Algebris Amocanebi Qartulad PDF

სარჩევი
1. კომბინატორიკა 2
2. ჯგუფი, რგოლი, ველი 4
3. კომპლექსური რიცხვები 8
4. გადანაცვლება და ჩასმა 21
5. დეტერმინანტი 24
6. მატრიცთა თეორია 47
7. წრფივ განტოლებათა სისტემები 53
8. პოლინომთა ალგებრა 64
9. წრფივი სივრცეები 74
10. კვადრატული ფორმები 92
Tavi 1. kombinatorika
$ 1. gadanacvleba, wyoba, jufdeba. maTi raodenobis gamosaTvleli formulebi
erTi da imave n -elementebisagan Sedgenil yovel dalagebul {a1 , a 2 , a3 , Λ , a n }

simravles n _gadanacvleba ewodeba. n ricxvs gadanacvlebis rigi ewodeba. n rigis
yvela gansxvavebul gadanacvlebaTa raodenoba tolia:
Pn = n !
n -elementiani simravlis elementebisagan Sedgenil yovel m elementian
dalagebul qvesimravles ewodeba wyoba n -elementisa m elementad.
n -elementis m elementad yvela wyobaTa raodenoba aRiniSneba simboloTi: Anm .
adgili aqvs tolobas:
n!
Anm = .
(n − m)!
cxadia, rom:
1. An0 = 1 , 2. An1 = n , 3. Ann = Pn = n ! .
n -elementiani simravlis nebismierad Sedgenil yovel m elementian
qvesimravles (dalagebis gareSe) ewodeba jufdeba n -elementisa m elementad.
n -elementis m elementad yvela jufdebaTa raodenoba aRiniSneba simboloTi:
m
Cn .
adgili aqvs tolobas:
n!
C nm = .
m!⋅ (n − m)!
cxadia, rom:
1. C n0 = 1 , 2. C n1 = n , 3. C nm = C nn − m .
1.1.1. ramden elements unda Seicavdes simravle, rom misi elementebisagan Sedgenili
yvela gadanacvlebaTa ricxvi iyos:
1. ara umetes 1000 -isa; 2. ara nakleb 500 -isa.
1.1.2. SeadgineT A simravlisagan yvela SesaZlo gadanacvleba, Tu:
1. A = {m, n, p, q} ; 2. A = {1, 2, p, q, a} .
1.1.3. SeasruleT moqmedebebi da gamoTvaleT:
8 !−6 ! (n − 2)! 1 1 1 1
1. ; 2. ; 3. − ; 4. − .
12 ! (n − 4)! n! (n + 4)! (k − 2)! k!
1.1.4. ramdeni sxvadasxva xerxiT SeiZleba 6 kacis arCeva eqvs sxvadasxva
Tanamdebobaze, Tu kandidatTa raodenobaa 12 ?
1.1.5. klasSi 28 moswavlea. gamosaSveb saRamoze maT erTmaneTs samaxsovro
fotosuraTebi gaucvales. ramdeni fotosuraTi gaicvala sul?
1.1.6. ramdeni gansxvavebuli sagnisagan SeiZleba 2 -elementiani 210 wyobis Sedgena?
1.1.7. ipoveT saWadrako turnirSi monawileTa raodenoba, Tu TiToeulma monawilem
yvela danarCenTan TiTo partia iTamaSa da sul 55 partia gaTamaSda?
1.1.8. klasis 25 moswavlidan konferenciisaTvis unda airCion 4 delegati. ramdeni
xerxiT SeiZleba amis gakeTeba?
1.1.9. aCveneT Semdegi tolobis samarTlianoba:
a) C 74 + C 73 = C84 ; b) C105 + C106 = C116 .
1.1.10. ramdeni gansxvavebuli xerxiT SeiZleba Sedges 18 moswavliani klasis
moswavleTa sia?
1.1.11. ipoveT 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 cifrebisagan Sedgenili yvela SesaZlo oTxniSna ricxvebis
raodenoba, romelSic yvela cifri erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia
2
1.1.12. fexburTelTa gundSi 17 moTamaSe iricxeba. sastarto xuTeulis dayenebis
ramdeni sxvadasxva varianti arsebobs?
1.1.13. amoxseniT gantoleba Ax3 − 6C x2 = x 2 − x
1.1.14. cifrebisagan 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 Sedgenilia yvela SesaZlo xuTniSna ricxvi,
romelSic cifrebi ar meordeba. ipoveT, aseTnairad miRebul ricxvebs Soris, 5 -
ianiT dawyebuli ricxvebis raodenoba
1.1.15. ramdeni gansxvavebuli bileTis Sedgena SeiZleba 10 algebruli da 6
geometriuli amocanis gamoyenebiT, Tu TiToeul bileTSi Sedis 3 algebruli da 2
geometriuli amocana?
1.1.6. amoxseniT utoloba An2−1 < 72
1.1.7. ramdeni sxvadasxva xerxiT SeiZleba ganvalagoT Taroze wignebis eqvsi tomi?
$ 2. niutonis binomi. binomialuri koeficientis gamosaTvleli formula
nebismieri naturaluri n ricxvisaTvis marTebulia formula:

(a + b) n = C n0 ⋅ a n + C n1 ⋅ a n −1b + C n2 ⋅ a n − 2 b 2 + Λ + C nm ⋅ a n − m b m + Λ + C nn ⋅ b n ,
romelsac niutonis formula (binomi) ewodeba. am formulis marjvena mxares
binomis xarisxis daSla, xolo C nm koeficientebs _binomuri koeficientebi
ewodeba. binomuri koeficientebis raodenoba n + 1 -is tolia.
binomur koeficientebs aqvT Semdegi Tvisebebi:
1. boloebidan Tanabrad daSorebuli wevrebis binomuri koeficientebi
erTmaneTis tolia C nm = C nn − m .
2. C nk ⋅ C km = C nm ⋅ C nk−−mm
binomuri xarisxis daSlis k + 1 -e Sesakrebi tolia:
Tk = C nk ⋅ a n − k b k
1.2.1. ipoveT ( x + 3 x2 )
12
daSlis mexuTe wevri
1.2.2. ipoveT x + x( )
− 2 12
daSlis im wevris nomeri, romelic ar Seicavs x -s
1.2.3. ipoveT (1 + 0,01) daSlis udidesi wevris nomeri
1000
1.2.4. ipoveT (2 x 2 − 3 y 3 ) 6 binomuri daSlis koeficientebis jami
pasuxebi:
1.1.1 1. n ≤ 6 , 2. n ≥ 6 ; 1.1.4. A115 = 55 440 ; 1.1.5. n = 11 ; 1.1.7. 6! ; 1.2.1. 495 ⋅ x 6
Tavi 2. jgufi, rgoli, veli
R aracariel simravleze mocemulia binaruli algebruli operacia, Tu mis

yovel dalagebul (a, b ) wyvils calsaxad eTanadeba c ∈ R elementi.
aracariel G simravles ewodeba jgufi, Tu masze ganmartebulia erTi
binaruli algebruli operacia ο, romlisTvisac sruldeba pirobebi (aqsiomebi):
1. asociaciuroba
(a οb ) οc = a ο(b οc ), ∀a, b, c ∈ G ;
2. am operaciis mimarT e. w. neitraluri n ∈ G elementis arseboba
a ο n = n ο a = a, ∀a ∈ G ;
3. simetriuli elementis arseboba
∀a ∈ G, ∃a ∗ ∈ G : a ο a ∗ = a ∗ ο a = n .
Tu e s operacia Sekrebis operaciaa, maSin jgufs adiciurs uwodeben, n -s
nulovan elements da a ∗ ≡ −a elements a -s mopirdapires; Tu operacia
gamravlebaa maSin jgufs multiplikaciuri jgufi hqvia, xolo n -s
erTeulovani elementi da a ∗ ≡ a −1 elements a -s Sebrunebuli.
R aracariel simravles ewodeba rgoli, Tu masze ganmartebulia Sekrebisa
da gamravlebis binaruli algebruli operaciebi, romlebisTvisac sruldeba
Semdegi aqsiomebi:
1. komutaciuroba Sekrebis mimarT
a + b = b + a, ∀a, b ∈ R ;
2. asociaciuroba Sekrebis mimarT
(a + b ) + c = a + (b + c ), ∀a, b, c ∈ R ;
3. asociaciuroba gamravlebis mimarT
(a ⋅ b ) ⋅ c = a ⋅ (b ⋅ c ), ∀a, b, c ∈ R ;
4. distribuciulobis aqsiomebi
a ⋅ (b + c ) = a ⋅ b + a ⋅ c, ∀a, b, c ∈ R ,
(a + b ) ⋅ c = a ⋅ c + b ⋅ c, ∀a, b, c ∈ R ;
5. nulovani elementis arsebobis Sesaxeb aqsioma
∃θ ∈ R :∀a ∈ R, a + θ = θ + a = a ;
6. mopirdapire elementis arsebobis Sesaxeb aqsioma
∀a, ∃(− a ) ∈ R : a + (− a ) = (− a ) + a = θ ;
Tu R rgolSi damatebiT sruldeba komutaciurobis aqsioma gamravlebis
mimarT ∀a, b ∈ R : a ⋅ b = b ⋅ a , maSin rgols abeluri hqvia. Tu R rgolSi arsebobs
iseTi e elementi, rom ∀a ∈ R : a ⋅ e = e ⋅ a = a , maSin rgols erTeuliani rgoli
ewodeba.
R rgolis K ⊂ R qvesimravles ewodeba misi qvergoli, Tu K TviTonaa
rgoli R - ze ganmartebuli binaruli algebruli operaciebis mimarT.
imisaTvis, rom K ⊂ R qvesimravle iyos R rgolis qvergoli, aucilebelia da
sakmarisi, rom: ∀a, b ∈ K ⇒ a − b, ab ∈ K .
aranulovan, komutaciur, erTeulian rgols, romlis yoveli aranulovani
elementi Sebrunebadia ewodeba veli.
K velis K ' ⊂ K qvesimravles ewodeba misi qvergoli, Tu K ' TviTonaa veli
K - velSi ganmartebuli binaruli algebruli operaciebis mimarT. imisaTvis,
rom K ' ⊂ K qvesimravle iyos K velis qveveli, aucilebelia da sakmarisi,
rom: ∀a, b ∈ K ' ⇒ a − b, ab −1 ∈ K ' .
rgolis aranulovan a da b elements ewodeba rgolis nulis gamyofebi, Tu
adgili aqvs tolobas a ⋅ b = θ . Tu rgoli nulis gamyofTa erT wyvils mainc
2
Seicavs mas nulgamyofiani rgoli hqvia, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mas
unulgamyofos uwodeben.
komutaciur, erTeulian, unulgamyofo rgols mTelobis are ewodeba.
Tu M da M ' ori aracarieli simravlea da TiToeul maTganze
ganmartebulia Sekrebisa da gamravlebis binaruli algebruli operaciebi,
maSin M simravlis M ' simravleze F urTierTcalsaxa asaxvas ewodeba
izomorfizmi, Tu ∀a, b ∈ M elementebisaTvis adgili aqvs tolobebs:
F (a + b ) = F (a ) + F (b ) da F (a ⋅ b ) = F (a ) ⋅ F (b ) .
2.1. daaxasiaTeT M simravleze ganmartebuli binaruli algebruli operacia

“ ο” , Tu:
a) M = N da a οb = 5 a ⋅ b ; b) M = R da a οb = cos a ⋅ cos b ;
g) M = N da a οb = a − b + 1 ; d) M = Z da a οb = a 3 + b 3 .
2.2. vTqvaT, M aracarieli simravlea, xolo X - mis yvela qvesimravleTa
simravle. daaxasiaTeT X simravleze ganmartebuli binaruli algebruli
operacia ο , Tu:
a) A ο B = A ∪ B ; b) A ο B = A ∩ B ; g) A ο B = A \ B ; d) A ο B = ( A \ B ) ∪ (B \ A) .
2.3. daadgineT, qvemoT mocemuli simravleebidan romeli warmoadgens rgols
a) mTel ricxvTa simravle, ricxvebis Sekrebisa da gamravlebis operaciebis
mimarT;
b) luw ricxvTa simravle, ricxvebis Sekrebisa da gamravlebis operaciebis
mimarT;
g) kent ricxvTa simravle, ricxvebis Sekrebisa da gamravlebis operaciebis
mimarT;
d) n ∈ N ricxvis jerad ricxvTa simravle, ricxvebis Sekrebisa da gamravlebis
operaciebis mimarT;
e) Q da R simravleebi, ricxvebis Sekrebisa da gamravlebis operaciebis
mimarT.
2.4. aCveneT, rom M = {(a, b ) : a, b ∈ Z } simravle, masze ganmartebuli
(a, b ) + (a ' , b ' ) = (a + a ' , b + b ' ) ( ) ( )
da (a, b ) ο a ' , b ' = a ⋅ a ' , b ⋅ b '
operaciebis mimarT, aris rgoli. ipoveT misi yvela nulis gamyofi.
2.5. aCveneT, rom erTeulian rgolSiSekrebis operaciis komutaciuroba rgolis
danarCeni aqsiomebidan gamomdinareobs.
2.6. daamtkiceT, rom unulgamyofo, komutaciuri rgoli, romelic Seicavs erTze
met elements, aris veli.
2.7. daamtkiceT, rom rgolSi tolobidan ax = ay gamomdinareobs x = y toloba
maSin, da mxolod maSin, roca a ar aris marcxena nulis gamyofi.
2.8. aCveneT, rom Tu rgolSi arsebobs erTi mainc elementi, romelic ar
warmoadgens rgolis nulis gamyofs, maSin Sekrebis komutaciuroba
gamomdinareobs rgolis danarCeni aqsiomebidan.
2.9. daamtkiceT, rom nebismier m -elementian rgolSi adgili aqvs tolobas
ma = a1 +44a 2+ Λ4 4+3a = 0 .
m
2.10. ipoveT M simravliT warmoqmnili idealebi:
a) M = {3; 5}, Z -rgolSi;
b) M = {4;10}, Z -rgolSi;
{ }
g) M = x 6 − 1; x 4 − 1 , R[x ] -rgolSi;
d) M = {x; x + 1}, R[x ] -rgolSi;
{ }
e) M = x 4 + 4 x 2 − 7 x + 2; x 3 + 3 x 2 − 4 , Q[x ] da R[x ] -rgolebSi.
3
2.11. aCveneT, rom M aracarieli simravlis yvela qvesimravleTa X simravle,
masze ganmartebuli Semdegi iperaciebiT:
A + B = ( A \ B ) ∪ (B \ A) da A ⋅ B = A ∩ B , A, B ∈ X ,
warmoadgens erTeulian rgols pirobiT T 2 = T .
2.12. daamtkiceT, rom Tu R rgolSi sruldeba piroba X 2 = X , ∀X ∈ R , maSin
rgoli komutaciuria. samarTliania Tu ara igive debuleba pirobiT
X 3 = X , ∀X ∈ R .
2.13. gamoarkvieT, 2.3.-Si mocemuli simravleebidan romeli warmoadgens vels da
romeli mTelobis ares.
2.14. gamoikvlieT moduliT n naSTTa klasebis simravlis struqtura roca:
a) n Sedgenili ricxvia;
b) n martivi ricxvia
2.15. ipoveT Z 8 -is, Z 18 -isa da Z 5 -is yvela qvesimravleebi.
2.16. amoxseniT gantolebebi Z 11 -Si:
a) x 2 + 3x + 7 = 0 ; b) x 2 + 2 x + 3 = 0 ; g) x 2 + 5 x + 1 = 0 ; d) x 2 + 3x + 5 = 0 .
2.17. Semdegi gantolebebidan romels aqvs amonaxsni Z 11 -Si:
a) x 2 = 5 ; b) x 2 − 7 = 0 ; g) x 2 = a .
2.18. aCveneT, rom a + b3 2 + c3 4 , a, b, c ∈ Q saxis ricxvebis simravle, ricxvebis
Sekrebisa da gamravlebis binaruli algebruli operaciebis mimarT,
warmoadgens vels. ipoveT a = 1 − 3 2 + 23 4 elementis Sebrunebuli elementi.
2.19. aCveneT, rom rgolis Sebrunebad elementTa simravle warmoadgens jgufs.
2.20. aCveneT, rom veli, Sekrebis binaruli operaciis mimarT, warmoadgens
adiciur jgufs. warmoadgens Tu ara veli, gamravlebis operaciis mimarT,
multiplikaciur jgufs.
2.21. daamtkiceT, rom A = {(a, b ) : a, b ∈ Q, a ≠ 0} simravle warmoadgens jgufs Semdegi
( ) ( )
operaciis mimarT: (a, b ) a ' , b ' = aa ' , ab ' + b .
2.22. aris Tu ara mTel ricxvTa simravle jgufi:
a) ricxvTa Sekrebis operaciis mimarT;
b) ricxvTa gamravlebis operaciis mimarT;
g) ricxvTa gamoklebis operaciis mimarT.
2.23. aCveneT, rom jgufis qvejgufTa TanakveTa aris jgufi.
2.24. daamtkiceT, rom:
a) R adiciuri jgufi izomorfulia dadebiT namdvil ricxvTa
multiplikaciuri jgufisa;
b) ) Q adiciuri jgufi ar aris izomorfulia dadebiT racionalur ricxvTa
multiplikaciuri jgufisa.
pasuxebi:
2.1. a) operacia komutaciuri da asociaciuria, gaaCnia neitraluri elementi
n = 1 . simetriuli elementi mxolod n = 1 elements gaaCnia; b) operacia
komutaciuri da asociaciuria, mas ar gaaCnia neitraluri elementi; g) operacia
komutaciuri da asociaciuria, gaaCnia neitraluri elementi n = 1 . yoveli
elementi Tavisi Tavis simetriulia; d) operacia komutaciuri da asociaciuria,
gaaCnia neitraluri elementi n = 0 . yoveli a elementis simetriulia − a .
2.2. a) operacia komutaciuri da asociaciuria, gaaCnia neitraluri elementi
n = ∅ . simetriuli elementi mxolod n = ∅ elements gaaCnia; b) operacia
komutaciuri da asociaciuria, gaaCnia neitraluri elementi n = X . simetriuli
elementi mxolod n = X elements gaaCnia ; g) operacia arakomutaciuri da
araasociaciuria, ar gaaCnia neitraluri elementi; d) operacia komutaciuri da
4
asociaciuria, gaaCnia neitraluri elementi n = ∅ . yoveli elementi Tavisi
Tavis simetriulia. 2.3. a), b), d), e) –SemTxvevebSi simravle rgolia.
2.5. miTiTeba: gaSaleT (e + e )( x + y ) namravli distribuciulobis gamoyenebiT.
( )
2.10. a) Z ; b) (2) ; g) x 2 − 1 ; d) R[x ] ; e) ( x − 1) . 2.13. a) mTelobis are; e) veli.
2.15. Z 8 -is qvergolebia 1 , 2 , 4 da 0 ; Z 18 -is qvergolebia 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 9
da 0 ; Z 5 -is qvergolebia 1 da 0 . 2.16. a) 1 da 7 ; b) ∅ ; g) 2 da 7 ; d)
5 9 1
x1 = x 2 = 4 . 2.17. a) x = 4 ; b) x = 2 ; g) x 3 − a ≡ 0 mod11 . 2.18. a −1 = + 3 2− 3 4.
43 43 43
Tavi 3. kompleqsuri ricxvebi
$. 1. kompleqsuri ricxvi. misi algebruli saxe
namdvil ricxvTa dalagebul (a, b ) wyvils kompleqsuri ricxvi ewodeba. (a,0)

saxis kompleqsuri ricxvi gaigivebulia namdvil a ricxvTan. kompleqsur
ricxvTa simravle aRiniSneba simboloTi C . am simravleze gainmarteba Sekrebisa
da gamravlebis algebruli operaciebi:
(a, b ) + (c, d ) = (a + c, b + d ) ;
(a, b ) (c, d ) = (ac − bd , ad + bc ) .
am operaciebis mimarT C simravle warmoadgens vels. (0,1) kompleqsuri
ricxvi aRiniSneba simboloTi i da mas warmosaxviTi erTeuli qvia.
z = (a, b ) kompleqsuri ricxvi SeiZleba Caiweros saxiT:
z = (a, b ) = (a,0) + (0, b ) = (a,0) + (b,0 ) (0,1) = a + bi .
kompleqsuri ricxvis am saxes – misi algebruli forma qvia. a namdvil
ricxvs z kompleqsuri ricxvis namdvili nawili ewodeba da Re z simboloTi
aRiniSneba, xolo b namdvil ricxvs _ kompleqsuri ricxvis warmosaxviTi
nawili da aRiniSneba simboloTi_ Im z .
z = a + bi kompleqsuri ricxvis SeuRlebuli ewodeba z = a − bi saxis
kompleqsur ricxvs.
ori mocemuli z1 = a1 + b1 da z2 = a2 + b2 saxiT mocemuli kompleqsuri
ricxvebisaTvis
z1 ± z2 = ( a1 ± a2 ) + ( b1 ± b2 ) i
z1 z2 = ( a1 a2 - b1 b2 ) + ( a1 b2 + a2 b1 ) i
z1 a1a2 + b2b1 ba −ab
= + 1 22 1 2 2 i , z2 ≠ 0. .
a2 + b2 a2 + b2
2 2
z2
3.1.1. gamoTvaleT
1. ( 2 + i ) ( 5 - i ) + (3 + 2i ) (7 + 5i ); 2. (3 + i )(12 − i ) − (4 + i)(18 − 3i );
(3 + i )(4 − 3i ) (6 + 7i )(2 − 3i )
3. (5 + 2i )(3 + 4i ) − (2 + 3i )(6 − 5i ); 4. ; 5. ;
2+i 3−i
(1 + 2i )(7 − i ) (3 + i )(2 − 3i ) (3 + 2i )(1 − 7i )
; 9. (3 + i ) − (2 + i ) ;
2 2
6. ; 7. ; 8.
(3 + i )2
1+ i 5 − 2i
(2 + 2i )5 ;
5
⎛1 3 ⎞
10. 11. ⎜ + ⎟
⎜ 4 4 i⎟ ; 12. (3 + 2i )4 − (2 + 3i )4 .
(2 − 2i )7 ⎝ ⎠
3.1.2. gamoTvaleT
1. (1 + 5i )(− 4 + 5i ); 2. (1 − 3i ) ; 3. (2 − 3i )(2 + 3i) :
2
⎛1 1 ⎞ 2 + 3i 13 + 4i
4. ⎜ + i ⎟(0,5 − 0,7i ); 5. ; ;
⎝2 3 ⎠ 2 − 3i 17 − 9i
3.1.3. amoxseniT gantolebebi namdvili x da y mniSvnelobebisaTvis
1. (3 x + y ) + (2 x + 3 y )i = 4 − i; 2. (2 x − 7 y ) + (3 x − 4 y )i = −11 − 2i;
3. 3 x − 7i + 6 y + 3 xi = −2 − 3i; 4. 4 x − 3 yi − 3 x + yi = 2 − 4i;
5. (2 + 3i )x + (3 − 2i ) y = − i;
1 7
3 4
3.1.4. gamoTvaleT
i88 ; i 57 ; i −68 ; i 2 n , n ∈ Ζ; i − n , n ∈ Ν; i 5 + i15 + i 25 + i 35 + i 45 ;
2
i + i 2 + i 3 + Λ + i n , n > 4; i 2i 4i 6 Λ i 60 .
3.1.5. amoxseniT gantolebaTa sistemebi
1. (2 + i )z1 + (2 − i )z2 = 3 + 2i 3. (2 + i )z1−3iz2 = −2i
(2 − i )z1 + (2 + i )z2 = 1 + 4i; 4iz1 + (3 + 4i )z2 = 4 − 5i;
2. 2iz1 + (3 − 2i )z2 = 3 − 8i 4. 3 z1 + (4 + i )z2 = −1 − i
4iz1 + (4 + 3i )z2 = 7 + 4i; (3 − i )z1 − (1 − 5i )z2 = −3i;
3.1.6. gamoTvaleT
3 −i −2 3 − 3i 3 + 2i 3+i
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. − .
i 2
−i +2 3 1− i 2 + 3i − 2 + 5i
3.1.7. amoxseniT gantolebebi
1. z 2 = i; 2. z 2 = 2 − 3i; 3. z 2 = 7 − 4i; 4. z 2 − (3 + 2i )z + i + 2 = 0;
5. z 2 − 4 z = 10i − 7.
1 3
3.1.8. vTqvaT z = − + i, gamoTvaleT
2 2
( )( ) ( ) (
1. a + bz 2 + cz a + bz + cz 2 ; 2. (a + b )(a + bz ) a + bz 2 ; 3. a + bz + cz 2 + a + bz 2 + cz . ) (
3
)
3
3.1.9. amoxseniT Semdegi gantolebebi maTi marcxena mxareebis namdvil

koeficientian mravalwevrTa namravlad daSlis gziT
1. x 4 + 6 x 3 + 9 x 2 + 100 = 0; 3. x 4 − 3 x 2 + 4 = 0;
2. x 4 + 2 x 2 + 24 x + 72 = 0; 4. x 4 − 30 x 2 + 289 = 0.
3.1.10 daamtkiceT, rom Tu
a + bi = ( x + yi ) , n ∈ Ν,
n
maSin ( )
n
a 2 + b2 = x2 + y 2 .
3.1.11. daamtkiceT:
1. z kompleqsuri ricxvi namdvili rom iyos aucilebeli da sakmarisia, rom
adgili hqondes tolobas z = z;
2. z kompleqsuri ricxvi wminda warmosaxviTi rom iyos aucilebelia da
sakmarisi, rom Sesruldes toloba z = − z;
⎛ z1 ⎞ z1
3. z1 + z2 = z1 + z2 ; ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = , z2 ≠ 0 .
z1 z2 = z1 z2 ;
⎝ z2 ⎠ z2
3.1.12. ra SemTxvevaSi iqneba namdvili ricxvi ori kompleqsuri ricxvis jami,
namravli.
3.1.13. aCveneT, rom
−
1. z + z = 2 Re z; 2. z − z = 2i Im z; 3. ( z ) = z; 4. z = z;
5. (z ) = (z ) , n ∈ Ν;
n n
zz = z . 6.
2
3.1.14. daamtkiceT, rom nebismieri namdvili koeficientebis mqone f

mravalwevrisa da nebismieri z kompleqsuri ricxvisaTvis adgili aqvs tolobas:
f z = f (z ). ()
$. 2. kompleqsuri ricxvis trigonometriuli saxe. muavris formula. fesvi
kompleqsuri ricxvidan.
ganvixiloT sibrtyeze raome OXY sakoordinato sistema. yovel z = (a, b )

kompleqsur ricxvs Seesabameba erTaderTi wertili (koordinatebiT a da b ) am
sibrtyeze da piriqiT_ am sibrtyis yovel wertils Seesabameba erTaderTi
kompleqsuri ricxvi (am wertilis koordinatebisagan Sedgenili dalagebuli
3
wyvili). aseTnairad agebul sakoordinato sibrtyes kompleqsuri sibrtye
ewodeba. OX RerZs namdvil RerZs uwodeben, xolo OY -s_warmosaxviT RerZs.
kompleqsur sibrtyeze aRebul yovel z = a + bi saxis kompleqsur ricxvs
Seesabameba (r ,ϕ ) wyvili, sadac: r aris z kompleqsuri ricxvis Sesabamisi
radius veqtoris sigrZe OM , mas kompleqsuri ricxvis moduli ewodeba da z -
iT aRiniSneba, xolo ϕ warmoadgens im kuTxis sidides, romelsac OM radius

veqtori qmnis OX RerZis dadebiT mimarTulebasTan, amasTan es kuTxe
gadazomilia saaTis isris sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. ϕ -s z ricxvis
argumenti ewodeba da aRiniSneba simboloTi Argz .
yoveli z = a + bi ricxvis moduli
z = a 2 + b2
calsaxadaa gansazRvruli, xolo argumenti_ara. amitom z kompleqsuri
ricxvisaTvis ganimarteba misi e.w. mTavari argumenti arg z _ argumentis is
mniSvneloba, romelic [− π , π ) SualedSia moTavsebuli. z ricxvis nebismieri
argumenti gamoiTvleba Semdegi formuliT
Argz = arg z + 2πk , k ∈ Ζ.
kompleqsuri ricxvis mTavari argumentis dasadgenad gamoiyeneba Semdegi
formula:
⎧ b
⎪arctg a , a > 0
⎪
⎪ b
arg z = ⎨arctg + π , a < 0, b > 0
⎪ a
⎪ b
⎪arctg a − π , a < 0, b < 0
⎩
.
SevniSnoT, rom z = (0,0 ) kompleqsur ricxvisaTvis argumenti ar ganimarteba.
rogorc naxazidan Cans
a = r cos ϕ da b = r sin ϕ .
amrigad, z = a + bi kompleqsuri ricxvi SeiZleba CavweroT saxiT
z = r (cos ϕ + i sin ϕ ) .
kompleqsuri ricxvis Caweris am ukanasknel saxes misi trigonometriuli saxe
ewodeba.
Tu gamoviyenebT eileris formulebs, maSin z kompleqsuri ricxvi SeiZleba
Caiweros e.w. maCvenebliani saxiTac:
z = reiϕ .
samarTliania muavris formula:
z n = z (cos n arg z + i sin n arg z ), ∀n ∈ Ζ.
n
am formulis gamoyenebiT miiReba z kompleqsuri ricxvidan n -uri rigis

fesvis amoRebis Semdegi formula:
⎛ arg z + 2kπ arg z + 2kπ ⎞
n
z = n z ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟, n = 0,1,2Λ n − 1.
⎝ n n ⎠
3.2.1. Semdegi kompleqsuri ricxvebi warmoadgineT trigonometriuli saxiT

4
1. 1; 2. − 2 ; 3. i; 4. − i; 5. 1 + i; 6. 1 − i; 7. − 1 + i ; 8. − 1 − i; 9. 1 − i 3; 10. 3 − 4i; 11.

3
− 5; 12. ; 15. 2 + i 3; 16. cosα − i sin α ;
1 − i 207 ; 13. − 1 − i 3; 14. 1 + i
3
1 + itgα
17. 1 + cosα + i sin α ; 18. cos10ο − i sin 10ο; 19. ;
1 − itgα
3.2.2. gamoTvaleT
48
1. (1 + i )
1000
(
; 2. 1 + i 3 )
150
; 3. ( )
30 ⎛
3 + i ; 4. ⎜⎜1 +
2
3 1 ⎞
+ i ⎟⎟ ;
2 ⎠
5. (2 − )12
2 +i ;
⎝
12 30
⎛1− i 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3+i⎞
6. ⎜⎜ ⎟ ; 7. ⎜
⎟ ⎜ (
⎟ ; 8. cos 20ο + i sin 20ο cos 70ο + i sin 70ο ;
⎟ )( )
⎝ 1+ i ⎠ ⎝ 1− i ⎠
( )(
9. cos 50ο + i sin 50ο cos 70ο + i sin 70ο ; )
⎛ 3π 3π ⎞⎛ 2π 2π ⎞⎛ 7π 7π ⎞
10. ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟⎜ cos + i sin ⎟⎜ cos + i sin ⎟; 11. (1 + cosα + i sin α ) , n ∈ Ν; 12.
n
⎝ 4 4 ⎠⎝ 3 3 ⎠⎝ 12 12 ⎠
(1 + ω )n , n ∈ Ν, sadac ω = cos 2π + i sin 2π ;
3 3
3.2.3. gamoTvaleT
cos130ο + i sin 130ο 3 −i cos140ο + i sin 140ο cos109ο + i sin 109ο
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4 . ;
cos 40ο + i sin 40ο 1+ i cos 50ο + i sin 50ο cos 49ο + i sin 49ο
1
3.2.4. aCveneT, rom Tu z + = 2 cos α ,
z
1
maSin zn + = 2 cos nα , n ∈ Ζ.
zn
3.2.5. aCveneT, rom Tu
z <
1
, maSin (1 + i )z 3 + iz <
3
2 4
3.2.6. SeasruleT moqmedebebi
1. (1 + i 3 )(1 + i )(cosϕ + i sin ϕ ); 2.

cos ϕ + i sin ϕ
; 3.
(1 − i 3 )(cosϕ + i sin ϕ ) .
cos ϕ − i sin ϕ 2(1 − i )(cos ϕ − i sin ϕ )
3.2.7. daamtkiceT, rom
⎛ πn π n⎞
( ) ⎛ πn πn ⎞
n
1. (1 + i ) = 2 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟; 2. 3 + i n = 2 n ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟;
n
⎝ 4 4 ⎠ ⎝ 6 6 ⎠
3. ⎜⎜
⎛ 1 + itgα ⎞
⎟⎟ =
n
1 + itgnα
; 4.
1+ i 3
= 2.
( )
3n
⎝ 1 − itgα ⎠ 1 − itgnα (1 + i )4 n
3.2.8. gamosaxeT sin x -iT da cos x -iT:
1. sin 4 x; 2. cos 4 x; 3. sin 5 x; 4. cos 5 x; 5. sin 6 x.
3.2.9. gamosaxeT tgx -iT:
1. tg 3x; 2. tg 5x; 3. tg 6x.
1. cos3 x = (3 cos x − cos 3 x ); 2. sin 3 x = (3 sin x − sin 3 x ); 3. sin 4 x = (cos 4 x − 4 cos 2 x + 3);
1 1 1
4 4 8
4. cos5 x = (cos 5 x + 5 cos 3 x + 10 cos x ).
1
16
3.2.11. ipoveT fesvis yvela mniSvneloba
5
1+ i
1. 3 1; 2. 4 − 4 ; 3. 6 i ; 4. 6 64 ; 5. 3 1 + i ; 6. 3 (1 + i ) ; 7. 8 8 2 (1 − i ); 8. 3 − 4i ; 9. 3
3
;
3+i
10. 4
−1+ i
1− i 3
( )
; 11. 10 512 1 − i 3 ; 12. 3 2 − 2i ; 13. 3
27 − 54i
2+i
; 14. 3
8 + 24i
3−i
; 15. 6 1.
3.2.12. gamosaxeT radikalebSi

2π 2π 4π 4π
1. cos ; 2. sin ; 3. cos ; 4. sin .
3 3 5 5
3.2.13. SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom namdvil koeficientebiani kvadratuli
gantolebis fesvebi iyos 2 + 3i da 1 − i , pasuxi daasabuTeT.
3.2.14. SeadgineT namdvil koeficientebiani kvadratuli gantoleba Tu cnobilia,
rom misi erTerTi fesvis mniSvnelobaa:
3+i 1+ i 1+ i 3
1. (1 + 3i )(5 − 7i ); ; 3.
2. ; 4. .
2−i 1− i 1+ i
3.2.15. amoxseniT gantoleba
1. ( z + 1) + (z − 1) = 0; 2. ( z + 1) − ( z − 1) = 0; 3. ( z + i ) + (z − i ) = 0; 4. ( z + 5i ) − (z − 5i ) = 0;
n n n n n n n n
5. ( z + 2 ) − (z − 2 ) = 0; 6. ( z + 3i ) + i (z − 3i ) = 0.
n n n n
3.2.16. kompleqsur sibrtyeze monaxeT Semdegi kompleqsuri ricxvebis Sesabamisi

wertilebi
2 2
1. 1 + i; 2. 2 − i; 3. − 4 + 5i; 4. − 7 − 5 i; 5. 5 + 0 i; 6. 0 i − 9; 7. 5i; 8. − 8i; 9. − 1 − i 3; 10. + i;
2 2
3.2.17. ipoveT kompleqsuri ricxvebi, romlebic Seesabamebian:
1. im kvadratis wveroebs, romlis centric koordinatTa saTaveSia, misi gverdis
sigrZe 3-is tolia da erTi gverdi namdvili RerZis paraleluria
2. im wesieri samkuTxedis wveroebs, romlis centric koordinatTa saTaveSia,
misi erTi gverdi namdvili RerZis paraleluria da am gverdis mopirdapire
wvero warmosaxviT RerZze Zevs. amasTan am samkuTxedze Semoxazuli wrewiris
radiusia r
3. wesieri n − kuTxedis wveroebs, romlis centric koordinatTa saTaveSia da
erT-erTi wveroa (1,0) wertili.
3.2.18. rogor arian ganlagebuli kompleqsur sibrtyeze wertilebi, romlebic
Seesabamebian:
1. z1 , z2 , z3 kompleqsur ricxvebs, Tu
z1 + z 2 + z3 = 0 da z1 = z2 = z3 ≠ 0 ;
2. z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 kompleqsur ricxvebs, Tu
z1 + z 2 + z3 + z4 = 0 da z1 = z2 = z3 = z4 ≠ 0 .
3.2.19. kompleqsur sibrtyeze aRwereT im wertilTa simravle, romelTa Sesabamisi
kompleqsuri ricxvebisaTvis:
π π π π
1. z = 1; 2. r = 2,ϕ = ; 3. r ≤ 4; 4. r ≥ 7; 5. r ≤ 8; 6. 4 < r ≤ 7; 7. ; 8. ≤ϕ < ;
4 6 4 2
3π
9. 0 < ϕ < ; 10. Re z > 0; 11. Im z ≤ 4; 12. 1 ≤ Re z ≤ 2; 13. Re z + Im z < 2;
2
1 1
14. z − 1 + z + 1 = 3; 15. Re < ; 16. z − i + z + i < 4; 17. z + 2 − 3i > 2; 18. 1 < z − 2 + i < 4;
z 2
19. z + 1 < z − 1.
1
3.2.20. ra traeqtoria aRiwereba wertilis mier, roca z gairbens wrewirs
z
centriT a + bi wertili da radiusiT r.
6
3.2.21. ra traeqtorias aRwers wertili z 2 , roca z wertili Semoivlis − 1 − i,
2 − i, 2 + 2i, − 1 + 2i wveroebis mqone kvadratis perimetrs.
3.2.22. daamtkiceT Semdegi igiveoba da gaarkvieT misi geometriuli Sinaarsi
2 2
(
z1 + z2 + z1 − z2 = 2 z1 + z2 .
2 2
)
3.2.23. kompleqsuri sibrtyis romeli wertilebisaTvis sruldeba toloba:
1. 2a + b + i a + 2b = 3; 2. a 2 + 4 + i b − 4 = 20 .
3.2.24. kompleqsuri sibrtyis A da B wertilebi z1 = 6 + 3i da z2 = 3 − 4i
kompleqsur ricxvebs Seesabamebian. SeadgineT AOB kuTxis biseqtrisis
gantoleba.
3.2.25. paralelogramis A, B da C wveroebi z1, z2 da z3 kompleqsur ricxvebs
Seesabamebian. ipoveT paralelogramis meoTxe, B wveros mopirdapire, wveros
Sesabamisi kompleqsuri ricxvi.
3.2.26. ipoveT kvadratis ori mopirdapire wveros Sesabamisi kompleqsuri
ricxvebi Tu cnobilia, rom misi danarCeni ori wveros Sesabamisi kompleqsuri
ricxvebia z da w.
3.2.27. wesieri n − kuTxedis ori mezobeli wveros Sesabamisi kompleqsuri
ricxvebia z1 da z2 . ipoveT am mravalkuTxedis danarCeni wveroebis Sesabamisi
ricxvebi.
$. 3. n − uri rigis fesvi erTidan
vityviT, rom 1 − dan n − uri rigis ε fesvi ekuTvnis l maCvenebels (l ≤ n ) , Tu

l aris umciresi naturaluri ricxvi, romlisTvisac ε l = 1.
1 − dan n − uri rigis ε fesvs ewodeba pirveladi fesvi, Tu igi ekuTvnis
n − maCvenebels anu ε n ≠ 1.
3.3.1. gamosaxeT radikalebSi 1 − dan n − uri rigis ε fesvebi, Tu

n = 2, 3, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24.
3.3.2. ipoveT 1 − dan n − uri rigis yvela fesvis jami da namravli.
3.3.3. aCveneT, rom:
2kπ 2kπ
1. n 1 = {ε 0 , ε1 , ε 2 Λ ε n −1}, sadac ε k = cos + i sin ;
n n
⎧ε , k + l < n
2. ε k = ε1 , k = 0,1,2Λ n − 1; 3. ε k ε l = ⎨ k +l , k , l = 0,1Λ n − 1.
k
⎩ε k +l −n , k + l ≥ n
3.3.4. ipoveT 1 − dan n − uri rigis yvela pirveladi fesvi, Tu: n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8,12,16, 24
3.3.5. romel maCvenebels miekuTvneba 1 -dan n -uri rigis TiToeuli fesvi, Tu:
n = 15; n = 20.
3.3.6. ipoveT 600
1 − yvela is fesvi, romelic miekuTvneba maCvenebels 6.
2+i
3.3.7. aris Tu ara 1 − dan romelime rigis fesvi ricxvi .
2−i
3.3.8. aCveneT, rom 1 − dan n − uri rigis ε fesvi pirveladia maSin, da mxolod
maSin, roca ε , ε 2 , ε 3 Λ ε n −1 , ε n = 1 ricxvebi wyvilwyvilad gansxvavebulebi arian.
1. ε l = 1 ⇔ l n ;
2. 1 − dan n − uri rigis ε fesvi ekuTvnis l maCvenebels maSin, da mxolod maSin,
roca (l , n ) = 1.
7
3.3.10. ipoveT 1 − dan n − uri rigis yvela fesvis k − uri xarisxebis jami.
n −1
3.3.11. ipoveT ∑ε
k =0
k
, sadac ε aris 1 − dan 2n − rigis pirveladi fesvi.

