Lec Steel Design Misan University

Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
1 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 1
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
Syllabus

• Introduction
• Tension Members
• Compression Members
• Truss Design
• Flexural members (Beams)
• Plate Girders and box Girders
• Members under Biaxial Bending
• Connections

References

1- Steel Design by Segui, Fourth Edition, 2007.

2- Structural Steel Design by Mc Cormac and Csernak, Fifth Edition, 2012.
3- AISC-LRFD Manual. Handbook and Specifications

1. Structural Steel

Structural steel is usually hot rolled, welded from flat plates or cold formed from flat
plates to form structural sections.
Structural steels grades are commonly referred to by the designations given by the
ASTM, which are based on a steel’s characteristics and chemical composition. Generally,
structural steels are divided into three groups: carbon steels, high-strength low-alloy
(HSLA) steels, and quenched and tempered alloy steels.

• One of the most common structural steels is a mild carbon steel ASTM A36, which has a
yield point of 36 ksi and tensile strength 58-80 ksi.

• Other commonly used structural steel are ASTM A992 and ASTM A572 Grade 50 which
both has a yield point of 50 ksi and tensile strength 65 ksi.

ASTM A992 and A572 are the primary high-strength steels used for the main structural
members in building construction in the United States, while ASTM A36 steels are
typically used for smaller members such as angles, channels, and plates.

Lecture 1 ....... Page 1

Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
1 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 1
2. Properties of Structural Steel

2.1. Stress-Strain Diagram

The two most important properties of structural steel used in structural design are the tensile and
ultimate strengths.

2.2 Grades and Modulus of Elasticity

The yield strength, Fy , and ultimate strength, Fu for commonly used steels are :

Minimum stresses for A 36 → Fy = 36 ksi (248 MPa)

Fu = 58 ksi (400 MPa)

Minimum stresses for A 992 and A572 Gr.50 → Fy = 50 ksi (345 MPa )
Fu = 65 ksi (448 MPa)

For all grades above the modulus of elasticity, E = 29,000 ksi (200 000 MPa) is often used for
design.
In the elastic range, Poisson’s ratio of steel is about 0.3.

Lecture 1 ....... Page 2

Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
1 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 1
Steel Design Concept

The design of a structural member entails the selection of a cross section that will safely and
economically resist the applied loads. Economy usually means minimum weight (minimum
amount of steel. This amount corresponds to the cross section with the smallest weight per
foot, which is the one with the smallest cross-sectional area.

3. DESIGN APPROACHES

3.1 Allowable Stress Design

In this approach, known as allowable stress design or working stress design method, the
designer estimates the working loads that the structure must safely carry during its lifetime.
Then, the structure subjected to the working loads is proportioned so that nowhere in the
structure the stress exceeds the allowable stress. The allowable stress for steel is usually
defined in terms of the yield stress Fy as follows:
Fy
Fall =
F .S .

The AISC ASD specifications are based on this approach (AISC, 1995).

3.2 Plastic Design

In this approach, also known as limit design, collapse design, ultimate strength design, the
working loads are multiplied by factors greater than unity called load factors (L.F.). Then the
structure is proportioned so that its ultimate load capacity is at least equal to the factored
working load. Thus, in this approach it is necessary to perform a limit or collapse analysis
based on postulated failure mechanisms.
Australia, Canada, France, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom standards are based on
this approach.

3.3 Load and Resistance Factor Design, LRFD

Another design code has been published by AISC for structural steel buildings which is based
on limit stated philosophy and called Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) specification
(AISC, 1998). It is based on the limit states of strength and serviceability combined with a
first-order probability analysis for determination of load and resistance factors.

LRFD is a method of designing structural components so that no applicable limit state is

exceeded when the component is subjected to all the appropriate load combination. In this
approach equations of the following type should be satisfied:

Factored strength of a component ≥ factored nominal load effect

φ Rn ≥ Ru

Lecture 1 ....... Page 3

Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
1 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 1
4. DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

The specifications of most interest to the structural steel designer are those published by
the following organizations

1. AISC = American Institute of Steel Construction: deals with structural design of steel
buildings.
2. AASHTO = The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials:
deals with design of highway bridges and related structures.
3. AREMA = The American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association:
deals with design of railway bridges and related structures.
4. AISI = The American Iron and Steel Institute: deals with cold-formed steel.

