000 215 1220 31Mar05-Vertical Vessel Foundations

Guideline 000.215.
1220
Date 31Mar05
Page 1 of 7
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VERTICAL VESSEL FOUNDATIONS
PURPOSE
This document establishes guidelines and recommended procedures for the design of
vertical vessel foundations.
SCOPE
This document includes the following major sections:
• GENERAL
• DESIGN CONDITIONS
• ANCHOR BOLTS
• PEDESTAL DESIGN
• FOOTING DESIGN
• REFERENCES
• ATTACHMENTS
APPLICATION
This document applies to all types of foundations for vertical vessels and self supported
stacks.
GENERAL
Before designing any vertical vessel foundations, the Lead Structural Engineer will meet
with the Lead Vessel Engineer to agree on consistent wind and seismic loadings,
corrosion allowances for anchor bolts, anchor bolt types, and any special requirements
dictated by the client.
At the time of the foundation drawing squad check by the Lead Structural Engineer, the
vessel drawing should be compared to the data used on the design calculations to ensure
that no major platform changes, anchor bolt changes, or vessel size changes have
occurred.
Computer programs are available for the design of vertical vessel foundations, and should
be used whenever possible to expedite foundation design.
DESIGN CONDITIONS
Vertical Loads
Erection Weight: Fabricated weight of vessel, generally taken from vessel drawing, plus
internals, platforms, manways, and piping that are actually erected with the vessel.
Empty Weight: Fabricated weight of vessel plus weight of internals, piping, insulation,
fireproofing, and platforms; generally taken from vessel drawing.
000 215 1220 dtd 31Mar05.doc Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1220
Date 31Mar05
Page 2 of 7
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Operating Weight: Empty weight plus weight of operating liquid or catalyst; generally
taken from vessel drawing.
Test Weight: Empty weight plus weight of water required for hydrostatic test; generally
taken from vessel drawing.
It should be determined whether a hydrostatic test will actually be done in the field. It is
generally desirable to design for test weight since unforeseen circumstances may occur.
The above loads should be considered as dead loads when applying load factors used in
ultimate strength design.
Wind Loads
Wind loads should be calculated in accordance with the job specifications and Structural
Engineering Guideline 000.215.1215: Wind Load Calculation.
Wind loads are normally calculated by the Mechanical group, however, verification by
the Structural group may be required. Wind loads calculated by hand should be
compared to the computer printout. If the two results compare favorably, the mechanical
results should be used for foundation design. If the results do not compare favorably, the
differences shall be jointly discussed and resolved.
When calculating or checking wind loads, due consideration should be given to factors
which may significantly affect total wind loads such as the application of dynamic gust
factors or the presence of spoilers on the vessel.
Seismic Loads
In earthquake zones, seismic forces determined in accordance with job specifications,

usually conforming with the UBC (Uniform Building Code), will replace wind forces
when greater. Refer to Structural Engineering Guideline 000.215.1216: Earthquake
Engineering, for seismic design considerations and procedures.
Seismic loads calculated by the Mechanical group shall be independently verified as

appropriate by the Structural group.
Thermal Loads
Thrusts due to thermal expansion of piping will be included in the operating load
combinations, when deemed advisable. Dead load factors will be applied to the
resultants of piping thermal loadings. Consult with the Pipe Stress Engineer for any
thermal loads that are to be considered.
Load Combinations
Load Combinations shall be calculated in accordance with Structural Engineering

Specification 000.215.00910, Structural Engineering Criteria.

Date 31Mar05
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Soil Bearing Pressure
The allowable soil bearing pressure will not be increased for any combination, unless
dictated by job specifications.
ANCHOR BOLTS
Design procedures for sizing anchor bolts, factoring anchor bolt loads, determining
pretensioning, and checking embedment are covered in Structural Engineering Guideline
000.215.1207: Anchor Bolt Design Criteria.
Sizes shall be checked by the Structural Engineer in accordance with following formula:
4 Mu W
Tension = − u (Equation 1)
N x BC N
where
Mu = Factored overturning moment at base of vessel

