Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BY
W. PERSTON, B.D .
MYSORE CTrY
PRINTED AT THE WESLEY PRESS
1950
PREFACE
LESSON XXVI. RELATIVE PARTICIPLES-The Translation of LESSON XXXIV. IDIOMATIC USES OF SOME COMMON VERBS
English Adjectival Clauses-ExERcisE alatrb hogu-antfo haku-Waa 44u-Ex.
XXVI. .. . . .. .. . .. . 203-209 ERCISE =IV . .. ... ... 270-275
LESSON XXXV. USES OF THE INFINITIVE-Compound Sen-
LESSON XXVII. RELATIVE PARTICIPLES (contd.)-The Trans-
tences with Change of Subject-Infinitive
lation of English Adverbial Clauses-
Temporal-Local-Final-Manner and of Purpose--Usages resembling Accusative
with Infinitive Construction-Infinitive as
Degree -Comparative - Causal - Condi-
Verbal Noun-Passive Conjugation-Other
tional and Concessive-Appositional use of
Methods of translating the English Passive-
Relative Participles-The Relative Partici-
takka-The Tense of DEFECTIVE VERBS-tPD 6 ar-W36 bal-
ple Relative
ue6 ol-ExERCisE XXXV. 276--286
Participles-EXERCISE,XXVII . ... -- 210-220a
LESSON XXXVI . THE I M P E R A T I VE MOOD-ABBREVIATED
LESSON XXXVII . NEUTER PARTICIPIAL NOUNS-THE NEGA-
FORMS OF PRONOUNS AND VERBS-REPETI-
TIvEs mt) ills, 00 alla-The Translation
TION OF WORDS-EXERCISE XXXVI. ... 287-292
of `Yes' and 'No'-EXERCiss XXXVII. ... 221-229
LESSON XXIX. CONDITIONAL CLAUSES-Concessive Clauses CHAPTER IV
-Idiomatic use of UddA adaru-ADVERSA-
TIVE CLAUSES-ALTERNATIVE CLAUSES LESSON XXXVII . IRREGULAR VERBS-Class I--Class II-#Ja
kuri-Class III-Section (a)-Sid tnnu-
AND WORDS-ILLATIVE CLAUSES-EXERCISE
XXIX- 230-238 4~{ (e 4a) ennu a
(annu)-Idiomatic Uses
XXX . ADJECTIVES AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS-Des- of 44a- .Joda endu in Reported Speech-
LESSON
criptive Nouns-'Adjectival Nouns '-Kar- aod3 in translating Clauses of Reason=
.hod .) in translating Final and Jussive
madharaya Samasa and Adjectives-Nouns
Clauses-Direct and Indirect Speech-
used Adjectivally-Relative Participles-
EXERCISE XXXVII. . .. . .. ... 293-302
EXERCISE XXX . .. ... ... 239-245
LESSON XXXI. ADJECTIVES AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS (contd.) LESSON XXXVII. FURTHER IDIOMATIC USES OF
)4a
Sanskrit Adjectives-Sanskrit Adjectival ennuva, sot)
emba-.)ot) ;34) embavanu,
Nouns-To distinguish Sanskrit from .)oWo ;*da embuvudu, etc .-.)odd endare-
that, in formal Kanarese, practically all nouns and pronouns in d huvu kempu . Examples of this usage are to be found on page 21 .
sentences have case endings. Let us add a short sentence to our first example : UO=rat
The word ucK~~ anna (nu), above, must be translated adj ;~ e9 ~~ e5diz:~ bale [y] (annu) taruva
'the elder brother', and z,~4o~L c-~ bale [y] (annu), 'a bangle'. anna (nu) adannu' chdpe [y] (a) mele iduvanu, 'The elder-brother
It is to be noted that Kanarese has neither definite nor indefinite who brings the bangle will place it on the mat.' Here, the word
article. In the Kanarese sentence above the nouns themselves taruva, 'who brings", represents a grammatical form which is
convey a complete and clear meaning; but in some sentences peculiar to the family of languages to which Kanarese belongs.