1. 1 − dan n − uri rigisa da 1 − dan m − uri rigis fesvTa namravli aris 1 − dan
nm − rigis fesvi;
2. 1 − dan n − uri rigis pirveladi fesvisa da 1 − dan m − uri rigis pirveladi
fesvis namravli aris 1 − dan nm rigis pirveladi fesvi Tu (n, m ) = 1.
$4. zogierTi jamisa da namravlis gamoTvla kompleqsuri ricxvebis gamoyenebiT
3.4.1. gamoTvaleT jami:

1. 1 − C n + C n − C n + Λ ; 2. 1 + C n + C n + Λ ; 3. C n − C n + C n − C n + Λ ; 4. 1 + C n + C n + Λ ;
2 4 6 1 2 1 3 5 7 4 8
1 3 1 5 1 7
5. Cn + Cn + Cn + Λ ; 6. Cn − Cn + Cn − Cn + Λ ; 7. 1 + 2ε + 3ε 2 + Λ + nε n −1 , sadac ε
1 5 9 1
3 9 27
aris 1 − dan n − uri rigis fesvi.
3.4.2. daamtkiceT, rom:
1⎛
1. 1 + Cn + Cn + Λ = ⎜ 2 n + 2 cos
nπ ⎞ 1⎛ n (n − 2)π ⎞;
⎟; 2. Cn + Cn + Cn + Λ = ⎜ 2 + 2 cos ⎟
3 6 1 4 7
3⎝ 3 ⎠ 3⎝ 3 ⎠
1⎛
3. Cn2 + Cn5 + Cn8 + Λ = ⎜ 2n + 2 cos
(n − 4)π ⎞.
⎟
3⎝ 3 ⎠
3.4.3. vTqvaT, ε aris 1 − dan n − uri rigis fesvi. ipoveT Semdegi jamis
mniSvneloba:
n n
1. ∑k ε
k =1
2 k −1
; 2. ∑k ε
k =1
3 k −1
.

n +1 n
cos
x cos x
1. cos x + cos 2 x + Λ + cos nx = 2 2 , x ≠ 2kπ , k ∈ Ζ;
x
sin
2
n n +1
sin x sin x
2. sin x + sin 2 x + Λ + sin nx = 2 2 , x ≠ 2kπ , k ∈ Ζ;
x
sin
2
π 3π 5π 7π 9π 1
3. cos + cos + cos + cos + cos = ;
11 11 11 11 11 2
2π 4π 6π 8π 10π 1 π 3π 5π 2n − 1
4. cos + cos + cos + cos + cos = − ; 5. cos + cos + cos + Λ + cos π = 0;
11 11 11 11 11 2 n n n n
π 3π 5π 2n − 1
6. sin + sin + sin + Λ + sin π = 0.
n n n n
n
⎛ kπ ⎞ x
2 n +1
−1 n −1
⎛ kπ ⎞ x −1
2n n −1
kπ n
1. ∏ ⎜ x 2 − 2 x cos + 1⎟ = ; 2. ∏ ⎜ x 2 − 2 x cos + 1⎟ = 2 ; 3. ∏ sin = n −1 ;
k =1 ⎝ 2n + 1 ⎠ x −1 k =1 ⎝ n ⎠ x −1 k =1 2n 2
n
kπ 2n + 1
4. ∏ sin = .
k =1 2n + 1 2n
$5. damatebiTi amocanebi

8
3.5.1. aCveneT, rom
1. (1 + i ) = 2 4 n , n ∈ Ζ; 2. (1 + i ) = (− 1) 2 2 n , n ∈ Ζ.
8n 4n n
3.5.2. daamtkiceT:
1. z1 ± z2 ≤ z1 + z2 ;
2. z1 − z2 ≤ z1 ± z2 ;
3. z1 + z2 = z1 + z2 ⇔ z1 da z2 ricxvebis sesabamisi radiusveqtorebi erTidaimave
mimarTulebisaa;
4. z1 + z2 = z1 − z2 ⇔ z1 da z2 ricxvebis Sesabamis radius veqtorebs urTierT
sawinaaRmdego mimarTuleba aqvT.
3.5.3. daamtkiceT Semdegi utolobis samarTlianoba
z1 − z2 ≤ z1 − z2 + min( z1 , z2 ) arg z1 − arg z2 , ra SemTxvevaSi eqneba adgili tolobas.
3.5.4. aCveneT, rom
⎡n⎤ ⎡ n +1 ⎤
⎢2⎥ ⎢ 2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1. cos nx = ∑ (− 1) Cn2 k cos n − 2 k x sin 2 k x; 2. sin nx = ∑ (− 1) C 2 k +1
cos n − (2 k +1) x sin 2 k +1 x.
k k
n
k =o k =0
3.5.5. aCveneT, rom Tu
n
{
z = {z1 , z2 ,Λ , zn }, maSin z = z1 , z2 ,Λ , zn .
n
}
3.5.6. daamtkiceT Semdegi tolobebis samarTlianoba
1. n z1n z2 = z1 n z2 ; 2. n − z1n z2 = − z1 n z2 ;
3. n z simravlisa da n − z simravlis gaerTianeba aris 2n
z 2 simravle.
3.5.7. WeSmaritia Tu ara Semdegi toloba
nm
z m = n z , m φ 1.
1. 1 − dan n − uri rigis fesvebis Gn simravle n − uri rigis ciklur jgufs
warmoadgens
2. yoveli n − uri rigis G cikluri jgufi izomorfulia Gn -is.
3.5.9. aCveneT, rom Tu ε aris 1 − dan n − uri rigis pirveladi fesvi, maSin ε -ic
1 − dan n − uri rigis pirveladi fesvia.
3.5.10. daamtkiceT, rom Tu (m, n ) = 1 , maSin: ε aris 1 − dan nm − rigis pirveladi
fesvi maSin, da mxolod maSin, roca ε warmoadgens 1 − dan n − uri rigis
pirveladi fesvisa da 1 − dan m − uri rigis pirveladi fesvis namravls.
3.5.11. ganvixiloT eileris φ (n ) funqcia. daamtkiceT, rom:
1. 1 − dan n − uri rigis pirveladi fesvebis raodenoba ϕ (n ) − is tolia;
2. Tu (m, n ) = 1 , maSin ϕ (mn ) = ϕ (m )ϕ (n );
3. ϕ ( p ) = p − 1, Tu p − martivi ricxvia;
( )
4. ϕ p n = p n − p n −1 , Tu p − martivi ricxvia;
5. Tu n = p1k1 p2k 2 Λ plk l , sadac p1 , p2 ,Λ , pl − erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli martivi
l
p −1
ricxvebia, maSin ϕ (n ) = n∏ k .
k =1 pk
3.5.12. daamtkiceT, rom 1 − dan n − uri rigis ε k fesvis maCvenebeli l gamoiTvleba
n
formuliT: l = .
(n, k )
3.5.13. ipoveT 1 − dan n − uri rigis ε fesvis maCvenebeli, Tu cnobilia, rom ε k
miekuTvneba l − maCvenebels.
9
3.5.14. ∑ (n ) − iT avRniSnoT 1 − dan n − uri rigis yvela pirveladi fesvis jami.
aCveneT, rom:
1. ∑ (1) = 1; 2. ∑ ( p ) = −1, sadac p − martivi ricxvia;
( )
3. ∑ p k = 0, sadac p − martivi ricxvia da k > 1;
4. ∑ (nm ) = ∑ (n )∑ (m ), Tu (n, m ) = 1.
m −1
1. 2 2 m cos 2 m x = 2∑ C2i m cos 2(m − i )x + C2mm ;
i =0
m
2. 22 m cos 2 m +1 x = ∑ C2i m +1 cos(2m − 2i + 1)x;
i =0
m −1
3. 2 2 m sin 2 m x = 2∑ (− 1) C2i m cos 2(m − i )x + C2mm ;
m+i
i =0
m
4. 22 m sin 2 m +1 x = ∑ (− 1) C2i m +1 sin (2m − 2i + 1)x;
m+i
i =0
= (2 cos x ) − Cm1 − 2 (2 cos x ) + Cm2 − 3 (2 cos x ) − Λ .

sin mx m −1 m −3 m −5
5.
sin x
3.5.16. gamoTvaleT jami
1. 1 + a cos x + a 2 cos 2 x + Λ + a n cos nx; 2. cos x + Cn1 cos 2 x + Λ + Cnn cos(n + 1)x;
3. sin x + Cn1 sin 2 x + Λ + Cnn sin (n + 1)x; 4. sin x + 2 sin 2 x + 3 sin 3x + Λ + n sin nx;
5. cos x + 2 cos 2 x + 3 cos 3x + Λ + n cos nx; 6. sin 2 x + sin 2 3 x + Λ + sin 2 (2n − 1)x;
cos α − x cos(α − β )
1. cos α + x cos(α + β ) + x 2 cos(α + 2 β ) + Λ + x n cos(α + nβ ) + Λ = ;
1 − 2 x cos β + x 2
sin α − x sin (α − β )
2. sin α + x sin (α + β ) + x 2 sin (α + 2 β ) + Λ + x n sin (α + nβ ) + Λ = ;
1 − 2 x sin β + x 2
3.5.18. kompleqsur sibrtyeze gamosaxeT simravle yvela im wertilebisa, romelTa
Sesabamisi z kompleqsuri ricxvebi akmayofileben pirobas:
z − z1
= λ , sadac λ > 0.
z − z2
3.5.19. daamtkiceT, rom wilad-wrfiv asaxvas
az + b
ω= , ad − bc = 1
cz + d
namdvili wrfe gadahyavs maSin, da mxolod maSin, roca a, b, c, d ∈ R.
3.5.20. daamtkiceT, rom yvela im wilad-wrfiv asaxvas, romelsac zeda
naxevarsibrtye gadahyavs erTeulovan Ria wreSi, cenrtiT koordinatTa saTaveSi,
aqvs saxe:
z −b
ω=a , sadac a = 1, Im b > 0.
z −b
3.5.21. daamtkiceT, rom yvela im wilad-wrfiv asaxvas, romelsac erTeulovan Ria
wre, cenrtiT koordinatTa saTaveSi, gadahyavT Tavis TavSi aqvs saxe:
z −b
ω=a , sadac a = 1, b < 1.
1 − zb
3.5.22. gamoarkvieT ω = z n , n ≥ 2 asaxvis geometriuli Sinaarsi.
10
pasuxebi:
3 1 123 61
3.1.1. 1. 22 + 3i; 2. − 38 + 3i; 3. − 20 + 18i; 4. 7 − 5i; 5. 10,3 + 2,1i; 6. + i; 7. 3 − 3i; 8. − i;
2 2 29 29
1 1 1 3 29 11
9. 5 + 2i; 10. − + i; 11. − i; 12. 240i. 3.1.2. 1. − 29 − 15i; 2. 10 − 6i; 3. 7; 4. − i;
16 16 64 64 60 60
⎛ 13 11 ⎞ ⎛ 30 29 ⎞ ⎛ 7⎞ ⎛ 55 9 ⎞
5. − + i; 6. + i. 3.1.3. 1. ⎜ ,− ⎟; 2. ⎜ , ⎟; 3. ⎜ 4,− ⎟; 4. (2,2 ); 5. ⎜ −
5 12 1 1
, ⎟.
13 13 2 2 ⎝7 7⎠ ⎝ 13 13 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 156 26 ⎠
3.1.4. 1; i; 1; (− 1) ; (− 1) i n ; i ;
(1 − i )(i n − 1) ; − 1. 3.1.5. 1. ⎛ i ,4 + 5i ⎞; 2. ⎛ − 7 + 78 i, 142 − 47 i ⎞;
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
n n
2 ⎝4 ⎠ ⎝ 106 53 53 53 ⎠
⎛ 167 313 116 5 ⎞ ⎛ 5 11 11 3 ⎞ 11 4 3 3 3
3. ⎜ − − i,− + i ⎟; 4. ⎜ − i,− + i ⎟. 3.1.6. 1. − 3; 2. − + i ; 3. − i ;
⎝ 221 221 221 221 ⎠ ⎝ 32 32 32 32 ⎠ 13 13 2 2
4.
361 76
+ i. 3.1.7. 1.
2
,−
2
(1 + i ); 2. − 2 3 + 4 ± 2 3 − 4 i;
377 377 2 2 2 2
2 65 + 14 2 65 − 14 6 ± 2 73 − 6 4 ± 2 73 + 6
3. − ± i ; 4. + ;
2 2 4 4
4 ± 2 109 − 6 2 109 + 6
5. ± i. 3.1.8. 1. a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − (ab + ac + bc ); 2. a 3 + b3 ;
2 2
( ) ( )
3. a 3 + b3 + c 3 − 3 a 2b + a 2c + ab 2 + b 2c + ac 2 + bc 2 + 12abc. 3.1.9. 1. {1 ± 2i,−4 ± 2i},
(x 2
{ }
− 2 x + 3)(x + 8 x + 20); 2. 2 ± i 2 ,−2 ± 2i , (x − 4 x + 6 )(x 2 + 4 x + 12);
2 2
⎧
3. ⎨ ±
2
7 1 ⎫ 2
± i ⎬, x −
2
( 7 x + 2 )(x
2
) ( )(
+ 7 x + 2 ; 4. {± 4 ± i}, x 2 − 8 x + 17 x 2 + 8 x + 17 . )
⎩ ⎭
3.1.12. z1 = a1 + b1i, z2 = a2 + b2i ricxvebisaTvis: z1 + z2 ∈ R, Tu b1 + b2 = 0; z1 z2 ∈ R, Tu
π π 3π 3π
a1b2 + a2b1 = 0. 3.2.1. 1. cos 0ο + i sin 0ο; 2. 2(cos π + i sin π ); 3. cos + i sin ; 4. cos + i sin ;
2 2 2 2
⎛ π π ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ 3π 3π ⎞
5. 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟; 6. 2 ⎜⎜ cos⎜ − ⎟ + i sin ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟⎟; 7. 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟;
⎝ 4 4 ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎠ ⎝ 4 4 ⎠
⎛ π π⎞ ⎛ ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π ⎞⎞ ⎛ 4 4⎞
8. − 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟; 9. 2⎜⎜ cos⎜ − ⎟ + i sin ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟⎟; 10. 5⎜ cos arctg − i sin arctg ⎟;
⎝ 4 4⎠ ⎝ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠ ⎝ 3 3⎠
⎛ π π⎞ ⎛ 2π 2π ⎞ 2 3⎛ π π⎞
11. 5(cos π + i sin π ); 12. 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟; 13. 2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟; 14. ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟;
⎝ 4 4⎠ ⎝ 3 3 ⎠ 3 ⎝ 6 6⎠
⎛ π π ⎞ α⎛ α α⎞
15. 2 2 + 3 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟; 16. cos(− α ) + i sin (− α ); 17. 2 cos ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟;
⎝ 12 12 ⎠ 2⎝ 2 2⎠
⎛
18. 2⎜ cos
35π
+ i sin
35π ⎞
⎟; 19. cos 2α + i sin 2α . . 3.2.2. 1. 2 ; 2. 2 ; 3. − 2 ; 4. 2 + 3 ;
50 150 30
(24
)
⎝ 18 18 ⎠
( 6
) 1
( )
5. − 212 2 − 3 ; 6. − 26 ; 7. 215 i; 8. i; 9. − 1 + i 3 ; 10. 1; 11. 2n cos n ⎜ cos
2
α⎛
2⎝
nα
2
+ i sin
nα ⎞
⎟;
2 ⎠
nπ nπ 3 +1 3 +1
12. cos
3
+ i sin
3
. ( )
3.2.3. 1. − cos10ο + i sin 10ο ; 2.
2
−
2
i ; 3. i ;
4. −
3
5
(cos10ο + i sin10ο ). 3.2.4. jer aCveneT, rom z = cos α + i sin α .
11
⎛ ⎛ 17π ⎞ ⎛ 17π ⎞⎞
3.2.6. 1. 2 2 ⎜⎜ cos⎜ + ϕ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ + ϕ ⎟ ⎟⎟; 2. cos 2ϕ + i sin 2ϕ ;
⎝ ⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎠⎠
2⎛ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞⎞
3. ⎜⎜ cos⎜ 2ϕ − ⎟ + i sin ⎜ 2ϕ − ⎟ ⎟⎟. 3.2.8. 1. 4 cos3 x sin x − 4 cos x sin 3 x;
2 ⎝ ⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎠
2. cos 4 x − 6 cos x sin x + sin 4 x; 3. 5 cos 4 x sin x − 10 cos 2 x sin 3 x + sin 5 x;
4. cos5 x − 10 cos3 x sin 2 x + 5 cos x sin 4 x; 5. 6 cos5 x sin x − 20 cos3 x sin 3 x + 6 cos x sin 5 x.
3tgx − tg 3 x 5tgx − 10tg 3 x + tg 5 x 2(3tgx − 10tg 3 x + 3tg 5 x )
3.2.9. 1. ; 2. ; 3 . .
1 − 3tgx 1 − 10tg 2 x + 5tg 4 x 1 − 15tg 2 x + 15tg 4 x − tg 6 x
⎧ 1 3 ⎫ ⎧ kπ kπ ⎫
3.2.11. 1. ⎨1,− ± i ⎬; 2. {1 ± i,−1 ± i}; 3. ⎨cos + i sin , k = 0,1,2,3,4,5⎬; 4. 26 1;
⎩ 2 2 ⎭ ⎩ 3 3 ⎭
⎧1 ⎫
5. ⎨ 6 2 ⎛⎜ 2 3 + i 2 3 ⎞⎟, 3 4 (i − 1),− 6 2 ⎛⎜ 2 − 3 + i 2 − 3 ⎞⎟⎬;
1 1
⎩2 ⎝ ⎠ 2 6 ⎝ ⎠⎭
⎧ 1
( ( 1
)) (
6. ⎨1 + i, − 1 − 3 + i − 1 + 3 , − 1 + 3 + i − 1 − 3 ⎬; ( ⎫
))
⎩ 2 2 ⎭
⎧ ⎛ 8k − 1 8k − 1 ⎞ ⎫
7. ⎨ 2 ⎜ cos π + i sin π ⎟, k = 0,1,Λ ,7⎬; 8. {2 − i,−2 + i};
⎩ ⎝ 32 32 ⎠ ⎭
⎧ 1 ⎛ 24k + 19 24k + 19 ⎞ ⎫
9. ⎨ 6 ⎜ cos π + i sin π ⎟, k = 0,1,2⎬;
⎩ 2⎝ 36 36 ⎠ ⎭
⎧ 1 ⎛ 24k + 13 24k + 13 ⎞ ⎫
10. ⎨ 8 ⎜ cos π + i sin π ⎟, k = 0,1,2,3⎬;
⎩ 2⎝ 48 48 ⎠ ⎭
⎧⎛ 6k − 1 6k − 1 ⎞ ⎫
11. ⎨⎜ cos π + i sin π ⎟, k = 0,1,2,Λ ,9⎬;
⎩⎝ 30 30 ⎠ ⎭
⎧ 2⎛
12. ⎨ ⎜ 2 + 3 − i 2 − 3 ⎞⎟,−
2 ⎛ ⎫ ⎧3 ⎫
⎜ 2 − 3 − i 2 + 3 ⎞⎟,1 − i ⎬; 13. ⎨ ± 3 − i ⎬; ( )
⎩ 2 ⎝ ⎠ 2 ⎝ ⎠ ⎭ ⎩2 ⎭
{ }
⎧
14. ± 3 + i,−2i ; 15. ⎨± 1,±
1+ i 3 1− i 3 ⎫
2
,±
2 ⎭
⎬.
⎩
5 −1 10 + 2 5
3.2.12. 1. ; 2. . 3.2.13. ara. 3.2.14. 1. x 2 − 52 x + 760 = 0; 2. x 2 − 2 x + 2 = 0;
4 4
3. x 2 + 1 = 0; 4. x 2 − ( ) ± i; 2. 3i,± (1 − i ). 3.2.18. 1. wesieri
3 3
3 + 1 x + 2 = 0.
2 2
3
3.2.17. 1. ±
2
samkuTxedis wveroebi, centriT koordinatTa sistemis saTaveSi; 2. rombis
wveroebi, centriT koordinatTa sistemis saTaveSi. 3.2.19. 8. kuTxe; 13. sibrtyis
nawili moTavsebuli x + y = ±1 wrfeebs Soris ( z = x + iy ); 14. elifsi
4x2 4 y2
9
+
5
{
= 1; 15. z = x + iy : (x − 1) + y 2 π 1 ; 16.
2
}
x2 y 2
3
+
4
= 1 − elifsiT SemosazRvruli
sibrtyis nawili; 19. warmosaxviTi RerZis marcxena Ria naxevarsibrtye.
3.2.23. 1. − 1 + 2i da 2 − i wertilebze gamavali wrfis wertilebisaTvis;
2. y = − x 2 + 20, y ≥ 4 − parabolis wertilebisaTvis. 3.2.24. y = 2 − 5 x. ( )
z+w z−w
3.2.25. z4 = z1 − z2 + z3 . 3.2.26. ±i . 3.2.27. zk = z0 + ( z1 − z0 )ε k , k = 1,2,Λ , n , sadac
2 2
2kπ 2kπ
da z0 = (( z1 + z2 ) + ictg ( z2 − z1 )) − warmoadgens mravalkuTxedis
1
ε k = cos + i sin
n n 2
centrs.
12
3.3.1. {± 1};
⎧ 1
⎨1, ± i
3⎫ ⎧ 1
( 1
) (
⎬; ⎨± 1,± 1 + i 3 ,± 1 − i 3
2 ⎭ ⎩
)⎫⎬; ⎧⎨± 1,±i,± 2 ⎫
(1 + i ),± 2 (1 − i )⎬;
⎩ 2 2 2 ⎭ ⎩ 2 2 ⎭
⎧ 1
(
⎨± i , ± 1 + i 3 , ±
1
) (3 + i ,±
1
) ( ⎫
3 − i ⎬; )
⎩ 2 2 2 ⎭
⎧ ⎫
⎨± 1,±i,
2
(1 ± i ),− 2 (1 ± i ),± 1 ⎛⎜ 2 + 2 ± i 2 − 2 ⎞⎟,± 1 ⎛⎜ 2 − 2 ± i 2 + 2 ⎞⎟⎬;
⎩ 2 2 2⎝ ⎠ 2⎝ ⎠⎭
⎧ 1
( ) (
1
) ((
1
⎨± 1,±i, ± 1 ± i 3 , ± 3 + i , ± 6 + 2 ± i 6 − 2 ,±
2 2 4
) ( )) 2
2
(( ) (
(1 ± i ), 1 ± 6 − 2 ± i 6 + 2 ⎬.
4
)) ⎫
⎩ ⎭
3.3.2. 1. (− 1) ; 2. 0, Tu n > 1 . SeniSvna: 1 − isa da (−1) − gan gansxvavebuli
n
Tanamamravlebi davajgufoT urTierT Sebrunebul wyvilebad.

⎧1
( )
⎫
3.3.4. {− 1}; ⎨ − 1 ± i 3 ⎬; {± i}; 1 − is garda yvela fesvi; ⎨ 1 ± i 3 ⎬; ⎨±
⎧1
( )⎫ ⎧ 2 ⎫
(1 ± i )⎬;
⎩2 ⎭ ⎩2 ⎭ ⎩ 2 ⎭
⎧1
( )
⎫ ⎧ 1⎛ ⎞ 1⎛
⎨ ± 3 ± i ⎬; ⎨± ⎜ 2 + 2 ± i 2 − 2 ⎟,± ⎜ 2 − 2 ± i 2 + 2 ⎟⎬;
⎞⎫
⎩2 ⎭ ⎩ 2⎝ ⎠ 2⎝ ⎠⎭
⎧1
(( ) ( )) ( (
1
) (
⎨ ± 6 + 2 ± i 6 − 2 , ± 6 − 2 ± i 6 + 2 ⎬. 3.3.6. ε100 = ))⎫ 1+ i 3
da ε 500 =
1− i 3
.
⎩4 4 ⎭ 2 2
3.3.7. ara. SeniSvna: es ricxvi warmoadgineT trigonometriuli saxiT da aCveneT,
rom mas, rogorc C • multiplikaciuri jgufis elements gaaCnia usasrulo rigi.
2
3.3.10. n, roca n k da 0 − sxva SemTxvevaSi. 3.3.11. .
1− ε
n−2
nπ nπ nπ
n n
3.4.1. 1. 2 2 cos ; 2. 2n ; 3. 2 2 sin ; 4. 2n − 2 + 2 2 cos ; (SeniSvna: gamoiyeneT punqti

2 4 4
n−2 1− n
n n
nπ nπ
1. da Semdegi tolobebi: ∑ C nk = 2 n ; ∑ (− 1) C nk = 0 ); 5. 2n − 2 + 2 2 sin
k
; 6. 2n3 2 sin ;
k =0 k =0 4 6
, roca ε ≠ 1 (saZiebeli jami gavamravloT (1 − ε ) − ze) da
n
7. jami tolia: −
1− ε
⎧ n(n + 1)(2n + 1) ⎧1 2
,ε = 1 n (n + 1) , ε = 1
2
n(n + 1) ⎪ ⎪
⎪ 6 ⎪4
, roca ε = 1. 3.4.3. 1. ⎨ 2 ; 2. ⎨ 3 .
⎪ n (ε − 1) − 2n , ε ≠ 1 ⎪ n (1 − ε ) + 3n(n − 1)(1 − ε ) + 6n , ε ≠ 1
2
2
⎪⎩ (1 − ε )2 ⎪⎩ (1 − ε )3
2n
3.4.5. 1. tolobis marjvena mxaris mricxveli davSaloT namravlad ∏ (x − ε ),
k =1
k
2kπ 2kπ
sadac ε k = cos + i sin . x − ε k da x − ε n − k = x − ε k Tanamamravlebi gavaerTianoT;
n n
3. SevkvecoT 1. -li toloba (x 2 − 1) − zed da miRebuli gamosaxuleba CavweroT
x = 1 − Tvis.
3.5.3. gamoarkvieT min ( z1 , z2 ) arg z1 − arg z2 sididis geometriuli azri. toloba
miiRweva maSin, roca arg z1 = arg z2 an roca mocemul ricxvTagan erTerTi nulis
tolia. 3.5.6. ganmartebiT zA = {za : a ∈ A}. 3.5.7. arasworia: tolobis marjvena da
marcxena mxares mdgomi simravleebi sxvadasxva raodenoba elementebisagan
13
Sedgebian. 3.5.9. ε da ε erTnairi rigis mqone elementebia. 3.5.13. Tu ε − is

, ese igi m = l (m, k ).
m
maCvenebelia m, maSin ε k − s maCvenebeli iqneba l =
(m, k )
2m
⎛ z + z −1 ⎞
3.5.15. 1.,2.,3.,4. − SeniSvna: Tu z = cos x + i sin x, maSin cos 2 m x = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; 5. radganac
⎝ 2 ⎠
sin (k + 1)x + sin (k − 1)x = 2 cos x sin kx, amitom adgili aqvs tolobas: Ak +1 = tAk − Ak −1 , sadac
sin kx
Ak = da t = 2 cos x. gamoiyeneT induqciis meTodi k − s mimarT.
sin x
1 cos 2 x
3.5.16. 6. SeniSvna: sin 2 x = − . 3.5.18. λ = 1 − Tvis _wrfe, romelic z1 , z2
2 2
boloebis mqone monakveTis Sua wertilze, mis marTobulad, gadis; λ ≠ 1 − Tvis
z − λz 2 z + λz 2
_wrewiri, romlis diametris boloebia 1 da 1 wertilebi.
1− λ 1+ λ
Tavi IV. gadanacvleba da Casma
$ 1. gadanacvleba
n -rigis 1, 2, 3,Λ , n gadanacvlebas ewodeba mTavari, masSi elementebi maTi

nomris mixedviT arian dalagebulni.
amboben, rom a1 , a 2 , a3 , Λ , a n gadanacvlebis a k da a m elementebi adgenen
inversias (uwesrigobas), Tu:
a k > a m da k < m .
gadanacvlebas ewodeba luwi gadanacvleba, Tu is inversiaTa luw raodenobas
Seicavs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mas ewodeba kenti gadanacvleba. mTavari
gadanacvleba luwia.
gadanacvlebis nebismieri ori elementisaTvis adgilebis urTierT-Secvlas
transpozicia ewodeba.
gadanacvlebaSi yoveli ori elementis transpozicia cvlis mis luw-
kentovnebas (wyviladobas).
yvela SesaZlo n -rigis gadanacvlebebs Soris naxevari luwi da naxevari kenti
gadanacvlebaa.
4.1.1. ipoveT inversiaTa ricxvi Semdeg gadanacvlebaSi

1. 2, 3, 5, 4,1 ; 2. 6, 3,1, 2, 5, 4 ; 3. 1, 9, 6, 3, 2, 5, 4, 7, 8 ; 4. 7, 5, 6, 4,1, 3, 2 ;
5. 1, 3, 5, 7, Λ , 2n − 1, 2, 4, 6, 8,Λ , 2n ; 6. 2, 4, 6, 8,Λ , 2n,1, 3, 5, 7, Λ , 2n − 1
4.1.2. Semdeg gadanacvlebaSi, ipoveT inversiaTa ricxvi da daadgineT n -is ra
mniSvnelobisTvisaa luwi an kenti
1. 1, 4, 7, Κ , 3n − 2, 2, 5, 8, Κ , 3n − 1, 3, 6, 9, Κ , 3n ; 2. 3, 6, 9, Κ , 3n, 2, 5, 8,Κ , 3n − 1,1, 4, 7, Κ , 3n − 2 ;
3. 2, 5, 8, Κ , 3n − 1, 3, 6, 9, Κ , 3n, 1, 4, 7, Κ , 3n − 2 ; 4. 2, 5, 8, Κ , 3n − 1, 1, 4, 7,Κ , 3n − 2, 3, 6, 9,Κ , 3n ;
5. 1, 5, 9, Κ , 4n − 3, 2, 6,10,Κ , 4n − 2, 3, 7,11, Κ , 4n − 1, 4, 8,12,Κ , 4n ;
4.1.3. romel gadanacvlebaSi qmnian 1, 2, 3, Λ , n ricxvebi inversiaTa udides
raode3nobas, ipoveT es raodenoba
4.1.4. ipoveT inversiaTa raodenoba, romelsac qmnis ricxvi 1 , Tu is gadanacvlebis
k -ur adgilze dgas
4.1.5. ipoveT inversiaTa raodenoba, romelsac qmnis ricxvi n , Tu is mTavari
gadanacvlebis k -ur adgilze dgas
$ 2. Casma
A = {1, 2, 3,Λ , n} dalagebuli simravlis yoveli σ (i ) = ai , 1 ≤ i ≤ n , urTierT

calsaxa asaxvas Tavis Tavze, n -uri xarisxis Casma ewodeba da Caiwereba saxiT:
⎛ 1 2 3Λ n ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ,
⎝ a1 a 2 a 3 Λ a n ⎠
sadac, 1 ≤ ai ≤ n da ai ≠ a j , i ≠ j .
Casmas ewodeba luwi, Tu misi zeda striqonis Sesabamisi gadanacvleba
mTavaria, xolo qveda striqonis Sesabamisi gadanacvleba _luwi, xolo mas
ewodeba kenti, Tu misi zeda striqonis Sesabamisi gadanacvleba mTavaria, xolo
qveda striqonis Sesabamisi gadanacvleba _kenti.
2
n -uri xarisxis f da g gadanacvlebis f ⋅ g namravli
(kompozicia) ewodeba gadanacvlebas, romelic miiReba maTi Tanmimdevruli
Sesrulebis gziT, anu:
( f ⋅ g )(i ) = f ( g (i )) .
gamravlebis operaciis mimarT, n -uri xarisxis yvela gadanacvlebaTa simravle
warmoadgens jgufs, romelsac simetriuli jgufi ewodeba da S n -iT aRiniSneba.
4.2.1. ipoveT Semdegi Casmis Sebrunebuli Casma

⎛1 2 3 4 5⎞ ⎛ 1 2 3 4 5⎞ ⎛1 2 3 4 5 6 7⎞ ⎛ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7⎞
1. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; 2. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; 3. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; 4. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ;
⎝4 5 3 2 1⎠ ⎝ 2 1 3 5 4⎠ ⎝4 5 2 7 1 3 6⎠ ⎝ 4 2 1 5 7 6 3⎠
4.2.2. ipoveT Semdeg gadanacvlebaTa namravli
⎛1 2 3 4 ⎞ ⎛1 2 3 4 ⎞ ⎛1 2 3 4 5 ⎞ ⎛1 2 3 4 5⎞
1. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; 2. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟;
⎝4 1 3 2 ⎠ ⎝3 2 4 1 ⎠ ⎝2 4 5 1 3 ⎠ ⎝5 3 4 1 2 ⎟⎠
2 3
⎛1 2 3 4 5 ⎞ ⎛1 2 3 4 5⎞ ⎛1 2 34 ⎞ ⎛ 1 2 3 4 5⎞
3. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; 4. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; 5. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝3 5 1 2 4 ⎠ ⎝3 4 1 5 2⎠ ⎝ 2 4 51 ⎠ ⎝ 3 4 5 1 2⎠
⎛1 2 3 4 5 6 78 9 10 ⎞
4.2.3. ipoveT A100 , sadac ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝3 5 4 1 7 10 6 9 8 ⎟⎠
2
⎛1 2 3 4 5 6 78 9 10 ⎞
4.2.4. ipoveT A150 , sadac ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝3 5 4 6 9 7 10 8 2 ⎟⎠
1
⎛ 1 2 3 4 5⎞ ⎛ 1 2 3 4 5⎞
4.2.5. ipoveT A ⋅ B da B ⋅ A namravlebi, Tu A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ da B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 3 2 5 1 4⎠ ⎝ 2 5 4 1 3⎠
⎛ 1 2 3 4 ⎞ ⎛1 2 3 4 ⎞
4.2.6. ipoveT A −1 ⋅ B da B ⋅ A −1 , Tu A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ da B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 3 4 1 ⎠ ⎝2 1 4 3 ⎠
4.2.7. amoxseniT gantoleba
⎛1 2 3 4 5 6⎞ ⎛ 1 2 3 4 5 6⎞ ⎛1 2 3 4 ⎞ ⎛1 2 3 4 ⎞
1. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⋅ X = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; 2. X ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ;
⎝ 6 4 3 2 1 5⎠ ⎝ 3 2 1 4 5 6⎠ ⎝ 4 3 2 1⎠ ⎝1 2 4 3 ⎠
⎛ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7⎞
4.2.8. ipoveT X Casma Semdegi tolobidan AXB = C , sadac A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ,
⎝ 7 3 2 1 6 5 4⎠
⎛ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7⎞ ⎛ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7⎞
B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ da C = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 3 1 2 7 4 5 6⎠ ⎝ 5 1 3 6 4 7 2⎠
pasuxebi:
4.1.1. 1. 5 ; 2. 8 ; 3. 13 ; 4. 18 ; 5. n(n − 1) / 2 ; 6. n(n + 1) / 2 ; 4.1.2. 1. 3n(n − 1) / 2 inversia.