N = Number of anchor bolts (vessel drawing)
BC = Diameter of bolt circle (vessel drawing)
Wu = Factored weight of vessel
Each load case shall be considered. In non-seismic areas, an empty vessel combined with
wind will usually control. In seismic areas, the full weight will produce the maximim
moment. Seismic shear may govern the design for short vessels.
PEDESTAL DESIGN
Sizing
Concrete pedestals supporting vertical vessels will be sized with pedestal faces in even
inch increments according to the following criteria:
• Face-to-face pedestal size will be no less than the larger of:
Bolt circle + 8 inches (Equation 2)

Bolt circle + 8 bolt diameters
Bolt circle + sleeve diameter + 6 inches
• Pedestals 4'- 0" and larger will be octagonal in shape; smaller than 4'- 0", use a
square shape.
It is normally desirable to make the pedestal deep enough to contain the anchor bolts and
keep them out of the mat.
Reinforcing
The pedestal will be tied to the footing with sufficient dowels around the pedestal

Date 31Mar05
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perimeter to prevent separation of the pedestal and footing.
Dowels
Dowels are customarily sized by computing the maximum tension existing at the pedestal
perimeter due to overturning moments (using allowable stress load combinations ) in
accordance with the following formula:
For seismic cases
⎡ 4 M ped ⎤ ⎡ W (or Wo ) ⎤
Tension, (Fu ) = ⎢1.0 x ⎥ − ⎢0.9 x ⎥ (Equation 3a)
⎣ N x BC ⎦ ⎣ N ⎦
For wind cases,
⎡ 4 M ped ⎤ ⎡ W⎤
Tension , (Fu ) = ⎢1.3 x ⎥ − ⎢0.9 x ⎥ (Equation 3b)
⎢⎣ N x BC ⎥⎦ ⎣ N⎦
Tension F Fu
Area Required = = u = (Equation 4)
Design Stress φf y 0.9 f y
where
Mped = Maximum overturning moment at base of pedestal

N = Number of bars (assumed)
BC = Pedestal size minus 6 inches
W = Empty weight of vessel and pedestal
Fu = Maximum ultimate tension in reinforcing bar
Wo = Operating weight of vessel and pedestal
Minimum Pedestal Reinforcement
Octagons 4'- 0" to 5'- 10": 8 - #4 vertical with #4 ties at 15 inches maximum.
Octagons larger than 12- 0": 32 - #5 vertical with #5 ties at 15 inches maximum.
Pedestals larger than 8'- 0" in diameter will have a mat of reinforcing steel at the top.
The requirement for additional vertical reinforcing for anchor bolt development will be
checked in accordance with Structural Engineering Guideline 000.215.1207.

Date 31Mar05
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FOOTING DESIGN
The following procedures cover footing design for soil supported foundations. For
foundations supported on drilled shafts or driven piles, refer to Structural Engineering
Guideline 000.215.1231: Drilled Pile Foundations, and Structural Engineering Guideline
000.215.1232: Driven Pile Foundations.
Sizing
Footings for vertical vessels will normally be octagonal in shape and sized with footing
faces in even inch increments to simplify formwork. Offsets and combined footings will
be avoided where possible. Footings smaller than 7'- 0" in diameter will be square.
The footing thickness will be 12 inches minimum and thickened in 3-inch increments.
The footing thickness required for adequate embedment of pedestal reinforcement should
be checked in accordance with ACI 318, Chapter 12.
The footing thickness shall also be checked for top tension without top reinforcing in
accordance with ACI 318, Chapter 22. If not adequate, either a thicker footing or top
reinforcing shall be used. The curves in Attachment 03 may be used as appropriate.
Note that the load factor of 1.4 in Attachment 03 is based on a UBC specified
combination of dead and seismic load. For non-seismic conditions, a separate calculation
using a lower load factor would be appropriate.
For the first trial, the diameter of an octagonal footing may be approximated by the
following formula:
M ftg
Diameter = 3 (Equation 5)
SB
where
Mftg = Overturning moment at the base of the footing in foot kips

SB = Allowable gross soil bearing in ksf
Soil Bearing
Soil bearing pressure will be checked for maximum allowable on the diagonal.
Soil bearing pressure used for footing design will be computed on the flat.
Soil bearing pressure is computed based on the ratio of load eccentricity to footing size
(e/D). When total footing area is not in compression
e / D > 0.123,
the soil bearing pressure will be computed using the charts in Attachment 01 where

