REPRODUCTION- is the biological process by which new organisms (offspring) are produced from their

parents. It ensures the survival of species and the organisms can pass on their traits to their offspring.

Asexual Reproduction- a type of reproduction where a single parent produces offspring that is
identical to the parent (clone).
Sexual Reproduction- a type of reproduction where two parents are required to produce
offspring whose traits come from both parents.

Sexual Reproduction in Plants

Angiosperms (flowering plants) - have separate specialized structures for producing male gametes
(pollen grains) and female gametes (embryo sac).
Pollination- is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the pistil.
Self-Pollination- occurs when pollen falls from the anther into the stigma of the same flower.
Cross-Pollination- occurs when pollen falls from the anther into the stigma of another flower
which ensures genetic recombination and produces much wider genetic variety.
Fertilization- the process of union of two gametes to produce a new individual
Double Fertilization- is the utilization of two sperms which one sperm nucleus fuses with the
egg nucleus to form an embryo and another fuse with polar nuclei to form endosperm.
endosperm- provides food for the embryo.
seed- is the fertilized ripened ovule which contains an embryo and capable of
germination to produce a new plant.
fruit- is an enlarged ovary of a flowering plant that contains seed.

Figure 1. Specialized structure of angiosperms Figure 2. Difference between self-pollination and cross pollination

Asexual Reproduction in Plants

Vegetative Propagation- is the naturally-occurring production of new plants from non-reproductive
parts (stems root or leaves).
Budding- occurs when the body of the plant grows buds which eventually falls off and grow into a new
individual.
Artificial Propagation- occurs when human manipulate the process of vegetative propagation in plants.
It ensures an increase in the amount of crops that will be yield.