gadanacvleba luwia n = 4k da n = 4k + 1 _Tvis da kentia n = 4k + 2 da n = 4k + 3 _Tvis,
sadac k nebismieri arauaryofiTi mTeli ricxvia; 2. 3n(n + 1) / 2 inversia.
sadac k nebismieri arauaryofiTi mTeli ricxvia; 3. n(3n + 1) / 2 inversia.
sadac k nebismieri arauaryofiTi mTeli ricxvia; 4. n(3n − 1) / 2 inversia.
3
sadac k nebismieri arauaryofiTi mTeli ricxvia; 5. 3n(3n − 1) inversia.
gadanacvleba, nebismieri n _Tvis, luwia; 4.1.3. gadanacvlebaSi n, n − 1, n − 2,Λ , 3, 2,1 .
inversiaTa raodenoba tolia C n2 = n(n − 1) / 2 ; 4.1.4. k − 1 ; 4.1.5. n − k
⎛ 1 2 3 4 5⎞ ⎛ 1 2 3 4 5⎞ ⎛ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7⎞ ⎛ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7⎞
4.2.1. 1. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; 2. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; 3. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; 4. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ;
⎝ 4 2 1 5 3⎠ ⎝ 2 1 3 5 4⎠ ⎝ 5 3 6 1 2 7 6⎠ ⎝ 3 2 7 1 4 6 5⎠
⎛1 2 3 4 ⎞ ⎛ 1 2 3 4 5⎞ ⎛ 1 2 3 4 5⎞ ⎛1 2 3 4 ⎞
4.2.2. 1. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; 2. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; 3. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; 4. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ;
⎝1 3 4 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 1 2 5 4⎠ ⎝ 1 2 3 4 5⎠ ⎝3 4 1 2 ⎠
⎛ 1 2 3 4 5⎞ ⎛ 1 2 3 4 5⎞
5. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; 4.2.3. A ; 4.2.4. E igiuri Casma; 4.2.5. A ⋅ B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ da
⎝ 2 3 4 5 1⎠ ⎝ 4 5 3 2 1⎠
⎛ 1 2 3 4 5⎞ ⎛1 2 3 4 ⎞ ⎛1 2 3 4 ⎞
B ⋅ A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; 4.2.6. A −1 ⋅ B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ da B ⋅ A −1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ;
⎝ 2 4 1 3 5⎠ ⎝3 2 1 4 ⎠ ⎝1 4 3 2 ⎠
⎛1 2 3 4 5 6⎞ ⎛1 2 3 4 ⎞ ⎛ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7⎞
4.2.7. 1. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; 2. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; 4.2.8. X = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 5 4 1 2 6 3⎠ ⎝ 4 3 1 2 ⎠ ⎝ 7 1 2 3 4 5 6⎠
Tavi # 5 determinanti
$1. 2-e da 3-e rigis determinanti
me-2-e rigis determinanti

a11 a12
Δ=
= a11 a 22 − a 21 a12
a 21 a 22
tolia misi mTavari da damxmare diagonalebze mdgomi elementebis
namravlebis sxvaobisa.
me-3-e rigis determinanti ki tolia:
a11 a12 a13
Δ = a 21 a 22 a 23 = a11 a 22 a33 + a12 a 23 a31 + a13 a 21 a32 − a13 a 22 a31 − a12 a 21 a33 − a11 a 23 a32
a31 a32 a33
gamoTvlebis Sesrulebis dros, mosaxerxebelia e.w. samkuTxedebis wesis
gamoyeneba, romelic SeiZleba gamovsaxoT Semdegi sqemis saxiT:
ο ο ο
Δ= ο ο ο
ο ο ο
5.1.1. gamoTvaleT
2 1 4 5 17 12 257 325 a b ab ac
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ;
3 2 7 8 14 − 11 − 211 302 c d bd cd
a log a b log a b
cos α sin α cos α sin α log a b 1
7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. 1 ;
− sin α cos α sin β cos β 1 log b a log b a
b
cos α + i sin α 1 a + bi c + di tgα 1
11. ; 12. ; 13. ;
1 cos α − i sin α c − di a − bi − 1 tgα
x −1 1
14. .
x3 x3 + x + 1
5.1.2. gamoTvaleT
1 2 3 2 1 5 4 1 7 2 2 3 a b c
1. 3 4 5 ; 2. 3 2 1 ; 3. 2 3 5 ; 4. 3 3 2 ; 5. c a b ;
6 7 8 7 1 8 1 3 6 1 4 4 b c a
b c d sin α cos α 1 1 0 1+ i
6. 0 a 0 ; 7. sin β cos β 1 ; 8. 0 1 1− i ;
0 l 0 sin γ cos γ 1 1+ i − i 1+ i
1 ε ε2 1 1 1
3 1 2π 2π
9. ε ε 2
1 ,ε = − + i; 10. 1 ε ε2 , ε = cos + i sin ;
2 2 3 3
ε2 1 ε 1 ε2 ε
3 sin 2 α − cos 2 α 1+ a 1+ b 1+ c
11. 3 sin β
2
cos β 2
; 12. a b c .
3 sin δ
2
cos δ 2
a 2
b 2
c 2
2
$.2. n − uri rigis determinanti. determinantis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi
ganvixiloT n − uri rigis kvadratuli cxrili (matrica), elementebiT

raime K − velidan:
⎛ a11 a12 a13 Κ a1n ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ a21 a22 a23 Κ a2 n ⎟
A=⎜ ,
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜a ⎟
⎝ n1 an 2 an 3 Κ ann ⎠
am matricis elementebisagan SevadginoT yvela iseTi n − Tanamamravliani
namravlebi, rom TiToeul maTganSi, yoveli striqonidan da yoveli svetidan,
Sediodes TiTo-TiTo elementi. miRebul namravlebSi Tanamamravlebi ise
davalagoT, rom maTi pirveli indeqsebisagan Sedgenili gadanacvleba iyos
mTavari gadanacvleba, anu hqondes saxe (1,2,3,Κ , n ) . amgvarad, aseTi namravlis
zogadi saxe iqneba: a1k1 a2 k 2 a3k 3 Λ ank n , sadac 1 ≤ ki ≤ n , ki ≠ k j , i ≠ j . cxadia, rom
aseT namravlTa raodenoba n !-is tolia. aseTnairad miRebul, yvela SesaZlo
namravlebisagan SevadginoT jami. amasTan TiToeuli Sesakrebs niSani
mivuweroT imis mixedviT Tu rogoria am wevris meore indeqsebisagan
Sedgenili (k1 , k2 ,Κ , kn ) gadanacvlebis luw-kentovneba.
aseTnairad miRebul jams A matricis determinanti ( n − uri rigis
determinanti) ewodeba. gamoiyeneba Semdegi aRniSvnebi: A an det ( A)
a11 a12 Κ a1n
a 21 a 22 Κ a 2 n
det ( A) = .
ΛΛΛΛΛ
a n1 a n 2 Κ a nn
∑ (− 1)
I ( k1 , k 2 ,Κ k n )
amrigad, ganmartebiT A = a1k1 a2 k 2 Λ ank n ;
( k1 , k 2 ,Κ , k n )
determinantis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi:
1. transponirebul matricTa deteminantebi erTmaneTis tolia;
2. Tu determinantis romelime striqonis (svetis) TiToeuli elementi
nulis tolia, maSin aseTi determinanti nulis tolia;
3. determinantis romelime ori striqonisaTvis (svetisaTvis) adgilebis
Secvla determinantis niSnis Secvlas iwvevs;
4. determinantis romelime striqonis (svetis) saerTo mamravli SeiZleba
gavitanoT determinantis niSnis gareT;
5. Tu determinantis romelime ori striqoni (sveti) erTmaneTis
proporciulia, maSin aseTi determinanti nulis tolia;
6. Tu determinantis romelime striqonis (svetis) TiToeuli elementi
warmoadgens ori Sesakrebis ( n − Sesakrebis) jams, maSin aseTi determinanti
tolia ori determinantis ( n − Sesakrebis) jamisa romelTagan pirvelSi
mocemul striqonSi dgas pirveli Sesakrebebi, xolo meoreSi_meore
Sesakrebebi (da ase Semdeg n − uri Sesakrebi);
7. determinantis mniSvneloba ar Seicvleba Tu mis romelime striqons
(svets) davumatebT sxva nebismieri striqonis (svetis) proporciul striqons
(svets).
determinantis gaSla i − uri striqonis mixedviT:
adgili aqvs formulas
A = ai1 Ai1 + ai 2 Ai 2 + Λ + ain Ain , 1 ≤ i ≤ n .
sadac Aij = (− 1) M ij da M ij warmoadgens aij elementis Sesabamis minors.
i+ j
3
5.2.1. gamoarkvieT, qvemoT moyvanili namravlebidan romeli Sedis
Sesabamisi rigis determinantis gaSlaSi da ra niSniT:
1. a13 a 22 a 31 a 46 a 55 a 64 ; 2. a 31 a13 a 52 a 45 a 24 ; 3. a 43 a 21 a 35 a12 a54 ; 4. a 61 a 23 a 45 a36 a12 a54 ;
5. a 34 a 21 a 46 a17 a 73 a54 a 62 ; 6. a 33 a16 a 72 a 27 a 55 a 61 a 44 ; 7. a 27 a36 a51 a 74 a 25 a 43 a 62 ; 8. a12 a 23 Λ a n −1,n a n1 ;
9. a12 a 23 a34 Λ a n −1,n a kk ,1 ≤ k ≤ n ; 10. a11 a 2 n a3,n −1 Λ a n , 2 ; 11. a12 a 21 a34 a 43 Λ a 2 n −1, 2 n a 2 n , 2 n −1 ;
12. a13 a 22 a31 a 46 a55 a 64 Λ a3n − 2,3n a3n −1,3n −1 a3n ,3n − 2 .
5.2.2. i da k ricxvebis mniSvnelobebi ise SearCieT, rom a47 a63a1i a55 a7 k a24 a31
namravli, Sesabamisi rigis determinantis gaSlaSi, dadebiTi niSniT Sediodes.
5.2.3. i , j da k ricxvebis mniSvnelobebi ise SearCieT, rom a51ai 6 a1 j a35a44 a6 k
namravli, Sesabamisi rigis determinantis gaSlaSi, uaryofiTi niSniT
Sediodes.
5.2.4. i da k ricxvebis mniSvnelobebi ise SearCieT, rom a62 ai 5 a33ak 4 a46 a21
namravli, Sesabamisi rigis determinantis gaSlaSi, uaryofiTi niSniT
Sediodes.
5.2.5. ipoveT 4 -e rigis determinantis ganaSalis yvela is wevri, romelic:
1. Tanamamravlad Seicavs a32 elements da aqvs dadebiTi niSani;
2. Tanamamravlad Seicavs a21 elements da aqvs uaryofiTi niSani.
5.2.6. ra niSniT Sedis n − uri rigis determinantis ganaSalSi: 1. misi mTavari
diagonalis elementebis namravli; 2. misi damxmare diagonalis elementebis
namravli.
5.2.7. ipoveT determinantis is wevrebi, romlebic Seicaven x 4 -s, x 3 − s:
x 1 2 3 2x 1 3 5
x x 1 2 2 3x 1 2
1). ; 2). .
1 2 x 3 4 1 x 3
x 1 2 2x x 1 2 4x
5.2.8. ipoveT n -uri rigis determinantis ganaSalSi is elementi, romelic ai j
elementis simetriulia, damxmare diagonalis mimarT.
5.2.9. rogor Seicvlebab n -uri rigis determinantis mniSvneloba, Tu mis
svetebs CavwerT Sebrunebuli TanmimdevrobiT.
yovel elements SevcvliT damxmare diagonalis mimarT simetriuli
elementiT.
yovel elements CavwerT sapirispiro niSniT.
5.2.12. 185 , 518 da 851 ricxvebidan TiToeuli 37 -ze iyofa. aCveneT, rom
determinanti
1 8 5
5 1 8 gaiyofa 37 − ze.
8 5 1
5.2.13. 20604 , 53227 , 25755 , 20927 da 289 ricxvebidan TiToeuli 17 − ze iyofa.
aCveneT, rom determinanti
2 0 6 0 4
5 3 2 2 7
2 5 7 5 5 gaiyofa 17 − ze.
2 0 9 2 7
0 0 2 8 9
4
5.2.14. 24026 , 40262 , 2624 , 26240 da 62402 ricxvebidan TiToeuli 41 − ze iyofa.
aCveneT, rom determinanti
2 4 0 2 6
4 0 2 6 2
0 2 6 2 4 gaiyofa 41 − ze.
2 6 2 4 0
6 2 4 0 2
5.2.15. gamoiyeneT determinantis ganmarteba da gamoTvaleT:
a11 0 0 Λ 0 0 Λ 0 0 0 a11 a12 a13 a14 a15
a21 a22 0 Λ 0 0 Λ 0 a2, n −1 a2 n a21 a22 a23 a24 a25
1. a31 a32 a33 Λ 0 ; 2. 0 Λ a3, n − 2 a3, n −1 a3n ; 3. a31 a32 0 0 0 ;
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ a41 a42 0 0 0
an1 an 2 an 3 Λ 0 an1 Λ an , n − 2 an , n −1 ann a51 a52 0 0 0
1 0 0 Λ 0 0 0 0 Λ 0 0 1 1 a a Λ a
0 2 0 Λ 0 0 0 0 Λ 01 0 0 2 a Λ a
4. 0 0 3 Λ 0 ; 4. 0 0 0 Λ 1 0 0 ; 5. 0 0 3 Λ a .
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
0 0 0 Λ n 1 0 0 Λ 0 0 0 0 0 0 Λ a
5.2.16. daamtkiceT
α −β α +β α +β
cos sin cos
2 2 2
β −γ β +γ β +γ
1. cos sin cos =
1
(sin (β − α ) + sin (γ − β ) + sin (α − γ )) ;
2 2 2 2
γ −α γ +α γ +α
cos sin cos
2 2 2
sin α
2
sin α cos α cos α 2
2. sin β2
sin β cos β cos 2 β = sin (α − β )cos α cos β + sin (β − γ )cos β cos γ + sin (γ − α )cos γ cos α ;
sin 2 γ sin γ cos γ cos 2 γ
(a + b )2 c2 c2
3. a2 (b + c )2 a2 = 2abc(a + b + c ) ;
3
b2 b2 (c + a )2
1 1
1
a+x a+ y
4.
1 1
1 =
(a − b )(a − c )(b − c )(x − y ) ;
b+ x b+ y (a + x )(b + x )(c + x )(a + y )(b + y )(c + y )
1 1
1
c+x c+ y
( )
a 2 + 1 − a 2 cos ϕ ab(1 − cos ϕ ) ac(1 − cos ϕ )
5. ba (1 − cos ϕ ) (
b + 1 − b cos ϕ
2 2
) bc(1 − cos ϕ ) = cos 2 ϕ , Tu a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1 .
ca(1 − cos ϕ ) cb(1 − cos ϕ ) (
c 2 + 1 − c 2 cos ϕ )
5.2.17. laplasis Teoremis gamoyenebiT, gamoTvaleT:
5
1 −1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 −1 1 − 2 5 2 2 2 3 −3 −2 −5
1 1 −1 1 1 0 1 1 1 3 −1 3 2 5 2 2 2 5 4 6
1. ; 2. ; 3.; 4. ; 5. ;
1 1 1−1 −1 −1 4
1 1 0 1 3 2 2 5 2 5 5 8 7
1 1 1 1 − 3 1 − 8 − 13
1 1 1 0 2 2 2 5 4 4 5 6
8 4 4 −1 0 −1
7 3 2 6 3 27 44 40
2 3 7 5 2 55 35 59 71 52
8 −9 4 9 2 20 64 21
3 2 5 7 3 40 42 70 77 54
6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ;
7 −2 7 3 1 2 2 1 1 2 13 − 20 − 13 24 43 68 72 52
5 −3 3 4 1 7 6 6 5 7 46 45 − 55 84 29 49 65 50
2 1 1 2 2 1
3 6 5 6 4 −4 1 1 1 1 24 11 13 17 19
30 20 15 12
5 9 7 8 6 1 −4 1 1 1 51 13 32 40 46
20 15 12 15
10. ; 11. 6 12 13 9 7 ; 12. 1 1 − 4 1 1 ; 13. 61 11 14 50 56 ;
15 12 15 20
4 6 6 5 4 1 1 1 −4 1 62 20 7 13 52
12 15 20 30
2 5 4 5 3 1 1 1 1 −4 80 24 45 57 70
5 6 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 1
2 3 5 3
1 5 6 0 0 1 3 1 1 1
6 21 10 − 2 3
14. ; 15. 0 1 5 6 0 ; 16. 1 1 4 1 1 .
10 2 15 5 6
0 0 1 5 6 1 1 1 5 1
2 2 6 10 15 0 0 0 1 5 1 1 1 1 6
5.2.18. gamoTvaleT:
2 1 4 3 5 1 2 3 4 5
a b c d
x y x+ y 3 4 0 5 0 0 6 0 4 1
b a d c
1. y x+ y x ; 2. ; 3. 3 4 5 2 1 ; 4. 2 4 1 3 5 ;
c d a b
x+ y x y 1 5 2 4 3 1 3 5 2 4
d c b a
4 6 0 7 0 0 5 0 3 2
2 1 −1 3 4 x 0 −1 1 0
1 x x2 x3 2 −1 3 5
1 0 0 0 5 1 x −1 1 0
x3 x2 x 1 4 0 −2 4
5. ; 6. ; 7. 3 1 −1 4 1 ; 8. 1 0 x −1 0 1 ;
1 2x 3x 2 4 x3 0 0 2 −1
1 0 0 0 7 0 1 −1 x 1
3
4 x 3x 2
2x 1 0 0 4 0
5 −2 3 6 1 0 1 −1 0 x
0 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 cos α sin α cos α sin α
0 0 0 5 6
x1 x2 cos α sin α cos 2α sin 2α 2 cos 2 β 2 sin 2α
9. ; 10. ; 11. 1 1 1 0 0 ;
y1 y2 cos β sin β cos 3α sin 3α 3 cos 3α 3 sin 3α
x1 x2 x3 0 0
z1 z2 cos γ sin γ cos 4α sin 4α 4 cos 4α 4 sin 4α
x12 x22 x32 0 0
6
5 0 0 0 0 4
1 1 1 0 0 5 9 −2 −4 5
0 5
0 4 0 0a11 a12 Κ a1n
1 2 3 0 0 2 −3 4 −3 3
0 0
4 0 0 50 a22 Κ a2 n
12. 0 1 1 1 1 ; 13. − 5 −7 2 4 − 2 ; 14. ; 15. ;
0 0
5 0 0 4ΛΛΛΛΛ
0 x1 x 2 x3 x4 4 −5 8 −6 8
0 4 0 0 5 0 0 0Κ ann
0 x12 x 22 x32 2
x4 6 −5 3 −3 7
4 0 0 0 0 5
a11 a12 a13 Κ a1, 2 n − 2 a1, 2 n −1 a1, 2 n
0 0 Κ 0 a1 0 a22 a23 Κ a2, 2 n − 2 a2, 2 n −1 0
0 0 Κ a2 b2 0 0 a33 Λ a3, 2 n − 2 0 0
16. Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ ; 17. Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ ;
0 a n −1 Κ bn −1 bn −1 0 0 a2 n − 2,3 Λ a2 n − 2, 2 n − 2 0 0
a n bn Λ bn bn 0 a2 n −1, 2 a2 n −1,3 Λ a2 n −1, 2 n − 2 0 0
a2 n ,1 a2 n , 2 a2 n ,3 Κ a2 n , 2 n − 2 a2 n , 2 n −1 a2 n , 2 n
a11 1 a12 1 Λ a1n 1
1 0 1 0 Λ 1 0
a 21 x1 a 22 x 2 Λ a2n xn
x1 0 x2 0 Λ xn 0
18. a31 x 2
1 a32 x 2
2 Λ a3n x n2 .
x2
1 0 x 2
2 0 Λ x 2
n 0
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
a n1 x1n −1 a n 2 x 2n −1 Λ a nn x nn −1
x1n −1 0 x 2n −1 0 Λ x nn −1 0
a b c d 0 1 1 a
−b a d −c
1.
−c −d a b
( 2
= a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 ; 2.
1 0
1 1
) 1 b
0 c
= a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − 2(ab + bc + ac ) + 2d ;
−d c −b a a b c d
−1 1 1 1 x
1 −1 1 1 y
3. 1 (
1 − 1 1 z = −4 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + u 2 − 2(xy + xz + xu + yz + yu = zu ) ; )
1 1 1 −1 u
x y z u 0
7
4. avRniSnoT A , B , C da D − Ti mesame rigis determinantebi, romlebic
⎛ a1 b1 c1 d1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
miiRebian ⎜ a2 b2 c2 d 2 ⎟ matricisagan, Tu am matricaSi amovSliT Sesabamisad
⎜a b c d ⎟
⎝ 3 3 3 3⎠
pirvel, meore, mesame da meoTxe svetebs. daamtkiceT, rom:
a1 b1 c1 d 1 0 0
a 2 b2 c 2 d 2 0 0
a 3 b3 c3 d 3 0 0
= AD − BC .
0 0 a1 b1 c1 d 1
0 0 a 2 b2 c 2 d 2
0 0 a 3 b3 c3 d 3
5.2.20. gaSaleT:
1 1 1 a a 1 1 1
2 2 1 b b 0 1 1
1. meoTxe svetis mixedviT; 2. pirveli svetis mixedviT;
3 2 1 c c 1 0 1
1 2 3 d d 1 1 0
1 2 −1 − 2 1 −3 4 1
2 −1 − 2 1 4 −2 3 2
3. mesame striqonis mixedviT; 4. mesame striqonis
a b c d a b c d
−2 −1 1 2 2 −1 4 3
5 a 2 −1
4 b 4 −3
mixedviT; 5. meore svetis mixedviT.
2 c 3 −2
4 d 5−4
5.2.21. gamoTvaleT n − uri rigis A = (a i j ) determinanti, Tu:
1. a i j = min (i, j ) ; 2. a i j = max(i, j ) ; 3. a i j = i − j .
$. 3. determinantis gamoTvla misi samkuTxa saxeze miyvanis xerxiT
determinantis Tvisebebis gamoyenebiT, zogierTi saxis determinanti

miiyvaneba e. w. samkuTxa saxeze, roca misi mTavari (an damxmare) diagonalis
qvemoT (an zemoT) mdgomi yvela elementi nulis tolia_aseTi determinantis
mniSvneloba tolia diagonalze mdgomi elementebis namravlisa, saTanado
niSniT.
5.3.1. miiyvaneT samkuTxa saxeze da gamoTvaleT

8
1 1 1Λ 1 a1 x x Λ x 1 2 3Λ n 1 n nΛ n
1 0 1Λ 1 x a2 x Λ x −1 0 3 Λ n n 2 nΛ n
1. 1 1 0 Λ 1 ; 2. x x a3 Λ x ; 3. − 1 − 2 0 Λ n ; 4. n n 3 Λ n ;
ΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛ
1 1 1Λ 0 x x x Λ an −1 − 2 − 3 Λ 0 n n nΛ n
1 1 1Λ 1− n
1 2 3 Λ n − 2 n −1 n 3 2 2Λ 2
1 1 1Λ −n 1
2 3 4 Λ n −1 n n 2 3 2Λ 2
1 1 1Λ 1 1
5. 3 4 5 Λ n n n ; 6. ; 7. 2 2 3 Λ 2 ;
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛ
1 − n 1Λ 1 1
n n nΛ n n n 2 2 2Λ 3
−n 1 1Λ 1 1
1 Λ 1 1 1 a0 a1 a2 Λ an x1 a12 a13 Λ a1n a1 a2 a3 Λ an
a1 Λ a1 a1 − b1 a1
−x x 0Λ 0 x1 x1 a23 Λ a2 n − x1 x2 0 Λ 0
8. a2 Λ a2 − b2 a2 a2 ; 9. 0 − x x Λ 0 ; 10. x1 x2 x3 Λ a3n ; 11. 0 − x2 x3 Λ 0 ;
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
an − bn Λ an an an 0 0 0Λ x x1 x2 x3 Λ xn 0 0 0 Λ xn
a b bΛ b 1 x x2 x3 Λ x n
b a bΛ b a11 1 x x 2 Λ x n −1
12. b b a Λ b ; 13. a21 a22 1 x Λ xn−2 .
ΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
b b bΛ a an1 an 2 an 3 an 4 Λ 1
$. 4. determinantis gamoTvla wrfivi mamravlis gamoyofis xerxiT
determinanti SesaZloa ganxilul iqnas, rogorc mravalwevri masSi

monawile erTi, an ramdenime, cvladis mimarT. zogjer SesaZlebelia
dadgindes, rom determinanti iyofa ramdenime mamravlze erTdroulad da e. i.
maT namravlzec (im pirobiT, rom es mamravlebi damoukideblebi arian). aseT
SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli xdeba determinantisa da am namravlis ganayofis
mniSvnelobis dadgena, rac mniSvnelovnad amartivebs determinantis
gamoTvlis process.
5.4.1. gamoTvaleT, wrfiv mamravlTa gamoyofis gziT

9
0 x y z 1 1 2 3 −x a b c 1+ x 1 1 1
x 0 z y 1 2 − x2 2 3 a −x c b 1 1− x 1 1
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ;
y z 0 x 2 3 1 5 b c −x a 1 1 1+ z 1
z y x 0 2 3 1 9 − x2 c b a −x 1 1 1 1− z
1 1 1 Λ 1 a0 a1 a2 Λ an 1 2 3 Λ n
1 2− x 1 Λ 1 a0 x a2 Λ an 1 x +1 3 Λ n
5. 1 1 3 − x Λ 1 ; 6. a0 a1 x Λ an ; 7. 1 2 x + 1 Λ n ;
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
1 1 1 Λ n +1− x a0 a1 a2 Λ x 1 2 3 Λ x +1
1 x1 x12 Λ x1n −1
1 x2 x22 Λ x2n −1
8. 1 x3 x32 Λ x3n −1 − vandermondis determinanti.
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
1 xn xn2 Λ xnn −1
$. 5. determinantis gamoTvla rekurentuli damokidebulebis povnis xerxiT
zogierTi saxis determinantebisaTvis SesaZlebeli xdeba rekurentuli

damokidebulebis povna, rac mniSvnelovnad amartivebs determinantis
gamoTvlis process.
ganvixiloT rekurentuli damokidebulebis erTi kerZo SemTxveva: vTqvaT,
rekurentul damokidebulebas aqvs Semdegi saxe:
Dn = pDn −1 + qDn − 2 , n > 2 ,
sadac p da q mudmivebia.
p = 0 , q ≠ 0 da q = 0 , p ≠ 0 SemTxvevebi trivialuria.
dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT is SemTxveva, roca p ≠ 0 , q ≠ 0 . vTqvaT α da β
warmoadgens
x 2 − px + q = 0
gantolebis fesvebs, maSin:
a). roca α ≠ β
D − βD1 D − αD1
Dn = C1α n + C2 β n ; C1 = 2 , C2 = − 2 ;
α (α − β ) β (α − β )
b). roca α = β
D − αD
Dn = α n ((n − 1)C1 + C2 ) ; C1 = 2 2 1 , C2 = 1 .
D
α α
sadac, D2 − iT da D1 − iT aRniSnulia meore da pirveli rigis
determinantebi, romlebic Dn − Tavdapirvelad mocemuli determinantisagan
“miiRebian” ( Di − warmoadgens Tavdapirveli determinantis bolo i − cali
striqonisa da i − cali svetis amoSlis Sedegad miRebul determinants).
5.5.1. daadgineT rekurentuli damokidebuleba da gamoTvaleT:

10
5 6 0 0 0Λ 0 0
2 1 0Λ 0 3 2 0Λ 0 4 5 2 0 0Λ 0 0
7 5 0 0Λ 0
1 2 1Λ 0 1 3 2Λ 0 2 7 5 0Λ 0 0 1 3 2 0Λ 0 0
1. 0 1 2 Λ 0 ; 2. 0 1 3 Λ 0 ; 3. 0 2 7 5 Λ 0 ; 4. 0 0 1 3 2 Λ 0 0 ;
ΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
0 0 0Λ 2 0 0 0Λ 3 0 0 0 0Λ 7 0 0 0 0 0Λ 1 2
0 0 0 0 0Λ 1 3
1 2 0 0 0Λ 0 0 3 2 0 0 0Λ 0 0 0
3 4 3 0 0Λ 0 0 1 3 1 0 0Λ 0 0 0 α + β αβ 0 0Λ 0
0 2 5 3 0Λ 0 0 0 2 3 2 0Λ 0 0 0 1 α + β αβ 0Λ 0
5. 0 0 2 5 3 Λ 0 0 ; 6. 0 0 1 3 1 Λ 0 0 0 ; 7. 0 1 α + β αβ Λ 0 ;
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
0 0 0 0 0Λ 5 3 0 0 0 0 0Λ 1 3 1 0 0 0 0Λ α +β
0 0 0 0 0Λ 2 5 0 0 0 0 0Λ 0 2 3
1 1 1 1 Λ 1 0 1 1Λ 1 an (a − 1)n Λ (a − n )
n
1 2 22 23 Λ 2n 1 a1 0 Λ 0 a n −1 (a − 1)n −1 Λ (a − n )n −1
8. 1 3 32 33 Λ 3n ; 9. 1 0 a2 Λ 0 ; 10. Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ ;
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛ a a −1 Λ a−n
1 n + 1 (n + 1) (n + 1) Λ (n + 1) 1 0 0 Λ an Λ 1
2 3 n
1 1
1 0 0 0Λ 0 1
1 Λ 1 a0 a1 a2 Λ an
1 a1 0 0 Λ 0 0
x1 + 1 Λ xn + 1 − y1 x1 0 Λ 0
1 1 a2 0 Λ 0 0
11. ; 12. x + x1
2
Λ x + xn
2
; 13. 0 − y2 x2 Λ 0 ;
1 0 1 a3 Λ 0 0
1 n
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
ΛΛΛΛΛΛ
x n −1
+xn−2
Λ x n−1
+x n−2
0 0 0 Λ xn
1 0 0 0 Λ 1 an 1 1 n n
a1b1 a1b2 a1b3 Λ a1bn 5 3 0 0Λ 0 0

1 + x1 1 + x12 Λ 1 + x1n
a1b2 a2b2 a2b3 Λ a2bn
2 5 3 0Λ 0 0
1 + x2 1 + x22 Λ 1 + x2n
14. ; 15. a1b3 a2b3 a3b3 Λ a3bn ; 16. 0 2 5 3 Λ 0 0 .
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
1 + xn 1 + xn2 Λ 1 + xnn
a1bn a2bn a3bn Λ anbn 0 0 0 0Λ 2 5
$. 6. determinantis gamoTvla misi jamis saxiT warmodgenis gziT
zogierT SemTxvevaSi determinantis gamoTvla mniSvnelovnad martivdeba Tu

mas ori, an meti, determinantis jamis saxiT warmovadgenT.
5.6.1. gamoTvaleT:
11
x1 a1b2 a1b3 Λ a1bn

x1 a2 Λ an a1 + b1 a1 + b2 Λ a1 + bn
a 2 b1 x2 a 2 b3 Λ a 2 bn
a1 x2 Λ an a 2 + b1 a 2 + b2 Λ a 2 + bn
1. ; 2. ; 3. a 3 b1 a 3 b2 x 3 Λ a 3 bn ;
ΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
a1 a2 Λ xn a n + bn a n + b2 Λ a n + bn
a n b1 a n b2 a n b3 Λ x n
0 1 1 1Λ 1 1
x + a1 a2 a3 Λ an
x1 a1 0 0 Λ 0 0
a1 x + a2 a3 Λ an
x2 x2 a2 0 Λ 0 0
4. a1 a2 x + a3 Λ a n ; 5. .
x3 x3 x3 a 3 Λ 0 0
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
a1 a2 a3 Λ x + a n
xn xn xn xn Λ xn an
5.6.2. gamoTvaleT:
a a Λ a a 1
2 2 2 Λ 2 2 4 6 Λ 2n 1 3 5 Λ 2n − 1
a a Λ a 2 a
2 3 2 Λ 2 − 2 0 6 Λ 2n 1 2 5 Λ 2n − 1
a a Λ 3 a a
1. 2 2 4 Λ 2 ; 2. − 2 − 4 0 Λ 2n ; 3. ; 4. 1 3 4 Λ 2n − 1 ;
ΛΛΛΛΛ
ΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛ
a n Λ a a a
2 2 2 Λ n +1 −2 −4 −6 Λ 0 1 3 5 Λ 2n − 2
a a Λ a a a
x a aΛ a a
3 2 0Λ 0 −1 2 2 Λ 2 0 1 1Λ 1 1
−a x a Λ a a
1 3 2Λ 0 2 −1 2 Λ 2 1 0 x Λ xa
−a −a x Λ a a
5. 0 1 3 Λ 0 ; 6. 2 2 − 1 Λ 2 ; 7. Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ ; 8. ;
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
ΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ 1 x xΛ 0 a
−a −a −a Λ x a
0 0 0Λ 3 2 2 2 Λ −1 1 x x Λ x0
−a −a −a Λ −a x
x y 0Λ 0 0
αβ 0Λ00
1+ x x
2
0 Λ 0 0 0 x yΛ 0 0
0 αβ Λ 0 0
x 1+ x2 x Λ 0 0 0 0 xΛ 0 0
9. Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ ; 10. ; 11. ;
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛ
0 0 0 Λ αβ
0 0 0 Λ x 1+ x2 0 0 0Λ x y
0 0 0Λ 0α
y 0 0Λ 0 x
a0 − 1 0 0Λ 0 0
n!a 0 (n − 1)!a1 (n − 2)!a 2 Λ an
a1 x −1 0Λ 0 0
−n x 0 Λ 0
a2 0 x −1 Λ 0 0
12. ; 13. 0 − (n − 1) x Λ 0 ;
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
a n −1 0 0 0 Λ x − 1
0 0 0 Λ x
an 0 0 0 Λ 0 x
12
1 2 3 Λ n −1 n n −1 0 0Λ 0 0
a1 0 Λ 0 b1
−1 x 0 Λ 0 0 n −1 x −1 0 Λ 0 0
0 a 2 Λ b2 0
0 −1 x Λ 0 0 n − 2 0 x −1 Λ 0 0
14. ; 15. ; 16. Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ ;
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
0 b2 n −1 Λ a 2 n −1 0
0 0 0Λ x 0 2 0 0 0Λ x − 1
b2 n 0 Λ 0 a 2 n
0 0 0 Λ −1 x 1 0 0 0Λ 0 x
α α 2 Λ α n −1 a 0 0Λ 0 b
a0 1 1 Λ 1 1
0 a 0Λ b 0
1 a1 y Λ 0 α n −1 1 α Λ α n−2
0 0 aΛ 0 0
17. 1 0 a 2 Λ 0 ; 18. α n − 2 α n −1 1 Λ α n −3 ; 19. , 2n − rigis;
ΛΛΛΛΛΛ
ΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
0 b 0Λ a 0
1 0 0 Λ an α α2 α3 Λ 1
b 0 0Λ 0 a
1 2 3 Λ n −1 n 1 a1 a2 Λ an 1 2 2 Λ 2
1 1 1 Λ 1 1− n 1 a1 + b1 a2 Λ an 2 2 2 Λ 2
20. 1 1 1 Λ 1 − n 1 ; 21. 1 a1 a 2 + b2 Λ a n ; 22. 2 2 3 Λ 2 ;
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
1 1− n 1 Λ 1 1 1 a1 a 2 Λ a n + bn 2 2 2Λ n
1 2 3 Λ n
a a + h a + 2h Λ a + (n − 1)h
2 3 4 Λ 1
−a a 0 Λ 0
23. 3 4 5 Λ 2 ; 24. ;
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
0 0 0 Λ a
n 1 2 Λ n −1
a1 − a 2 0 0 Λ 0 0
x 0 Λ 0 cn
0 a 2 − a3 0 Λ 0 0
−1 x Λ 0 c n −1
0 0 a3 − a 4 Λ 0 0
25. ; 26. Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ .
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
0 0 Λ x c2
0 0 0 0 Λ a n −1 − a n
0 0 Λ − 1 x + c1
1 1 1 1 Λ 1 1 + an
5.6.3. gamoTvaleT determinanti:
13
a1 a2 a3 a4 Λ an −1 an
1 − b1 b2 0 0 Λ 0 x 1 0 Λ 0
−1 2 −1 0 Λ 0 0
− 1 1 − b2 b3 0 Λ 0 1 x 1 Λ 0
0 −1 2 −1 Λ 0 0
1. 0 − 1 1 − b3 b4 Λ 0 ; 2. ; 3. 0 1 x Λ 0 ;
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛ
0 0 0 0 Λ 2 −1
0 0 0 0 Λ 1 − bn 0 0 0 Λ x
0 0 0 0 Λ −1 2
c a 0Λ 0 0
x a a Λ a
b c aΛ 0 0 2 cos x 1 0Λ 0 0 x a1 a2 Λ an
a x a Λ a
0 b cΛ 0 0 1 2 cos x 1 Λ 0 0 a1 x a2 Λ an
4. ; 5. ; 6. a a x Λ a ; 7. ;
ΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
ΛΛΛΛΛΛ
0 0 0Λ c a 0 0 0 Λ 1 2 cos x a1 a2 a3 Λ x
a a a Λ x
0 0 0Λ b c
1 + a1 1 1 Λ 1
a a + h a + 2h Λ a + (n − 2)h a + (n − 1)h
1 1 + a2 1 Λ 1
a + (n − 1)h a a + h Λ a + (n − 3)h a + (n − 2)h
8. 1 1 1 + a3 Λ 1 ; 9. ;
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
a+h a + 2h a + 3h Λ a + (n − 1)h a
1 1 1 Λ 1 + an
1 + 2a1 a1 + a2 Λ a1 + an (x − a1 )2 a 22 Λ a 2n
a2 + a1 1 + 2 a2 Λ a2 + an a 12 (x − a2 )2 Λ an2
10. ; 11. ;
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
an + a1 an + a2 Λ 1 + 2 a n a 21 a 22 Λ ( x − an )
2
a b bΛ b b
(x − a1 ) 2
a1a2 Λ a1an c a bΛ b b a1 x x Λ x
12.
a1a2 (x − a2 )2
Λ a2 an
; 13.
c c aΛ b b
; 14.
y a2 x Λ x
.
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
Λ (x − an ) c c cΛ a b y y y Λ an
2
a1an a2 an
c c cΛ c a
5.6.4. gamoTvaleT:
14
1 2 3 Λ n −1 n 2 2 Λ 2 2 1
0 1 1Λ 1 n 1 1Λ 1
1 3 3 Λ n −1 n 2 2 Λ 2 2 2
1 0 1Λ 1 1 n 1Λ 1
1 2 5 Λ n −1 n 2 2 Λ 3 2 2
1. ; 2. ; 3. 1 1 0 Λ 1 ; 4. 1 1 nΛ 1 ;
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
ΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛ
1 2 3 Λ 2n − 3 n 2 n −1 Λ 2 2 2
1 1 1Λ 0 1 1 1Λ n
1 2 3 Λ n − 1 2n − 1 n 2 Λ 2 2 2
x a1 a2 Λ an −1 1 a0 − 1 0 0Λ 0 0
1 x x 2 x3 Λ x n
a1 x a2 Λ an −1 1 a1 x −1 0Λ 0 0
a11 1 x x 2 Λ x n −1
a1 a2 x Λ an −1 1 a2 0 x − 1Λ 0 0
5. ; 6. ; 7. a21 a22 1 x Λ xn−2 ;
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
a1 a2 a3 Λ x 1 an −1 0 0 0Λ x − 1
an1 an 2 an 3 an 4 Λ 1
a1 a2 a3 Λ an −1 x an 0 0 0Λ 0 x
1 1 0 0 Λ 0 0 1 2 0 0Λ 0 9 5 0 0Λ 0 0 0 1 0 0Λ 0 0
1 1 1 0 Λ 0 0 1 3 2 0Λ 0 4 9 5 0Λ 0 0 1 0 1 0Λ 0 0
8. 0 1 1 1 Λ 0 0 ; 9. 0 1 3 2 Λ 0 ; 10. 0 4 9 5 Λ 0 0 ; 11. 0 1 0 1Λ 0 0 ;
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
0 0 0 0Λ 1 1 0 0 0 0Λ 3 0 0 0 0Λ 4 9 0 0 0 0Λ 1 0
0 1 0 0Λ 0 0 a 1 0 0Λ 0 0 a 1 0 0Λ 0 0
−1 0 1 0 Λ 0 0 1 a 1 0Λ 0 0 −1 a 1 0 Λ 0 0
12. 0 − 1 0 1 Λ 0 0 ; 13. 0 1 a 1 Λ 0 0 ; 14. 0 − 1 a 1 Λ 0 0 ;
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
0 0 0 0 Λ −1 0 0 0 0 0Λ 1 a 0 0 0 0 Λ −1 a
2 1
0 0Λ 0 0
x x2
0 1 1 1Λ 1
1
1
2
0Λ 0 0 0 a a aΛ a a
x2 x 1 a1 x x Λ x
b 0 a aΛ a a
2 1 1 y a2 x Λ x
15. 0 1 Λ 0 0 ; 16. b b 0 a Λ a a ; 17. .
x x2 1 y y a3 Λ x
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
b b b bΛ b 0
0 0 0 0Λ 1
2 1 y y y Λ an
x
5.6.5. ipoveT:
15
0 1 1 Λ 1 a1
a0 b b b Λ b a −1 0 0Λ 0
1 0 1 Λ 1 a2
a a1 0 0 Λ 0 ax a −1 0Λ 0
1 1 0 Λ 1 a3
1. a 0 a2 0 Λ 0 ; 2. ax 2 ax a − 1 Λ 0 ; 3. ;
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
1 1 1 Λ 0 an
a 0 0 0 Λ an ax n ax n −1 ax n − 2 ax n − 3 Λ a
b1 b2 b3 Λ bn 0
1 2 3 4 5Λ n 1 Λ 1
1 2 3 4Λ n 1 1
1 1 2 3 4Λ n − 1
x 1 2 3Λ n − 1 1 C2 C31 Λ Cn1
1
1 x 1 2 3Λ n − 2
4. ; 5. x x 1 2Λ n − 2 ; 6. 1 C32 C42 Λ Cn2 ;
1 x x 1 2Λ n−3
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
x x x xΛ 1 1 Cnn−1 Cnn+−11 Λ C2nn−−12
1 x x x xΛ 1
1 C22 0 Λ 0
1 1 0 0Λ 0
1 C32 C33 Λ 0 1 Cn1 Cn2 Λ Cnm
1 C21 C22 0Λ 0
1 C42 C43 Λ 0 1 Cn1 +1 Cn2+1 Λ Cnm+1
7. 1 C 1
C2
C Λ 0
3
; 8. ; 9. ;
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
3 3 3
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
n−1
1 Cn2 Cn3 Λ Cnn 1 Cn1 + m Cn2+ m Λ Cnm+ m
1 C 1
n C 2
n C Λ C
3
n n
1 Cn2+1 Cn3+1 Λ Cnn+1
1 Cn1 Cn2 Λ Cnn 1 0 0 Λ 0 1
Cnm+ m Cnm+ m +1 Λ Cnm+ 2 m
1 C 1
n +1 C 2
n +1 Λ C n
n +1 1 C 1
1 0 Λ 0 x
Cnm+ m +1 Cnm+ m + 2 Λ Cnm+ 2 m +1
10. 1 Cn1 + 2 Cn2+ 2 Λ Cnn+ 2 ; 11. ; 12. 1 C21 C22 Λ 0 x2 ;
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
Cnm+ 2 m Cnm+ 2 m +1 Λ Cnm+ 3m
1 C21n C22n Λ C2nn 1 Cn1 Cn2 Λ Cnn −1 x n
16
a +1 a a Λ a
1 0 0 0 Λ 0 x0
a +1 a a Λ a a+
1
a Λ a
1 C11 0 0 Λ 0 x1 a
2
a a+2 a Λ a
1 C21 C22 0 Λ 0 x2 1
13. ; 14. a a a + 3 Λ a ; 15. a aΛ a ; a+
1 C 1
C 2
C Λ0
3
x3 3
3 3 3
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
a a a Λ a+n
Cn3 Λ Cnn −1 xn
1
1 Cn1 Cn2 a a a Λ a+
n
1 1 1
Λ 1
2 3 n
a +1 a a Λ a 1 1 1
Λ
1 1 1 1
+ Λ
a a+x a Λ a 2 3 4 n 1 x1 − a1 x1 − a2 x1 − an
1 1 1 1
16. a a a + x Λ a ; 17.
2
Λ ; 18. Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ .
3 4 5 n+2
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ 1 1 1
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ Λ
a a a Λ a+x n xn − a1 xn − a2 xn − a n
1 1 1 1
Λ
n n + 1 n + 2 2n − 1
5.6.6. gamoTvaleT
1 1 1 Λ 1 1 1 Λ 1
f1 (x1 ) f1 ( x2 ) Λ f1 (xn )
C 1x1 C1x 2 C1x3 Λ C1x n
1. ; 2. f 2 ( x1 ) f 2 (x2 ) Λ f 2 ( xn ) , f k (x ) = x k + a1k x k −1 + Λ + akk ;
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
C xn1−1 C xn2−1 C xn3−1 Λ C xnn−1
f n −1 ( x1 ) f n −1 ( x2 ) Λ f n −1 ( xn )
1 x x2 Λ x n −1 1 x x2 Λ x n −1
0 1 C21 x Λ Cn1 −1 x n − 2 1 2x 3x 2 Λ nx n −1
0 0 1 Λ Cn1 − 2 x n − 3 1 22 x 32 x 2 Λ n 2 x n −1
3. 0 0 0 Λ Cnk−−11 x n − k ; 4. 1 2k −1 x 3k −1 x 2 Λ n k −1 x n −1 ;
1 y y2 Λ y n −1 1 y1 y12 Λ y1n −1
0 1 C21 y Λ Cn1 −1 y n − 2 1 y2 y22 Λ y n2 −1
n − k −1
0 0 0 Λ C n −1 y k
1 yn − k yn2− k Λ y nn−−k1
1 cos ϕ0 cos 2ϕ0 Λ cos(n − 1)ϕ0 sin (n + 1)ϕ0 sin nϕ0 Λ sin ϕ0
1 cos ϕ1 cos 2ϕ1 Λ cos(n − 1)ϕ1 sin (n + 1)ϕ1 sin nϕ1 Λ sin ϕ1
5. ; 6. .
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
1 cos ϕ n −1 cos 2ϕ n −1 Λ cos(n − 1)ϕ n −1 sin (n + 1)ϕ n sin nϕ n −1 Λ sin ϕ n
17
$. 7. damatebiTi amocanebi
5.7.1. daamtkiceT toloba:

cos α 1 0 0Λ 0 0
1 2 cos α 1 0Λ 0 0
1. 0 1 2 cos α 1 Λ 0 0 = cos nα ;
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
0 0 0 0 Λ 1 2 cos α
2 cos α 1 0 0Λ 0 0
1 2 cos α 1 0Λ 0 0
sin nα
2. 0 1 2 cos α 1 Λ 0 0 = .
sin α
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
0 0 0 0 Λ 1 2 cos α
5.7.2. Semdegi ori determinantis gadamravlebis gziT
x1 x2 x3 x4 y1 y2 y3 y4
x2 − x1 − x4 x3 y2 − y1 − y4 y3
x3 x4 − x1 − x2 y3 y4 − y1 − y2
x4 − x3 x2 − x1 y4 − y3 y2 − y1
daamtkiceT eileris igiveoba:
( )( )
x 12 + x22 + x32 + x42 y12 + y22 + y32 + y42 = (x1 y1 + x2 y2 + x3 y3 + x4 y4 ) +
2
(x1 y2 − x2 y1 − x3 y4 + x4 y3 )2 + (x1 y3 + x2 y4 − x3 y1 − x4 y2 )2 + (x1 y4 − x2 y4 + x3 y2 − x4 y1 )2 .

5.7.3. matricTa gadamravlebis gziT, daamtkiceT igiveoba:
( )( )
a 3 + b3 + c 3 − 3abc a13 + b13 + c13 − 3a1b1c1 = A3 + B 3 + C 3 − 3 ABC ,
sadac,
A = aa1 + bb1 + cc1 , B = ac1 + bb1 + ca1 , C = ab1 + ba1 + cc1 .
5.7.4. gamoTvaleT
α A , Tu α = 5 2 , A = 3 − aris mexuTe rigis determinanti.
5.7.5. ipoveT yvela iseTi α − kompleqsuri ricxvi, rom n − uri rigis A
gadaugvarebeli matricisaTvis adgili hqondes tolobas: α A = A .
5.7.6. daamtkiceT, rom Tu n − uri rigis determinantis romelime k − cali
striqonisa da l − svetis gadakveTaSi nulebi dgas da amasTan k + l > n , maSin
aseTi determinanti nulis tolia.
5.7.7. daamtkiceT:
A B
= A C.
O C
5.7.8. samarTliania Tu ara toloba A B = B A , maSinac ki, roca A B ≠ B A .
5.7.9. fibonaCis mimdevroba ewodeba naturalur ricxvTa mimdevrobas, romelic
mocemulia Semdegi rekurentuli formuliT
an = an − 2 + an −1 , a1 = 1, a2 = 2 . daamtkiceT, rom
1 1 0 0Λ 0 0
−1 1 1 0 Λ 0 0
an = 0 − 1 1 1 Λ 0 0 .
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
0 0 0 0 Λ −1 1
18
5.7.10. ra maqsimaluri mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes mesame rigis
determinants, romlis elementebicaa: 1. 0 an 1 ; 2. 1 an − 1 .
5.7.11. k − uri rigis ramden minors Seicavs n − uri rigis determinanti.
5.7.12. daamtkiceT, rom Tu determinantis romelime striqonis (svetis) yvela
elementi erTis tolia, maSin am determinantis yvela elementis algebrul
damatebaTa jami TviT am determinantis tolia.
5.7.13. gamoTvaleT:
π 2π 3π
cos cos cos Λ −1
n n n
−1 cos
π
cos
2π
Λ cos
(n − 1)π
n n n
cos
(n − 1)π − 1 cos
π
Λ cos
(n − 2)π .
n n n
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
2π 3π 4π π
cos cos cos Λ cos
n n n n
5.7.14. daamtkiceT, rom n − uri rigis A , B , C da D determinantebisaTvis Tu

C DT = D C T , maSin
AB
= A DT − B C T .
CD
5.7.15. daamtkiceT, rom Tu determinantis TiToeul elements mivumatebT erTsa
da imave ricxvs, maSin determinanti mniSvnelobas ar Seicvlis.
5.7.16. vTqvaT A warmoadgens Δ determinantis i -uri j − da uri striqonebisa
da k − uri da l − uri svetebis amoSlis Sedegad miRebul (n − 2 ) − rigis minors,
amasTan i < j , k < l . daamtkiceT, rom
Aik Ail
= (− 1)
i + j + k +l
AΔ.
A jk A jl
1 cos α cos β
cos α 1 cos γ = 0 , Tu α + β + γ = 0 .
cos β cos γ 1
5.7.18. daamtkiceT, rom Tu A , B , C da D kvadratuli matricebia, amasTan C an
D gadaugvarebelia da C D = D C , maSin
AB
= AD−BC.
CD
5.7.19. gamoTvaleT
1 1 1 1 Λ 1
1 ε ε2 ε3 Λ ε n −1
1 ε2 ε4 ε6 Λ ε 2(n −1) 2π 2π
3( n −1)
, sadac ε = cos + i sin .
1 ε ε ε
3
Λ ε6 9
n n
1 ε n −1 ε 2(n −1) ε 3(n −1) Λ ε (n −1)
2
5.7.20. daamtkiceT, rom Tu luwi rigis iribsimetriuli determinantis

TiToeul elements mivumatebT erTsa da imave ricxvs_ determinantis
mniSvneloba ar Seicvleba.
19
cE A
5.7.21. gamoTvaleT determinanti, sadac E − erTeulovani
A cE
matricaa da
a 1 0 0Λ 0
1 a 1 0Λ 0
A = 0 1 a 1Λ 0 .
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
0 0 0 0Λ a
pasuxebi:
5.1.1. 1. 1; 2 . 4; 3. 355; 4. 77614; 5. ad − bc; 6. 0; 7. 1; 8. cos(α + β ); 9. 0; 10. 0;
( ) ( 1
11. 0; 12. a 2 + b 2 − c 2 + d 2 ; 13. 2 ; 14.0.
cos α
)
5.1.2. 1. 0; 2. − 42; 3. 28; 4.15; 5. a 3 + b 3 + c 3 − 3abc; 6. 0; 7. sin (α − β ) + sin (γ − α ) + sin (β − γ )
8. 2; 9. − 2i; 10. − 3 3i; 11. 3(sin (α − γ )sin (α + γ ) + sin (γ − β )sin (γ + β ) + sin (β − α )sin (β + α ));
12. ab(a − b ) + cb(c − b ) + ac(a − c ) + 2abc(a − b ).
5.2.1. 1. plius niSniT; 2. minus niSniT; 3. minus niSniT; 4. plius niSniT; 5. ar
( n −1)( n − 2 )
Sedis; 6. minus niSniT; 7. ar Sedis; 8. (− 1) ; 9. ar Sedis; 10.(− 1) ; 11.(− 1)n ;
n −1
2
12.(− 1) . 5.2.2. i = 6, k = 2. ; 5.2.3. i = 2, k = 2, j = 3. ; 5.2.4. i = 5, k = 1.

3n
5.2.5. 1. a11 a 24 a32 a 43 , a13 a 21 a32 a 44 , a14 a 23 a32 a 41 ; 2. a12 a 21 a33 a 44 , a14 a 21 a32 a 43 , a13 a 21 a34 a 42 .
n ( n −1)
5.2.6. 1. plius niSniT; 2.(− 1) 2 ; 5.2.7. 1. − 8 x 3 da 2x 4 ; 2. − 25 x 3 da 24 x 4 . ;
n ( n −1)
5.2.8. a n − j +1,n −i +1 . ; 5.2.9. determinanti gamravldeba (− 1) 2 − ze.; 5.2.10. ar Seicvleba.
5.2.11. determinanti gamravldeba (− 1) − ze. 5.2.15. 1. a11 a 22 Λ a nn ;
n
n ( n −1) n ( n −1)
2. (− 1) 2 a1n a 2,n −1 Λ a n1 ; 3. 0; 4.n!. 5.(− 1) 2 ; 6.n!.
.2.17. 1.8;2. − 3;3. − 153;4.297;5.90;6.150;7. − 336; 8.1;9.10;11. − 2639;
12.5;13.0;14.100;15.9 30 − 9 20 ; 16.665;17.394.
[
5.2.18. 1. − 2(x 3 + y 3 );2. (a + b ) − (c + d )
2 2
][(a − b ) 2
− (c − d ) ;
2
]
( 2
)
4
3. − 4; 4.195; 5.x x − 1 ;6. − 5;7. − 1;8. x + 1 x − x + 1 ;
2
( 3
)( 2
)
9.(x2 − x1 )sin (γ − β ) + ( y2 − y )1 sin (α − γ ) + (z2 − z1 )sin (β − α ); 10. SemoviRoT aRniSvna
z = cos α + i sin α ;
11.x12 ( x3 − x2 ) + x22 ( x1 − x3 ) + x32 ( x2 − x1 ); 12.(x4 − x3 )[( x3 − x2 )( x4 − x2 ) − 2( x3 − x1 )(x4 − x1 )];
n ( n −1)
a1a2 Λ an ; 17.∏ (akk a2 n − k +1, 2 n − k +1 − ak , 2 n − k +1a2 n − k +1, k );
n
13.81;14.729;15.a11a22 Λ ann ; 16.(− 1) 2
k =1
18.(− 1) ∏ (xi − xk ) . 5.2.20. 1.4a − c − d ;2.2a − b − c − d ;3. − 5(a + b + c + d );

n 2
n ≥ i φ k ≥1
4.8a + 15b + 12c − 19 d ; 5.2a − 8b + c + 5d . 5.2.21. 1.1;2.(− 1) n;3.(− 1) (n − 1)2n − 2.

n −1 n −1
n
⎛1 n 1 ⎞
5.3.1. 1. (− 1) ; 2. x∏ (a n − x )⎜⎜ ∑
n −1
⎟⎟, pirveli striqoni gamovakloT yvela
k =1 ⎝ x k =1 a n − 1 ⎠
danarCens, k − uri striqonidan determinantis niSnis gareT gamovitanoT a k − x,
yoveli k − sTvis da pirvel svets mivumatoT yvela danarCeni sveti; 3. n!;
n ( n −1)
4. (− 1) n!, bolo striqoni gamovakloT yovel danarCen striqons; 5. (− 1)
n−1
2 ;
n ( n +1)
6. (− 1) 2 (n + 1)n−1 ; pirvel svets mivumatoT yvela danarCeni sveti; 7. 2n + 1;
20
n ( n −1)
b1b2 Λ bn ;9.(a1 + a 2 + Λ + a n )x n ; 10. x1 ∏ (x k − a k −1,k ), bolo striqonidan
n
8. (− 1) 2
k =2
n n
ak
dawyebuli, yovel striqons gamovakloT misi wina striqoni; 11. ∏ x k ∑ ,
k =1 k =1 x k
yoveli i − saTvis, determinantis i − uri svetidan misi niSnis gareT gavitanoT
xi − uri da yovel svets mivumatoT yvela danarCeni sveti;
n
12. [a + (n − 1)b ](a − b ) ; 13. ∏ (1 − a kk x ). 5.4.1. 1. pirvel svets mivumatoT yvela
n −1
k =1
danarCeni sveti, miviRebT determinantis x + y + z gamyofs; pirvel svets
mivumatoT meore da gamovakloT danarCeni ori sveti, miviRebT determinantis
y + z − x gamyofs; pirvel svets mivumatoT mesame da gamovakloT danarCeni
sveti, miviRebT determinantis x − y + z gamyofs; pirvel svets mivumatoT
meoTxe da gamovakloT danarCeni sveti, miviRebT determinantis x + y − z
gamyofs. vinaidan miRebuli mamravlebi damoukideblebi arian, amitom
determinanti maT namravlzec gaiyofa. z 4 − is koeficientTa gatolebis gziT
davadgenT, rom saZiebeli determinanti am namravlis tolia, uaryofiTi
2 2
[ 2 2
][
niSniT. 2. (x 2 − 1)(x 2 − 4 ); 3. (x − a ) − (b + c ) (x + a ) − (b − c ) ; 4. x 2 z 2 , movaxdinoT ]
pirveli da meore striqonis da pirveli da meore svetis transpozicia,
vaCvenoT, rom: determinanti ar Seicvleba, Tu masSi x − s SevcvliT (− x ) − iT;
x = 0 warmoadgens determinantis fesvs; determinanti iyofa x 2 − ze.
analogiurad z − Tvis; 5. mocemuli Dn − determinantis, rogorc x n − cvladis
mimarT mravalwevris, fesvebia x n = x1 , x n = x 2 , Λ , x n = x n −1 , amitom SeiZleba
n −1
davweroT Dn = q( x1 , x 2 , Λ , x n −1 )∏ ( x n − x k ), magram Dn − warmoadgens x n − is n − 1
k =1
xarisxis polinoms (gaSaleT igi bolo striqonis mixedviT) da x nn −1 − is

n −1
koeficientia Dn −1 , amitom q ( x1 , x 2 , Λ , x n −1 ) = Dn −1 da Dn = Dn −1 ∏ (x n − x k ). sabolood
k =1
gveqneba Dn = ∏ (xi − x j ).
iφ j
5 n +1 − 2 n +1 α n +1 − β n +1
5.5.1. 1. n + 1; 2. 2 n +1 − 1; 3. ; 4. 9 − 2 n +1 ; 5. 52 n −1 − 43 n −1 ; 6. 2 n +1 − 1; 7. ;
3 α −β
n n n n
1
8. ∏ k!; 9. − ∏ a k ∑ ; 10. ∏ k!; 11. a1 a 2 Λ a n − a1 a 2 Λ a n −1 + a1 a 2 Λ a n − 2 − Λ + (− 1) a1 + (− 1) ;
n −1 n
k =1 k =1 k =1 a k k =0
12. ∏ (x
n ≥i φ k ≥1
i − x k ); 13. a 0 x1 x 2 Λ x n + a1 y1 x 2 x3 Λ x n + a 2 y1 y 2 x3 Λ x n + Λ + a n y1 y 2 Λ y n ;
⎡ n
⎤
14. ⎢2 x1 x 2 Λ x n − ∏ (x k − 1)⎥ ∏ ( xi − x k ), pirvel svetad CavamatoT erTianebisagan
⎣ k =1 ⎦ n≥i φ k ≥1
Sedgenili sveti da pirvel striqonad (1,0,0,Κ ,0) -striqoni. yvela danarCen
svets gamovakloT pirveli sveti. marcxena zemoTa kuTxeSi mdgomi erTiani
warmovadginoT 2 − 1 sxvaobis saxiT da aseTnairad miRebuli determinanti
warmovadginoT ori determinantis sxvaobis saxiT (pirveli striqonis
n −1
Sesabamisad); 15. a1bn ∏ (a k +1bk − a k bk +1 ), unda davadgonoT rekurentuli toloba
k =1
bn n
⎛ n
⎞
Dn = (a n bn−1 − an−1bn )Dn−1 ; 16.3 n+1 − 2 n +1. ; 5.6.1. 1. ∏ (xk − ak )⎜⎜1 + ∑ ak ⎟⎟;
bn −1 k =1 ⎝ k =1 x k − a k ⎠
21
2. Dn = 0, n > 2; D1 = a1 + b1 , D2 = (a1 − a 2 )(b1 − b2 ) ;

n
⎛ n
ab ⎞ n
3. ∏ (x k − a k bk )⎜⎜1 + ∑ k k ⎟⎟; 4. x n + x n −1 ∑ a k . yvela elementi, garda mTavar
k =1 ⎝ k =1 x k ⎠ k =1
diagonalze mdgomi elementebisa, warmoadgineT saxiT

n
ai = 0 + ai ; 1.∏ (a k − x k ) − a1 a 2 Λ a n . marcxena zemoTa kuTxeSi mdgomi elementi
k =1
warmovadginoT saxiT 0 = 1 − 1 da determinanti pirveli striqonis mixedviT
warmoadgineT ori determinantis jamad.
n ( n +1) n
5.6.2. 1. 2(n − 1)!; 2. (2n )! = 2 n n!; 3. (− 1) a∏ (k − a ); 4. (− 1) ; 5.1; 6. (− 1) (2n − 3)3 n −1 ;
n −1 n −1
2
k =1
(n − 1)x n− 2 ; 8. 1 ((x + a )n + (x − a )n );
n
7. (− 1) 9. α n + (− 1) β n ; 10. ∑ x 2 k ; 11. x n + (− 1)n +1 y n .
n −1 n −1
2 k =0
n −1
gaSaleT pirveli svetis mixedviT; 12.a 0 x + a1 x + Λ + a n . gaSaleT pirveli
n
x n +1 − 1 n + 1 xn −1
(
svetis mixedviT; 13. n! a 0 x n + a1 x n −1 + Λ + a n ; 14. ) − ; 15 .
nx n
−
(x − 1)2 x − 1 x − 1 (x − 1)2
⎛ 1 ⎞
( ) ( )
n n n
16. ∏ (a k a 2 n − k +1 − bk b2 n − k +1 ); 17. ∏ a k ⎜⎜ a0 − ∑ ⎟⎟; 18. 1 − α n ; 19. a 2 − b 2 ;
n −1 n
k =1 k =1 ⎝ k =1 a k ⎠
n ( n −1) (n + 1)n n −1 n ( n −1) (n + 1)n n −1

20. (− 1) 2 ; 21. b1b2 Λ bn ; 22. − 2(n − 2 )!; 23. (− 1) 2 ;
2 2
na n −1 n
⎛ n
⎞
24. [2a + (n − 1)h]; 25. ∏ a k ⎜⎜1 + ∑ 1 ⎟⎟; 26. x n + c1 x n−1 + Λ + c n−1 x + cn .
2 k =1 ⎝ k =1 a k ⎠
5.6.3. 1. 1 − b1 + b1b2 _ b1b2 b3 + Λ + (− 1) b1b2 Λ bn ; 2..na1 + (n − 1)a 2 + Λ + 2a n −1 + a n ;
n
sin (n + 1)x
3. x n − C n1−1 x n− 2 + C n2− 2 x n − 4 − Λ ; 4. c n − C n1−1c n − 2 ab + C n2− 2 c n − 4 a 2 b 2 − Λ ; 5. ;
sin x
⎛ n
⎞ n n
⎛ n
1 ⎞ n −1 ⎡ n −1 ⎤
6. [x + (n − 1)a ]( x − a ) ; 7. ⎜ x + ∑ a k ⎟∏ ( x − a k ); 8. ∏ a k ⎜⎜1 + ∑ ⎟⎟; 9. (− nh ) ⎢a +
n −1
h .
⎝ k =1 ⎠ k =1 k =1 ⎝ k =1 a k ⎠ ⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
yovel striqons gamovakloT misi momdevno striqoni da Semdeg meore
striqons mivumatoT yvela momdevno striqoni;
⎛ a k2 ⎞
( )
n n
10. (1 + a1 + Λ + a n ) − n ai2 + Λ + a n2 ; 11. x n−1 ∏ ( x − 2a k )⎜⎜ x + ∑ ⎟⎟;
2
k =1 ⎝ k =1 x − 2a k ⎠
⎡ n
(a k − x )⎤⎥
n
⎢ x ∏ ( a − y ) − y ∏
⎛ ak ⎞ c(a − b ) − b(a − c )
2 n n k
; 14. ⎣ ⎦.
n n
12. x n−1 ∏ ( x − 2a k )⎜⎜ x + ∑ ⎟; 13.
⎟
k =1 k =1
k =1 ⎝ k =1 x − 2 a k ⎠ c − b x − y
n2 −n+2 n
5.6.4. 1.(n − 1)!; 2.(− 1) 2(n − 2 )!; 3. (− 1) (n − 1); 4. (2n − 1)(n − 1) ; 5. ∏ ( x − a k );
n −1 n −1
2
k =1
n
C 1
− 3C 3
+ 9C 5
− 27C 7
+Λ
6. a 0 x n + a1 x n −1 + Λ + a n ; 7. ∏ (1 − a kk x ); 8. n +1 n +1
n
n +1 n +1
; 9.1;
k =1 2
⎧⎪
( )
n
n +1
10. 5 − 4 ; 11. ⎨ n +1 − 1 2 , n = 2l 1
(
; 12. 1 + (− 1)n ; )
⎪⎩0 , n = 2l + 1 2
13. a n − C n1−1 a n −2 + C n2− 2 a n − 4 + Λ + (− 1) C nk− k a n − 2 k + Λ ,
k
gamoiyeneT rekurentuli
m +1
damokidebulebis xerxi da toloba C + C m
n n = Cnm++11;
22
n +1 a n −1 − b n −1
; . ( 1 ) n −1
14. a n + C n1−1 a n − 2 + C n2− 2 a n − 4 + Λ + C nk− k a n − 2 k + Λ ;
16 − ab . 15.
xn a−b
determinantis marjvena qvemoTa kuTxis elementisaTvis gamoiyeneT warmodgena
0 = a − a , gaSaleT determinanti ori determinantis jamad da gamoiyeneT
⎡ n
(ak − y )⎤⎥
n
⎢∏ (a k − x ) − ∏
rekurentuli damokidebulebis xerxi; 17. ⎣ k =1 k =1 ⎦.
x− y
⎛a n
1 ⎞ n n n
5.6.5. 1. aba1 a 2 Λ a n ⎜⎜ 0 − ∑ ⎟⎟; 2. a(a + x ) ; 3. (− 1) ∑ a k ∑ bk + (− 1) (n − 1)∑ a k bk ;
n n n
⎝ ab k =1 a k ⎠ k =1 k =1 k =1
n n−2 n
[n n
]
4. (− 1) x ; 5. (− 1) ( x − 1) − x ; 6. 1 _yovel svets gamoakeliT misi wina sveti,
yovel striqons gamoakeliT misi wina striqoni da gamoiyeneT toloba
Cnk = Cnk− k + Cnk−−11 ; 7.1 _yovel striqons gamovakloT misi wina striqoni; 8. n
_yovel striqons gamoakeliT misi wina striqoni, gaSaleT 1-li svetis
mixedviT , miRebuli determinanti warmoadgineT ori determinantis jamad da
aCveneT, rom D Dn = Dn −1 + 1; 9.1 _yovel striqons gamovakloT misi wina striqoni;
yovel striqons, dawyebuli meoredan, gamovakloT misi momdevno striqoni da
a. S.; 10.1; 11.(− 1) _yovel svets, dawyebuli meoredan, gamovakloT misi wina
sveti; yovel svets, dawyebuli mesamedan, gamovakloT misi wina sveti da a. S.
miRebul determinantSi igive procesi CaatareT striqonebisaTvis; 12. ( x − 1)
n
_yovel striqons gamovakloT misi wina striqoni da vaCvenoT, rom

Dn = ( x − 1)Dn −1; 13. xn − C n1 xn −1 + C n2 x n −2 − C n3 x n−3 + Λ + (− 1) x0 _yovel striqons
n
gamovakloT misi wina striqoni da vaCvenoT, rom

Dn +1 ( x0 , x1 ,Κ , xn ) = Dn ( x1 − x0 , x2 − x1 ,Κ , xn − xn −1 ) , xolo Semdeg gamoviyenoT
⎛ n
a⎞ 1 ⎛ n(n + 1) ⎞
maTematikuri induqciis meTodi; 14. n!⎜1 + ∑ ⎟; 15. ⎜1 + a ⎟;
⎝ k =1 k ⎠ n! ⎝ 2 ⎠
n ( n +1)
16. x 2 ⎜⎜1 + a n
⎛ x n +1 − 1 ⎞
⎟⎟; 17.
[1!2!3!Λ (n − 1)!] _yovel striqons gamovakloT pirveli
3
⎝ x (x − 1) ⎠ n!(n + 1)!Λ (2n − 1)!

striqoni da Semdeg yovel svets gamovakloT pirveli sveti;
∏ (xi − xk )(ak − ai )
1≤ i π k ≤ n
18. n
.
∏ ( xi − a k )
i , k =1
5.6.6. 1.
1
∏ (xi − x k ); 2. ∏ (xi − xk ); 3. ( y − x )k (n−k ) ;
1!2!Λ (n − 1)! i φ k iφ k
k ( k −1) n − k ( n −1)( n − 2 )
4. 1! 2! Λ (k − 1)! x ∏ ( yi − x ) ; ∏ (cos ϕ − cos ϕ k );
2 k 2
5. 2 i
i =1 iφ k
n ( n +1) n
6. 2 2
∏ sin ϕ ∏ (cos ϕ
k =0
k
iπ k
i − cos ϕ k );
1 [n 2 ]
5.7.1. 1. gaiTvaliswineT toloba cos nα = ∑ (− 1)k n Cnk− k (2 cosα )n − 2 k da
2 k =0 n−k
gamoiyeneT n − is mimarT maTematikuri induqciis meTodi; 2. gaiTvaliswineT
[(n −1) 2 ]
∑ Cnk− k −1 (2 cos α )
n − 2 k −1
toloba sin nα = sin α da gamoiyeneT n − is mimarT
k =0
maTematikuri induqciis meTodi; 5.7.2. TiToeuli determinanti aiyvaneT
kvadratSi. 5.7.3. gamoiTvaleT determinantTa namravli:
23
a b c a1 b1 c1
c a b c1 a1 b1 .
b c a b1 c1 a1
2kπ 2kπ
5.7.4. 6. ; 5.7.5. α = cos + i sin , sadac n − matricis rigia da k = 0,1,2,Κ , n − 1.
n n
5.7.8. samarTliania; 5.7.9. rekurentuli kavSiria Dn = Dn −1 + Dn − 2 .
5.7.10. 1. 2; _aCveneT, rom determinantis elementebi erTdroulad ar SeiZleba
iyos erTis toli; ganixileT determinanti, romlis mTavari diagonalis
elementebia nulebi, xolo yvela sxva elementi erTiani; 2. 4 _mTavar
diagonalze unda idgnen (− 1) − ebi, xolo yvela danarCeni elementebi erTis
π ⎞ kπ ε k + ε − k
tolia; 5.7.11. (C ) ;k 2
n
⎛
5.7.13. 2n − 2 ⎜ cos n − 1⎟. SeniSvna: cos = , sadac
⎝ n ⎠ n 2
π π
∏ (a − ε ) = a
n −1
ε = cos + i sin . ; gamoiyeneT is faqti, rom ∀a − Tvis 2k n
− 1 , ε n = −1 .
n n k =0
a11 + x Λ a1n + x a11 Λ a1n

5.7.15. Tavdapirvelad aCveneT, rom ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ = ΛΛΛΛΛ + x ∑ Aij ,
an1 + x Λ ann + x an1 Λ ann
i, j
miRebuli tolobaSi monawile orive determinantSi _pirveli striqoni

gamovakloT yvela danarCens da CavsvaT mniSvneloba x = 1 ; 5.7.17. davuSvaT, rom
A B C −1 D
α = ϕ 2 − ϕ3 , β = ϕ3 − ϕ1 , γ = ϕ1 − ϕ 2 . ; 5.7.18. ganixileT Semdegi namravli .
C D 0 −C
D 0 ( n −1)(3 n − 2 ) n
A B
an namravli . −1
. ; 5.7.19. i 2
n 2 . gavamravloT determinanti
C D −C D
Tavis Tavze da SevniSnoT, rom ε k = 1 ⇔ n k . miviRebT:
n 0 0 Λ 0 0
0 0 0 Λ 0 n
D = 0 0 0 Λ n 0 = (− 1)
2
2 C n−1
nn ,
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
0 n 0 Λ 0 0
n n
saidanac D = ±i C n−1 n 2 . e.i. D = n 2 . D − s argumentis sapovnelad, D gamoTvaleT
2
rogorc 1, ε , ε 2 ,Κ , ε n −1 ricxvebis vandermondis determinanti.