4.1 AISC Manuals

AISC Manual contains AISC specifications and numerous design aids in the form of tables and
graphs as well as catalogue of most widely available structural shapes.
The first nine editions of the Manual were based on ASD. The nine edition was followed by
editions one through three of the LFRD-based manuals. The current version, which is
incorporates both ASD and LRFD is the thirteenth edition.

A comparative study of the cost differences between allowable stress design and LRFD
methods for steel high-rise building structures indicated a cost savings of up to 6.9% in favor
of the LRFD method.

Lecture 1 ....... Page 4

Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
1 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 1
4.2 Units Conversion

5. STRUCTURAL STEEL SHAPES

There are two types of steel shapes available:

• Rolled steel shapes—These are standardized rolled shapes with dimensions and properties
obtained from part 1 of the AISC.

• Built-up shapes—Where standardized structural shapes cannot be used (e.g., where the
load to be supported exceeds the capacity of the sections listed in the AISC), built-up
shapes could be made from plate stock. Examples include plate girders and box girders.

Rolled shapes are most commonly used for building construction, while built-up shapes are
used in bridge construction.

5.1 Standard Structural (Rolled) Shapes

1- Wide-flanged: W-shapes

Commonly used as beams or columns in steel

buildings.

For example W14 * 90

W 14 * 90 self-weight of 90
nominal depth of lb./ft. W-Shape
14 in
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Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
1 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 1
2- S-shapes (or I-Shape)

S-shapes are similar to W-shapes except that the

inside flange surfaces are sloped.
Commonly used as beams.

For example S12 * 35

S 12 * 35 self-weight of 35 S-Shape
actual depth of lb./ft.
14 in

3-HP-shapes
HP-shapes are similar to W-shapes and are commonly
used in bearing pile foundations. They have thicker flanges
and webs, and the nominal depth of these sections is
usually approximately equal to the flange width, with the
flange and web thicknesses approximately equal.

4-C-Shape (Channel) HP-Shape

self-weight of
20.7 lb./ft.

5-T-Shapes (WT- or ST- Shapes )

Structural tees are made by cutting a W-shape or S-shape in half.

For example, if a W14 * 90 is cut in half, the resulting shapes will
be WT 7*45, where the nominal depth is 7 in. and the self-weight
of each piece is 45 lb./ft. WT-shapes are commonly used as brace
members and as top and bottom chords of trusses. Similarly,
ST-shapes are made from S-shapes. W 14*90 WT 7*45

Lecture 1 ....... Page 6

 Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
1 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 1
6-Angle (L-shapes)
they are used as lintels to support brick cladding, as web members in trusses and they
are also used as bracings.
a- Equal-Legs Angles b- Unequal-Legs Angles

7-Hollow Structural Sections (HSS shapes)

Hollow structural section (HSS) members are rectangular, square, or round tubular members
that are commonly used as columns, hangers, and braced-frame members. HSS members
are not as susceptible to lateral torsional buckling and torsion as W-shape or other open
sections.

8-Pipes

Structural pipes are round structural tubes similar to HSS members that are sometimes used as
columns.

9- Bars
Bars can have circular, square
or rectangular cross sections.

10- Plates (PL)

PL 3/8 * 5 * 3' Plate length of 3 ft

Plate thickness Plate width of 5 in

of 3/8 in

Lecture 1 ....... Page 7

Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
1 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 1
5.2 Built-up shapes

Table1 : Structural steel shapes and corresponding ASTM designation

5.3 Cold Formed section

1. In additional to the hot-rolled steel shapes, another category of steel products for
structural applications is cold formed steel. Structural shapes of this type are created
by bending thin material such as sheet steel or plate into desired shape without
heating. Only relatively thin material can be used, and the resulting shapes are
suitable only for light applications. The thickness of these shapes vary from about
0.01 in up to about 0.25 in. AISI ( American Iron and Steel Institute) deals with cold-
formed steel design.

Lecture 1 ....... Page 8

Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
1 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 1

LOAD FACTORS, RESISTING FACTORS, AND LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR LRFD DESIGN METHOD

Strength Reduction Or Resistance Factors

The strength reduction or resistance factors (ø) are specified for various limit states in the AISC
specification, and are shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Resistance factors

Load Combinations And Load Factors

Where: D =Dead load, L= Floor live load, , Lr= Roof live load, W =Wind load, S = Snow load, R
= Rain load and E= Earthquake load. The commonly control combinations for building design
under gravity loads are combination No.2.

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