S t t gi f th F d li t w
er a e ra e t
e, tiv or e e e ra s s e re n o ac e

y D k th ti l t t gy v t t p t d
.

“ ” “
B t wh u en , sa s ec e r, e or e c a s ra e e n u r es o re e n

y t b d h i p iti by i ply
,

th t it
a f c an o r ce an e n e m o a an on s os on s m m an

o eu v e r ni g d w ith t an i g th i k f figh ti g ou fli t th i
r u nn n e r s o n or co n c s, s

m a n g ifi t t h y
ce n w i ll b v y l y
e or li z d i p t i d e v er rar e re a e n r ac c e , an e en
ly w h th y p v h i lf xt di ily f bl ,
”
th e n, o n en e e ne m ro es m se e r aor nar ee e

m ora lly d ph y i lly an s ca

Th t g lt h v b ph h d b y v d l
.

a t re a re su s a e e e n ac c o m s e e en s e c on c ass
g l th gh th i
e ne ra s , roup h i d ppl i ti e r com fP ti l re e ns on an a ca on o r ac ca

( l ) S t gy w ith t d l iv i g
re a t ra e pti g ou w th t b i ge er n or acce n or 1 ou e n
d i t g t b ttl h b p v d by ll l i bl ilit y
, ,

f o rc e n o a re a a e, as e en ro e a re a e m ar
hi t ys or N tt g b k t o f l t o b gi w ith th
o ac fL oo i ar, e us e n e e ra o ou s
w igh i g l t w th g t t ig
.

X I wh o, e d n m e an s an re s u s, as e re a e s s o v e re n
t p fF b th t p t l dipl y
,

wh o sa th t hu on e rone o r an ce , o as o r ac 1c a o m ac

p ti l d i i t ti d p ti l t t gy ppl i bl i
,

r ac ca a m n s ra o n, an r ac ca s ra e as a ca e n
d il it y g iz ti f h i T k f
,

acc or W th th
an c e i e m i
ar or an a on o s e ra a e or n
f l p ig f 1463 g i t th L g f th
.

“
t
s an c e , hi s s u c ce s s u c am a n, o a a ns e e a ue o e
P b li G d Th ly fit p i f il t it t h d
,

u c oo e on com ar s on s o r o s o a an are o ne
fF d i p ig i th S v Y W
.
, ,

d N
’
or tw o o C re er c s am a ns, n e e en e ars ar , an a

p l o e on s o fi ’
i d f iv e ns v e p ig f 1814 g i t th A lli i
-

e e ns e c am a n o a a ns e es n
F r an c e . T ki g i t a id ti n ti in o con s t d era on , m e , c rc u m s anc e s, m e ans an

f o r ces ,L i di lv d by h d w k h t w k d h d w k
ou s ss o e ea -
or e ar — or an an -

or
g t C l iti i 14 63 th F d i i 175 7
, , ,

a re a e r oa o n, n d th an re er c n an an
N p l h ld i h k i 18 14
, ,

a o e on e n c ec ,
n .

A th i b s h si w itt ro c t d j tiure t s f th g r t en o o us ce o o ne o e re a m en
m o b d by th g
s c u re t t it l d l fty p iti
e re a f l ittl it i
es an o os o ns o e m e n, s

sc arc e ly d ig i t d l w h t i
a re s s o n t d th ill k
o w
e c ar e a m m e ns e s ri es e -
no n
L i XI l t g
ou s a m os lly pp i t d d k w t th as e n e ra u na re c a e an un no n o e
d tw d d il it y y t
,

m as s e s as T r au n , m a e i ti
o ar s m o e rn m ar s s e 1n z a on
d p ti l d bl l i ti i
.

H w th fi t w h
e as e rs o m a e r ac ca an se nsi e am e o ra o ns n
i ge
s e till y ; h fi t
ar er b tit t d b e rs f d d ti
su s u e r ass c ann o n . ou n e en re ,

f or i ro n w gh t i p i
c ann o n , d t rou l id h t f t n e c e s , an cas so s o o r ou

bl b ll H w th d vi w th
, ,

t
s on e d an m ar e t f ga s. e as e c re a o r o ran re e s, e
g e rm s f p f i t ti
o c am d il it y i p ti
s o ns ruc gl on, an m ar ns ec o n s , re u ar
t roo p w ith fi s d l igh t v ly p p
re arm s , an H hi lf ca a r ro er. e, m se
g d p i ti g d h ev i j d th p pl h w ,
e nc ou ra e r n n an e n er n ur e e eo e o e v er
d ply h w d d th i t y C i th t L
,

ee e o un e tt t e i
ar s ocr ac om ne s a es s a ou s
t bl i h d p f I t ti t P t d l A h i w h i h
.

’
XI es a C s e a am o ns ru c on a on e rc e, n c
b e ass e m bl d e d k p t th t g th f
m e n , an v ly e em o e er or se e ra e ars
un d th t i t t d i ipli p ti i g
er e s r c es sc d b vi g ne , r ac c n m an cs u v r e s an o se r n
e v yper ti if i f
r e c au t f o n as y A t n L i ro n o an e n e m s a c re a o r ou s
g t th N p l ki g d
.

w as re a e r an a o e o n , ast lfi h a n an a m an n o m o r e se s
an d i i l p ti l ly it w t k i t
cr m na ar id
c u ar ti th d iff e a e n o c on s e ra on e er
l t th p h i w h i h t h y
,

e nce o f d
m e ans , m anne rs an m or a s a e e oc s n c e

se v lly h e ra s one .
 64
With b ut q y d
a re ie re nc e t o ant i u it an
i ty f h iv l i gi
,

th e m s sce ne s o c a r c e r as o r o n

th e m ilit y p tiar f th l t th
o e ra ons o e as re e

to a e f w t bl hi v
no a t w i ll b e ac e e m en s e
P rac ti l S t t gy
ca ra e .