the sense of the indefinite article of English is represented by It is called a relative participle . There are no relative pronouns
the numeral adjective t,,0d,~ ondu (n .), tQz-~, obba (m . and f.), in Kanarese . The relative participle includes in itself the sense
'one', and the definite article by the demonstrative adjective of both the relative pronoun and the finite verb of an English
ej d, 'that', 'those', or * i, 'this', 'these'. This is easy to adjectival clause . It is participial in form and, as an adjective,
understand as 'the' is a demonstrative adjective like 'that' and qualifies the word which in English grammar would be the
'this', and 'an' or 'a' is just a shortened form of 'one'. antecedent . Analogies are not wanting in English. If we speak
Attention has already been drawn to the adverb Z3e7~4 begane . of a policy as 'forward-looking' or a sound as 'ear-splitting',
the two participles are equivalent to 'which looks' and 'which
1 With reference to these transliterations it ought to be noticed that in
Kanarese writing no letter is ever silent (the units in a doubled consonant are 1 In this word the final u of the crude form kedipu, 'redness', is elided on
no exception), and this applies to the transliteration. the addition of the adverbial ending age. Such elision of final u is very common,
' adu, 'it', with the acc. ending annu . 3 Or 'which brings'.
A vocabulary is given below.
I{ANARESE GRAMMAR -INTRODUCTION 5
splits'. `Battle-scarred' is an example of similar use of the Another difference between English and Kanarese is that in
past participle. The relative participle covers the sense of such the latter, when addressing persons, and even with reference to
instances along with all the constructions in which English uses people not present, the singular number can only be used in the
relative pronouns and relative adverbs . It has other uses also . case of juniors and servants (Lesson XVII).
These are discussed in Lessons XXVI and XXVII ; but it is as
well to accustom the mind to the form as soon as possible. Words used above
(The Pronunciation must be learned from a Munshi)
The sentence above illustrates the fact, also, that, in Kanarese,
the place of what in English are called prepositions is taken by etc anna, elder brother UCS4a adannu, it (acc.)
' postpositions' . That is, the particles which govern nouns and ooh tangi, younger sister znt chape, mat
pronouns (in Kanarese chiefly in the genitive case) come after u4 bale, bangle &~d mile, on
the words they govern and not before . Thus &~d mile, ' on', z3P riN bigane, quickly iduvanu, he will place
comes after za,Da chape, `mat'. taruvanu, he will bring :~OL~J tandu, having brought
Our original sentence might have been written : °.: nJ~uonA z-oci,~ ondu (n.) ZN2~ obba koduvanu, he will
ta4oJ~~ tom 4ACL'd~ anna (nu) tafgi (ge) bale [y] (annu) (m. and f.), one give
tandu koduvanu, `The elder-brother will bring and give a bangle ej a, that, those (adj .) ennu, say
to his younger-sister .' But the form oz tandu, which is here -6~ i, this, these (adj .) 4oC:S~ endu, having said
translated `will bring' is a past participle and so means, `having zd)dJ7j huduga, boy tied bida, it is not wanted
brought' . The illustration is chosen for the sake of the -~& ti ettara, height (must not)
observation that a Kanarese sentence rarely tolerates more than beleyuttane, he 4elgciNJ helidanu, he said
one finite verb . One verb in the sentence only will be finite in grows zntjt4a baradu, it is not
form. Verbs which, in English, would be co-ordinate with it a6,p hu, flower becoming (must not)
are put in the form of the past participle . As if we said, in 4a q kempu, redness -N--e)vtS,) saladu, it is not ,
English, `The brother having brought will give'. 4o-A kerkpage, red (adv .) sufficient
Other points in which Kanarese usage differs from English -ae ide, it is 'Uad~ kudadu, it is not fitting
are, (a) the use in Kanarese of )off endu, the past participle taruva, which brings (must not)
of the verb cad ennu, `say', at the end of speech directly Endings : nom. c~ nu, and eto u
reported and in certain similar situations, and (b) the Negative acc. ecad annu, (all decls .)
Mood of the Kanarese verb . The former point is dealt with dat. A ge
in Lesson XXXVII ; a simple example is, z3~d soda ztewdTt~ gin. e9 a
bida endu helidanu, `he said, "(you) must not"' . tl~~d bida, advbl. er\ agi, UA age, e3 ane
z3_F)dtia baradu, 7u-atz~) saladu, a,f;dd,) kudadu in Exercise I
,(p. 15), are examples of the Negative Mood . The use of the
mood is not very common in conversation, except in the above
and a few other words.
The Kanarese Alphabet
Vowels ,
Kanarese APProximate
I Commonly I Kanarese Approximate Commonly
Sins Phonetic
Equivalents
used in
Transliteration Signs I Phonetic used in
Equivalents ITransliteration
CHAPTER I
A or a a aia,t~ + ri or r
a: a e e LESSON I
I i e: e
The Alphabet
ai ai
As will be seen from the table opposite there are in the
W u u YN o 0
Kanarese alphabet fourteen vowels, thirty-four consonants and
e.M u o: o
two other letters. We shall consider the pronunciation of the
u : 'tom
ri or ,r au au
various letters briefly.