5.7.21. [(c − a ) − C
n 1
n −1 (c − a )n − 2 + Cn2− 2 (c − a )n − 4 + Λ ] [(c + a )n − Cn1−1 (c + a )n − 2 + Cn2− 2 (c + a )n − 4 + Λ ].
cE A
gamoiyeneT toloba = c 2 E − A2 = cE − A cE + A .
A cE
Tavi 6. matricTa Teoriis elementebi
cxrils, Sedgenils K velis elementebisagan, romelsac gaaCnia m cali

striqoni da n cali sveti, m × n zomis marTkuTxovani matrica ewodeba:
⎛ a11 a12 Λ a1n ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ a 21 a 22 Λ a 2 n ⎟
A=⎜ .
ΛΛΛΛΛΛ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜a a Λ a ⎟
⎝ m1 m 2 mn ⎠
matrica A = (aij )m×n saxiTac Caiwereba. aij , i = 1, m; j = 1, n -s matricis elementebs

uwodeben. m = n tolobis SemTxvevaSi matricas ewodeba kvadratuli. 1 × n
zomis matricas striqoni matrica, xolo m × 1 zomisas sveti matrica ewodeba.
kvadratul matricaSi a11 , a 22 , Λ , a nn elementebi qmnian mis mTavar diagonals,
xolo a1n , a 2,n −1 , Λ , a n1 elementebi-mis damxmare diagonals.
⎛α 1 0 Λ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜0 α2 Λ 0 ⎟
A=⎜
ΛΛΛΛ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜0 0 Λ α ⎟
⎝ n ⎠
saxis kvadratul matricas diagonaluri matrica ewodeba. Tu diagonalur

matricaSi α 1 = α 2 = Λ = α n = 1 - mas erTeulovani matrica ewodeba da E -Ti
aRiniSneba. matricas, romlis yoveli elementi velis nulovani elementis
tolia, nulovani ewodeba da aRiniSneba O simboloTi. e. i.
⎛0 0 Λ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜0 0 Λ 0 ⎟
O=⎜ .
ΛΛΛΛ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜0 0 Λ 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
A = (aij )m×n matricis mopirdapire ewodeba matricas (− A) = (− aij )m×n . matricas
ewodeba samkuTxovani, Tu mas aqvs Semdegi saxe:
⎛ a11 a12 a13 Λ a1n ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 a 22 a 23 Λ a 2 n ⎟
A = ⎜ 0 0 a33 Λ a3n ⎟ .
⎜ ⎟
⎜Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 0 0 Λ a nn ⎠
λ ∈ K skalarisa da A matricis namravli Semdegnairad ganimarteba:
⎛ λ ⋅ a11 λ ⋅ a12 Λ λ ⋅ a1n ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ λ ⋅ a 21 λ ⋅ a 22 Λ λ ⋅ a 2 n ⎟
λ⋅A=⎜ .
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜λ ⋅ a λ ⋅ a Λ λ ⋅ a ⎟
⎝ m1 m2 mn ⎠
ori erTnairi zomis A = (aij )m×n da B = (bij )m×n matricis jami ewodeba iseT
C = (cij )m×n matricas, rom
cij = aij + bij .
2
Tu mocemulia A = (aij )m×l da A = (aij )l×n ori iseTi matrica, rom pirvel
maTganSi svetebis raodenoba tolia striqonebis raodenobisa meore
matricaSi, maSin ganimarteba am matricTa A ⋅ B namravli, rogorc iseTi
C = (cij )m×n matrica, rom
l
cij = ∑ aik ⋅ bkj , i = 1, m , j = 1, n .
k =1
matricTa gamravlebis am formulas koSi-bines formula hqvia. matricis
skalarze gamravlebis, maTi Sekrebisa da gamravlebis operaciebs Semdegi
Tvisebebi aqvT:
1. a) A + B = B + A ; b) A + (B + C ) = ( A + b ) + C ; g) A + O = O + A = A .
2. a) 1 ⋅ A = A ; b) 0 ⋅ A = O ; g) α ⋅ (β ⋅ A) = (α ⋅ β ) ⋅ A ;
d) (α + β ) ⋅ A = α ⋅ A + β ⋅ A ; e) α ⋅ ( A + B ) = α ⋅ A + α ⋅ B , α , β ∈ K .
3. a) ( A ⋅ B ) ⋅ C = A ⋅ (B ⋅ C ) ; b) (α ⋅ A) ⋅ B = α ⋅ ( A ⋅ B ) ;
g) ( A + B ) ⋅ C = A ⋅ C + B ⋅ C ; d) C ( A + B ) = C ⋅ A + C ⋅ B .
Tu A = (aij )m×n matricaSi striqonebsa da svetebs adgilebs SevucvliT,
miviRebT matricas, romelsac A matricis transponirebuli matrici ewodeba
da aRiniSneba AT simboloTi, e. i. AT = (aij )n×m . adgili aqvs Semdeg Tvisebebs:
(A )T T
= A; ( A + B )T
= AT + B T ; (λ ⋅ A) = λ ⋅ AT ; ( A ⋅ B ) = B T ⋅ AT .
T T
A = (aij )n×n kvadratul matricas ewodeba gadagvarebuli Tu A = 0 , winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi mas gadaugvarebeli matrica hqvia.
A kvadratuli matricis Sebrunebuli ewodeba matricas, romelsac A −1 -iT
aRniSnaven da romlisTvisac sruldeba toloba:
A ⋅ A −1 = A −1 ⋅ A = E .
imisaTvis, rom A kvadratul matricas gaaCndes Sebrunebuli matrica
aucilebeli da sakmarisia, rom is iyos gadaugvarebeli. adgili aqvs
tolobas:
1
A −1 = ⋅ A∗ ,
A
sadac A∗ = (Aij )n×n aris A matricis mikavSirebuli matrica, romlis Aij
elementi warmoadgens A matricis aij elementis algebruli damatebas.
kvadratuli matricis raime k cali striqonisa da k cali svetis
gadakveTaze mdgomi elementebisagan Sedgenil determinants mocemuli
matricis k -uri rigis minori ewodeba.
vityviT, rom matricis rangia r , Tu arsebobs am matricis erTi mainc r
rigis aranulovani minori da misi yvela r + 1 rigis minori nulis tolia.
matricis elementaruli gardaqmna ewodeba Semdegi operaciebidan
TiToeuls: 1) matricis nebismieri ori striqonisaTvis (svetisaTvis)
adgilebis Secvla;
2) matricis romelime striqonis (svetis) TiToeuli elementis gamravleba
K velis aranulovan elementze;
3) matricis romelime ori striqonis (svetis) Sesabamisi elementebis
algebruli Sekreba. matricis elementaruli gardaqmnebi mis rangs ar cvlis.
6.1. ipoveT A + B , A ⋅ B da B ⋅ A , Tuki isini arseboben, Tu:

3
⎛ 2 3 ⎞
⎛ 4 2 3⎞ ⎛ 1 − 3 2⎞ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 1 0 ⎟
a) A = ⎜ 4 − 5 2 ⎟ , B = ⎜ 3 − 4 1 ⎟ ; b) A = (1, − 2, 5, 3), B = ⎜ ⎟;
⎜− 2 3 1⎟ ⎜ 2 − 5 2⎟ 2 4
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1 −5 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ a1 0 Λ 0 ⎞ ⎛ b1 0 Λ 0 ⎞
⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 0 a2 Λ 0 ⎟ ⎜ 0 b2 Λ 0 ⎟
g) A = (1, 0, 5), B = ⎜ − 2 ⎟ ; d) A = ⎜ ⎟, B = ⎜Λ Λ Λ Λ ⎟ ;
⎜ 3 ⎟ Λ Λ Λ Λ
⎝ ⎠ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜0 0 Λ a ⎟ ⎜0 0 Λ b ⎟
⎝ n⎠ ⎝ n ⎠
⎛ A 0 ⎞ ⎛ B1 0 ⎞
e) A = ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟, B = ⎜⎜ ⎟ , sadac Ai da Bi , i = 1, 2 -erTi da igive rigis
⎝ 0 A2 ⎠ ⎝ 0 B2 ⎟⎠
matricebia.
6.2. gamoTvaleT:
⎛λ 0
n n
0⎞ ⎛ 3 0 0⎞
⎛ − 2 2⎞ ⎛ 4 − 3⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
n n
a) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , n > 2 ; b) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; g) ⎜ 1 λ 0 ⎟ ; d) ⎜ 1 3 0⎟ .
⎝ − 2 2⎠ ⎝ 5 − 4⎠ ⎜ 0 1 λ ⎟⎠ ⎜ 0 0 − 5⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎠
6.3. aageT yvela meore rigis matrica, romlis kvadratic erTeulovani
matricis tolia
6.4. ipoveT f ( A) , Tu:
⎛ 2 1⎞
a) f ( x ) = x 2 − 8 x − 10 da A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ;
⎝ 3 − 1⎠
⎛ 1 2⎞
b) f ( x ) = 2 x 3 − 5 x 2 + 3x − 7 da A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ;
⎝ − 2 1⎠
⎛ 0 1 0 0⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 0 1 0⎟
g) f ( x ) = x − 5 x + 4 x − x + 6 da A = ⎜
6 4 2
;
0 0 0 1⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 0 0 0⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ A 0 ⎞
d) f ( x ) = a 0 x n + a1 x n −1 + Λ + a n −1 x + a n da A = ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟, sadac A1 da A2 nebismierad
⎝ 0 A2 ⎠
aRebuli kvadratuli matricebia.
6.5. daadgineT pirobebi, romelTa Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi samarTliania
Semdegi toloba:
a) ( A + B ) = A 2 + 2 AB + B 2 ;
2
b) ( A + B )( A − B ) = A 2 − B 2 ;
( )
g) A n − B n = ( A − B ) A n −1 + A n − 2 B + Λ + AB n − 2 + B n −1 .
6.6. ipoveT A matricTan gadanacvlebadi yvela matrica:
⎛ 0 0 0 0⎞ ⎛α 1 0 Λ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎛ 1 0⎞ ⎜1 0 0 0⎟ ⎜0 α2 Λ 0 ⎟
a) A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; b) A = ⎜ ; g) A = ⎜ , αi ≠ α j , i ≠ j .
⎝ 1 1⎠ 0 1 0 0⎟ ΛΛΛΛ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 0 1 0⎟ ⎜0 0 Λ α ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ n⎠
6.7. rogor Seicvleba A ⋅ B namravli, Tu:

a) A matricis i -ur da j -ur striqonebs adgilebs SevucvliT;
4
b) A matricis i -ur striqons davumatebT amave matricis j -ur striqons,
gamravlebuls λ -skalarze;
g) B matricis i -ur da j -ur svetebs adgilebs SevucvliT;
d) B matricis i -ur svets davumatebT amave matricis j -ur svets,
gamravlebuls λ -skalarze.
6.8. aageT yvela meore rigis matrica, romlis kvadratic nulovani matricis
tolia
6.9. amoxseniT matriculi gantolebebi:
⎛ 1 1 Λ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 2 3Λ n ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 1 Λ 1⎟ ⎜ 0 1 2Λ n − 1 ⎟
⎛ 1 2⎞ ⎛3 5⎞ ⎛ 3 − 2⎞ ⎛ −1 2⎞
a) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⋅ X = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; b) X ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; g) ⎜ 0 0 Λ 1 ⎟ ⋅ X = ⎜ 0 0 1Λ n − 2 ⎟ .
⎝ 3 4⎠ ⎝5 9⎠ ⎝ 5 − 4⎠ ⎝− 5 6⎠ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜Λ Λ Λ Λ ⎟ ⎜ ΛΛΛΛΛΛ ⎟
⎜ 0 0 0 Λ 1⎟ ⎜ 0 0 0Λ 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
6.10. rogor Seicvleba A −1 , Tu:
a) A matricis i -ur da j -ur striqonebs adgilebs SevucvliT;
b) A matricis i -ur striqons davumatebT amave matricis j -ur striqons
gamravlebuls λ -skalarze.
6.11. daamtkiceT, rom mTelelementebiani matricas maSin, da mxolod maSin,
gaaCnia mTel elementebiani Sebrunebuli matrica, roca misi determinanti
tolia ± 1 .
6.12. aCveneT, rom A ⋅ X = 0 matricul gantolebas, sadac A kvadratuli
matricaa, gaaCnia aranulovani amonaxsni maSin, da mxolod maSin, roca A = 0 .
⎛ Ek U ⎞
6.13. ipoveT A −1 , Tu A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , sadac E k da E l Sesabamisi rigis erTeulovani
⎝ 0 El ⎠
matricebia, xolo U warmoadgens k + l rigis matricas.
6.14. aCveneT:
a) gadaugvarebeli, simetriuli matricis Sebrunebuli – simetriuli matricaa;
b) gadaugvarebeli, irib simetriuli matricis Sebrunebuli – iribsimetriuli
matricaa.
6.15. aCveneT, rom ori simetriuli matricis namravli simetriulia maSin, da
mxolod maSin, roca mocemuli matricebi gadanacvlebadia.
6.16. aCveneT, rom ori iribsimetriuli matricis namravli iribsimetriulia
maSin, da mxolod maSin, roca mocemuli matricebi gadanacvlebadia.
6.17. gamoTvaleT Semdegi matricis rangi:
⎛ 0 1 1 0 0⎞
⎛ 1 0−4⎞ ⎛ 1 − 2 3 0 7⎞ ⎜ ⎟
⎛ 4 − 5⎞ ⎛ 0 0 7⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 1 1 0 0 0⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 2 0 0⎟ ⎜ − 2 4 6 1 0⎟ ⎜ ⎟
a) ⎜ 1 2 ⎟ ; b) ⎜ 0 0 0 ⎟ ; g) ⎜ ⎟ ; d) ⎜ − 3 9 1 4 7 ⎟ ; e) ⎜ 1 0 1 0 0 ⎟ .
⎜ 3 2⎟ ⎜ 0 3 0⎟ 1 3 − 3
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 0 0 1 0 1⎟
⎜ 25 1⎟ ⎜ − 5 12 8 2 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎜ 1 0 0 1 1⎟
⎝ ⎠
6.18. λ da β parametris namdvil mniSvnelobebze damokidebulebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, gamoTvaleT Semdegi matricis rangi:
⎛ 1 2 −1 1 ⎞ ⎛λ 1 1 3 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎛λ 1 1 4 ⎞
⎜ 4 −1 3 0 ⎟ ⎜ 1 λ 2 −4 5 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
a) ⎜ ⎟ ; b) ⎜ ⎟ ; g) ⎜ 1 β 1 3 ⎟ ;
5 1 λ −1 1 λ λ −1 7 − 4 ⎜ 1 2β 1 4 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠
⎜ 3 λ 4 −1 ⎟ ⎜ 1 1 0 10 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
5
⎛ λ β 2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 0 λ+2 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
d) ⎜ λ − 1 + 2 β 3 1 ⎟ ; e) ⎜ 1 0 0 ⎟;
⎜ λ β β + 3 2 β − 1⎟⎠ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ 0 0 λ −4 ⎠
2
⎛ λ 1 0 0 0⎞
⎛ 6 3 1 2 ⎞ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 0 λ 1 0 0⎟
⎜ 1 2 −1 1 ⎟
v) ⎜ ; z) ⎜ 0 0 λ 0 0 ⎟ .
5 1 λ −1 1 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜0 0 0 3 1⎟
⎜3 λ 4 −1 ⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎜ 0 0 0 6 2⎟
⎝ ⎠
6.19. daamtkiceT, rom matricTa namravlis rangi ar aRemateba Tanamamravli
matricebis rangebs
6.20. daamtkiceT, rom matricTa jamis rangi ar aRemateba Sesakrebi matricebis
rangebis jams.
6.21. daamtkiceT, rom namdvilelementebiani da toli raodenoba striqonebis
mqone A da B matricebisaTvis:
⎛ A AB ⎞
r ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = r ( A) + r (B ) , sadac r ( X ) -iT X -matricis rangia aRniSnuli.
⎝ 2 A − 5B ⎠
6.22. daamtkiceT, rom toli rangebis mqone, kvadratuli A da B
matricebisaTvis:
⎛ A AB ⎞
r ⎜⎜ ⎟ = r ( A) + r (B ) .
2⎟
⎝ B B + B ⎠
6.23. daamtkiceT, rom matricisaTvis erTi axali striqonis (svetis) miwera
matricis rangs an ar cvlis an mis mniSvnelobas erTiT zrdis.
pasuxebi:
⎛ 5 −1 5⎞ ⎛ 3 5 1⎞ ⎛ 16 − 35 16 ⎞ ⎛ − 12 23 − 1⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
6.1. a) A + B = ⎜ 7 − 9 3 ⎟ , A − B = ⎜ 1 − 1 1 ⎟ , A ⋅ B = ⎜ − 7 − 2 7 ⎟ , B ⋅ A = ⎜ − 6 29 2 ⎟ ;
⎜ 0 − 2 3⎟ ⎜ − 4 8 − 1⎟ ⎜ 9 − 11 1 ⎟ ⎜ − 16 35 − 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
b) jami, sxvaoba da B ⋅ A namravli ar arsebobs, A ⋅ B = (13 8) ;
⎛ 4 0 20 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
g) jami da sxvaoba ar arsebobs, A ⋅ B = (19 ) , B ⋅ A = ⎜ 2 0 10 ⎟ ;
⎜ 3 0 15 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ a1 ± b1 0 Λ 0 ⎞ ⎛ a1 ⋅ b1 0 Λ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 a 2 ± b2 Λ 0 ⎟ ⎜ 0 a 2 ⋅ b2 Λ 0 ⎟
d) A ± B = ⎜ , A⋅ B = B ⋅ A = ⎜ ;
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ⎟ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 0 Λ a n ± bn ⎟⎠ ⎜ 0 0 Λ a n ⋅ bn ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎝
⎛ A ± B1 0 ⎞ ⎛A ⋅B 0 ⎞ ⎛ 1 0⎞
e) A ± B = ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ , A ⋅ B = ⎜⎜ 1 1 ⎟⎟ . 6.2. a) 0 ; b) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , Tu n = 2k da
⎝ 0 A2 ± B2 ⎠ ⎝ 0 A2 ⋅ B2 ⎠ ⎝ 0 1⎠
⎛ λn 0 0 ⎞ ⎛ 3n 0 0 ⎞
⎛ 4 − 3⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , Tu n = 2k + 1 ; g) ⎜ nλn −1 λn 0 ⎟ ; d) ⎜ n3 n −1 3 n 0 ⎟ .
⎝ 5 − 4⎠ ⎜ 2 n−2 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ Cn λ
⎝ n λ n −1
λ n ⎟
⎠
⎜ 0
⎝ 0 (− 5 ) n ⎟
⎠
6
⎛ 6 −1 0 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎛ a b⎞ 2 ⎛ 1 −7 ⎞ ⎛ − 11 − 18 ⎞ ⎜ 0 6 −1 0 ⎟
6.3. ± E ; ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, a = 1 − bc . 6.4. a) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; b) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; g) ⎜ ; d)
⎝ c −a⎠ ⎝ − 21 22 ⎠ ⎝ 18 − 11⎠ 0 0 6 0⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 0 0 6⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ a 0 0 0⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎛ f ( A1 ) 0 ⎞ ⎛ a 0⎞ ⎜ b a 0 0⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟ . 6.5. roca A ⋅ B = B ⋅ A ; 6.6. a) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; b) ⎜ ; g) yvela
⎝ 0 f ( A2 )⎟⎠ ⎝ c a⎠ c b a 0⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ d c b a⎟
⎝ ⎠
diagonaluri matrica. 6.7. a) i -uri da j -uri striqonebi adgilebs gacvlian; b)
A ⋅ B matricis i -uri striqoni Seikribeba j -uri striqonis elementebis λ -ze
~
namravlebTan ( cik = cik + λ ⋅ c jk ); g) ix. wina SemTxveva.
⎛ 1 1 1Λ 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 1 1Λ 1 ⎟
⎛ a b⎞ 2 ⎛ − 1 − 1⎞ ⎛ 3 − 2⎞
6.8. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, a = −bc . 6.9. a) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; b) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; g) ⎜ 0 0 1Λ 1 ⎟ . 6.10. a) A −1 -Si
⎝ c − a⎠ ⎝ 2 3⎠ ⎝ 5 − 4⎠ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ΛΛΛΛΛ⎟
⎜ 0 0 0 Λ 1⎟
⎝ ⎠
adgilebs Seicvlian i -uri da j -uri striqonebi; b) j -ur svets gamoakldeba
⎛ Ek − U ⎞
i -uri sveti gamravlebuli λ -ze. 6.13. A −1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ . 6.17. a) r = 2 ; b) r = 2 ;
⎝ 0 El ⎠
g) r = 3 ; d) r = 4 ; e) r = 5 . 6.18. a) r = 4 , Tu λ ≠ ±3 da r = 3 , Tu λ = ±3 ;
1
b) r = 4, ∀λ ∈ R ; g) Tu λ = 1, β = , maSin r = 2 ; Tu λ ≠ 1 da β nebismieria, maSin
2
1
r = 3 ; Tu β ≠ da λ nebismieria, maSin r = 3 ; d) r = 3 , roca λ ≠ 0 da β ≠ 1 an
2
roca λ = 0 , β ≠ 1 da β ≠ 5 ; r = 2 , roca λ ≠ 0 da β = 1 an roca λ = 0 , β = 1
an λ = 0 , β = 5 ; e) r = 1 , roca λ = −2 ; r = 2 , roca λ = 2 da r = 3 , roca λ ≠ ±2 ;
v) r = 4 , roca λ ≠ ±3 da r = 3 , roca λ = ±3 ; z) r = 3 , roca λ = 0 da r = 4 ,
roca λ ≠ 0 .
Tavi 7. wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemebi
$ 7.1. wrfiv gantolebaTa sistema. wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemis amoxsnis gausis meTodi
x1 , x 2 ,Λ , x n ucnobebis mimarT wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemas aqvs saxe:

⎧a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + Λ + a1n x n = b1
⎪a x + a x + Λ + a x = b
⎪ 21 1 22 2 2n n 2
⎨ ,
⎪ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
⎪a m1 x1 + a m 2 x 2 + Λ + a m n x n = bm
⎩
sadac ai j , bi ( i = 1, 2 ,Λ , m ; j = 1, 2 ,Λ , n) sidideebi K velis elementebia. amasTan, ai j -
elementebs ucnobebis koeficientebi, xolo bi -s _Tavisufali wevrebi ewodebaT.
n -ucnobian wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemis amonaxsni ewodeba K velis elementTa
(c1 , c 2 ,Λ , c n ) dalagebul n -euls, romelsac is Tviseba aqvs, rom Tu sistemaSi x1 -is
nacvlad CavsvamT c1 -s, x 2 -is nacvlad CavsvamT c 2 -s da a.S x n -is nacvlad CavsvamT c n -s,
maSin sistemis TiToeuli gantoleba, K velis elementebis mimarT, swor tolobad
gadaiqceva.
wrfiv gantoleba sistemebs ewodebaT tolfasi sistemebi, Tu maTi amonaxsnebis
simravleebi tolia.
Tu sistemas gaaCnia amonaxsni, mas Tavsebadi ewodeba. sxva SemTxvevaSi sistemas
araTavsebadi qvia.
wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemis elementaruli gardaqmna ewodeba TiToeuls Semdegi
ori gardaqmnidan:
(1) sistemis nebismieri gantolebis orive mxare gavamravloT K velis raime
aranulovan elementze
(2) sitemis i -ur, 1 ≤ i ≤ m , gantolebas davumatoT amave sistemis j -uri, 1 ≤ j ≤ m ,
gantoleba, winaswar gamravlebuli K velis raime aranulovan elementze,
sistemis elementaruli gardaqmnebi mis tolfasobas ar cvlis.
arsebobs wrfiv gantolebata sistemis amoxsnis ramdenime xerxi. erT-erT aseT xerxs
warmoadgens gausis meTodi, romelic mdgomareobs SemdegSi:
zogadobis SeuzRudavad, vigulixsmoT, rom a11 ≠ 0 (amis miRweva SesaZlrebelia
yovelTvis). sistemis i -ur, 1 < i ≤ m gantolebas, dawyebuli meore gantolebidan,
gamovakloT sistemis pirveli gantoleba gamravlebuli ai 1 / a11 -ze, maSin gantolebaTa
mocemuli sistema miiRebs saxes:
⎧a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + a13 x3 + Λ + a1n x n = b1
⎪ a ' 22 x 2 + a '13 x3 + Λ + a ' 2 n x n = b' 2
⎪
⎨
⎪ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
⎪⎩ a ' m 2 x 2 + a ' m3 x3 + Λ + a ' mn x n = b' m
zogadobis SeuzRudavad, vigulixsmoT, rom a ' 22 ≠ 0 . sistemis i -ur, 2 < i ≤ m
gantolebas, dawyebuli mesame gantolebidan, gamovakloT sistemis meore gantoleba
gamravlebuli a'i 1 / a' 22 -ze. es procesi garkveuli sasruli nabijis Semdeg dasruldeba
da Tavdapirveli gantolebaTa sistema miiRebs saxes:
⎧a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + a13 x3 + Λ + a1n x n = b1
⎪ a' 22 x 2 + a'13 x3 + Λ + a' 2 n x n = b' 2
⎪
⎨
⎪ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
⎪ br r x r + Λ + br n x n = c r
⎩
2
cxadia, rom sazogadod r ≤ n . amgvarad, SeiZleba gvqondes Semdegi ori SemTxveva:

(1) Tu r = n , maSin sistema miiRebs e.w. “samkuTxovan” saxes da misi ukanaskneli
gantoleba iqneba
bnn x n = c n , bnn ≠ 0 ,
romelsac erTaderTi amonaxsni aqvs.
amgvarad, am SemTxvevaSi wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemas aqvs erTaderTi amonaxsni.
(2) Tu r < n , maSin sistema miiRebs e.w. “trapeciis” saxes. aseT SemTxvevaSi,
x r +1 , x r + 2 ,Λ , x n ucnobebis (damoukidebeli cvladebi) yoveli mniSvnelobebisaTvis miviRebT
x1 , x 2 , Λ , x r ucnobebis Sesabamis mniSvnelobebs.
amgvarad, am SemTxvevaSi wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemas uamravi (usasrulod bevri)
amonaxsni aqvs.
Tu elementaruli gardaqmnebis Sedegad miviRebT, rom sistemis romelime
gantolebis yvela koeficienti nulovani elementia, xolo Tavisufali wevri
aranulovani, maSin aseT SemTxvevaSi sistemas amonaxsni ara aqvs.
7.1.1. amoxseniT gausis meTodiT wrfiv gantolebaTa sitemebi

⎧2 x1 + x 2 + x3 + x 4 = 3
⎧2 x + 3 y − z = 0 ⎧ 2 x + 3 y − z = −1 ⎧2 x − 5 y + z = 1 ⎪3 x + 4 x − x − x = 2
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 1
1. ⎨ x − 2 y + 4 z = 9 ; 2. ⎨ x + 2 y − 4 z = 9 ; 3. ⎨ x + y − z = 2 ; 4.
2 3 4
⎨ ;
⎪ y+ z =2 ⎪− x − 12 y + 14 z = 1 ⎪ x − 13 y + 5 z = −4 ⎪ x1 + 3 x 2 − x3 + x 4 = 4
⎩ ⎩ ⎩ ⎪⎩5 x1 − 3 x 2 + 6 x3 + 3 x 4 = 5
⎧ x1 + 2 x 2 − x3 − 3 x 4 + 4 x5 = 2 ⎧3 x1 + x 2 + x3 − 2 x 4 + 3 x5 = 4
⎪2 x − x + 3 x + 2 x − x = 4 ⎪2 x + 3 x − 2 x + x − 4 x = 5 ⎧5 x1 + 3 x 2 + 5 x3 + 12 x 4 = 10
⎪ 1 ⎪ 1 ⎪
; 7. ⎨2 x1 + 2 x 2 + 3 x3 + 5 x 4 = 4 ;
2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5
5. ⎨ ; 6. ⎨
⎪ 1x + 4 x 2 + 2 x 3 − 5 x 4 + 3 x5 = 6 ⎪ x1 + 2 x 2 + 3 x3 + 4 x 4 + x5 = 3 ⎪x + 7 x + 9x + 4x = 2
⎪⎩ x1 + 15 x 2 + 6 x3 − 19 x 4 + 9 x5 = 2 ⎪⎩ x1 − 2 x 2 + 3 x3 − 3 x 4 + 7 x5 = −1 ⎩ 1 2 3 4
⎧3 x1 − 2 x 2 − 5 x3 + x 4 = 3
⎧− 9 x1 + 6 x 2 + 7 x3 + 10 x 4 = 3 ⎧− 9 x1 + 10 x 2 + 3 x3 + 7 x 4 = 7 ⎪2 x − 3 x + x + 5 x = −3
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 1
8. ⎨− 6 x1 + 4 x 2 + 2 x3 + 3 x 4 = 2 ; 9. ⎨− 4 x1 + 7 x 2 + x3 + 3 x 4 = 5 ; 10. ⎨
2 3 4
;
⎪− 3 x + 2 x − 11x − 15 x = 1 ⎪ 7 x + 5x − 4x − 6x = 3 ⎪ x1 + 2 x 2 − 4 x 4 = −3
⎩ 1 2 3 4 ⎩ 1 2 3 4
⎪⎩ x1 − x 2 − 4 x3 + 9 x 4 = 22
⎧4 x1 − 3 x 2 + x3 + 5 x 4 − 7 = 0 ⎧2 x1 − 2 x 2 + x4 + 3 = 0 ⎧ x1 + x 2 − 6 x3 − 4 x 4 = 6
⎪ x − 2 x − 2 x − 3x − 3 = 0 ⎪2 x + 3 x + x − 3 x + 6 = 0 ⎪3 x − x − 6 x − 4 x = 2
⎪ 1 2 3 4 ⎪ 1 2 3 4 ⎪ 1 2 3 4
11. ⎨ ; 12. ⎨ ; 13. ⎨ ;
⎪ 1 3 x − x 2 + 2 x 3 + 1 = 0 ⎪ 13 x + 4 x 2 − x 3 + 2 x 4 = 0 2
⎪ 1 x + 3 x 2 + 9 x 3 + 2 x4 = 6
⎪⎩2 x1 + 3 x 2 + 2 x3 − 8 x 4 + 7 = 0 ⎪⎩ x1 + 3 x 2 + x3 − x 4 −2=0 ⎪⎩3 x1 + 2 x 2 + 3 x3 + 8 x 4 = −7
⎧2 x1 + 7 x 2 + 3 x3 + x 4 = 5 ⎧2 x1 + 3 x 2 − x3 + x 4 = 1 ⎧4 x1 − 3 x 2 + 2 x3 − x 4 = 8
⎪ x + 3x + 5 x − 2 x = 3 ⎪8 x + 12 x − 9 x + 8 x = 3 ⎪3 x − 2 x + x − 3 x = 7
⎪ 1 2 3 4 ⎪ 1 2 3 4 ⎪ 1 2 3 4
14. ⎨ ; 15. ⎨ ; 16. ⎨ ;
⎪ x1 + 5 x 2 − 9 x3 + 8 x 4 = 1 ⎪4 x1 + 6 x 2 + 3 x3 − 2 x 4 = 3 ⎪2 x1 − x 2 − 5x4 = 6
⎪⎩5 x1 + 18 x 2 + 4 x3 + 5 x 4 = 12 ⎪⎩2 x1 + 3 x 2 + 9 x3 − 7 x 4 = 3 ⎪⎩5 x1 − 3 x 2 + x3 − 8 x 4 = 1
⎧2 x1 − x 2 + x3 − x 4 = 3
⎪4 x − 2 x − 2 x + 3 x = 2
⎪ 1 2 3 4
17. ⎨
2
⎪ 1 x − x 2 + 5 x 3 − 6 x 4 =1
⎪⎩2 x1 − x 2 − 3 x3 + 4 x 4 = 5
7.1.2. amoxseniT gausis meTodiT wrfiv gantolebaTa sitemebi da ipoveT misi kerZo
amonaxsni
3
⎧12 x1 + 9 x 2 + 3 x3 + 10 x 4 = 13 ⎧− 6 x1 + 9 x 2 + 3 x3 + 2 x 4 = 4
⎪ ⎪
1. ⎨4 x1 + 3 x 2 + x3 + 2 x 4 = 3 ; 2. ⎨− 2 x1 + 3 x 2 + 5 x3 + 4 x 4 = 2 ;
⎪8 x + 6 x + 2 x + 5 x = 7 ⎪− 4 x + 6 x + 4 x + 3 x = 3
⎩ 1 2 3 4 ⎩ 1 2 3 4
⎧8 x1 + 6 x 2 + 5 x3 + 2 x 4 = 21
⎪3 x + 3 x + 2 x + x = 10 ⎧2 x1 + 5 x 2 − 8 x3 = 8
⎪⎪ 1 2 3 4 ⎪4 x + 3 x − 9 x = 9
⎪ 1
3. ⎨4 x1 + 2 x 2 + 3 x3 + x 4 = 8 ; 4. ⎨
2 3
⎪3 x + 3 x + x + x = 15 2
⎪ 1 x + 3 x 2 − 5 x 3 = 7
⎪ 1 2 3 4
⎪⎩ x1 + 8 x 2 − 7 x3 = 12
⎪⎩7 x1 + 4 x 2 + 5 x3 + 2 x 4 = 18
7.1.3. amoxseniT gantolebaTa sistemebi gausis meTodis gamoyenebiT
⎧6 x1 + 4 x 2 + 5 x3 + 2 x 4 + 3 x5 = 1 ⎧ax1 + x 2 + x3 + x 4 = 1
⎪3 x + 2 x − 2 x + x ⎧ 2 x1 − (1 + i ) x 2 − 3i x3 = b1 ⎪ x + ax + x + x = 1
⎪ 1 = −7 ⎪ ⎪ 1
; 2. ⎨− 2 x1 + (1 + i ) x 2 + (1 + 3i ) x3 = b2 ; 3. ⎨
2 3 4 2 3 4
1. ⎨ ;
⎪ 1 9 x + 6 x + x + 3 x + 2 x = 2 ⎪ ⎪ 1x + x + ax + x = 1
x3 = b3
2 3 4 5 2 3 4
⎪⎩3 x1 + 2 x 2 + 4 x3 + x 4 + 2 x5 = 3 ⎩ ⎪⎩ x1 + x 2 + x3 + ax 4 = 1
⎧ x1 + 3 x 2 + 2 x3 = 0 ⎧ x1 + x 2 − 3 x3 = −1
⎪2 x − x + 3 x = 0 ⎧ x1 − 2 x 2 + x3 + x 4 = 1 ⎪2 x + x − 2 x = 1
⎪ 1 ⎪ ⎪ 1
; 5. ⎨ x1 − 2 x 2 + x3 − x 4 = −1 ; 6. ⎨
2 3 2 3
4. ⎨
⎪3 x1 − 5 x 2 + 4 x3 = 0 ⎪x − 2x + x + 5x = 5 ⎪ x1 + x 2 + x3 = 3
⎪⎩ x1 + 17 x 2 + 4 x3 = 0 ⎩ 1 2 3 4
⎪⎩ x1 + 2 x 2 − 3 x3 = 1
$ 7.2. wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemis amoxsnis krameris xerxi
ganvixiloT n ucnobian n wrfiv gantolebaTa sistema

⎧a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + Λ + a1n x n = b1
⎪a x + a x + Λ + a x = b
⎪ 21 1 22 2 2n n 2
⎨ .
⎪a n1 x1 + a n 2 x 2 + Λ + a n n x n = bn
⎩
ucnobebis koeficientebisagan SevadginoT determinanti:
a11 a12 Κ a1n
a 21 a 22 Κ a 2 n
Δ= .
ΛΛΛΛΛ
a n1 a n 2 Κ a nn
Tu Δ ≠ 0 , maSin sistemas aqvs erTaderTi amonaxsni da is Semdegi formulebiT
miiReba:
Δ Δ Δ
x1 = 1 , x 2 = 2 , Λ , x n = n ,
Δ Δ Δ
sadac,
a11 a12 Κ a1,i −1 b1 Λ a1n
a 21 a 22 Κ a 2,i −1 b2 Λ a 2 n
Δi = , i = 1, 2, Λ , n .
a n1 a n 2 Κ a n ,i −1 bn Λ a n n
4
im SemTxvevaSi, roca TiToeuli Tavisufali wevri nulis tolia
bi = 0, i = 1, 2, Λ , n , maSin wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemas erTgvarovani ewodeba. roca Δ ≠ 0
erTgvarovan sistemas gaaCnia mxolod nulovani amonaxsni.
7.2.1. amoxseniT gantolebaTa sistema krameris xerxiT
⎧2 x1 − x 2 − x3 = 4 ⎧ x1 + x 2 + 2 x3 = −1 ⎧3 x1 + 2 x 2 + x3 = 5 ⎧ x1 + 2 x 2 + 4 x3 = 31
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
1. ⎨3 x1 + 4 x 2 − 2 x3 = 11 ; 2. ⎨2 x1 − x 2 + 2 x3 = −4 ; 3. ⎨2 x1 + 3 x 2 + x3 = 1 ; 4. ⎨5 x1 + x 2 + 2 x3 = 29 ;
⎪3 x − 2 x + 4 x = 11 ⎪4 x + x + 4 x = −2 ⎪2 x + x + 3 x = 11 ⎪3 x − x + x = 10
⎩ 1 2 3 ⎩ 1 2 3 ⎩ 1 2 3 ⎩ 1 2 3
⎧ x1 + x 2 + 2 x3 + 3 x 4 = 1 ⎧ x1 + 2 x 2 + 3 x3 − 2 x 4 = 6 ⎧ x1 + 2 x 2 + 3 x3 + 4 x 4 = 5
⎪3 x − x − x − 2 x = −4 ⎪2 x − x − 2 x − 3 x = 8 ⎪2 x + x + 2 x + 3 x = 1
⎪ 1 2 3 4 ⎪ 1 2 3 4 ⎪ 1 2 3 4
5. ⎨ ; 6. ⎨ ; 7. ⎨ ;
⎪ 1 2 x + 3 x 2 − x 3 − x 4 = − 6 3
⎪ 1 x + 2 x 2 − x 3 + 2 x 4 = 4 3
⎪ 1 x + 2 x 2 + x 3 + 2 x 4 =1
⎪⎩ x1 + 2 x 2 + 3 x3 − x 4 = −4 ⎪⎩2 x1 − 3 x 2 + 2 x3 + x 4 = −8 ⎪⎩4 x1 + 3 x 2 + 2 x3 + x 4 = −5
⎧ x 2 − 3 x 3 + 4 x 4 = −5
⎪x − 2 x 3 + 3 x 4 = −4
⎪ 1
8. ⎨
⎪3 x1 + 2 x 2 − 5 x 4 = 12
⎪⎩4 x1 + 3 x 2 − 5 x3 =5
7.2.2. krameris xerxis gamoyenebiT amoxseniT sistemebi
⎧2 x1 − x 2 + 3 x3 + 2 x 4 = 4 ⎧ x1 + x 2 + x3 + x 4 = 0
⎪3 x + 3 x + 3 x + 2 x = 6 ⎪ x + 2 x + 3x + 4 x = 0
⎧2 x − 5 y = 1 ⎪ 1 2 3 4 ⎪ 1 2 3 4
1. ⎨ ; 2. ⎨ ; 3. ⎨ ;
⎩ax + 5 y = −2a − 5 ⎪3 x1 − x 2 − x3 + 2 x 4 = 6 ⎪ x1 + 3 x 2 + 6 x3 + 10 x 4 = 0
⎪⎩3 x1 − x 2 + 3 x3 − x 4 = 6 ⎪⎩ x1 + 4 x 2 + 10 x3 + 20 x 4 = 0
⎧ x1 + x 2 + x3 + x 4 =0 ⎧ x1 + 2 x 2 − 3x3 + 4 x 4 − x5 = −1
⎪ ⎪2 x − x + 3 x − 4 x + 2 x = 8 ⎧2 x1 + 2 x 2 − x3 + x 4 = 4
⎪⎪ x 2 + x3 + x 4 + x5 =0 ⎪⎪ 1 2 3 4 5 ⎪4 x + 3 x − x + 2 x = 6
⎪ 1
4. ⎨ x1 + 2 x 2 + 3 x3 = 2 ; 5. ⎨3 x1 + x 2 − x3 + 2 x 4 − x5 = 3
2 3 4
; 6. ⎨ ;
⎪ ⎪ 4 x + 3 x + 4 x + 2 x + 2 x = −2 ⎪ 8 x + 5 x − 3 x + 4 x = 12
x 2 + 2 x3 + 3 x 4 = −2
1 2 3 4
⎪ ⎪ 1 2 3 4 5
⎪⎩3 x1 + 3x 2 − 2 x3 + 2 x 4 = 6
⎪⎩ x3 + 2 x 4 + 3 x5 = 2 ⎪⎩ x1 − x 2 − x3 + 2 x 4 − 3 x5 = −3
⎧2 x1 + 3 x 2 + 11x3 + 5 x 4 = 2 ⎧3 x1 + 4 x 2 + x3 + 2 x 4 + 3 = 0 ⎧7 x1 + 9 x 2 + 4 x3 + 2 x 4 − 2 = 0
⎪x + x + 5x + 2 x = 1 ⎪3 x + 5 x + 3 x + 5 x + 6 = 0 ⎪2 x − 2 x + x + x − 6 = 0
⎪ 1 2 3 4 ⎪ 1 2 3 4 ⎪ 1 2 3 4
7. ⎨ ; 8. ⎨ ; 9. ⎨
⎪ 1 2 x + x 2 + 3 x 3 + 2 x 4 = − 3 6
⎪ 1 x + 8 x 2 + x 3 + 5 x 4 + 8 = 0 ⎪ 15 x + 6 x 2 + 3 x 3 + 2 x4 − 3 = 0
⎪⎩ x1 + x 2 + 3 x3 + 4 x 4 = −3 ⎪⎩3 x1 + 5 x 2 + 3 x3 + 7 x 4 + 8 = 0 ⎪⎩2 x1 + 3x 2 + x3 + x 4 = 0
7.2.3. amoxseniT gantolebata sistema, Tu cnobilia, rom x1 , x 2 , x3 dadebiTi ricxvebia
⎧ x1 x 22 x33 = 2
⎪ 2 3 4
⎨ x1 x 2 x3 = 4
⎪ 2
⎩ x1 x 2 x3 = 2
7.2.4. ipoveT k parametris yvela is namdvili mniSvneloba, romlisTvisac sistemas
gaaCnia aranulovani amonaxsni
5
⎧kx1 + x 2 + x3 + x 4 = 0
⎪ x + (1 + k ) x + x + x = 0 ⎧kx1 + x 2 + x3 = 0
⎪ 1 ⎪
2. ⎨ x1 + kx 2 + x3 = 0
2 3 4
1. ⎨ ;
⎪ x1 + x 2 + (2 + k ) x3 + x 4 = 0 ⎪ x + x + kx = 0
⎪⎩2 x1 + 2 x 2 + (3 + k ) x3 + 2 x 4 = 0 ⎩ 1 2 3
7.2.5. ipoveT k1 , k 2 , k 3 , k 4 parametrebis yvela is namdvili mniSvnelobebi, romelTaTvisac

sistemas aranulovani amonaxsni gaaCnia
⎧ x1 + x 2 + x3 + x 4 = 0
⎪k x + k x + k x + k x = 0
⎪ 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
⎨ 2
⎪k1 x1 + k 2 x 2 + k 3 x3 + k 4 x 4 = 0
2 2 2
⎪k 3 x + k 3 x + k 3 x + k 3 x = 0
⎩ 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
7.2.6. amoxseniT gantolebaTa sistema Ζ 5 velis mimarT

⎧x + 2z = 1 ⎧2 x + 3 y + 4 z = 3
⎪ ⎪
1. ⎨ y + 2 z = 2 ; 2. ⎨ x + 4 y + z = 0
⎪2 x + z = 1 ⎪x + y + z = 0
⎩ ⎩
7.2.7. amoxseniT gantolebaTa sistema Ζ 7 velis mimarT
⎧3 x + y + 2 z = 1
⎪
⎨ x + 2 y + 3z = 1
⎪4 x + 3 y + 2 z = 1
⎩
7.2.8. amoxseniT gantolebaTa sistema
⎧ x 2 + x3 + Λ + x n = 0
⎪x + x3 + Λ + x n = 1
⎪ 1
⎨
⎪ ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
⎪⎩ x1 + x 2 + Λ + x n −1 = n − 1
$ 7.3. wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemis Tavsebadobis kriteriumi
ganvixiloT wrfiv gantolebaTa sistema