Date 31Mar05
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LP
SB = (Equation 6)
A
When total octagon footing area is in compression
e / D ≤ 0.123,
the soil bearing pressure will be computed using the combined stresses formula:
P M ftg
SB = ±
A Z
P ⎛ 8.19 e ⎞
SB diagonal = ⎜1 ± ⎟ (Equation 7a)
A⎝ D ⎠
P ⎛ 7.57 e ⎞
SB flat = ⎜1 ± ⎟ (Equation 7b)
A⎝ D ⎠
Stability Ratio
Minimum stability ratio should be 1.5 for wind or seismic and 1.0 for dead load unless
job specifications require greater stability. Normally, stability ratio is not checked for
thermal cases.
Reinforcing
Consider the critical sections for moment and shear taken with respect to the face of a
square of area equivalent to that of the pedestal.
Moment should be checked at the face of the equivalent square.
Shear, as a measure of diagonal tension, should be checked at the face of the equivalent
square. If excessive, check using the critical section specified in ACI 318-99, Section
11.1.3.1.
The moment and shear shall be figured for a unit width strip as a simple cantilever from
the equivalent square. The resulting reinforcing steel shall be placed continuously across
the entire footing in a grid pattern.
If tensile stress in the upper face of footing exceeds the allowable concrete stress, top
steel shall be used, provided it is not feasible to increase the footing thickness.
The minimum bottom footing reinforcing will be #5 bars at 12 inches OC (On Center)
each way.

Date 31Mar05
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REFERENCES
American Concrete Institute. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete. ACI
318-99. 1999
International Conference of Building Officials, Uniform Building Code. UBC 97. 1997
Structural Engineering
Specification 000.215.00910: Structural Design Criteria
Guideline 000.215.1207: Anchor Bolt Design Criteria
Guideline 000.215.1215: Wind Load Calculation
Guideline 000.215.1216: Earthquake Engineering
Guideline 000.215.1231: Drilled Pile Foundations
Guideline 000.215.1232: Driven Pile Foundations
ATTACHMENTS
Attachment 01: (31Mar05)

Foundation Pressures For Octagon Bases

Octagon Properties

Footing Thickness Required Using No Top Steel

Sample Design 1: Vertical Vessel Foundation

Date 31Mar05
Attachment 01 - Sheet 1 of 1
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Foundation Pressures For Octagon Bases
= TOE PRESSURE
= DIRECT LOAD
= A = 0.828 D 2
= 0.0547 D 4
= LP / A
= D / 2e
=Pe
AREA
FS AGAINST OVERTURNING
P
f
f
I
MOMENT
000 215 1220 a01 dtd 31Mar05.doc Structural Engineering

Date 31Mar05
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Octagon Properties

Date 31Mar05
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Octagon Properties

Date 31Mar05
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Octagon Properties

Date 31Mar05
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Octagon Properties

Date 31Mar05
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Octagon Properties

Date 31Mar05
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Footing Thickness Using No Top Steel

Date 31Mar05
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Footing Thickness Using No Top Steel

Guideline 000 215 1220
Date 31Mar05
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21' - 8 ¾" OCTAGON
9' - 0"
24 - 1 ½" Ø "HSL" P = 1' - 2"

ON A 14' - 10 ½" Ø B.C.
#5 TIES
15' - 10 ¾" OCTAGON
FOUNDATION
6' - 7"
& COORDINATE
'D E
(3 CH #5
EQ C
R FA
#5 @ 12"
EA 4
EACH WAY
2
FOUNDATION
& COORDINATE
PLAN
1" GROUT
#5's
T.O. GROUT
EL. 101' - 0"
2 TIES PER SET
15" SPACING
#5 TIE SETS
4' - 6"
#5's
1' - 6"
#6 @ 10" EACH WAY
SECTION

Date 31Mar05
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DESIGN DATA
Wind Pressures (qz Gz ) per ASCE 7 (70 mph)