Consonants' With reference to Kanarese vowels it is to be noted that they
k h n take their character not only from the position in the mouth
kh kh where they are sounded but also from the presence or absence of
p
n 8 g ph
p prolongation. Amongst English vowels the varieties of a in `stand'
ph
gh gh and `star' differ in sound but not necessarily in the time they
za b b
n or ng take to pronounce ; but as between U and ej there is not only
bh bh
a (slight) difference of sound but the long letter is invariably
z~ tr, ch or c m m
prolonged in pronunciation . That is the significance of the
tph chh or ch o:a 1 Y sign : attached to long vowels on the opposite page.
1 r or r r There is no Kanarese vowel sound which has an exact
d~,h jh I l equivalent in English.
r 77 u v e~ The a in `about' (phonetic a) and u in ` but' (A)
1!3 t t fo have both been suggested as equivalents. Both sounds
a th th sh or s are heard . The latter is nearer the normal Kanarese
d s s pronunciation but the Kanarese sound is made with
ct h dh h h the tongue slightly lower than in the English. The
n l former sound (a) is heard in a word like 40 sari,
"t t rh (transliter- `right', where the pronunciation of e5 a approaches the
ated 9, ii, ti and
th th O n before con- sound of -~ e. The tendency to variation may be
sonants of the
a_ d I, td, ki and illustrated in the fact that some Kanarese words have
groups)
dh dh two forms, in one of which -) e takes the place of °" 5 a ;
a h h
e.g. M~ channu or z&Fad chennu, beauty and t~w
For the secondary forms of the vowels see p . 13 .
s For the secondary forms of the consonants see pp . 18, 19 . challu or 2aka chellu, scatter.
KANARESE GRAMMAR THE ALPHABET (I
Is produced with the tongue lower still. It differs Kanarese grammar recognises this for a diphthong
little from a in `hard' or `father' . (U+w). The sound is approximately that of ow in
The vowel in `it' or `him' resembles the Kanarese `now'. The-English sound is best represented by au,
vowel but is pronounced farther back in the mouth the Kanarese sound by au.
and with the tongue lower.
Closely resembles ee in ` seen' or i in `machine '. The Consonants
It is produced with the tongue slightly higher than in The thirty-four consonants are divided into twenty-five
the short vowel . classified and nine unclassified consonants.
The u in `put' or `pull' is produced not so far The classified consonants are divided into five groups, which
back as the Kanarese vowel and with the tongue in a represent sounds produced respectively in the throat, the palate,
lower position . the roof of the mouth, the teeth and the lips. Each group
The long vowel is pronounced with the tongue in contains five consonants, viz., a voiceless consonant unaspirated
a slightly higher position than in the short vowel. It and aspirated, a voiced consonant unaspirated and aspirated,
is near to the sound of ue in `rue' or oo in moon'. and a nasal consonant .
a~~ It may be doubted whether these are true vowels . In the table below, as on page 6, the consonants have the form
Syllabic consonants would be a better name . The which indicates that they are combined with the short vowel
nearest suggestion that can be made for their pronun- U a, as is the custom in schools.
ciation is that of a trilled r joined with a very close
short u, with lip spreading. Voiceless Voiced
a The e in `men', though produced with the tongue Groups Nasal
Unaspirated Aspirated Unaspirated Aspirated
slightly lower, is practically equivalent to this vowel.
Is pronounced with the tongue slightly higher Guttural' a k kh 7~ ga
~' gh i?
than in the short vowel. It resembles a in `mate' or Palatal' z~ ch' chh z; j jh ' 7le
ey in `they' ; but whereas the English sound is a Cerebral' e3 t r3 th d ~ dh n
diphthong (ei) the Kanarese vowel is pure. Dental t th ~S d dh N n
This is almost equivalent to i in `pine' or ei in Labial' ph z-~ b bh ~~ n
`height' (-a+i) but the Kanarese sound is best
represented by w. Perhaps every pure Kanarese word 1 Or Velar, i. e. pronounced with the aid of the soft palate .