⎧a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + Λ + a1n x n = b1
⎪a x + a x + Λ + a x = b
⎪ 21 1 22 2 2n n 2
⎨
⎪a m1 x1 + a m 2 x 2 + Λ + a m n x n = bm
⎩
SevadginoT Semdegi matricebi:
⎛ a11 a12 Λ a1n ⎞ ⎛ a11 a12 Λ a1n b1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ a 21 a 22 Λ a 2 n ⎟ ⎜ a 21 a 22 Λ a 2 n b2 ⎟
A=⎜ ⎟ da B=⎜ ⎟.
⎜ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ ⎟ ⎜ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ ⎟
⎜ a m1 a m 2 Λ a m n ⎟ ⎜ a m1 a m 2 Λ a m n bm ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
A -s sistemis matrica ewodeba, xolo B -s _sistemis gafarToebuli matrica.
imisaTvis, rom wrfiv gantolebaTa sistema iyos Tavsebadi aucilebelia da
sakmarisi, rom sistemis matricisa da gafarToebuli matricis rangebi iyos erTmaneTis
toli:
6
rank A = rank B = r .
sistemis Tavsebadobis SemTxvevaSi, Tu A matricis marcxena zeda kuTxeSi movaqcevT
“sabaziso minors”, maSin Tavdapirveli sistema tolfasia Semdegi sistemis:
⎧a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + Λ + a1r x r = b1 − (a1r +1 x r +1 + Λ + a1n x n )
⎪a x + a x + Λ + a x = b − ( a x + Λ + a x )
⎪ 21 1 22 2 2r r 2 2 r +1 r +1 2n n
⎨ ,
⎪ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ
⎪a r1 x1 + a r 2 x 2 + Λ + a r r x r = br − (a r r +1 x r +1 + Λ + a r n x n )
⎩
romlis amoxsna SesaZlebelia rogorc gausis meTodis aseve krameris xerxis
gamoyenebiT.
sazogadod r ≤ n . im SemTxvevaSi, roca r = n sistemas gaaCnia erTaderTi amonaxsni,
xolo roca r < n _sistemas gaaCnia uamravi amonaxsni.
7.3.1. gamoikvlieT sistemis Tavsebadobis sakiTxi da Tavsebadobis SemTxvevaSi amoxseniT

⎧2 x1 − x 2 + 3 x3 = 3 ⎧2 x1 + x 2 − x3 + x 4 = 1 ⎧ x1 − 2 x 2 + 3 x3 − 4 x 4 = 4
⎪3 x + x − 5 x = 0 ⎪3x − 2 x + 2 x − 3 x = 2 ⎪ x 2 − x3 + x 4 = −3
⎪ 1 2 3 ⎪ 1 2 3 4 ⎪
1. ⎨ ; 2. ⎨ ; 3. ⎨ ;
⎪ 4 x1 − x 2 + x 3 = 3 ⎪ 5 x1 + x 2 − x 3 + 2 x 4 = −1 ⎪ x1 + 3 x 2 − 3 x 4 = 1
⎪⎩ x1 + 3 x 2 − 13 x3 = −6 ⎪⎩2 x1 − x 2 + x3 − 3 x 4 = 4 ⎪⎩ − 7 x 2 + 3x3 + x 4 = −3
⎧ x1 + 3 x 2 + 5 x3 − 4 x 4 =1
⎧2 x1 + x 2 − x3 − x 4 + x5 = 1 ⎧3 x1 + x 2 − 2 x3 + x 4 − x5 = 1 ⎪ x + 3 x + 2 x − 2 x + x = −1
⎪x − x + x + x − 2x = 0 ⎪2 x − x + 7 x − 3 x + 5 x = 2 ⎪⎪ 1 2 3 4 5
⎪ 1 ⎪ 1
; 6. ⎨ x1 − 2 x 2 + x3 − x 4 − x5 = 3
2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5
4. ⎨ ; 5. ⎨ ;
⎪3 x1 + 3 x 2 − 3 x3 − 3 x 4 + 4 x5 = 2 ⎪ x1 + 3x 2 − 2 x3 + 5 x 4 − 7 x5 = 3 ⎪x − 4x + x + x − x = 3
⎪⎩4 x1 + 5 x 2 − 5 x3 − 5 x 4 + 7 x5 = 3 ⎪⎩3x1 − 2 x 2 + 7 x3 − 5 x 4 + 8 x5 = 3 ⎪ 1 2 3 4 5
⎪⎩ x1 + 2 x 2 + x3 − x 4 + x5 = −1
⎧ x1 − 2 x 2 + 3 x3 − 4 x 4 + 2 x5 = −2 ⎧ x1 + 2 x 2 + 3 x3 − x 4 = 1
⎪x + 2x − x − x5 = −3 ⎪3 x + 2 x + x − x = 1
⎪⎪ 1 2 3 ⎪⎪ 1 2 3 4
7. ⎨ x1 − x 2 + 2 x3 − 3 x 4 = 10 ; 8. ⎨2 x1 + 3 x 2 + x3 + x 4 = 1
⎪ x 2 − x3 + x 4 − 2 x5 = −5 ⎪2 x + 2 x + 2 x − x = 1
⎪ ⎪ 1 2 3 4
⎪⎩2 x1 + 3x 2 − x3 + x 4 + 4 x5 = 1 ⎪⎩5 x1 + 5 x 2 + 2 x3 =2
7.3.2. gamoikvlieT Tavsebadia Tu ara sistema da Tavsebadobis SemTxvevaSi amoxseniT is
⎧2 x1 + 7 x 2 + 3x3 + x 4 = 6 ⎧2 x1 − 3 x 2 + 5 x3 + 7 x 4 = 1 ⎧3 x1 + 4 x 2 + x3 + 2 x 4 = 3
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
1. ⎨3 x1 + 5 x 2 + 2 x3 + 2 x 4 = 4 ; 2. ⎨4 x1 − 6 x 2 + 2 x3 + 3 x 4 = 2 ; 3. ⎨6 x1 + 8 x 2 + 2 x3 + 5 x 4 = 7 ;
⎪9 x + 4 x + x + 7 x = 2 ⎪2 x − 3 x − 11x − 15 x = 1 ⎪9 x + 12 x + 3 x + 10 x = 13
⎩ 1 2 3 4 ⎩ 1 2 3 4 ⎩ 1 2 3 4
⎧3 x1 + 2 x 2 + 2 x3 + 2 x 4 = 2 ⎧8 x1 + 6 x 2 + 5 x3 + 2 x 4 = 21
⎪2 x + 3 x + 2 x + 5 x = 3 ⎪3 x + 3 x + 2 x + x = 10
⎧3 x1 − 5 x 2 + 2 x3 + 4 x 4 = 2 ⎪ 1 2 3 4 ⎪⎪ 1 2 3 4
⎪ ⎪
4. ⎨7 x1 − 4 x 2 + x3 + 3 x 4 = 5 ; 5. ⎨9 x1 + x 2 + 4 x3 − 5 x 4 = 1 ; 6. ⎨4 x1 + 2 x 2 + 3 x3 + x 4 = 8 ;
⎪5 x + 7 x − 4 x − 6 x = 3 ⎪2 x + 2 x + 3 x + 4 x = 5 ⎪3 x + 5 x + x + x = 15
⎩ 1 2 3 4
⎪ 1 2 3 4
⎪ 1 2 3 4
⎪⎩7 x1 + x 2 + 6 x3 − x 4 = 7 ⎪⎩7 x1 + 4 x 2 + 5 x3 + 2 x 4 = 18
⎧2 x1 + 3 x 2 + x3 + 2 x 4 = 4
⎪4 x + 3 x + x + x = 5 ⎧ x1 − 2 x 2 + x3 − x 4 + x5 = 0
⎪⎪ 1 2 3 4 ⎪2 x + x − x + 2 x − 3 x = 0
⎪ 1
7. ⎨5 x1 + 11x 2 + 3 x3 + 2 x 4 = 2 ; 8. ⎨
2 3 4 5
⎪2 x + 5 x + x + x = 1 ⎪3 x1 − 2 x 2 − x3 + x 4 − 2 x5 = 0
⎪ 1 2 3 4
⎪⎩2 x1 − 5 x 2 + x3 − 2 x 4 + 2 x5 = 0
⎪⎩ x1 − 7 x 2 − x3 + 2 x 4 = 7
7
7.3.3. gamoikvlieT sistemis Tavsebadobis sakiTxi, ipoveT sistemis zogadi amonaxsni
da erTi kerZo amonaxsni
⎧6 x1 + 4 x 2 + 5 x3 + 2 x 4 + 3 x5 = 1 ⎧3 x1 + 4 x 2 − 5 x3 + 7 x 4 = 0 ⎧ x1 + x 2 − 3 x 4 − x5 = 0
⎪3 x + 2 x + 4 x + x + 2 x = 3 ⎪2 x − 3 x + 3 x − 2 x = 0 ⎪x − x + 2x − x =0
⎪ 1 2 3 4 5 ⎪ 1 2 3 4 ⎪ 1 2 3 4
1. ⎨ ; 2. ⎨ ; 3. ⎨ ;
⎪3x1 + 2 x 2 − 2 x3 + x 4 = −7 ⎪4 x1 + 11x 2 − 13 x3 + 16 x 4 = 0 ⎪4 x1 − 2 x 2 + 6 x3 + 3 x 4 − 4 x5 = 0
⎪⎩9 x1 + 6 x 2 + x3 + 3x 4 + 2 x5 = 2 ⎪⎩7 x1 − 2 x 2 + x3 + 3 x 4 = 0 ⎪⎩2 x1 + 4 x 2 − 2 x3 + 4 x 4 − 7 x5 = 0
⎧ x1 − x 2 + 2 x3 − x 4 = 1
⎪3 x − 3 x + 4 x − 3 x = 1
⎪ 1 2 3 4
4. ⎨
⎪3 x1 − 3 x 2 + 8 x3 − 3 x 4 = 5
⎪⎩ x1 − x 2 + 6 x3 − x 4 = 5
⎧ay + bx = c
⎪
7.3.4. qvemoT mocemul sistemas ⎨cx + az = b
⎪bz + cy = a
⎩
aqvs erTaderTi amonaxsni. daamtkiceT, rom a ⋅ b ⋅ c ≠ 0 . ipoveT sistemis amonaxsni
7.3.5. ipoveT λ parametris yvela is mniSvneloba, romlisTvisac
⎧2 x1 − x 2 + x3 + x 4 = 1
⎪
⎨ x1 + 2 x 2 − x3 + 4 x 4 = 2
⎪ x + 7 x − 4 x + 11x = λ
⎩ 1 2 3 4
wrfiv gantolebaTa sistema Tavsebadia

7.3.6. gamoarkvieT λ parametris ra mniSvnelobebisaTvis aris sistema Tavsebadi, ipoveT
sistemis amonaxsni
⎧λx1 + x 2 + x3 + x 4 = 1
⎧3 x1 + (2 − λ ) x 2 + x3 = −λ ⎪(λ + 1) x + (λ + 2) x + 2 x + 2 x = 4 ⎧λx1 + x 2 + x3 = 0
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
1. ⎨λx1 + (λ − 1) x 2 + x3 = 2λ ; 3. ⎨ x1 + λx 2 + x3 = 0 ;
1 2 3 4
; 2. ⎨
⎪(4λ + 3) x + (2λ − 1) x + (λ + 4) x = 2λ + 3 ⎪λx 2 − λx3 = −1 ⎪ x + x + λx = 0
⎩ 1 2 3
⎪⎩ x1 + x 2 + x3 + x 4 = 1 ⎩ 1 2 3
⎧λx1 + x 2 + x3 = 1
⎪
4. ⎨ x1 + λx 2 + x3 = λ
⎪
⎩ x1 + x 2 + λx3 = λ
2
7.3.7. gamoarkvieT aris Tu ara Tavsebadi wrfiv gantolebaTa sistema. Tu Tavsebadia,

amoxseniT is
⎧ax + y + z = 4 ⎧ax + by + z = 1 ⎧(λ + 3) x + y + 2 z = λ ⎧λx + λy + (λ + 1) z = λ
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
1. ⎨ x + by + z = 3 ; 2. ⎨ x + aby + z = b ; 3. ⎨ λx + (λ − 1) y + z = 2λ ; 4. ⎨λx + λy + (λ − 1) z = λ ;
⎪ x + 2by + z = 4 ⎪ x + by + az = 1 ⎪3(λ − 1) x + λy + (λ + 3) z = 5 ⎪(λ + 1) x + λy + (2λ + 3) z = 1
⎩ ⎩ ⎩ ⎩
⎧ax + by + 2 z = 1
⎪
5. ⎨ax + (2b − 1) y + 3 z = 1
⎪ax + by + (b + 3) z = 2b − 1
⎩
7.3.8. daamtkiceT, rom Tu namdvilkoeficientebian wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemas aqvs
kompleqsuri amonaxsni, maSin mas aqvs namdvili amonaxsnic
7.3.9. amoxseniT wrfiv gantolebaTa sistema Ζ 3 da Ζ 5 velebis mimarT
8
⎧x + 2z = 1
⎪
⎨ y + 2z = 2
⎪2 x + z = 1
⎩
7.3.10. amoxseniT wrfiv gantolebaTa sistema Ζ 5 da Ζ 7 velebis mimarT
⎧3 x + y + 2 z = 1
⎪
⎨ x + 2 y + 3z = 1
⎪4 x + 3 y + 2 z = 1
⎩
7.3.11. amoxseniT matriculi gantoleba
⎛ 21⎞ ⎛11⎞ ⎛11⎞ ⎛11⎞ ⎛11 ⎞
1. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⋅ Χ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; 2. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⋅ Χ ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 21⎠ ⎝11⎠ ⎝11⎠ ⎝11⎠ ⎝11 ⎠
$ 7.4. wrfiv erTgvarovan gantolebaTa sistema. amonaxsnTa fundamenturi sistema
wrfiv erTgvarovan gantolebaTa sitemas aqvs saxe

⎧a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + Λ + a1n x n = 0
⎪a x + a x + Λ + a x = 0
⎪ 21 1 22 2 2n n
⎨
⎪ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
⎪a m1 x1 + a m 2 x 2 + Λ + a m n x n = 0
⎩
erTgvarovani sistema yovelTvis Tavsebadia, radgan mas nulovani amonaxsni
yovelTvis aqvs.
wrfiv erTgarovan gantolebaTa sistemis amonaxsnebi wrfiv sivrces qmnian. am
sivrcis nebismier bazis amonaxsnTa fundamenturi sistema ewodeba. amonaxsnTa sivrcis
ganzomilebaa n − r , sadac r _sistemis matricis rangia. amgvarad, amonaxsnTa
fundamenturi sistema Sedgeba n − r amonaxsnisagan.
7.4.1. ipoveT gantolebaTa sistemis zogadi amonaxsni da aageT amonaxsnTa fundamenturi

sistema
9
⎧ x1 + 2 x 2 + 4 x3 − 3 x 4 = 0 ⎧3 x1 + 2 x 2 + x3 + 3 x 4 + 5 x5 = 0
⎪3x + 5 x + 6 x − 4 x = 0 ⎧2 x1 − 4 x 2 + 5 x3 + 3 x 4 = 0 ⎪6 x + 4 x + 3 x + 5 x + 7 x = 0
⎪ 1 ⎪ ⎪ 1
⎨3 x1 − 6 x 2 + 4 x3 + 2 x 4 = 0 ; 3.
2 3 4 2 3 4 5
1. ⎨ ; 2. ⎨ ;
⎪ 4 x1 + 5 x 2 − 2 x 3 + 3 x 4 = 0 ⎪4 x − 8 x + 17 x + 11x = 0 ⎪ 9 x 1 + 6 x 2 + 5 x 3 + 7 x 4 + 9 x 5 = 0
⎪⎩3 x1 + 8 x 2 + 2 x3 − 19 x 4 = 0 ⎩ 1 2 3 4
⎪⎩3 x1 + 2 x 2 + 4 x 4 + 8 x5 = 0
⎧ x1 − x3 = 0
⎪x − x = 0
⎧3 x1 + 5 x 2 + 2 x3 = 0 ⎧6 x1 − 2 x 2 + 2 x3 + 5 x 4 + 7 x5 = 0 ⎪ 2 4
⎪4 x + 7 x + 5 x = 0 ⎪9 x − 3 x + 4 x + 8 x + 9 x = 0 ⎪⎪− x1 + x3 − x5 = 0
⎪ 1 2 3 ⎪ 1 2 3 4 5
4. ⎨ ; 5. ⎨ ; 6. ⎨ ;
x
⎪ 1 + x 2 − 4 x 3 = 0 6
⎪ 1 x − 2 x 2 + 6 x 3 + 7 x 4 + x 5 = 0 ⎪ − x 2 + x 4 − x 6 = 0
⎪⎩2 x1 + 9 x 2 + 6 x3 = 0 ⎪⎩3 x1 − x 2 + 4 x3 + 4 x 4 − x5 = 0 ⎪− x 3 + x 5 = 0
⎪
⎪⎩− x 4 + x6 = 0
⎧ x1 − x3 + x5 = 0
⎪x − x + x = 0 ⎧5 x1 + 6 x 2 − 2 x3 + 7 x 4 + 4 x5 = 0
⎪⎪ 2 4 6 ⎪2 x + 3 x − x + 4 x + 2 x = 0
⎪ 1
7. ⎨ x1 − x 2 + x5 − x 6 = 0 ; 8. ⎨
2 3 4 5
⎪x − x + x = 0 ⎪7 x1 + 9 x 2 − 3 x3 + 5 x 4 + 6 x5 = 0
⎪ 2 3 6
⎪⎩5 x1 + 9 x 2 − 3 x3 + x 4 + 6 x5 = 0
⎪⎩ x1 − x 4 + x5 = 0
7.4.2. ipoveT wrfiv erTgvarovan gantolebaTa sistemis amonaxsnTa fundamenturi sistema
⎧ x1 − 2 x 2 + x3 − x 4 + x5 = 0 ⎧3 x1 + 2 x 2 + 2 x3 + 2 x 4 + 2 x5 = 0
⎪ ⎪3 x + 2 x + 3 x + x − x = 0
⎧ x1 − x 2 + x3 = 0 ⎪ x1 + 3 x 2 − 2 x3 + 3 x 4 − 4 x5 = 0 ⎪ 1 2 3 4 5
1. ⎨ ; 2. ⎨ ; 3. ⎨ ;
⎩2 x1 + x 2 − x3 = 0 ⎪2 x1 − 5 x 2 + x3 − 2 x 4 + 2 x5 = 0 ⎪6 x1 + 4 x 2 + 3 x3 + 5 x 4 + 7 x5 = 0
⎪⎩4 x1 − 4 x 2 − x5 = 0 ⎪⎩6 x1 + 4 x 2 + 5 x3 + 3 x 4 + x5 = 0
⎧ x1 + x 2 + x3 + x 4 = 0
⎪x + x − x − 2x = 0
⎪ 1 ⎧ x1 + x 2 + x3 + 2 x 4 = 0
; 6. x1 + x 2 + x3 + x 4 = 0
2 3 4
4. ⎨ ; 5. ⎨
⎪ 1x + x 2 − 7 x 3 − 11 x 4 = 0 ⎩ 1
2 x − x 2 − 2 x 3 + x 4 = 0
⎪⎩ x1 + x 2 − 9 x3 − 14 x 4 = 0
7.4.3. daamtkiceT, rom Tu namdvilkoeficientian wrfiv erTgvarovan gantolebaTa
sistemas gaaCnia aranulovani nompleqsuri amonaxsni, maSin mas aranulovani namdvili
amonaxsnic aqvs
7.4.4. SeadgineT namdvilkoeficientebiani wrfiv gantolebaTa sistema, romlis
amonaxsnTa fundamentur sistemas aqvs saxe
⎧(1, 0, 0, 2, 1)
⎧(4, 5, 1, 0) ⎪
1. ⎨ ; 2. ⎨(0, 1, 0, 3, 2)
⎩(3, 2, 0, 1) ⎪(0, 0,1, − 1, − 2)
⎩
pasuxebi:
7.1.1. 1. (1, 0, 2) , 2. (13 / 3, − 13 / 3, − 10 / 3) , 3. (1 + 4c / 3, c, − 1 + 7c / 3), c ∈ R , 4. (1, 0, − 1, 2) , 5. ∅ ,
6. (1 + (47 x 4 − 38 x5 ) / 32, 1 + (−7 x 4 + 6 x5 ) / 4, (−21x 4 − 30 x5 ) / 32, x 4 , x5 ), x 4 , x5 ∈ R ,
7. ( x1 , x 2 , ( x1 − 9 x 2 − 2) / 11, (−5 x1 + x 2 + 10) / 11), x1 , x 2 ∈ R ,
10
8. (2 x 2 / 3 − x 4 / 24 + 1 / 3, x 2 , − 11x 4 / 8, x 4 ), x 2 , x 4 ∈ R , 9. ∅ , 10. (−1, 3, − 2, 2) , 11. (2,1, − 3,1) ,
12. (−2,1, 4, 3) , 13. (0, 2,1 / 3, − 3 / 2) , 14. ( 6 − 26 x3 + 17 x 4 , − 1 + 7 x3 − 5 x 4 , x3 , x 4 ), x3 , x 4 ∈ R ,
15. (( 6 − 15 x 2 − x 4 ) / 10, x 2 , (1 + 4 x 4 ) / 5), x 2 , x 4 ∈ R , 16. ∅ , 17. ∅
7.1.2. 1. ( x1 , x 2 , 1 − 4 x1 − 3 x 2 , 1), x1 , x 2 ∈ R , 2. ( x1 , x 2 , 6 + 10 x1 − 15 x 2 , − 7 − 12 x1 + 18 x 2 ), x1 , x 2 ∈ R ,
3. (3, 0, − 5,11) , 4. (3, 2,1) . 7.1.3. 1. ( x1 , x 2 , 13,19 − 3 x1 − 2 x 2 , − 34), x1 , x 2 ∈ R ,
2. ((1 + i ) x 2 / 2 + b1 / 2 + 3 i b3 / 2, x 2 , b3 ), x 2 , b1 , b3 ∈ R , 3. Tu a = 3, maSin ∅ ;
Tu a ≠ 1 da a ≠ −3, maSin (1 /(a + 3),1 /(a + 3), 1 /(a + 3), 1 /(a + 3) ) ;
Tu a = 1 , maSin (1 − x 2 − x3 − x 4 , x 2 , x3 , x 4 ) , 4. (−11x3 / 7, − x3 / 7, x3 ) , 5. ( x1 , x 2 , 2 x 2 − x1 ,1) , 6. ∅
7.2.1. 1. (3,1,1) , 2. (1, 2, −1) , 3. (2, − 2, 3) , 4. (3, 4, 5) , 5. (−1, − 1, 0, 1) , 6. (1, 2, − 1, − 2) , 7. (−2, 2, − 3, 3) ,
8. (1, 2, 1, − 1) . 7.2.2. 1. Tu a ≠ −2, (−2, − 1) , 2. (2, 0, 0, 0) , 3. (0, 0, 0, 0) , 4. (1, − 1,1, − 1,1) ,
5. (2, 0, − 2, − 2,1) , 6. (1, 1, − 1, − 1) , 7. (−2, 0,1, − 1) , 8. (2, − 2,1, − 1) , 9. (−0,4;−1,2; 3,4; 1)
7.2.3. (1, 4,1 / 2) . 7.2.4. 1. k = −1; 0; 1 , 2. k = −2; 0 . 7.2.5. k i = k j , i ≠ j , romelime i, j = 1, 2, 3, 4 -
Tvis; 7.2.6. 1. (2, 3, 2) , 2. (1, 0, 4) ; 7.2.7. (2, 6, 5) ; 7.2.8. xi = n / 2 − i + 1
7.3.1. 1. (1, 2,1) , 2. ∅ , 3. (−8, 3 + x 4 , 6 + 2 x 4 , x 4 ) , 4. ((1 + x5 ) / 3, (1 + 3x3 + 3x 4 − 5 x5 ) / 3, x3 , x 4 , x5 ) , 5. ∅ ,
6. (− x5 ) / 2, − 1 − x5 / 2, 0, − 1 − x5 / 2, x5 ) , 7. ∅ , 8. ((1 + 5 x 4 ) / 6, (1 − 7 x 4 ) / 6, (1 + 5 x 4 ) / 6, x 4 )
7.3.2. 1. (( x3 − 9 x 4 − 2) / 11, (−5 x3 + x 4 + 10) / 11, x3 , x 4 ) , 2. ( x1 , x 2 , 22 x1 − 33 x 2 − 11, − 16 x1 + 24 x 2 + 8) ,
3. ( x1 , x 2 , 1 − 3 x1 − 4 x 2 , 1) , 4. ∅ , 5. ((−6 + 8 x 4 ) / 7, (1 − 13 x 4 ) / 7, (15 − 6 x 4 ) / 7, x 4 ) , 6. (3, 0, − 5, 11) , 7. ∅ ,
8. ((−4 x 4 + 7 x5 ) / 8, (−4 x 4 + 5 x5 ) / 8, (4 x 4 − 5 x5 ) / 8, x 4 , x5 ) ; 7.3.3. 1. ( x1 , x 2 ,13, 19 − 3 x1 − 2 x 2 , − 34) ,
2. ((3x3 − 13 x 4 ) / 17, (19 x3 − 20 x 4 ) / 17, x3 , x 4 ) , 3. (7 x5 / 6 − x3 , 5 x5 / 6 + x3 , x3 , x5 / 3, x5 ) ,
b2 + c2 − a2 a2 + c2 − b2 a2 + b2 − c2
4. ( x1 , 1 + x1 − x 4 , 1, x 4 ) ; 7.3.4. x = , y= ,z= ; 7.3.5. λ = 5
2bc 2ac 2ab
7.3.6. 1. Tu λ = 0 an λ = 1, maSin ∅; Tu Δ = λ2 (λ − 1) ≠ 0 , maSin ((λ3 + 3λ2 − 15λ + 9) / Δ,
(λ3 + 12λ − 9) / Δ, (−4λ3 + 3λ2 + 12λ − 9) / 4) ; 2. Tu λ = 0 , maSin ∅;
Tu λ = 1, maSin ( −4 − x 4 , 2, 3, x 4 ); Tu λ (λ − 1) ≠ 0 , maSin (0, 2 / λ , 3 / λ , (λ − 5) / λ )
3. Tu λ = 1, maSin (− x 2 − x3 , x 2 , x3 ); Tu λ = −2, maSin ( x1 , x1 , x1 ); Tu (λ + 2)(λ − 1) ≠ 0 , maSin (0, 0, 0)
4. Tu λ = 1, maSin (1 − x 2 − x3 , x 2 , x3 ); Tu λ = −2, maSin ∅; Tu (λ + 2)(λ − 1) ≠ 0 ,
maSin ((−λ − 1) /(λ + 2),1 /(λ + 2), (λ + 1) 2 /(λ + 2)) ;
7.3.7. 1. Tu a = 1 da b = 1/2, maSin x = 2 − z , y = 2;
Tu b(a − 1) ≠ 0 , maSin x = (2b − 1) /(ab − b), y = 1 / b, z = (2ab − 4b + 1) /(ab − b); sxva SemTxvevaSi ∅
2. Tu a = −2 da b = −2, maSin x = z = 1 − 2 y; Tu a = 1 da b = 1, maSin x = 1 − y − z;
Tu b(a − 1)(a + 2) ≠ 0, maSin x = z = (a − b) /(a − 1)(a + 2), y = (ab + b − 2) /(ab − b)(a + 2); sxva SemTxvevaSi ∅
3. Tu λ = 1, maSin x = 2 − z , y = −7 + 2 z; Tu λ = 0 , maSin ∅;
Tu λ ≠ 0 da λ ≠ 1, maSin x = (λ2 + 4λ − 15) / λ2 , y = (λ2 + λ + 15) / λ2 , z = (−4λ2 + λ + 15) / λ2
4. Tu λ = 0 , maSin x = 1, y = z = 0; Tu λ ≠ 0 , maSin x = 1 − λ , y = λ , z = 0
5. Tu b = 1, maSin z = 0, y = 1 − ax; Tu a = 0 da b = 5 , maSin y = −1 / 3, z = 4 / 3, x ∈ R;
Tu a ≠ 0 da b ≠ ±1, maSin x = (5 − b) /(ab + a ), y = −2 /(b + 1), z = (2b − 2) /(b + 1); sxva SemTxvevaSi ∅
7.3.8. misi namdvili amonaxsnia kompleqsuri amonaxsnis namdvili nawilebi
7.3.9. Ζ 3 -is mimarT ∅ , xolo Ζ 5 -is mimarT (2, 3, 2) ; 7.3.10. Ζ 5 -is mimarT ∅ , xolo Ζ 7 -is
⎛ x1 x2 ⎞ ⎛ x y⎞
mimarT (2, 6, 5) ; 7.3.11. 1. Χ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , 2. Χ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, sadac x + y + z + t = 1
⎝ 1 − 2 x1 1 − 2 x 2 ⎠ ⎝ z t ⎠
7.4.1. 1. zogadi amonaxsni: (8 x3 − 7 x 4 , − 6 x3 + 5 x 4 , x3 , x 4 ) ; fund. sistema: (8, − 6, 1, 0), (−7, 5, 0, 1) ,
11
2. zogadi amonaxsni: ( x1 , x 2 , − 5 x1 / 2 + 5 x 2 , 7 x1 / 2 − 7 x 2 ) ; fund.
sistema: (1, 0, − 5 / 2, 7 / 2), (0, 1, 5, 7) ,
3. zogadi amonaxsni: ( x1 , x 2 , x3 , (−9 x1 − 6 x 2 − 8 x3 ) / 4, (3x1 + 2 x 2 + 4 x3 ) / 4) ;
fund. sistema: (1, 0, 0, − 9 / 4, 3 / 4), (0, 1, 0, − 3 / 2, 1 / 2), (0, 0,1, − 2, 1)
4. sistemas mxolod nulovani amonaxsni aqvs
5. zogadi amonaxsni: ( x1 , x 2 , x3 , (−9 x1 + 3x 2 − 10 x3 ) / 11, (−3x1 + x 2 + 4 x3 ) / 11) ;
fund. sistema: (1, 0, 0, − 9 / 11, − 3 / 11), (0, 1, 0, 3 / 11, 1 / 11), (0, 0,1, − 10 / 11, 4 / 11) ,
6. sistemas mxolod nulovani amonaxsni aqvs
7. zogadi amonaxsni: ( x 4 − x5 , x 4 − x 6 , x 4 , x 4 , x5 , x 6 ) ;
fund. sistema: (1, 1,1, 1, 0, 0), (−1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0), (0, − 1, 0, 0, 0,1)
8. zogadi amonaxsni: (0, ( x3 − 2 x5 ) / 3, x3 , 0, x5 ) ;
fund. sistema: (0, 1 / 3,1, 0, 0), (0, − 2 / 3, 0, 0, 1)
7.4.2. 1. (0, 1, 1) , 2. (1, 0, 0, 5, 4) , (0,1, − 1, − 7, − 4) , 3. (2, − 3, 0, 0, 0) , (0, − 2,1,1, 0), (0, − 4, 3, 0,1) ,
4. (1, 0, − 3, 2) , (0,1, − 3, 2) , 5. (1, − 4, 3, 0) , (−1, − 1, 0, 1) , 6. (−1,1, 0, 0) , (−1, 0,1, 0), (−1, 0, 0, 1)
⎧ x1 − 4 x3 − 3 x 4 = 0 ⎧2 x1 + 3 x 2 − x3 − x 4 = 0
7.4.4. 1. magaliTad, ⎨ , 2. magaliTad, ⎨
⎩ x 2 − 5 x3 + 2 x 4 = 0 ⎩ x1 + 2 x 2 − 2 x3 − x5 = 0
Tavi 8. polinomTa algebra
$ 8.1. moqmedebebi polinomebze. polinomTa udidesi saerTo gamyofi
K velis mimarT n -uri xarisxis polinomi (mravalwevri) ewodeba

gamosaxulebas:
n
f ( x) = a 0 x n + a1 x n −1 + a 2 x n − 2 + Λ + a n −1 x + a n = ∑ ai x n −i ,
i =0
sadac a i ∈ K , i = 0, 2 , Λ , n , sidideebs polinomis koeficientebi ewodebaT. a 0 ≠ 0 -

s polinomis ufrosi koeficienti da a0 x n -s polinomis ufrosi wevri qvia.
n = deg f ( x) naturalur ricxvs _polinomis xarisxs uwodeben.
mocemuli ori
n s
f ( x ) = ∑ a i x n −i da g ( x) = ∑ bi x s −i
i =0 i =0
polinomisaTvis ganimarteba:
polinomTa jami
k = max( n , s )
f ( x) + g ( x) = ∑
i =0
ci x k −i , sadac, ci = a i + bi , i ≤ min(n, s ) da
ci = a i an ci = bi , i > min(n, s ) ;
polinomTa namravli
n+ s n+ s
f ( x) ⋅ g ( x) = ∑ d j x n+ s − j , sadac dj = ∑a b. i l
j =0 i +l = j
aseTnairad ganmartebuli Sekrebisa da gamravlebis operaciebis mimarT K [x]
polinomTa simravle komutaciuri rgolia.
adgili aqvs Teoremas gayofadobis Sesaxeb: Tu f ( x), g ( x) ∈ K [ x] da g ( x) ≠ 0 ,
maSin arsebobs erTaderTi wyvili q( x), r ( x) ∈ K [ x] polinomebisa, rom
f ( x) = g ( x) q ( x) + r ( x) ,
sadac r ( x) = 0 an deg r ( x) < deg g ( x) .
q(x) -s ewodeba ganayofi, xolo r (x) -s naSTi. Tu r ( x) = 0 , maSin amboben, rom
g (x) polinomi yofs f (x) polinoms da Caweren g ( x) | f ( x) . am SemTxvevaSi, g (x) -s
f (x) -is gamyofi, xolo f (x) -s g (x) -s jeradi ewodeba.
g (x) -s ewodeba f1 ( x), f 2 ( x),Λ , f k ( x) polinomebis saerTo gamyofi, Tu
g ( x) | f 1 ( x), g ( x) | f 2 ( x), Λ , g ( x) | f k ( x) .
f1 ( x), f 2 ( x),Λ , f k ( x) polinomebis d (x) saerTo gamyofs, romelic maT nebismier
saerTo gamyofze iyofa, udidesi saerTo gamyofi ewodeba. is, rom d (x) aris
f (x) da g (x) polinomebis udidesi saerTo gamyofi, ase Caiwereba
( f ( x), g ( x)) = d ( x) . or polinoms ewodeba Tanamartivi, Tu maTi udidesi saerTo
gamyofi nulovani xarisxis aranulovani polinomia ( f ( x), g ( x)) = 1 .
Tu g (x) polinomi f (x) polinoms ar yofs, maSin maTi udidesi saerTo
gamyofi f (x) da g (x) polinomebisaTvis evklides algoriTmis ukanaskneli
aranulovani naSTis tolia, ufrosi koeficientiT erTiani.
2
8.1.1. R[x] rgolSi, Semdegi polinomebisaTvis, ipoveT ganayofi da
naSTi 1. f ( x) = 2 x − 3x + 4 x − 5 x + 6 da g ( x) = x 2 − 3x + 1 ,
4 3 2
2. f ( x) = x 3 − 3x 2 − x − 1 da g ( x) = 3x 2 − 2 x + 1 ,
3. f ( x) = x 4 − 4 x 3 + 5 x 2 + x − 1 da g ( x) = x 2 − 2 x − 3 ,
4. f ( x) = 5 x 4 − x 2 + 6 da g ( x) = x 2 + 3x + 2 ,
5. f ( x) = 2 x 2 − 3x + 1 da g ( x) = x 3 + 4
8.1.2. a, p da q sidideebis ra mniSvnelobebisaTvis yofs g ( x) = x 2 + ax + 1
mravalwevri f (x) mravalwevrs
1. f ( x) = x 4 + q , 2. f ( x) = x 4 − 21x + q , 3. f ( x) = x 4 + px + q , 4. f ( x) = x 4 − 7 x 2 + q
8.1.3. p da q sidideebis ra mniSvnelobebisaTvis iyofa f (x) mravalwevri g (x)
mravalwevrze?
1. f ( x) = x 3 + px + q , g ( x) = x 2 + mx − 1 , 2. f ( x) = x 4 + px 2 + q, g ( x) = x 2 + mx + 1
8.1.4. Ζ 3 [ x] , Ζ 5 [ x] da Q [x] rgolebSi, Semdegi polinomebisaTvis, ipoveT ganayofi
da naSTi
1. f ( x) = x 5 + x 2 − x − 1 da g ( x) = x 3 − 2 x + 1 , 2. f ( x) = 2 x 4 + x 2 + 2 x da g ( x) = x 2 − 2
8.1.5. Semdegi polinomebisaTvis ipoveT udidesi saerTo gamyofi
1. f ( x) = x 4 + x 3 − 3x 2 − 4 x − 1 da g ( x) = x 3 + x 2 − x − 1 ,
2. f ( x) = x 5 + x 4 − x 3 − 2 x − 1 da g ( x) = 3x 4 + 2 x 3 + x 2 + 2 x − 2 ,
3. f ( x) = x 6 + x 5 + x 4 − 3x 2 + 2 x − 6 da g ( x) = x 5 + 3x 2 − 2 x + 2 ,
4. f ( x) = x 6 − 7 x 4 + 8 x 3 − 7 x + 7 da g ( x) = 3x 5 − 7 x 3 + 3x 2 − 7 ,
5. f ( x) = x 5 − 2 x 4 + x 3 + 7 x 2 − 12 x + 10 da g ( x) = 3x 4 − 6 x 3 + 5 x 2 + 2 x − 2 ,
6. f ( x) = x 6 + 2 x 4 − 4 x 3 − 3x 2 + 8 x − 5 da g ( x) = x 5 + x 2 − x + 1 ,
7. f ( x) = x 5 + x 4 − x 3 − 3x 2 − 3x − 1 da g ( x) = x 4 − 2 x 3 − x 2 − 2 x + 1 ,
8. f ( x) = x 4 − 4 x 3 + 1 da g ( x) = x 3 − 3x 2 + 1 ,
9. f ( x) = x 4 + 2 x 3 + 2 x + 2 da g ( x) = x 3 + 3x + 2
8.1.6. evklides algoriTmis gamoyenebiT, ipoveT u (x) da v(x) polinomebi, rom
Sesruldes toloba f ( x) u ( x) + g ( x) v( x) = d ( x) , sadac d ( x) = ( f ( x), g ( x))
1. f ( x) = x 4 + 2 x 3 − x 2 − 4 x − 2 da g ( x) = x 4 + x 3 − x 2 − 2 x − 2 ,
2. f ( x) = x 5 + 3x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + 3x + 1 da g ( x) = x 4 + 2 x 3 + x + 2 ,
3. f ( x) = 4 x 4 − 2 x 3 − 16 x 2 + 5 x + 9 da g ( x) = 2 x 3 − x 2 − 5 x + 4 ,
4. f ( x) = 3x 7 + 6 x 6 − 3x 5 + 4 x 4 + 14 x 3 − 6 x 2 − 4 x + 4 da g ( x) = 3x 6 − 3x 4 + 7 x 3 − 6 x + 2 ,
5. f ( x) = x 6 − 4 x 5 + 11x 4 − 27 x 3 + 37 x 2 − 35 x + 35 da g ( x) = x 5 − 3x 4 + 7 x 3 − 20 x 2 + 10 x − 25 ,
6. f ( x) = 3x 5 + 5 x 4 − 16 x 3 − 6 x 2 − 5 x − 6 da g ( x) = 3x 4 − 4 x 3 − x 2 − x − 2
8.1.7. evklides algoriTmis gamoyenebiT, ipoveT u (x) da v(x) polinomebi, rom
Sesruldes toloba f ( x) u ( x) + g ( x) v( x) = 1
1. f ( x) = 3x 3 − 2 x 2 + x + 2 da g ( x) = x 2 − x + 1 ,
2. f ( x) = x 4 − x 3 − 4 x 2 + 4 x + 1 da g ( x) = x 2 − x − 1 ,
3. f ( x) = x 5 − 5 x 4 − 2 x 3 + 12 x 2 − 2 x + 12 da g ( x) = x 3 − 5 x 2 − 3x + 17 ,
4. f ( x) = 2 x 4 + 3x 3 − 3x 2 − 5 x + 2 da g ( x) = 2 x 3 + x 2 − x − 1 ,
3
5. f ( x) = 3x 4 − 5 x 3 + 4 x 2 − 2 x + 1 da g ( x) = 3x 3 − 2 x 2 + x − 1
8.1.8. ipoveT u (x) da v(x) polinomebis udidesi saerTo gamyofi, Tu cnobilia,
rom f ( x) u ( x) + g ( x) v( x) = d ( x) , sadac d ( x) = ( f ( x), g ( x))
8.1.9. ipoveT f (x) da g (x) polinomebis udidesi saerTo gamyofi Ζ 2 [ x] rgolSi
1. f ( x) = x 5 + x 4 + 1 da g ( x) = x 4 + x 2 + 1 ,
2. f ( x) = x 5 + x 3 + x + 1 da g ( x) = x 4 + 1 ,
3. f ( x) = x 5 + x + 1 da g ( x) = x 4 + x 3 + 1 ,
4. f ( x) = x 5 + x 3 + x da g ( x) = x 4 + x + 1
$ 8.2. polinomis fesvi. martivi da jeradi fesvi
ganvixiloT polinomi
n
f ( x) = ∑ a k x n− k ∈ K [ x] .
k =0
bezus Teoremis ZaliT, f (x) polinomis ( x − x0 ) orwevrze gayofis Sedegad

miRebuli naSTi r = f ( x0 ) -is tolia. maSasadame, adgili aqvs tolobas
f ( x) = ( x − x 0 ) q ( x) + f ( x0 ) .
ganayofis anu q(x) polinomis koeficientebisa da f ( x 0 ) mniSvnelobis povna
SesaZlebelia horneris sqemis gamoyenebiT:
a0 a1 a2 . . . a n −1
an
x0 b0 b1 b2 . . . bn −1
bn
sadac, b0 = a 0 , b1 = x0 b0 + a1 , . . . , bk = x0 bk −1 + a k , . . . bn −1 = x0 bn − 2 + a n −1 sidideebi
q(x) polinomis koeficientebia, xolo bn = x0 bn −1 + a n = f ( x0 ) .
f (x) polinomis fesvi ewodeba K velis (an misi gafarToebis) iseT c
elements, romlisTvisac f (c) = 0 . cxadia, rom x0 aris f (x) polinomis fesvi
maSin, da mxolod maSin, roca ( x − x0 ) | f ( x) .
x0 -s ewodeba f (x) polinomis k -jeradi fesvi Tu k aris udidesi
naturaluri ricxvi, romlisTvisac ( x − x0 ) k | f ( x) . aseT SemTxvevaSi ( x − x0 ) -s f ( x)
polinomis k -jeradi dauyvanadi mamravli ewodeba. Tu k = 1 , maSin x0 fesvs
martivi fesvi ewodeba.
f ( x) polinomis warmoebuli f ' ( x) -iT aRiniSneba da is tolia:
f ' ( x) = n a 0 x n −1 + (n − 1)a1 x n − 2 + (n − 2)a 2 x n −3 + Λ + 2a n − 2 x + a n −1 .
Tu x0 aris f ( x) polinomis k -jeradi fesvi, maSin is f ' ( x) polinomisaTvis
k − 1 -jeradi fesvi iqneba.
4
vTqvaT, x0 , x1 ,Λ , x n ∈ K velis gansxvavebuli elementebia da
y 0 , y1 , Λ , y n ∈ K velis nebismieri elementebia. arsebobs K [x] rgolis erTaderTi
n -uri xarisxis f ( x) polinomi, rom f ( xi ) = y i , i = 0,1, Λ , n . mas lagranJis
sainterpolacio polinomi ewodeba da aqvs Semdegi saxe:
n
( x − x0 )( x − x1 ) Λ ( x − xi −1 )( x − xi +1 ) Λ ( x − x n )
f ( x) = ∑ y i
i =0 ( xi − x 0 )( xi − x1 ) Λ ( xi − xi −1 )( xi − xi +1 ) Λ ( xi − x n )
8.2.1. horneris sqemis gamoyenebiT, ipoveT q(x) ganayofi da r naSTi