4" ∅ w/ 1 1/2" INSUL.
PLATF. #3 (12'∅)
0-30' : 40 psf
30-50' : 50 psf
PLATF. #2 (60 deg.)
50-100': 88 psf
49'
14' ∅ From vessel drawing:
14.42' ∅ INSUL. Empty Wt. = 170.3 K

Oper. Wt. = 345.2 K
67'
Test Wt. = 624.1 K

THK. 9/16" PLATF. #1 (90 deg.)
From structural criteria spec:
23'
Soil Bearing = 3.25 KSF (Net)

g = 110 PCF
f'c = 3,000 PSI
fy = 60,000 PSI
1'
Gr. El. 100'-0"
From vessel's computer output:

4.5'
H = 44.75 K
M = 1902.11 K-FT
1.5'
15'-10 3/4" Anchor Bolts : 24 - 1 1/2 " ∅ Type MS

21'-8 3/4"
w/ 1'-2" projection on a 14' - 10 1/2" ∅
bolt circle.
Wind Load Verification
Note: Wind load calculations are not shown for brevity. See technical practice 000 215 1215 "Wind Load
Calculations" for procedures.
Results from the vessel program are confirmed.
PEDESTAL DESIGN
BC + 8" = 178.5" + 8" = 186.5" (Equation 2)

BC + 8(BD) = 178.5" + 8(1.5") = 190.5" Í Controls = 15.875'
BC + SD + 6" = 178.5" + 4" + 6" = 188.5"
USE : 15' - 10 3/4" Octagon
Area = 209.25 FT2 (Attachment 02)
Pedestal Weight = 209.25 FT2 (4.5 FT) (0.15 KCF) = 141.2 K

Date 31Mar05
FLUOR
Pedestal Reinforcing
Mped = O.T.M. @ pedestal base = 1902.11 K-FT + 4.5 FT(44.75 K) = 2103.5 K-FT
N = No. of bars = assume 32
Bar Circle = (15.90 FT pedestal) - (say 0.5 FT) = 15.4 FT
W = Empty Weight of Vessel + Pedestal = 170.3 K + 141.2 K = 311.5K
Fu = [(1.3 )(4Mped) / (N)(Bar Circle)] - (0.9W / N) (Equation 3b)

= [(1.3)(4)(2103.5 K-FT) / (32)(15.4 FT)] - [(0.9)(311.5 K) / 32] = 13.44 K
As = Fu / 0.9 fy = 13.44 K / (0.9)(60 KSI) = 0.24 IN2 (Equation 4)
USE 32 #5 Bars (As = 0.31 in2) w/ #5 ties @ 15" c/c
ANCHOR BOLT CHECK
Note: Anchor bolt calculations not shown for brevity. See technical practice 670 215 1207 "Anchor Bolt
Design Criteria" for design procedures.
The anchor bolt size is adequate. Additional reinforcing is not required.
FOOTING DESIGN
Size Footing
Select a trial octagon size:
Mftg = O.T.M. @ footing base = 1902.11 K-FT + (6.0 FT )(44.75 K) = 2170.6 K-FT
SB = gross soil bearing = (3.25 KSF) + (5 FT)(0.11 KCF) = 3.80 KSF
Trial Diameter = (2.6)(Mftg / SB)1/3 = (2.6)(2170.6 K-FT / 3.80 KSF)1/3 = 21.57 FT (Equation 5)
Try: 21' - 8 3/4" octagon Area = 391.10 FT2 (Attachment 02)
Check required thickness without using top steel:
Pedestal equivalent square = (209.25 FT)0.5 = 14.47 FT
L = Distance from edge of footing to face of equivalent square

= (21.73 FT / 2) - (14.47 FT / 2) = 3.63 FT
D = depth to bottom of footing = 5 FT

Date 31Mar05
FLUOR
Required thickness using no top steel = 14 IN + 2 IN (no mud mat) = 16 IN (Attachment 03)
Note: This controls the footing thickness.
Check required thickness for pedestal reinforcement embedment:
For #5 hooked bar,