2 Hard, as in `good' .
which now begins with M once began with Uo336 (ay) . a As ng in `king' .
a., 'w The lengthening is the only distinction in sound Produced by the arched tongue in the palate just above the teeth.
between these two. The o in 'or' is produced- with 'Resembling ch in `chain' ; but the English sound equals t plus (sh
d
the tongue lower than in Yea. 'w resembles the vowel in 'ship') while the Kanarese sound is represented by tp, (see the note on S
p. 11).
sound in `sew' ; but the English sound is a diphthong " With the sound of ny, as in 'canyon' .
(ou) and is pronounced further forward in the mouth. ' Or, according to current terminology, Retroflex.
That is, bi-labial .
lO KANARESE GRAMMAR THE ALPHABET 11
The unclassified consonants are- consonant v Z are-pronounced - with the tip of the tongue against
odoY,dr4 ,e.) l, ;~ v,6s', ;;~ sh,"1s,Z6h,0is the upper front teeth. The sign added to the phonetic symbols
Note that as the vowel M a is inherent in each of the forms in the above of the :9 group on page 6 indicates dental pronunciation . The
table, it would be more strictly correct to transliterate them by the syllables English consonants, t, d, are intermediate in place of production
ka, kha, etc ., than by the consonants k, kh, etc. The subject is referred to at
greater length later .
between the Kanarese retroflexes and dentals; and the Kanarese
dentals are intermediate between the English t and d and the
Notes on the Pronunciation of the Consonants
English 'point-teeth' consonants represented by th in `thin' and
1 . In the pronunciation of the aspirated consonants, there is `then' . A noticeable difference between the Kanarese dental
nothing to correspond to the English sounds represented by the letters and the English'th' is that the former are plosive and the
combinations th and ph in `thesis' and `photo' . AKanareseaspirate latter is fricative or rubbed . It is impossible to prolong the
is the unaspirated sound with this difference that it is accompanied pronunciation of the former but easily possible with the latter .
by a heavy out-breathing. If an attempt be made to pronounce The greatest care must be exercised to distinguish, both in speaking
such words as `bulkhead', `log-house',' pit-head' a and'tap-house' and in listening to others speaking, between the sounds of the
without pausing before the letter h, an approximation to the retroflex and the dental groups, and between both these groups and
corresponding Kanarese aspirated consonants may be reached. the English sounds .
The munshi should be asked to produce these sounds until the
4. The unclassified consonant ;;~ v does the work of both
learner can recognize and reproduce them without hesitation .
English w and v. Before the vowels e a, el d, tN u, eve u, Q ai,
2. The consonants of the cerebral or retroflex group and
2u o, ~- o, L' au, it closely resembles w in sound, though the
the unclassified consonants t sh and 0 l are pronounced with the
English letter is produced to a larger extent by the lips. d v
tip of the tongue curled back and touching the roof of the
before 'a i, -6s 1, vlj ri, ) e, e and the consonants uL y and
mouth as far back from the front teeth as possible . Some
6 r resembles v in pronunciation, but with a difference . In
English writers detect a likeness to t, d and n in the northern
pronouncing the Kanarese letter the upper front teeth do not
English pronunciation (i .e. with the rolled r) of 'mart', 'hard',
touch the lower lip as in English.
`barn' as contrasted with 'mat', 'had', 'ban'.
3 . The consonants of the dental group and the unclassified 5 . The Kanarese sound represented by 6 s differs from the
English sh in 'ship' in this that, while the English sound is made
' The consonant d r in the modern language represents two consonants,
with the tip, the Kanarese sound is made with the blade of
and eJ of ancient Kanarese . The latter was rougher or more rolled in
sound than the former and there are traces (of which, however, people are
the tongue . The sound of ;~ sh takes its character from the
not conscious) of this difference in popular pronunciation . This is why fact that it is pronounced with the tongue-tip bent back and
there are two phonetic symbols for d r. touching the palate as far in the rear as possible . That there is
x The modern consonant 10 l represents the two ancient consonants
a clear distinction in sound between 6 and ' is evident from the
and W, though their pronunciation was not exactly alike . The ancient difference in the manner of their production, While in the case of
consonants are retained in Dr . Kittel's Kannada-English Dictionary, and when
;i~ the tongue-tip is raised and bent back, in the case of 6 it is turned
words containing d r or 0 l are not found in the expected place, they may
be found by referring to eb r or W l.
down and the sound made with the arched tongue on the palate .