1. f ( x) = x 4 − 2 x 3 + 4 x 2 − 6 x + 8 , g ( x) = x − 1 ,
2. f ( x) = 2 x 5 − 5 x 3 − 8 x, g ( x) = x + 3 ,
3. f ( x) = 4 x 3 + x 2 , g ( x) = x + 1 + i ,
4. f ( x) = x 3 − x 2 − x , g ( x) = x − 1 + 2i
8.2.2. horneris sqemis gamoyenebiT, ipoveT f ( x0 ) , Tu
1. f ( x) = x 4 − 3x 3 + 6 x 2 − 10 x + 16 , x0 = 4 ,
2. f ( x) = 5 x − 7 x + 8 x − 3x + 7 ,
4 3 2
x0 = 3 ,
3. f ( x) = 2 x + 2 x − 3x + 4 x − 6 x + 5 ,
5 4 3 2
x0 = −0,5 ,
4. f ( x) = x + (1 + 2 i ) x − (1 + 3 i ) x + 7 ,
5 4 2
x0 = −2 − i ,
5. f ( x) = x 5 + (1 − 2 i ) x 4 − (3 − i ) x 2 + 7 , x0 = −1 + 2 i
8.2.3. horneris sqemis gamoyenebiT, f ( x) polinomi warmoadgineT ( x − x0 ) sxvaobis
xarisxebis saxiT
1. f ( x) = x 4 + 2 x 3 − 3x 2 − 4 x + 1, x0 = −1 ,
2. f ( x) = x 5 , x0 = 1 ,
3. f ( x) = x − 8 x 3 + 24 x 2 − 50 x + 90 ,
4
x0 = 2 ,
4. f ( x) = x + 2 i x − (1 + i ) x − 3x + 7 + i ,
4 3 2
x 0 = −i ,
5. f ( x) = x 4 + (3 − 8 i ) x 3 − (21 + 18 i ) x 2 − (33 − 20 i ) x + 7 + 18 i , x0 = −1 + 2 i
8.2.4. horneris sqemis gamoyenebiT, f ( x + 3) polinomi warmoadgineT x -is
xarisxebad, Tu f ( x) = x 4 − x 3 + 1
8.2.5. ipoveT f ( x) -isa da misi warmoebulis mniSvnelobebi x0 wertilSi, Tu
1. f ( x) = x 5 − 4 x 3 + 6 x 2 − 8 x + 10 , x0 = 2 ,
2. f ( x) = x − 3 i x − 4 x − 5 i x − 1, x0 = 1 + 2 i
4 3 2
8.2.6. horneris sqemis gamoyenebiT, f ( x) polinomisaTvis daadgineT x0 fesvis

jeradoba
1. f ( x) = x 5 − 5 x 4 + 7 x 3 − 2 x 2 + 4 x − 8 , x0 = 2 ,
2. f ( x) = x 5 + 7 x 4 + 16 x 3 + 8 x 2 − 16 x − 16 , x0 = −2 ,
3. f ( x) = x 4 − 6 x 3 + 10 x 2 − 6 x + 9 , x0 = 3
8.2.7. ipoveT a parametris mniSvneloba, Tu cnobilia, rom x = −1 aris
f ( x) = x 5 − ax 2 − ax + 1 polinomis fesvi, jeradobiT aranakleb ori
8.2.8. daadgineT A da B parametrebis mniSvnelobebi, Tu cnobilia, rom
Ax 4 + Bx 3 + 1 mravalwevri ( x − 1) 2 -ze iyofa
5
8.2.9. ipoveT f ( x) polinomis jeradi fesvebi
1. f ( x) = x − 6 x 4 − 4 x 3 + 9 x 2 + 12 x + 4 ,
6
2. f ( x) = x 5 − 10 x 3 − 20 x 2 − 15 x − 4 ,
3. f ( x) = x 6 − 15 x 4 + 8 x 3 + 51x 2 − 72 x + 27 ,
4. f ( x) = x 5 − 6 x 4 + 16 x 3 − 24 x 2 + 20 x − 8 ,
5. f ( x) = x 6 − 2 x 5 − x 4 − 2 x 3 + 5 x 2 + 4 x + 4 ,
6. f ( x) = x 7 − 3x 6 + 5 x 5 − 7 x 4 + 7 x 3 − 5 x 2 + 3x − 1
8.2.10. a paramertis ra mniSvnelobebisaTvis iqneba x = 1 jeradi fesvi f ( x)
polinomisaTvis da rogoria misi jeradoba?
1. f ( x) = x 3 + ax 2 + 3x − 1 ,
2. f ( x) = 2 x 3 − x 2 + ax + 3 ,
3. f ( x) = 3x 4 − 6 x 3 + ax 2 − 2 x + 1
8.2.11. ipoveT ϕ ( x) mravalwevri, romelsac aqvs igive fesvebi, rac f ( x) polinoms,
magram ara aqvT jeradi fesvebi. daSaleT f ( x) mravalwevri dauyvanadi
mamravlebis namravlad, C kompleqsuri velis mimarT
1. f ( x) = x 6 − 2 x 5 − 9 x 4 + 4 x 3 + 31x 2 + 30 x + 9 ,
2. f ( x) = x 6 − 2 x 5 − x 4 + 4 x 3 − x 2 − 2 x + 1 ,
3. f ( x) = x 6 − 4 x 5 + 7 x 4 − 8 x 3 + 7 x 2 − 4 x + 1 ,
4. f ( x) = x 5 − 8 x 4 + 25 x 3 − 38 x 2 + 28 x − 8
x x2 xn
f ( x) = 1 + + +Λ +
1! 2 ! n!
polinoms jeradi fesvebi ara aqvs
8.2.13. lagranJis sainterpolacio formulis gamoyenebiT, SeadgineT umciresi
xarisxis polinomi Semdegi cxrilis gamoyenebiT
1.
x 1 2 3 4
f ( x) 2 1 4 3
2.
x 1 i −1 − i
f ( x) 1 2 3 4
3.
x 1 2 3 4
f ( x) 1 − 1 − 3 1
4.
x − 2 −1 0 1 2
f ( x) 13 1 1 1 13
8.2.14. ipoveT a parametris yvela is mniSvneloba, romlisTvisac x 3 − 21x + a

polinomis erTi fesvi orjer metia meoreze
8.2.15. ipoveT a parametris yvela is mniSvneloba, romlisTvisac x 3 + 12 x 2 + a
polinomis ori fesvis jami mesame fesvis tolia
6
$ 8.3. polinomis daSla dauyvanad mamravlebad. polinomis racionaluri
fesvi
mudmivisagan gansxvavebuli f ( x) ∈ K [ x] polinoms ewodeba dayvanadi K velis

mimarT, Tu K [ x] rgolSi arsebobs mudmivisagan gansxvavebuli iseTi f1 ( x) da
f 2 ( x) polinomebi, rom f ( x) = f 1 ( x) ⋅ f 2 ( x) . winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi f ( x) polinoms
ewodeba K velis mimarT dauyvanadi polinomi.
nebismieri f ( x) ∈ K [ x] polinomi SeiZleba warmovadginoT K velis mimarT
dauyvanad polinomTa namralis saxiT.
n -uri xarisxis yoveli f ( x) ∈ K [ x] polinomisaTvis arsebobs K velis iseTi
gafarToeba, romelic Seicavs f ( x) polinomis x1 , x 2 , x3 , Λ , x n _yvela fesvs. K
velis am gafarToebis mimarT f (x) polinomi SeiZleba davSaloT wrfiv
mamravlebad:
f ( x) = a 0 ( x − x1 )( x − x 2 ) Λ ( x − x n ) ,
sadac a 0 ≠ 0 aris f ( x) polinomis ufrosi koeficienti.
kompleqsur ricxvTa velis mimarT mxolod pirveli xarisxis polinomia
dauyvanadi. namdvil ricxvTa velis mimarT dauyvanadia pirveli xarisxis
polinomebi da meore xarisxis is polinomebi, romelTa diskriminanti
uaryofiTia da mxolod isini.
8.3.1. daSaleT f ( x) polinomi dauyvanad mamravlebad, namdvili da kompleqsuri

velebis mimarT
1. f ( x) = x 3 − 8 , 2. f ( x) = x 3 + 8 , 3. f ( x) = x 4 − 16 , 4. f ( x) = x 4 + 16 , 5. f ( x) = x 6 − 27 ,
6. f ( x) = x 6 + 27 , 7. f ( x) = x 3 − 6 x 2 + 11x − 6 , 8. f ( x) = x 4 + 4 , 9. f ( x) = x 4 − 10 x 2 + 1 ,
10. f ( x) = x 4 + 4 x 3 + 4 x 2 + 1 , 11. f ( x) = x 8 − 6 x 4 + 9 , 12. f ( x) = x 2 n − 2 x n + 2 ,
13. f ( x) = x 2 n + x n + 1 , 14. f ( x) = x 2 n − 1 , 15. f ( x) = x 2 n +1 − 1 , 4. f ( x) = x 4 − ax 2 + 1, − 2 < a < 2
8.3.2. mocemuli fesvebis mixedviT, SeadgineT namdvil da kompleqsur
koeficientebiani, umciresi xarisxis polinomebi
1. 1 − orjeradi fesvi, i da − 1 − martivi fesvebi , 2. 1 − 2 i − samjeradi fesvi ,
3. i − orjeradi fesvi, − 1 − i − martivi fesvi ,
4. − 1 − i da − 2 + i − orjeradi fesvebi , 5. 1, i da −1 − martivi fesvebi ,
8.3.3. ipoveT f ( x) da g ( x) polinomebis udidesi saerTo gamyofi
1. f ( x) = ( x − 1) 3 ( x + 2) 2 ( x − 3)( x − 4), g ( x) = ( x − 1) 2 ( x + 2)( x + 5) ,
2. f ( x) = ( x − 1)( x 2 − 1)( x 3 − 1)( x 4 − 1), g ( x) = ( x + 1)( x 2 + 1)( x 3 + 1)( x 4 + 1) ,
3. f ( x) = ( x 3 − 1)( x 2 − 2 x + 1), g ( x) = ( x 2 − 1) 3
8.3.4. ipoveT f (x) da f ' ( x) polinomebis udidesi saerTo gamyofi
1. f ( x) = ( x − 1) 3 ( x + 1) 2 ( x − 3) , 2. f ( x) = ( x − 1)( x 2 − 1)( x 3 − 1)( x 4 − 1)
8.3.5. daamtkiceT, rom Tu ukveci racionaluri p / q ricxvi
f ( x) = a 0 x n + a1 x n −1 + Λ + a n mTel koeficientebiani polinomis fesvia, maSin:
1. q yofs a 0 -s; 2. p yofs a n -s; 3. nebismieri m ∈ Ζ mTeli ricxvisaTvis, p − mq
yofs f (m) -s. kerZod, p − q yofs f (1) -s da p + q yofs f (−1) -s
8.3.6. ipoveT Semdegi polinomis racionaluri fesvebi
7
1. f ( x) = x − 6 x + 15 x − 14 ,
3 2
2. f ( x) = x 4 − 2 x 3 − 8 x 2 + 13x − 24 ,
3. f ( x) = x 5 − 7 x 3 − 12 x 2 + 6 x + 36 , 4. f ( x) = x 5 − 2 x 4 − 4 x 3 + 4 x 2 − 5 x + 6 ,
5. f ( x) = x 4 + 2 x 3 − 13x 2 − 38 x − 24 , 6. f ( x) = 2 x 3 + 3x 2 + 6 x − 4 , 7. f ( x) = 4 x 4 − 7 x 2 − 5 x − 1 ,
8. f ( x) = x 4 + 4 x 3 − 2 x 2 − 12 x + 9 , 9. f ( x) = x 5 + x 4 − 6 x 3 − 14 x 2 − 11x − 3 ,
10. f ( x) = x 6 − 6 x 5 + 11x 4 − x 3 − 18 x 2 + 20 x − 8 , 11. f ( x) = 3x 4 + 4 x 3 − 2 x 2 − 4 x − 1 ,
12. f ( x) = 2 x 4 + 10 x 3 + 3x 2 − 14 x − 1
8.3.7. ipoveT f ( x) polinomis mTeli fesvebi
1. f ( x) = 3x 4 + 5 x 3 + x 2 + x − 2 , 2. f ( x) = 2 x 5 + 7 x 4 + 3x 3 − 11x 2 − 16 x − 12 ,
3. f ( x) = 3x 6 − 5 x 4 − 10 x 3 − 8 x 2 + x − 2 , 4. f ( x) = 6 x 4 + x 3 + 2 x 2 − 4 x + 1
8.3.8. daamtkiceT, rom mTel koeficientebian f (x) polinoms mTeli fesvebi ar
gaaCnia, Tu:
1. f (0) da f (1) kenti ricxvebia
2. f (m) da f (m + 1) kenti ricxvebia, raime mTeli m ricxvisaTvis
8.3.9. daamtkiceT, rom f (x) polinomi dauyvanadia racionalur ricxvTa velis
mimarT
1. f ( x) = x 4 − 8 x 3 + 12 x 2 − 6 x + 2 , 2. f ( x) = x 5 − 12 x 3 + 36 x − 12 , 3. f ( x) = x 4 − x 3 + 2 x + 1
x p −1
8.3.10. daamtkiceT, rom Χ p = wriuli polinomi, sadac p martivi ricxvia,
x −1
racionalur ricxvTa velis mimarT dauyvanadia
8.3.11. SeadgineT dauyvanad polinomTa cxrili Ζ 2 velis mimarT, meore xarisxis
CaTvliT
8.3.12. SeadgineT dauyvanad polinomTa cxrili Ζ 3 velis mimarT, meore xarisxis
CaTvliT
$ 8.4. simetriuli polinomebi
K velis mimarT n -ucnobian f ( x1 , x 2 ,Λ , x n ) polinoms ewodeba simetriuli Tu

is ucnobTa nebismieri gadanacvlebis dros ar icvleba.
n -ucnobian simetriul polinomebs
σ 1 = x1 + x 2 + Λ + x n
σ 2 = x1 x 2 + Λ + x1 x n + Λ + x n −1 x n
σ 3 = x1 x 2 x3 + Λ + x n − 2 x n −1 x n
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
σ n = x1 x 2 x3 Λ x n −1 x n
elementaruli simetriuli polinomebi ewodeba.
simetriuli polinomebis Sesaxeb, adgili aqvs ZiriTad Teoremas: x1 , x 2 ,Λ , x n
ucnobebis nebismieri f ( x1 , x 2 ,Λ , x n ) simetriuli polinomi yovelTvis SeiZleba
warmovadginoT rogorc, K velis mimarT, σ 1 , σ 2 , σ 3 ,Λ , σ n elementaruli
simetriuli polinomebis mravalwevri, amasTan es warmodgena erTaderTia:
f ( x1 , x 2 , Λ , x n ) = Φ (σ 1 , σ 2 , σ 3 , Λ , σ n )
8.4.1. warmoadgineT elementaruli simetriuli polinomebis polinomad

8
1. x + x + x − 3 x1 x 2 x3 ,
3
1
3
2
3
3 2. x12 x 2 + x1 x 22 + x12 x3 + x1 x32 + x 22 x3 + x 2 x32 ,
3. x14 + x 24 + x34 − 2 x12 x 22 − 2 x 22 x32 − 2 x12 x32 , 4. x15 x 22 + x12 x 25 + x15 x32 + x12 x35 + x 25 x32 + x 22 x35 ,
5. ( x1 + x 2 ) ( x1 + x3 ) ( x 2 + x3 ) , 6. ( x12 + x 22 ) ( x12 + x32 ) ( x 22 + x32 ) ,
7. (2 x1 − x 2 − x3 ) (2 x 2 − x1 − x3 )(2 x3 − x1 − x 2 ) , 8. ( x1 − x 2 ) 2 ( x1 − x3 ) 2 ( x 2 − x3 ) 2
8.4.2. warmoadgineT elementaruli simetriuli polinomebis polinomad Semdegi
monogenuri polinomebi
1. x12 + Λ , 2. x13 + Λ , 3. x12 x 2 x3 Λ , 4. x12 x 22 + Λ , 5. x13 x 2 + Λ , 6. x14 + Λ , 7. x12 x 22 x3 + Λ ,
8. x13 x 2 x3 + Λ , 9. x13 x 22 + Λ , 10. x14 x 2 + Λ , 11. x15 + Λ , 12. x12 x 22 x3 x 4 + Λ , 13. x12 x 22 x32 + Λ ,
14. x13 x 2 x3 x 4 + Λ
8.4.3. gamosaxeT elementarul simetriul polinomTa saSualebiT
x x x x x x ( x − x 2 ) 2 ( x 2 − x3 ) 2 ( x1 − x3 ) 2
1. 1 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 3 + 1 , 2. 1 + +
x 2 x3 x1 x1 x 2 x3 x1 + x 2 x 2 + x3 x1 + x3
8.4.4. gamoTvaleT x 3 + 2 x − 3 = 0 gantolebis fesvebis kvadratebis jami
8.4.5. ipoveT x13 x 2 + x1 x 23 + x 23 x3 + x 2 x33 + x33 x1 + x3 x13 simetriuli polinomis mniSvneloba,
Tu x1 , x 2 , x3 ricxvebi x 3 − x 2 − 4 x + 1 = 0 gantolebis fesvebia
8.4.6. ipoveT x 4 + x 3 − 2 x 2 − 3x + 1 = 0 gantolebis x1 , x 2 , x3 , x 4 fesvebisagan Sedgenili
x13 x 2 x3 + Λ monogenuri simetriuli polinomis mniSvneloba
8.4.7. ipoveT 3x 3 − 5 x 2 + 1 = 0 gantolebis x1 , x 2 , x3 fesvebisagan Sedgenili x14 x 2 + Λ
monogenuri simetriuli polinomis mniSvneloba
8.4.8. ipoveT 3x 4 − 2 x 3 + 2 x 2 + x − 1 = 0 gantolebis x1 , x 2 , x3 , x 4 fesvebisagan Sedgenili
x13 x 23 + Λ monogenuri simetriuli polinomis mniSvneloba
8.4.9. ipoveT 5 x 3 − 6 x 2 + 7 x − 8 = 0 gantolebis fesvebis: 1. kubebis jami; 2. meoTxe
xarisxebis jami
8.4.10. gamosaxeT a 04 ( x1 − x 2 ) 2 ( x1 − x3 ) 2 ( x 2 − x3 ) 2 simetriuli polinomi
a 0 x 3 + a1 x 2 + a 2 x + a3 = 0 gantolebis koeficientebis saSualebiT, Tu x1 , x 2 , x3
gantolebis fesvebia
pasuxebi:
8.1.1. 1. q ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 3 x + 11, r ( x ) = 25 x − 5 , 2. q ( x ) = (3 x − 7) / 9, r ( x ) = ( −26 x − 2) / 9 ,

3. q ( x ) = x 2 − 2 x + 4, r ( x ) = 3 x + 11 , 4. q ( x ) = 5 x 2 − 15 x + 34, r ( x ) = −72 x − 62 ,
5. q ( x ) = 0, r ( x ) = 2 x 2 − 3 x + 1 ; 8.1.2. 1. a = 0, q = −1 , 2. a = −3, q = 8 , 3. p = a 2 − 2a, q = a 2 − 1 ,
4. a = ±3, q = 1; a = 0, q = −8 ; 8.1.3. 1. q = m, p = − m 2 − 1 ,
2. Tu m = 0, maSin q = p − 1; Tu m ≠ 0, maSin p = 2 − m 2 , q = 1 ;
8.1.4. 1. Ζ 3 − Si r ( x ) = 0, q ( x ) = x 2 + 2; Ζ 5 − Si da Q[ x ] − Si r ( x ) = 3 x − 3, q ( x ) = x 2 + 2 ,
2. Ζ 3 − Si r ( x ) = 2 x + 1, q ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 2; Ζ 5 − Si r ( x ) = 2 x, q ( x ) = 2 x 2 ;
Q[ x] − Si r ( x) = 2 x + 10, q( x) = 2 x 2 + 5 ; 8.1.5. 1. x + 1 , 2. x 2 + 1 , 3. x 3 + x 2 + 2 , 4. x 3 + 1 ,
5. x 2 − 2 x + 2 , 6. x 3 − x + 1 , 7. x 2 + x + 1 , 8. 1 , 9. 1 ; 8.1.6. 1. ( − x − 1) f ( x ) + ( x + 2) g ( x ) = x 2 − 2 ,
9
− x +1 2x 2 − 2x − 3
2. − f ( x ) + ( x + 1) g ( x ) = x 3 + 1 , 3. f ( x) + g ( x) = x − 1 ,
3 3
4. ( − x 2 + 1) f ( x ) + ( x 3 + 2 x 2 − x − 1) g ( x ) = x 3 + 2 ,
5. ( − x + 3) f ( x ) + ( x 2 − 4 x + 4) g ( x ) = x 2 + 5 6. ( − x 2 + x + 1) f ( x ) + ( x 3 + 2 x 2 − 5 x − 4) g ( x ) = 3 x + 2
8.1.7. 1. u ( x ) = x, v ( x ) = −3 x 2 − x + 1 , 2. u ( x ) = − x − 1, v ( x ) = x 3 + x 2 − 3 x − 2 ,
3. u ( x ) = ( − x 2 + 3) / 2, v ( x ) = ( x 4 − 2 x 2 − 2) / 2 , 4. u ( x ) = ( −2 x 2 − 3 x ) / 6, v ( x ) = ( 2 x 3 + 5 x 2 − 6) / 6 ,
5. u ( x ) = 3 x 2 + x − 1, v ( x ) = −3 x 3 + 2 x 2 + x − 2 ; 8.1.8. 1. 1 ; 8.1.9. 1. x 2 + x + 1 , 2. x + 1 , 3. 1 , 4. 1
8.2.1. 1. q ( x ) = x 3 − x 2 + 3 x − 3, r = 5 , 2. q ( x ) = 2 x 4 − 6 x 3 + 13 x 2 − 39 x + 109, r = −327 ,
3. q ( x ) = 4 x 2 − (3 + 4 i ) x + ( −1 + 7 i ), r = 8 − 6 i , 4. q ( x ) = x 2 − 2 i x − 5 − 2 i, r = −9 + 8 i
8.2.2. 1. 136 , 2. 286 , 3. 151 / 16 , 4. − 1 − 44 i , 5. 5 + 22 i
8.2.3. 1. ( x + 1) 4 − 2( x + 1) 3 − 3( x + 1) 2 + 4( x + 1) + 1 ,
2. ( x − 1) 5 + 5( x − 1) 4 + 10( x − 1) 3 + 10( x − 1) 2 + 5( x − 1) + 1 , 3. ( x − 2) 4 − 18( x − 2) + 38 ,
4. ( x + i ) 4 − 2 i ( x + i ) 3 − (1 + i )( x + i ) 2 − 5( x + i ) + 7 + 5 i ,
5. ( x + 1 − 2 i ) 4 − ( x + 1 − 2 i ) 3 + 2( x + 1 − 2 i ) + 1 ; 8.2.4. davSaloT f ( x) mravalwevri ( x − 3) -is
xarisxebad f ( x) = ( x − 3) 4 + 11( x − 3) 3 + 45( x − 3) 2 + 81( x − 3) + 54 , maSin
f ( x + 3) = x 4 + 11x 3 + 45 x 2 + 81x + 54 ;
8.2.5. 1. f ( 2) = 18, f ' ( 2) = 48, f ' ' ( 2) = 124, f ' ' ' ( 2) = 216, f ( IV ) ( 2) = 240, f (V ) ( 2) = 120 ,
2. f (1 + 2 i ) = −12 − 2 i, f ' (1 + 2 i ) = −16 + 8 i, f ' ' (1 + 2 i ) = −8 + 30 i ,
f ' ' ' (1 + 2 i ) = 24 + 30 i, f ( IV ) (1 + 2 i ) = 24 ; 8.2.6. 1. k = 3 , 2. k = 4 , 3. k = 2 ; 8.2.7. a = −5
8.2.8. A = 3, B = −4 ; 8.2.9. 1. ( x + 1) 4 ( x − 2) 2 , 2. ( x + 1) 4 ( x − 4) , 3. ( x − 1) 3 ( x + 3) 2 ( x − 3) ,
4. ( x − 2)( x 2 − 2 x + 2) , 5. ( x 3 − x 2 − x − 2) 2 , 6. ( x 2 + 1) 2 ( x − 1) 3 ; 8.2.10. 1. a = −3, k = 3 ,
2. a = −4, k = 2 , 3. a = 4, k = 2 ; 8.2.11. 1. ϕ ( x ) = ( x + 1)( x − 3), f ( x ) = ( x + 1) 4 ( x − 3) 2 ,
2. ϕ ( x ) = x 2 − 1, f ( x ) = ( x − 1) 4 ( x + 1) 2 , 2. ϕ ( x ) = ( x − 1)( x 2 + 1), f ( x ) = ( x − 1) 4 ( x + i )( x − i ) ,
x x n −1 xn
4. ϕ ( x ) = ( x − 1)( x − 2), f ( x ) = ( x − 1) ( x − 2) ; 8.2.12. f ' ( x) = 1 + + Λ +
2 3
= f ( x) − .
1! (n − 1) ! n!
maSasadame, Tu f ( x0 ) = f ' ( x0 ) = 0 , maSin x0 = 0 , magram x0 = 0 ar warmoadgens f ( x)
polinomis fesvs; 8.2.13. visargebloT lagranJis sainterpolacio formuliT
8.2.14. ± 18 3 ; 8.2.15. − 216 ; 8.3.1. 1. ( x − 2)( x 2 + 2 x + 4), ( x − 2)( x + 1 + i 3 )( x + 1 − i 3 ) ,
2. ( x + 2)( x 2 − 2 x + 4), ( x + 2)( x − 1 + i 3 )( x − 1 − i 3 ) ,
3. ( x − 2) ( x + 2)( x 2 + 4), ( x − 2)( x + 2)( x − 2 i )( x + 2 i ) ,
4. ( x 2 − 2 2 x + 4)( x 2 + 2 2 x + 4), ( x − 2 − i 2 )( x − 2 + i 2 )( x + 2 − i 2 )( x + 2 + i 2 ) ,
5. ( x − 3 )( x + 3 )( x 2 − 3 x + 3)( x 2 + 3 x + 3),
( x − 3 )( x + 3 )( x − 3 / 2 − 3 i / 2)( x + 3 / 2 − 3 i / 2)( x − 3 / 2 + 3 i / 2)( x + 3 / 2 + 3 i / 2) ,
6. ( x 2 + 3)( x 2 − 3 x + 3)( x 2 + 3 x + 3),
( x − i 3 )( x + i 3 )( x − 3 / 2 − i 3 / 2)( x + 3 / 2 − i 3 / 2)( x − 3 / 2 + i 3 / 2)( x − 3 / 2 + i 3 / 2) ,
7. ( x − 1) ( x − 2)( x − 3) , 8. ( x 2 + 2 x + 2)( x 2 − 2 x + 2), ( x − 1 − i )( x − 1 + i )( x + 1 − i )( x + 1 + i )
9. ( x − 3 − 2 )( x − 3 + 2 )( x + 3 − 2 )( x + 3 + 2 ) ,
10
2 +1 2 −1 2 +1 2 −1 2 +1 2 −1 2 +1 2 −1
10. ( x + 1 − −i )( x + 1 − +i )( x + 1 + +i )( x + 1 + −i )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
11. ( x − 4 3 ) 2 ( x + 4 3 ) 2 ( x 2 + 3 ) 2 , ( x − 4 3 ) 2 ( x + 4 3 ) 2 ( x − i 3 ) 2 ( x + i 3 ) 2 ,
n −1 n −1
8k + 1 8k + 1 8k + 1
12. ∏ ( x 2 − 2 2 n 2 x cos
k =0 4n
π + n 2 ), ∏
k =0
( x − (cos
4n
π ± i sin
4n
π )) ,
n −1 n −1
3k + 1 3k + 1 3k + 1
13. ∏
k =0
(x 2
− 2 x cos
3n
2π + 1), ∏
k =0
( x − (cos
3n
2π ± i sin
3n
2π ))
n −1 2 n −1
kπ kπ kπ
14. ( x 2 − 1) ∏ ( x 2 − 2 x cos + 1), ∏ ( x − (cos +i sin )) ,
k =0 n k =0 n n
2 kπ 2 kπ 2 kπ
n 2n
15. ( x − 1) ∏ ( x 2 + 2 x cos + 1), ∏ ( x − (cos + i sin )) ,
k =1 2n + 1 k =0 2n + 1 2n + 1
16. ( x − x a + 2 + 1)( x + x a + 2 + 1) ; 8.3.3. 1. ( x − 1) 2 ( x + 2) , 2. ( x + 1) 2 ( x 2 + 1) , 3. ( x − 1) 3