In r e c e nt tim p ig f G t v A d lph
e s c o ns i d er t h e 2 c am a ns o us a u s o us ,
1631 h w i fl ti l y t
o l y t w d i iv b ttl —E
n ue n a e 4 on o ec s e a es z s h er s
’

p ig ly fi t l b ttl
,
c am a ns, h wd t ti y t o e s ruc v e, e on on e rs c as s a e
T t 4
o rs e ns o n s p ig
’
164 2 c am whi h h b
a gh t A t i t
n s, in c e ro u us r a o
th b i k f d t
e r n ti
o q d D n k p ly z d S y
e s ru c o n, co n u e re e m ar ara e ax o n
i d th pi h d t i t
, ,

ru n e f th h re e ot i w h i h th
e ue s arm es c e em re a se n n o
t h fi ld
e e d p f an d tw h
e r orm ew hi h w th y f p o m arc es c are or o co m ar
iso n w ith y d di
an i t
re c o r d e l y t h f gh t
n an c e n or m o e rn ann a s , e e ou
on ly 2 fi t l b ttl
rs c as s[t wh i th i p
a esnt w h ll w
-
o om n s r ese ar s a e co m
p th g t S w d pp t th p p l G ll k w in
are e re a e e s
’
o o ne n e o u ar a as , no n
il it y l a th R i f ( f h i w ) i g l
.

m ar ann a s s e
“ — W
u ne r o o s o n arm es r an e
‘

s
3 c amp ig 164 5a ns . i d di g t th p la d d
c arr e o n acco r n o e n an un er
th e advi f T t ce o wh i h fi i h d t h X X X Y
o rs e nso n, W p c n s e e e ars ar, re
sen t b t u fli t pp
o ne c o n h i g th i p c af b tt l p p ro ac n e m or t anc e o a a e ro ~

ly p k i g S g p v t ki i h
,

ea n h t
us m ars i au se n, a re a as
‘

er s sur r se or s rm s

p ig 1674 h w i t ti
,
"
T ure nn e and M t li 2 o n ec uc u s c am a ns , o ns ru c v e ,t
ne v th ler ly 2 b ttl — [ T
e e ss on f ll w h n b
a t t d li
es r ure nne e e a ou o e ver a

th i d r d th F
an h h d t e b d re nc th igh t t b
a 1 o k f a an on e r or c as an o
p ig
,

t h Rh i
e —P ne Eg r1h oc f 17 0 6 ud fl k hf
e ne s c am
’
a n o an an m arc
fro m T t t T i
re n
“
o t pi f d i g t p i
u r n, a m as e r lti g ece o ar n en er r se
”
re su n
in a vi t y w h i h w p t th F h t f It ly — T
c or c s e 2 m e r e nc ou o a z rau n s
’
ca

p g i
a f 17
ns o 4 4 w it h t b tt l i w h i h h v
ou th l i a a d d a e, n c e ne er e e ss nv e
F v dB h i
rance , s a e d th l ti f th E p F
o em a, se c ure e e ec on o e m e ro r ran»

b attles t o w e r u p l ik
p k f t h Hi l y w o dth e h igh e s t
e ea s o e m a a as as n er
f l
u pl f P
e x am es o gy R b h d L th f rac t ic al S t rate os ac an eu en o
p i Li g itz d bl p ti f p ly zi g
,

h i l ti g
a n i
su e r o r arm es, e n a ou e o e ra on o ara n
o ne an d b ti g th ea y t th n ti
ano er ar m a e s am e m e.
A ill t ti
s an V b w
us ra x pl 05 P ti l S t t gy
o n, au an as an e am e rac ca ra e

111 E gi n i g j t
ne e r n R b h d L th us d L i g itz w
as os ac an eu en an e n e re

i t
n s ance s o fP ti l S t t gy i F ig h ti g
rac G il
ca t b ra e n n m or e see m s o e
pl yi g th V b i th i w p di g b ll t d w t d
.

a n e au an n s ar, ex en n u e s an s ea an
sa vi g n d bl d
m e n an J t th w t d till w ith V
oo ne as e re as n o s an s an
d F d i ph w ith T j t th
.

b an an d i re i e r c , an n am no r s e re rau n , us so ere

is n o c onv l iv j k f w d W th G il
u s e erdR s b t or ar i m o re an h o s e cran s , u

ass u red p g ro re ss .
N0 f i d t th
re e re nc e p ig f N p l b
s m a e h o e c am a ns o a o e on , e c au se e
i th w it
s e d t t ti
r er s v ‘
f d t x pt
e es a ity o n, ne er re e rr e o e ce nec e ss co m ~
pl
e s. J W TT E Pn A S D r sr nn ,
ROSE HI LL T S pt b , I V OL I , e em er