' But the letter t in 'pit-head' corresponds to neither ki nor t. 6. In colloquial speech the initial vowels a3 e, is e, aQ o, :kQ: o
THE ALPHABET 13
12 KANARESE GRAMMAR
are often combined with a consonantal sound and pronounced Each of the vowels shewn on page 6 has a secondary form
ye, ye, wo, wo, respectively ; e.g., in 2QOLL ondu, 'one' and )Odj used in combination with consonants . These are shewn, with their
eradu, 'two' ; but this is not to be regarded as correct : at least Kanarese names, in the following table. The table on pages 16,
17 shews all the combinations of the consonants with the vowels .
care must be taken not to exaggerate the consonantal sound.
7. While, with the above modifications, the English trans- Vowel (Prim- Vowel(Second- Kanarese Name
ary Form) ary Form)
literation given in the tables of vowels and consonants represents
approximately the Kanarese pronunciation of the several letters, ~te3i~hi3~ talekattu
the general observation applies to them all that a correct "dQ ili
pronunciation can be acquired only by the painstaking imitation Mato gudisu
of a reliable Indian teacher.
Msb ;~ Me OF gudisina dirgha
READING EXERCISE &z= korhbu
end file ed, king ; e1O depth ; szd present world; tN , (prefix)
&AOn,w korhbinili
contiguous, subordinate ; uvn3 food ; .A left side ; :dti door ;
,t 1:3JJ t
tw vatru suli
nz3~~ saw ; "-' prayer ; 4-d obstacle ; zed shore ; t4 wealth ;
smoothness ; topath ; ue) strength ; its tree ; d, juice ; ;;SZ:dJJ aJ e? qS9 vatru suli #1
avoid confusion the vowels tN u, eJ\n u, zN o, to, when combined U4 wash (impv. 2 s.) interrogative affix
with --~ v, take slightly different forms, thus, 4 vu, *; vu, ;~p vo, A few simple sentences are given below ; similar sentences
;,Pt vo . The same forms occur when these vowels combine with may be formed with the words of the reading exercise .
p and ph : thus, q pu, ;~R pit, 4z po, 4~ po, 0 phu, z~~e~ z3e3~ chila beku, a bag is wanted .
0 phu, q~ pho, ~e pho . z3~d meju beda, a table is not wanted .
If it is required to write a consonant uncombined with any Ae Aj;~~10 ninu hogu, you go.
vowel, the crest (if there is one) is removed, and the sign
_s
i~cJZ~J7jc~J Zadd,ridd,~ huduganu barakudadu, the boy must
attached in its place : thus, :5a k, z~ 6 ch, ;::~ p, Z;' r, %0 1. not come.
Where there is no crest the sign -6 is attached to the right e5tid ;e4 UdW6~ ddare nivu barabahudu, but you (plu.)
6
hand corner of the letter ; e.g. So" kh, n--` re, u` j, -.0 n, U6 t, may come.
6
n' b, U6 1; but the style in the case of n is slightly different, 17 nl ndnu eke hogabdradu, why must
I not go?
EXERCISE I
cSDr~ ~ziz3Q ~ ndnu hogabiku, I must go.
The words in this Reading Exercise should be committed to X61 U4 kai tole, wash (your) hands.
memory, all of them being in common use.
AAer wall o6R;~ which (adj .)? 76 ;Uz'~ saude saku, the fire wood is sufficient .
then
~.i z3e Va aushadha beku, medicine is wanted .
4JSii now i~ medicine e5e7 there
god ~ ~ UizoV 4e1,~ eshtu rupayi beku, how many rupees
is what (pro .) ? d.re)mo9,) rupee
book zdo,,d~ri(4,)) boy are wanted ?
tip cattle
-m~L N ¢74,rtt, 8 ahtu sakd, is this much sufficient?
*u bag JU game so j
e3~,~ 7ne4j ashtu sdladu, that much is insufficient .
z3e~ life this (pro .) A3 A straight (adv .)
so much (so uO Zz)t ;~L alli vichdrisu, enquire there.
t5t:S~ that (or it)
%S zsz illi bd, come here.
~eF" you mzt7 road many) as this
so much (sa m-;)A 4e0,) hdge hglu, say so.
you (plu. or -A why ? e4o~
r~o3~ favour many) as that 1 Accusative ending [y] annu omitted as often in colloquial speech, The:
honfc . for s.) singular is used for the plural .
~~ he hand how much ' Singular for plural as sometimes after numeral adjectives.
table firewood (how many) ? s
On the interrogative particle L joining 4a9~) final em is elided .