Lhb = 1200 (db) / f 'c (ACI 318-95, Section 12.5.2)
= (1200)(5/8 IN) / 3,000 PSI = 13.7 IN
Asreq'd / Asprov = 0.24 IN2 / 0.31 IN2 = .77
Treq'd = (3 IN clear) + (2 layers)(0.75 IN bar) + (.77)(0.7)(13.7 IN) = 11.9 IN
Try footing thickness = 18 IN
Footing Weights:
Net weight of pedestal = (209.25 FT2)[ 4.5 FT (0.15 KCF) - 3.5 FT(0.11 KCF) ] = 60.7 K
Weight of footing + soil = (391.10 FT2)[ 1.5 FT(0.15 KCF) + 3.5 FT(0.11 KCF) ] = 238.6 K
Total = (60.7 K) + (238.6 K) = 299.3 K
Empty WT. + FDN = 170.3 K + 299.3 K = 469.6 K

Oper. WT. + FDN = 345.2 K + 299.3 K = 644.5 K
Test WT. + FDN = 624.1 K + 299.3 K = 923.4 K
Check soil bearing and stability:
Empty + Wind: P = 469.6 K Mftg = 2170.6 K-FT
e = Mftg / P = (2170.6 K-FT) / (469.6 K) = 4.62 FT
e / D = (4.62 FT) / (21.73 FT) = 0.212 > 0.123 ∴L = 2.95 (Attachment 01)
Stability Ratio = B / 2 E = 21.73 FT / (2(4.62 FT)) = 2.35 > 1.5 ∴O.K.
S.B. = L P / A = (2.95)(469.6 K) / (391.1FT2) = 3.54 KSF < 3.80 KSF
Operating + Wind: P = 644.5 K Mftg = 2170.6 K-FT
e = Mftg / P = (2170.6 K-FT) / (644.5 K) = 3.37 FT
e / D = (3.37 FT) / (21.73 FT) = 0.155 > 0.123 ∴L = 2.30 (Attachment 01)

Date 31Mar05
FLUOR
Stability Ratio = B / 2 E = (21.73 FT) / (2(3.37 FT)) = 3.22 > 1.5 ∴O.K.
S.B. = L P / A = (2.30)(644.5 K) / (391.1 FT2) = 3.79 KSF < 3.80 KSF ∴O.K. (controlling case)
Test + 35 mph Wind: P = 923.4 K
Mftg = (35 mph / 70 mph)2 (1902.11 FT-K) = 475.5 FT-K
e = Mftg / P = (475.5 FT-K) / (923.4 K) = 0.51 FT
e/D = (0.51 FT) / (21.73 FT) = 0.023
S.B. = P / A [1 + 8.19 (e/D)] (Equation 7a)

= (923.4 K) / (391.1 FT2) [1 + 8.19 (0.023)] = 2.81 KSF < 3.80 KSF ∴O.K.
USE : 21' - 8 3/4" Octagon
Footing Reinforcing
Check Operating + Wind (in this instance, 0.9D + 1.3W controls)
Pu = 0.9 (646.0 K) = 581.4 K
Mu = 1.3 (2170.6 K-FT) = 2821.8 K-FT
e= M / P = (2821.8 K-FT) / (581.4 K) = 4.85 FT
e / D = (4.85 FT) / (21.73 FT) = 0.223 > 0.123
L = 2.95 (flat) K = 0.29 (flat) (Attachment 01)
KD = .29 (21.73 FT) = 6.3 FT
S.B. = L P/A = 2.95 (678.3 K) / 391.1 FT2= 5.12 KSF 3.54'
S.B. @ face of equivalent square :

= 5.12 KSF (14.06 FT) / (17.60 FT) = 4.09 KSF soil + concrete
.64
soil + concrete = 1.05 (238.6 K) / 391.1 FT2

= 0.64 KSF
4.09
3.45
5.12
Vu = 3.45 KSF (3.54 FT) + 1.03 KSF (3.54 FT) / 2

= 12.21 K + 1.82 K = 14.03 K
1.03
Mu = 12.21K (3.54 FT) / 2 + 1.82K (3.54 FT)(2/3)

15.43' 6.3'
= 25.91 K-FT

Date 31Mar05
FLUOR
d = 18" - 3" - 1.5" = 13.5"
vu = (14.03 K)( 1000 ) / [(12 IN)(13.5 IN)] = 86.6 PSI <2φ f ' c = 93.1 PSI ∴O.K.
F = bd2 / 12000 = 12 IN( 13.5 IN )2 / 12000 = 0.182
Ku = Mu / F = 25.91 K-FT/ 0.182 = 142 au = 4.36 (ACI Handbook, Flexure 2.1)
As = Mu / (au d) = 25.91 K-FT / (4.36)(13.5 IN) = 0.44 IN2/FT
As min = 0.0033 (12 IN)(13.5 IN) = 0.53 IN2/FT Í Controls
4/3 As = 4/3 (0.44 IN2/FT) = 0.59 IN2/FT
USE #6 @ 10" E.W. (bottom) As = 0.53 in2/ft

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Guideline 000.215.

VERTICAL VESSEL FOUNDATIONS

This document includes the following major sections:

000 215 1220 dtd 31Mar05.doc Structural Engineering

VERTICAL VESSEL FOUNDATIONS

In earthquake zones, seismic forces determined in accordance with job specifications,

Seismic loads calculated by the Mechanical group shall be independently verified as

Load Combinations shall be calculated in accordance with Structural Engineering

000 215 1220 dtd 31Mar05.doc Structural Engineering

VERTICAL VESSEL FOUNDATIONS

Soil Bearing Pressure

Mu = Factored overturning moment at base of vessel

• Face-to-face pedestal size will be no less than the larger of:

Bolt circle + 8 inches (Equation 2)

000 215 1220 dtd 31Mar05.doc Structural Engineering

VERTICAL VESSEL FOUNDATIONS

perimeter to prevent separation of the pedestal and footing.

For seismic cases

For wind cases,

Mped = Maximum overturning moment at base of pedestal

Minimum Pedestal Reinforcement

000 215 1220 dtd 31Mar05.doc Structural Engineering

VERTICAL VESSEL FOUNDATIONS

Mftg = Overturning moment at the base of the footing in foot kips

000 215 1220 dtd 31Mar05.doc Structural Engineering

VERTICAL VESSEL FOUNDATIONS

When total octagon footing area is in compression

Moment should be checked at the face of the equivalent square.

000 215 1220 dtd 31Mar05.doc Structural Engineering

VERTICAL VESSEL FOUNDATIONS

Attachment 01: (31Mar05)

Attachment 02: (31Mar05)

Attachment 03: (31Mar05)

Attachment 04: (31Mar05)

000 215 1220 dtd 31Mar05.doc Structural Engineering

VERTICAL VESSEL FOUNDATIONS

Foundation Pressures For Octagon Bases

000 215 1220 a01 dtd 31Mar05.doc Structural Engineering

VERTICAL VESSEL FOUNDATIONS

000 215 1220 a02 dtd 31Mar05.doc Structural Engineering

VERTICAL VESSEL FOUNDATIONS

000 215 1220 a02 dtd 31Mar05.doc Structural Engineering

VERTICAL VESSEL FOUNDATIONS

000 215 1220 a02 dtd 31Mar05.doc Structural Engineering

VERTICAL VESSEL FOUNDATIONS

000 215 1220 a02 dtd 31Mar05.doc Structural Engineering

VERTICAL VESSEL FOUNDATIONS

000 215 1220 a02 dtd 31Mar05.doc Structural Engineering

VERTICAL VESSEL FOUNDATIONS

Footing Thickness Using No Top Steel

000 215 1220 a03 dtd 31Mar05.doc Structural Engineering

VERTICAL VESSEL FOUNDATIONS

Footing Thickness Using No Top Steel

000 215 1220 a03 dtd 31Mar05.doc Structural Engineering

VERTICAL VESSEL FOUNDATIONS

Sample Design 1: Vertical Vessel Foundation

21' - 8 ¾" OCTAGON

24 - 1 ½" Ø "HSL" P = 1' - 2"

#6 @ 10" EACH WAY

000 215 1220 a04 dtd 31Mar05.doc Structural Engineering

VERTICAL VESSEL FOUNDATIONS

Sample Design 1: Vertical Vessel Foundation

Wind Pressures (qz Gz ) per ASCE 7 (70 mph)

14.42' ∅ INSUL. Empty Wt. = 170.3 K