Vowels e5 a e9 d '., i g4 i
4,Ae ko TO kau
:6 kri 4 ke 4e ke y kai 4J~ ko
Velar ~n kd -& ki 4-e ki 9~-~ ku . ~dj~ ku % kri
-d ka -3 khs!khe
e -3khai
, La kho Oat kho W-'O khau
Consonants a) kha sn khd .0 khi Lt khi g;~ khu AA khu ~~ khri khri e
TS'O gau
TiSm gu gri 117 gri n ge At ge A~ gai Aa go 7iJ;e go
rte gd r\ gi ne gi 7i,~ gu
7i ga
*,, ghri ;,~, ghe ;'e ghe t% ghai Oj; gho 0,2t gho ;R ghau
o~ gha ghd ' ghi 2e ghi 0,) ghu 0,2 ghu a. ghri M3 he Z03e hi M3~ hai r,3 Rio Z' ;1 nau
rt, 7iri Z03,Ze Rio
zj~ 9 e rii 2za riu M,1~ riu 2% riri
ha 207e nd di; cho zis-)e cho za-*"O chau
Zrg rii
2~, chri 2$ the 29e the 2% chai
2$ cha za7c chd 2$ chi zS~ chi zl~ chu 2 chu ,) chri
~a chho ~e chho V chhau
Palatal chhri chhe ep chhe eke chhri
~
~ chha ep chha e; chhi e9e chhi ep chhu e~Pchhu 0 chhri ie jo zT- jau
jri Z2 je dt ji q6 jai v-~ jo
V ja azjd 29ji e ft z;') ju UA ju z.,6 jri 4, jhri 4 jhe 4e jhe 4~jhai 6* ,.rojho #,nt jho ~ jhau
s jhu ,) jhri
d* jha d,~,n jhd W,3 jhi e. n jhi jhu ra,3 ne ~x3e ne 'X 3~ n"ai ,rS r@ ho a ' 3J~P no ' ''~ n"au
'o"Y'r, nri
'.' na nd '-^"g hi '.'a e ni -,-Y'~ flu n"u -WI) nri
kz.,~t to U', tau
e33 to to e~ tri tri e to et to t~ tai Ure) to
Retroflex e3 to -~td ~3ti ~3e ti 6 thai 6,r@ tho 6st tho f-I thau
-d~ thri 6 the 6t the
6 tha z--,) the e thi se thi ~ thu t,r; !ha ~.~ thri
dri z9 de z9e de ~~ dai ZU do ds;t do ffD dau
c3~ da a di at dl d~ du dA du Ja dho JJe dho ;!I dhau
dhe It dhe
zt da
dhi J ,~ dhu dhu ~o) dhri z, dhri 16 dhai
I dha 7z dhd s dhi ?U ,no rUt no
nri nri M ne t ne nai M~ nau
M na ¬ i) nd t~ ni Cue ni m nu nA nu ~) tri 9 to 9t to y tai 9a to tnt to V tau
3-.@ td 's ti ,; t ti Z2~~~ to to .
Dental to z3 the de the z3~ tho tae tho zr thau
thri 6~ thai
z~ tha the q~ thi 4)e thi q~~~ thu t~A thu Z3~ thri
Z~', dri z3 de 6e de 6~ dai z3,r,~ do dat do r3--z dau
zi da =-~D dd n di nt di c,) du z~A du zip dri
dhu c~6 dhri dhri dhe e dhe z3~ dhai z,~a dho r, e Ad ZjTz dhau
dha zs~ dha n dhi Ept dhi ' dhu
nri N ne ~t ni % nai Ns no e no i~' nau
N na ~ nd N ni
i~~ ;,e ni nu nu ' nri
Ad o pe ae pi 3~ pai ;~p po ape po ;f~ pau
Bi-labial pa ;U-,) pd 'L pi ~t pi pu ;,z pu zt, pri * pho pe pho jphau
phri 4y phe 4.4 phi ,6 phai
phi phi phu 0 pha ~~ phri
pha ;p-,) phd z bri 23 be et be z% bai z1a bo eqe bo z3O bau
2J ba zn bd zj bi z')e bi 2J-~ bu z~A bit ~~ bri ;~
~a bho Z~~~e bho ZP bhau
bhri 2~,, bhri 23 bhe 23e bhe Z~ bhai
2~, bha zp bhd 2~ bhi i;,e bhi 23J bhu z~,A bhu ;;Sa mo ;&F~e mo ;~~
mri ;!,~ me ;1,~e me ;!;% mai ~ mau
;:~~~ ma ;~~ ~ and ~~ mi zz-~) mi d,~~~ mu ma ~~ mri
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