2 2
8.3.4. 1. ( x − 1) 2 ( x + 1) , 2. ( x − 1) 3 ( x + 1) ; 8.3.5. movaxdinoT Casma x = p / q da gavamravloT

q n -ze; 8.3.6. 1. x1 = 2 , 2. x1 = −3 , 3. x1 = −2, x 2 = 3 , 4. x1 = 1, x 2 = −2, x3 = 3 ,
5. x1 = −1, x 2 = −2, x3 = −3, x 4 = 4 , 6. x1 = 1 / 2 , 7. x1 = x 2 = −1 / 2 , 8. x1 = x 2 = 1, x3 = x 4 = −3 ,
9. x1 = 3, x 2 = x3 = x 4 = x5 = −1 , 10. x1 = x 2 = x3 = 2 , 11. x1 = 1 , 12. x1 = 1 ; 8.3.7. 1. − 2 ,
2. − 2, − 2 , 3. 2 , 4. ara aqvs mTeli fesvebi ; 8.3.8. Tu f (0) da f (1) kenti ricxvebia,
maSin a n kentia e.i. a 0 + a1 + Λ + a n −1 luwia. amgvarad, f ( x) polinoms ar SeiZleba
hqondes arc luwi fesvi da arc kenti fesvi;
8.3.11. x, x + 1, x 2 + x + 1, x 3 + x + 1, x 3 + x 2 + 1, x 4 + x + 1, x 4 + x 3 + 1, x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1
8.3.12. x, x + 1, x − 1, x 2 + 1, x 2 + x − 1, x 2 − x − 1, x 2 − x + 1, x 3 + x 2 − x + 1, x 3 − x 2 + 1, x 3 − x 2 + x + 1,
x 3 − x − 1, x 3 − x 2 − x − 1, x 3 + x 2 − 1, x 3 + x 2 + x − 1 ; 8.4.1. 1. σ 13 − 3σ 1σ 2 , 2. σ 1σ 2 − 3σ 3 ,
3. σ 14 − 4σ 12 σ 2 + 8σ 1σ 3 , 4. σ 13σ 22 − 2σ 14 σ 3 − 3σ 1σ 23 + 6 σ 12 σ 2σ 3 + 3σ 22 σ 3 − 7σ 1σ 32 , 5. σ 1σ 2 − σ 3 ,
7. 2σ 13 − 9 σ 1σ 2 + 27σ 3 , 8. σ 12σ 22 − 4σ 13 σ 3 − 4σ 23 + 18 σ 1σ 2σ 3 − 27σ 32 ; 8.4.2. 1. σ 12 − 2σ 2 ,
2. σ 13 − 3σ 1σ 2 + 3σ 3 , 3. σ 1σ 3 − 4σ 4 , 4. σ 22 − 2σ 1 σ 3 + 2σ 4 , 5. σ 12σ 2 − σ 1σ 3 − 2σ 22 + 4σ 4 ,
6. σ 14 − 4σ 12 σ 2 + 2σ 22 + 4σ 1σ 3 − 4σ 4 , 7. σ 2σ 3 − 3σ 1σ 4 + 5σ 5 , 8. σ 12σ 3 − 2σ 2 σ 3 − σ 1 σ 4 + 5σ 5 ,
9. σ 1σ 22 − 2σ 12σ 3 − σ 2 σ 3 + 5σ 1 σ 4 − 5σ 5 , 10. σ 13σ 2 − 3σ 1σ 22 − σ 12σ 3 + 5 σ 2σ 3 + σ 1σ 4 − 5σ 5 ,
11. σ 15 − 5σ 13σ 2 + 5σ 1σ 22 + 5σ 12 σ 3 − 5σ 2σ 3 − 5σ 1σ 4 + 5σ 5 , 12. σ 2σ 4 − 4σ 1σ 5 + 9σ 6 ,
σ 1σ 2 − 3σ 3
13. σ 32 − 2σ 2σ 4 + 2σ 1σ 5 − 2σ 6 , 14. σ 12σ 4 − 2σ 2σ 4 − σ 1σ 5 + 6σ 6 ; 8.4.3. 1. ,
σ3
2(σ 12σ 2 − 3σ 1σ 3 − 2σ 22 )
2. ; 8.4.4. − 4 ; 8.4.5. − 35 ; 8.4.6. 16
σ 1σ 2 − σ 3
Tavi 9. wrfivi sivrceebi
$. 1. wrfivi sivrcis ganmarteba
vTqvaT K − raime velia, xolo V − aracarieli simravle. vityviT, rom V

simravle, romlis elementebsac veqtorebi ewodeba, warmoadgens veqtorul
sivrces, Tu masze ganmartebulia veqtorTa Sekrebisa da K velis elementze
(skalarze) maTi gamravlebis operaciebi, romlebisTvisac sruldeba Semdegi
pirobebi:
1. V abeluri jgufia Sekrebis operaciis mimarT;
2. 1a = a, ∀a ∈ V ;
3. (λ + μ )a = λa + μa, ∀λ , μ ∈ K ; ∀a ∈ V ;
4. λ (a + b ) = λa + λb, ∀λ ∈ K ; ∀a, b ∈ V ;
5. (λμ )a = λ (μa ), ∀λ , μ ∈ K ; ∀a ∈ V ;
9.1.1. namdvil ricxvTa velze Sekrebisa da gamravlebis operaciebis mimarT,

aris Tu ara wrfivi sivrce Semdegi simravle:
1. N − naturalur ricxvTa simravle;
2. Z − mTel ricxvTa simravle
3. Q − racionalur ricxvTa simravle;
4. R − namdvil ricxvTa simravle;
5. C − kompleqsur ricxvTa simravle;
6. R+ − dadebiT namdvil ricxvTa simravle;
9.1.2. aris Tu ara wrfivi sivrce namdvil ricxvTa velze, Sekrebisa da
gamravlebis operaciebis mimarT Tavisufal veqtorTa Semdegi simravle:
1. L1 − mocemul wrfis paralelur veqtorTa simravle;
2. M − mocemul sibrtyis paralelur veqtorTa simravle;
3. V 3 − sivrcis yvela veqtorTa simravle;
4. P − mocemul wrfis araparalelur veqtorTa simravle;
9.1.3. SeamowmeT, aris Tu ara wrfivi sivrce Semdegi simravle:
A = {( x, y ) : x, y ∈ R}
Tu operaciebi Semdegnairadaa ganmartebuli:
1. ( x1 , y1 ) + ( x2 , y2 ) = ( x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 );
2. λ (x, y ) = (λx, λy ).
9.1.4. qvemoT CamoTvlili simravleebidan, namdvil ricxvTa velis mimarT,
romeli warmoadgens wrfiv sivrces (matricTa Sekrebisa da maTi skalarze
gamravlebis operaciebis mimarT):
1. yvela matricTa simravle;
2. Rn×m − yvela marTkuTxa matricTa simravle;
3. R2×2 − yvela meore rigis kvadratul matricTa simravle
4. Rn×1 − yvela n × 1 rigis matricTa simravle;
5. C2×2 − yvela meore rigis kvadratul matricTa simravle, C − velis mimarT;
⎧⎛ 0 a⎞ ⎫
6. ⎨⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ : a, b, c ∈ R ⎬ − simravle;
⎩⎝ b c⎠ ⎭
⎧⎛1 a⎞ ⎫
7. ⎨⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ : a, b, c ∈ R ⎬ − simravle;
⎩⎝ b c⎠ ⎭
⎧⎛ a b ⎞ ⎫
8. ⎨⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ : a, b ∈ R ⎬ − simravle;
⎩⎝ − b a ⎠ ⎭
2
9.1.5. namdvil ricxvTa simravleze gansazRvrul funqciaTa simravleze
ganmartebulia operaciebi:
( f + g )(x ) = f (x ) + g (x ) da (λf )(x ) = λf (x ) , λ ∈ R.
gaarkvieT, Semdegi simravleebidan romeli warmoadgens, R − velis mimarT,
wrfiv sivrces:
1. Cn − simravle namdvilkoeficientebiani f ( x ) polinomebisa, romlebisTvisac
deg f ( x ) ≥ 0
2. R(n ) − simravle n − uri xarisxis mqone namdvilkoeficientebiani
polinomebisa
3. − yvela im p( x ) mravalwevrTa simravle, romelTaTvisac:
a ). p (0 ) = 1; b). p(0) = 0; c). 2 p(0 ) − 3 p (1) = 0; d ). p(1) + p(2 ) + Λ + p(k ) = 0
4. C[a ,b ] − [a, b] -ze yvela uwyvet funqciaTa simravle
5. C [a ,b ] − [a, b] -ze yvela wyvetil funqciaTa simravle
6. C[(ak,)b ] − [a, b] -ze yvela k -jer uwyvetad diferencirebad funqciaTa simravle
7. J [a ,b ] − [a, b] -ze yvela integrebad funqciaTa simravle
8. a1 x1 + a2 x2 + Λ + an xn + b − saxis n − cvladiani funqciebisa, koeficientebiT
namdvili ricxvebi
9.1.6. vTqvaT A − sasruli simravlea da am simravlis yvela qvesimravleTa
T ( A) − simravleze ganmartebulia Sekrebisa da Z 2 − velis elementze
gamravlebis operaciebi:
X + Y = ( X ∪ Y )( X ∩ Y ) , ∀X , Y ∈ T ( A) da 1 X = X , 0 X = ∅ ;
aCveneT, rom am operaciebis mimarT T ( A) − simravle warmoadgens wrfiv sivrces
Z 2 − velis mimarT
9.1.7. vTqvaT C − velis mimarT V veqtorul sivrceSi ganmartebulia veqtoris
kompleqsur ricxvze gamravlebis operacia:
α ∗ x = α x . aCveneT, rom V -Si ganmartebuli Sekrebisa da ∗ operaciebis mimarT
V -veqtoruli sivrcea
$2. veqtorTa wrfivad damokidebuleba. veqtoruli sivrcis ganzomileba da

bazisi
vTqvaT, V aris K velis mimarT wrfivi sivrce. veqtorTa a1 , a2 ,Κ , ak ∈ V

k
sistemis wrfivi kombinacia ewodeba ∑λ a
i =1
i i − saxis jams, sadac λ1 , λ2 ,Κ , λk ∈ K −
nebismierad aRebuli skalarebia.

veqtorTa a1 , a2 ,Κ , ak sistemas ewodeba wrfivad damokidebuli, Tu moiZebneba
λ1 , λ2 ,Κ , λk skalarebis mniSvnelobebis iseTi erToblioba, romelTagan erTi
k
mainc araa nulis toli da adgili aqvs tolobas: ∑λ a
i =1
i i = 0 . winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, veqtorTa sistemas wrfivad damoukidebeli ewodeba.

vityviT, rom V wrfivi sivrcis ganzomileba n − is tolia, Tu V sivrceSi
moiZebneba erTi mainc wrfivad damoukidebel veqtorTa sistema, romlis
veqtorTa raodenobac n − is tolia, da yvela n + 1 − veqtoriani veqtorTa
sistema wrfivad damokidebulia.
V sivrcis ganzomilebas dim V − Ti aRniSnaven, xolo n − ganzomilebian
sivrces V n − iT.
3
V − wrfivi sivrcis yovel n −
n
veqtorian wrfivad damoukidebel
veqtorTa sistemas am sivrcis bazisi ewodeba.
Tu a ∈ V n − raime veqtoria da (ei ) , i = 1, n − am sivrcis raime bazisi, maSin
n
arsebobs skalarebis erTaderTi α 1 , α 2 , Κ , α k ∈ K erToblioba, rom a = ∑ α i ei .
i =1
a − veqtoris warmodgenas bazisis veqtorebis wrfivi kombinaciis saxiT
ewodeba a veqtoris gaSla aRebul bazisSi, xolo α1 , α 2 ,Κ , α k
koeficientebs a − veqtoris koordinatebs aRebul bazisSi.
9.2.1. aCveneT, rom veqtorTa Semdegi sistema wrfivad damokidebulia. moZebneT

θ − s toli misi aratrivialuri wrfivi kombinacia:
1. a1 = (1,2,5), a 2 = (5,3,1), a3 = (− 15,−2,21); 2. a1 = 2 + 5i, a 2 = 1 − i, a3 = 6 + 29i;
⎛1 2 3 ⎞ ⎛215 ⎞ ⎛− 3 6 − 5 ⎞
3. A1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, A2 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, A3 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟; 4. ϕ1 = t 2 + 5, ϕ 2 = t 2 − 4t + 3, ϕ 3 = t 2 + 16t + 13;
⎝ 0 1 1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 0 4 ⎠ ⎝ − 8 5 − 11 ⎠
5. ϕ1 = sin t , ϕ 2 = cos t , ϕ 3 = t ; 6. ϕ1 = sin t , ϕ 2 = cos 2 t , ϕ 3 = t , ϕ 4 = 5, ϕ 5 = e t .
2 2 2
9.2.2. aCveneT, rom veqtorTa Semdegi sistemebi wrfivad damoukidebelia:

1. a1 = (5,3,1), a2 = (1,1,1), a3 = (1,4,2 ); 2. a1 = (a, b,3), a 2 = (2, a − b,1), a ≠ 6, b ≠ ;
9
2
3. ϕ1 = t − 4t + 3, ϕ 2 = 5t − 4, ϕ 3 = t + t + 1;
2 2
⎛1 0 ⎞ ⎛0 1 ⎞ ⎛0 0 ⎞ ⎛0 0⎞
4. A11 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, A12 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, A21 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, A22 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟; 5. a1 = 3 + 7i, a 2 = 4 − 3i;
⎝0 0 ⎠ ⎝0 0 ⎠ ⎝1 0 ⎠ ⎝ 0 1⎠
6. ϕ1 = sin t , ϕ 2 = cos t ; 7. ϕ1 = 1, ϕ 2 = sin t , ϕ 3 = cos t ; 8. ϕ1 = 1, ϕ 2 = sin t , ϕ 3 = sin 2 t , Κ , ϕ n = sin 2 t ;
9. ϕ1 = 1, ϕ 2 = cos t , ϕ 3 = cos 2 t , Κ , ϕ n = cos 2 t ; 10. ϕ1 = sin t , ϕ 2 = sin 2t , Κ , ϕ n = sin nt ;
11. ϕ1 = 1, ϕ 2 = cos t , ϕ 3 = cos 2t , Κ , ϕ n = cos nt.
9.2.3. aCveneT, rom a da b veqtorebisa da α da β skalarebisaTvis:
1.αa = 0 maSin, da mxolod maSin, roca α = 0 an a = θ ;
2.αa + β b = βa + αb maSin, da mxolod maSin, roca α = β an a = b.
9.2.4. λ − s ra mniSvnelobebisaTvis:
1. veqtorTa a1 , a2 − sistemis wrfivad damoukideblobidan gamomdinareobs
λa1 + a2 , a1 + λa2 veqtorTa sistemis wrfivad damoukidebloba;
2. veqtorTa a1 , a2 ,Κ , an sistemis wrfivad damoukideblobidan
gamomdinareobs a1 + a2 , a2 + a3 ,Κ , an −1 + an sistemis wrfivad damoukidebloba.
9.2.5. gaarkvieT veqtorTa (funqciaTa) Semdegi sistemebis wrfivad
damoukideblobis sakiTxi, ipoveT maTi trivialuri wrfivi kombinaciebi (Tu
ki aseTi kombinacia arsebobs):
1.ϕ1 = t + 7, ϕ 2 = 2t − 7; 2.ϕ1 = 3t + 7, ϕ 2 = 7t − 9; 3.ϕ1 = t 2 − t + 3, ϕ 2 = 3t 2 + 1, ϕ3 = 4t − 5;
4.ϕ1 = 2t ,ϕ 2 = 3t ,ϕ3 = 6t ; 5.ϕ1 = et , ϕ 2 = e 2t , ϕ3 = e3t ; 6.ϕ1 = t 2 , ϕ 2 = t 3 ;
7.ϕ1 = sin t ,ϕ 2 = sin (t + 2 ),ϕ3 = sin (t − 5); 8.ϕ1 = 1,ϕ 2 = arctgt ,ϕ3 = arcctgt.
9.2.6. kompleqsur ricxvTa C simravlis, rogorc, namdvil ricxvTa velis
mimarT, wrfivi sivrcis e1 = −1 + 2i, e2 = 2 − i bazisSi ipoveT x = −5 + 4i veqtoris
koordinatebi.
⎧⎛ a b ⎞ ⎫ ⎛1 0 ⎞ ⎛ 0 1⎞ ⎛ 0 0⎞
9.2.7. V = ⎨⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ : a, b, c ∈ R ⎬ wrfivi sivrcis e1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, e2 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, e3 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ bazisSi,
⎩⎝ − b c ⎠ ⎭ ⎝ 0 1⎠ ⎝ −1 0⎠ ⎝0 1 ⎠
ipoveT Semdegi veqtorebis koordinatebi:
4
⎛ 3 4⎞ ⎛ 2 5⎞
1. a = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟; 2. b = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟.
⎝− 4 1 ⎠ ⎝− 4 2⎠
{ }
9.2.8. ipoveT V = α + β sin 2 t + γ cos 2t : α , β , γ ∈ R wrfivi sivrcis e1 = 1 , e2 = cos 2t
bazisSi Semdegi veqtorebis koordinatebi:
5 3
1. ϕ1 = + 3 sin 2 t + cos 2t , 2. ϕ 2 = 5 + sin 2t.
2 2
9.2.9. aCveneT, rom ei − veqtorebi qmnian Sesabamisi ganzomilebis sivrcis baziss
da ipoveT masSi a veqtoris koordinatebi:
1. e1 = (1,1,1), e2 = (1,1,2 ), e3 = (1,2,3), a = (6,9,14 );
2. e1 = (2,1,−3), e2 = (3,2,−5), e3 = (1,−1,1), a = (6,2,−7 );
3. e1 = (1,2,−1,−2 ), e2 = (2,3,0,−1), e3 = (1,2,1,4 ), e4 = (1,3,−1,0 ), a = (7,14,−1,2 ).
9.2.10. ipoveT ϕ = a0 + a1t + a2t 2 + Λ + ant n mravalwevris koordinatebi Semdeg
bazisSi: 1. 1, t , t 2 , Κ , t n ; 2. 1, t − α , (t − α ) , Κ , (t − α ) .
2 n
9.2.11. aCveneT, rom ei da f j veqtorTa sistemebi warmoadgenen Sesabamisi

ganzomilebis wrfivi sivrceebis bazisebs. warmoadgineT erTi sistemis
veqtorebi meore sistemis veqtorebis saSualebiT:
1. e1 = (1,2,1), e2 = (2,3,3), e3 = (3,8,2 ), f1 = (3,5,8), f 2 = (5,14,18), f 3 = (1,9,2 );
2. e1 = (1,2,1), e2 = (2,3,3), e3 = (3,7,1), f1 = (3,1,4 ), f 2 = (5,2,1), f 3 = (1,1,−6 );
3. e1 = (1,1,1,1), e2 = (1,2,1,1), e3 = (1,1,2,1), e4 = (1,3,2,3),
f1 = (1,0,3,3), f 2 = (− 2,−3,−5,−4 ), f 3 = (2,2,5,4 ), f 4 = (− 2,−3,−4,−4 ).
9.2.12. SeamowmeT, warmoqmnian Tu ara ei − veqtorebi R 3 sivrcis baziss da
ipoveT masSi a = (3,7,13) veqtoris koordinatebi:
1. e1 = (1,0,0 ), e2 = (0,1,0 ), e3 = (0,0,1); 2. e1 = (1,0,0 ), e2 = (1,1,0 ), e3 = (1,1,1);
3. e1 = (1,1,1), e2 = (1,2,3), e3 = (1,4,9 ).
9.2.13. SeamowmeT warmoqmnian Tu ara baziss mravalwevrTa Semdegi sistemebi,
deg f ≤ 4 xarisxis mqone namdvilkoeficientebian mravalwevrTa sivrceSi da
ipoveT ϕ = 5 x 4 − 4 x 3 + 3 x 2 − 2 x + 1 polinomis koordinatebi am bazisSi
1. 1, x, x 2 , x 3 , x 4 ; 2. 1 − x, x, x 2 − x, x 3 , x 4 − x; 3. 1 − x 4 , x − x 4 , x 2 − x 4 , x 3 − x 4 , x 4 ;
4. 1, x − 1, ( x − 1) , ( x − 1) , (x − 1) .
2 3 4
9.2.14. ipoveT λ ∈ R yvela is mniSvneloba, romlisTvisac a veqtori gamoisaxeba

Semdegi veqtorebis wrfivi kombinaciis saxiT:
1. a1 = (2,3,5), a2 = (3,7,8), a3 = (1,−6,1), a = (7,−2, λ );
2. a1 = (4,4,3), a2 = (7,2,1), a3 = (4,1,6 ), a = (5,9, λ );
3. a1 = (3,2,5), a2 = (2,4,7 ), a3 = (5,6, λ ), a = (1,3,5);
4. a1 = (3,2,6 ), a2 = (7,3,9 ), a3 = (5,1,3), a = (λ ,2,5).
9.2.15. ipoveT V wrfivi sivrcis ganzomileba da bazisi, Tu is Semdeg
veqtorebzea moWimuli:
1. a1 = (1,2,1,2 ), a2 = (2,1,2,1), a3 = (0,3,0,3), a4 = (1,1,1,1).
9.2.16. veqtorTa Semdegi sistemebi SeavseT Sesabamisi ganzomilebebis sivrceTa
bazisebamde:
1. a1 = (1,2,1), a 2 = (2,4,3); 2. a1 = (2,3,1,1), a 2 = (2,4,1,0); 3. a1 = (1,2,0,0 ), a 2 = (1,2,3,0 );
4. a1 = (2,1,0,3), a 2 = (4,2,0,6 ); 5. ϕ1 = t 2 , ϕ 2 = t 2 − t 4 ; 6. ϕ1 = t 2 − t + 1, ϕ 2 = 2t 3 − 1;
⎛1 2 3 ⎞ ⎛1 0 1 ⎞ ⎛2 2 4 ⎞ ⎛ 4 4 8⎞ ⎛1 2 ⎞ ⎛1 − 1 ⎞
7. a1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, a 2 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, a3 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, a 4 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟; 8. a1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, a 2 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟.
⎝0 1 2 ⎠ ⎝2 1 0 ⎠ ⎝2 2 3 ⎠ ⎝ 4 4 5⎠ ⎝1 1 ⎠ ⎝0 1 ⎠
5
4
9.2.17. ipoveT R sivrcis ori sxvadasxva sabaziso veqtorTa sistema,
romelTac gaaCniaT saerTo veqtorebi a1 = (1,1,0,0 ) da a2 = (0,0,1,1) .
$. 3. wrfivi sivrcis qvesivrce. wrfivi garsi.
K velis mimarT V wrfivi sivrcis raime W ⊂ V qvesimravles ewodeba misi

qvesivrce, Tu W TviTonaa wrfivi sivrce V − Si ganmartebuli operaciebis
mimarT.
vTqvaT, a1 , a2 ,Κ , ak ∈ V n wrfivad damoukidebel veqtorTa sistemaa, K velis
mimarT aRebuli wrfivi sivrcisa, amasTan k ≤ n . mocemuli sistemis veqtorTa
yvela SesaZlo wrfivi kombinaciebis
⎧ k
⎫
V = ⎨a : a = ∑ λi ai , λi ∈ K , i = 1, k ⎬
k
⎩ i =1 ⎭
simravle warmoadgens wrfiv sivrces V − Si ganmartebuli operaciebis
n
k
mimarT. V − s ewodeba a1 , a2 ,Κ , ak veqtorebis wrfivi garsi. is V n sivrcis
k k
qvesivrcea da dim V = k . amasTan V − umciresi ganzomilebis iseTi qvesivrcea
V n − Si, romelic a1 , a2 ,Κ , ak -veqtorebs Seicavs.
9.3.1. gamoarkvieT, aris Tu ara veqtorTa Semdegi erToblioba Sesabamisi

veqtoruli sivrcis qvesivrce:
1. sibrtyis yvela im veqtorTa erToblioba, romlebic saTaveSi arian
modebulebi da romelTa boloebi mocemul wrfeze Zevs;
2. sibrtyis yvela im veqtorTa erToblioba, romelTa boloebic pirvel
sakoordinato meoTxedSia;
3. R n − is veqtorebi, romelTa koordinatebic mTeli ricxvebia;
4. R n − is veqtorebi, romelTa koordinatebic akmayofileben pirobas:
x1 + x2 + Λ + xn = 0;
4. R n − is veqtorebi, romlebic warmoadgenen aRebuli a1 , a2 ,Κ , ak veqtorebis
wrfiv kombinacias;
5. R n − is veqtorebi, romelTa koordinatebic mocemuli wrfiv erTgvarovan
gantolebeTa sistemis amonaxsnebia.
9.3.2. daadgineT, qvemoT CamoTvlili simravleebidan, romeli warmoadgens
R − velis mimarT Sesabamisi wrfivi sivrcis qvesivrces, ipoveT misi, rogorc
qvesivrcis, ganzomileba da romelime bazisi:
1. mocemuli sibrtyis orTogonalur Tavisufal veqtorTa simravle;
2. mocemuli sibrtyis paralelur Tavisufal veqtorTa simravle;
3. mocemuli wrfis orTogonalur Tavisufal veqtorTa simravle;
4. mocemuli sibrtyis paralelur Tavisufal veqtorTa simravle;
⎧⎛ a b ⎞ ⎫ ⎧⎛1 a ⎞ ⎫
5. ⎨⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ : a, b ∈ R ⎬ -simravle; 6. ⎨⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ : a, b, c ∈ R ⎬ -simravle;
⎩⎝ − b a ⎠ ⎭ ⎩⎝ b c ⎠ ⎭
⎧⎛ 0 a ⎞ ⎫ ⎧⎛ α + iβ γ ⎞ ⎫
7. ⎨⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ : a, b, c ∈ C ⎬ -simravle; 8. ⎨⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ : α , β , γ ∈ R ⎬ -simravle;
⎩⎝ b c ⎠ ⎭ ⎩⎝ γ 0⎠ ⎭
{ 2 2
} { }
9. a + b sin t + c cos t : a, b, c ∈ R -simravle; 10. a + b sin t + c sin 2 t : a, b, c ∈ R -simravle.
9.3.3. aCveneT, rom veqtorTa Semdegi erToblioba qmnis R n − is qvesivrces.
ipoveT maTi ganzomileba da raime bazisi:
1. veqtorebi, romelTa pirveli da bolo koordinatebi tolia;
6
2. veqtorebi, romelTa luw adgilebze mdgomi koordinatebi
nulis tolia;
3. veqtorebi, romelTa luw adgilebze mdgomi koordinatebi tolia;
4. (α , β ,α , β ,Κ ) saxis veqtorebi;
5. mocemuli erTgvarovani wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemis amonaxsnebi-veqtorebi.
9.3.4. gamoarkvieT, n − uri rigis matricTa Semdegi simravleebidan, romeli
warmoadgens K velis mimarT Sesabamisi wrfivi sivrcis qvesivrces. ipoveT
misi ganzomileba da raime bazisi:
1. simetriul matricTa simravle;
2. iribsimetriul matricTa simravle;
3. gadaugvarebel matricTa simravle;
4. gadagvarebul matricTa simravle.
9.3.5. ipoveT Semdegi veqtorebis wrfivi garsis, rogorc Sesabamisi wrfivi
sivrcis, ganzomileba da raime bazisi:
1. a1 = (1,−1,1,0), a2 = (1,1,0,1), a3 = (2,0,1,1);
2. a1 = (1,−1,1,−1,1), a2 = (1,1,0,0,3), a3 = (3,1,1,−1,7 ), a4 = (0,2,−1,1,2 ).
9.3.6. gamoarkvieT, qvemoT CamoTvlili simravleebidan, romeli warmoadgens,
kompleqsur ricxvTa velis mimarT, Sesabamisi wrfivi sivrcis qvesivrces.
ipoveT misi ganzomileba da raime bazisi:
1. R − namdvil ricxvTa veli; 2. {α (2 − i ) : α ∈ R} -simravle;
⎧⎛ 0 a ⎞ ⎫ ⎧⎛ 1 a ⎞ ⎫
3. ⎨⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ : a, b, c ∈ R ⎬ -simravle; 4. ⎨⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ : a, b, c ∈ R ⎬ -simravle;
⎩⎝ b c ⎠ ⎭ ⎩⎝ b c ⎠ ⎭
⎧⎛ α β + γi ⎞ ⎫
5. ⎨⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ : α , β , γ , δ ∈ R ⎬ -simravle; 6. {( α + β i,0, γ + δi ) : α , β , γ , δ ∈ R}-simravle;
⎩⎝ δi αi ⎠ ⎭
7. {( α + β i,1, γ + δi ) : α , β , γ , δ ∈ R}-simravle.
9.3.7. gaarkvieT, Semdegi simravleebidan romeli warmoadgens n − uri xarisxis,
koeficientebiT namdvili ricxvebi, mravalwevrTa sivrcis qvesivrces:
1. mravalwevrebi, romelTac gaaCniaT mocemuli α ∈ R − namdvili fesvi;
2. mravalwevrebi, romelTac gaaCniaT mocemuli α ∈ C − kompleqsuri fesvi;
3. mravalwevrebi, romelTac gaaCniaT mocemuli α1 ,α 2 ,Κ ,α k ∈ R − namdvili
fesvebi;
4. mravalwevrebi, romelTac gaaCniaT mocemuli α ∈ R − namdvili martivi
fesvi.
9.3.8. ipoveT Semdeg veqtorebis wrfivi garsis ganzomileba da raime bazisi:
1. a1 = (1,0,0,−1) , a2 = (2,1,1,0 ), a3 = (1,1,1,1), a4 = (1,2,3,4 ), a5 = (0,1,2,3);
2. a1 = (1,1,1,1,0 ), a2 = (1,1,−1,−1,−1), a3 = (2,2,0,0,−1), a4 = (1,1,5,5,2 ), a5 = (1,−1,−1,0,0 );
3. ϕ1 = t 6 + t 4 , ϕ 2 = t 6 + 3t 4 − t , ϕ 3 = t 6 − 2t 4 + t , ϕ 4 = t 6 − 4t 4 + 2t ;
⎛1 2 3 ⎞ ⎛1 − 1 0 ⎞ ⎛3 3 6 ⎞ ⎛1 5 6 ⎞
4. a1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, a 2 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, a3 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, a 4 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟;
⎝1 1 1 ⎠ ⎝2 1 1 ⎠ ⎝4 3 3 ⎠ ⎝0 1 1 ⎠
5. a1 = (1,1,1,2 ), a 2 = (2,0,1,1), a3 = (4,2,3,5), a 4 = (0,2,1,3).
9.3.9. ipoveT ai da b j veqtorebis J (a1 , a2 ,Κ , a p ) da J (b1 , b2 ,Κ , bq ) − wrfivi garsebis
jamisa da TanakveTis, rogorc Sesabamisi wrfivi sivrcis qvesivrcis,
ganzomileba da raime bazisi:
1. a1 = (1,2,0,1), a 2 = (1,1,1,0 ), b1 = (1,0,1,0 ), b2 = (1,3,0,1);
2. a1 = (1,1,1,1), a 2 = (1,−1,1,−1), a3 = (1,3,1,3), b1 = (1,2,0,2 ), b2 = (1,2,1,2 ) b3 = (3,1,3,1);
3. a1 = (2,−1,0,−2 ), a 2 = (3,−2,1,0 ), a3 = (1,−1,1,−1), b1 = (3,−1,−1,0 ), b2 = (0,−1,2,3), b3 = (5,−2,−1,0 );
4. a1 = (1,1,0,0 ), a 2 = (0,1,1,0 ), a3 = (0,0,1,1), b1 = (1,0,1,0 ), b2 = (0,2,1,1) b3 = (1,2,1,2 );
7
5. a1 = (1,1,1,1), a 2 = (1,1,−1,−1), a3 = (1,−1,1,−1), b1 = (1,−1,−1,1), b2 = (2,−2,0,0 ) b3 = (3,−1,1,1);
9.3.10. ipoveT ai da b j veqtorebis wrfivi garsebis jamisa da TanakveTis
ganzomileba da raime bazisi:
1. a1 = (1,2,1), a 2 = (1,1,−1), a3 = (1,3,3), b1 = (2,3,−1), b2 = (1,2,2 ) b3 = (1,1,−3);
2. a1 = (1,2,1,−2 ), a 2 = (2,3,1,0 ), a3 = (1,2,2,−3), b1 = (1,1,1,1), b2 = (1,0,1,−1) b3 = (1,3,0,−4 ).
9.3.11. vTqvaT, L1 da L2 sasrulganzomilebiani V − wrfivi sivrceebis
qvesivrceebia, aCveneT, rom:
1. Tu L1 ⊆ L2 , maSin dim L1 ≤ dim L2 , amasTan toloba miiRweva mxolod maSin,
roca L1 = L2 ;
2. Tu dim(L1 + L2 ) = 1 + dim(L1 ∩ L2 ) , maSin jami:
L1 + L2 = {a + b : a ∈ L1 , b ∈ L2 } daemTxveva erT-erT qvesivrces, xolo TanakveTa
L1 ∩ L2 = {a : a ∈ L1 & a ∈ L2 } - meore qvesivrces;
3. Tu dim L1 + dim L2 > dim V , maSin L1 ∩ L2 ≠ ∅ .
9.3.12. SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom, namdvil ricxvTa velis mimarT, wrfivi
sivrcis qvesivrce mxolod sasruli raodenoba veqtorebisagan Sedgebodes.
9.3.13. vTqvaT L1 = J (a1 , a2 ,Κ , a p ) da L2 = J (b1 , b2 ,Κ , bq ) − wrfivi garsebia, aCveneT, rom
L1 + L2 = J (a1 , a2 ,Κ , a p ) + J (b1 , b2 ,Κ , bq ) aseve wrfivi garsia.
9.3.14. gamoarkvieT aris Tu ara, elementebiT K − velidan, kvadratul matricTa
M n× n − wrfivi sivrcis ori L1 da L2 qvesivrcis jami da TanakveTa M n× n − is
qvesivrce, Tu:
1. L1 − simetriul matricTa qvesivrcea, xolo L2 − zemo samkuTxa matricTa
qvesivrce;
2. L1 − simetriul, xolo L2 − iribsimetriul matricTa qvesivrceebia da
char K ≠ 0 .
9.3.15. L = {λ1 ( 1,3,0,−1) + λ2 (3,5,1,2 ) + λ3 (2,2,1,3) : λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ∈ R} qvesivrcisaTvis ipoveT ori
sxvadasxva damatebiTi qvesivrce.
$. 4. wrfivi operatori. wrfivi operatoris matrica, birTvi da anasaxi.
Tu ei , i = 1, n (1), da f j , j = 1, n (2 ) warmoadgenen, K − velis mimarT, V n wrfivi

sivrcis raime or baziss, maSin cxadia, rom adgili aqvs tolobebs:
n n
f i = ∑ α ki ek , i = 1, n da ek = ∑ β ik f i , i = 1, n ,sadac α ij , β ij ∈ K .
k =1 i =1
matricas A = (α ij ) ewodeba (1) − bazisidan (2) − bazisze gadasvlis matricas,

xolo B = (β ij ) − piriqiT (2) − dan (1) − ze gadasvlis matricas.
K velis mimarT mocemuli V da W wrfivi sivrceebisaTvis, A : V → W
ewodeba wrfivi operatori V − dan W − Si, Tu Sesrulebulia Semdegi
pirobebi:
1. A(a + b ) = A(a ) + A(b ) ; 2. A(λa ) = λA(a ) , ∀a, b ∈ V , ∀λ ∈ K .
im SemTxvevaSi, roca V = W wrfiv operators sivrcis gardaqmnas uwodeben.
n
mocemuli A : V → W wrfivi operatorisaTvis cxadia, rom A(ei ) = ∑ λki ek , i = 1, n.
k =1
matricas Λ = (λij ) ewodeba A wrfivi operatoris matricas, ei , i = 1, n bazisSi. Tu

Λ′ = (λij′ ) aris imave A operatoris matrica (2) bazisSi, maSin adgili aqvs
8
tolobas Λ′ = C ΛC , sadac C
−1
warmoadgens (1) -dan (2) -e bazisze
gadasvlis matricas.
A : V → W operatori gansazRvravs qvesivrceebs:
KerA = {a ∈ V : A(a ) = 0} da JmA = {A(a ) ∈ V : a ∈ V }. pirvel maTgans ewodeba A
operatoris birTvi, xolo meores_ A operatoris anasaxi. maT ganzomilebebs,
Sesabamisad, rangi da defeqti ewodebaT. sasrulganzomilebiani wrfivi
sivrcis rangisa da defeqtis jami am sivrcis ganzomilebis tolia.
9.4.1. gamoarkvieT, qvemoT moyvanili asaxvebidan romeli warmoadgens

Tavisufal veqtorTa sivrceze wrfiv operators, ipoveT maTi matricebi
standartul i, j , k bazisSi:
1. A( x ) = 0; 2. A( x ) = 2 x; 3. A( x ) = x + i; 4. A( x ) = ( x, a )x, sadac a mocemuli veqtoria;
5. A( x ) = (a, b )x, sadac a da b mocemuli veqtorebia; 6. A( x ) = [x, a ], sadac
a = 2i + j + 3k ; 7. A( x ) = 2 x1i − ( x1 + x 2 ) j − k ; 8. A(x ) = x 21i + x 2 j + x3 k ; 9. A( x ) = x1i;
10. A( x ) = x1i + x 2 j; 11. A(x ) = a, sadac a mocemuli veqtoria; 12. A( x ) = a + x, sadac a
mocemuli veqtoria.
9.4.2. SeamowmeT, qvemoT moyvanili asaxvebidan romeli warmoadgens wrfiv
operators, SeadgineT misi matrica raime bazisSi:
1. A( x ) = (x2 + x3 ,2 x1 + x3 ,3 x1 − x2 + x3 ); 2. A(x ) = (x1 , x2 + 1, x3 + 2);
( )
3. A( x ) = 2 x1 + x2 , x1 + x3 , x32 ; 4. A( x ) = (x1 − x2 + x3 , x3 , x2 ), sadac x1 , x2 , x3 − warmoadgenen x
veqtoris koordinatebs raime bazisSi.
9.4.3. SeadgineT A wrfivi operatoris matrica:
1. A( x ) = ( x1 , x1 + 2 x 2 , x1 + 3 x3 ), sadac i, j , k bazisSi x ∈ R 3 veqtoris koordinatebia
x1 , x2 , x3 ;
2. A aris α kuTxeze mobruneba, nebismierad aRebul orTonormirebul bazisSi;
2π
3. A aris R 3 sivrcis kuTxeze mobruneba im wrfis garSemo, romlis
3
gantolebasac i, j , k bazisSi aqvs saxe x1 = x2 = x3 ;
4. A warmoadgens R 3 sivrcis proeqcias e2 veqtoris Sesabamis sakoordinato
RerZze, e1 , e3 veqtorebiT gansazRvruli sibrtyis paralelurad, sivrcis e1 , e1 , e3
bazisSi;
5. A( x ) = X t - sadac X icvleba, namdvil ricxvTa velis mimarT,
organzomilebian matricTa simravleze;
6. A( x ) = AXB - sadac X icvleba, namdvil ricxvTa velis mimarT,
organzomilebian matricTa simravleze, xolo A da B mocemuli matricebia;
7. A(x ) = AX + XB - sadac X icvleba, namdvil ricxvTa velis mimarT,
organzomilebian matricTa simravleze, xolo A da B mocemuli matricebia;
9.4.4. gamoarkvieT, arsebobs Tu ara wrfivi operatori, romelsac, Sesabamisad,
erTmaneTSi gadahyavs erTi da imave e1 ,e2 bazisSi mocemuli a1 , a2 da b1 ,b2
veqtorebi:
1. a1 = e1 + 2e2 , a 2 = 3e1 − e2 , b1 = 6e1 + 9e2 , b2 = 11e1 − 8e2 ;
2. a1 = e1 + 2e2 , a 2 = 2e1 + 4e2 , b1 = 2e1 − e2 , b2 = e1 + e2 ;
3. a1 = e1 + 2e2 , a 2 = 2e1 + 4e2 , b1 = 2e1 − e2 , b2 = 4e1 − 2e2 .
9.4.5. aCveneT, rom arsebobs R 3 sivrcis erTaderTi wrfivi gardaqmna, romelsac,
Sesabamisad, erTmaneTSi gadahyavs erTi da imave bazisSi mocemuli a1 , a2 , a3 da
b1 , b2 , b3 veqtorebi:
9
1. a1 = (2,3,5), a2 = (0,1,2 ), a3 = (1,0,0 ), b1 = (1,1,1), b2 = (1,1,−1), b3 = (2,1,2 );

2. a1 = (2,0,3), a2 = (4,1,5), a3 = (3,1,2),
b1 = (1,2,−1), b2 = (4,5,−2 ), b3 = (1,−1,1).
9.4.6. arsebobs Tu ara R 3 sivrcis wrfivi gardaqmna, romelsac, Sesabamisad,
erTmaneTSi gadahyavs erTi da imave bazisSi mocemuli a1 , a2 , a3 da b1 , b2 , b3
veqtorebi, SeadgineT am garadaqmnis matrica imave bazisSi:
a1 = (1,2,0 ), a2 = (1,1,1), a3 = (2,3,1),
b1 = (1,1,1), b2 = (1,1,0), b3 = (1,0,0 ).
9.4.7. SeadgineT A − wrfivi operatoris matrica bazisSi
a1 = 2e1 − e2 , a2 = e1 + 2e2 ,
⎛ 2 − 1⎞
Tu e1 ,e2 bazisSi mis matricas aqvs saxe: ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝3 4⎠
a1 = 2e1 + 3e2 + e3 , a2 = 3e1 + 4e2 + e3 , a3 = e1 + 2e2 + 2e3 ,
⎛15 − 11 5 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
Tu e1 , e2 , e3 bazisSi mis matricas aqvs saxe: ⎜ 20 − 15 8 ⎟ .
⎜8 − 7 6 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
9.4.9. SeadgineT A − wrfivi operatoris matrica b1 = (2,3), b2 = (0,1) bazisSi, Tu
⎛0 1 ⎞
a1 = (1,2), a2 = (1,1) bazisSi mis matricas aqvs saxe: ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝1 2 ⎠
b1 = (1,−2,1), b2 = (3,−1,2) , b3 = (2,1,2),
Tu a1 = (8,−6,7 ), a2 = (− 16,7,−13), a3 = (9,−3,7 ) bazisSi mis matricas aqvs saxe:
⎛ 1 − 18 15 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ − 1 − 22 15 ⎟ .
⎜ 1 − 25 22 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
9.4.11. A − wrfivi operatoris matricas e1 , e2 , e3 bazisSi aqvs saxe:
⎛ 0 1 2 3⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 5 4 0 − 1⎟
⎜3 2 0 3⎟ ,
⎜ ⎟
⎜6 1−1 7 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
ra saxe eqneba imave operatoris matricas bazisSi:
1. e2 , e1 , e3 , e4 ; 2. e1 , e1 + e2 , e1 + e2 + e3 , e1 + e2 + e3 + e4 .
9.4.12. n ≤ 2 − xarisxis, namdvilkoeficientebian polinomTa sivrceze
⎛ 0 0 1⎞
⎜ ⎟
gansazRvruli wrfivi operatoris matricas aqvs saxe: ⎜ 0 1 0 ⎟ , SeadgineT am
⎜ 1 0 0⎟
⎝ ⎠
operatoris matrica bazisSi:
1. ϕ1 = t − t 2 ,ϕ 2 = 1 + 2t + t 2 ,ϕ3 = 1 + 3t + t 2 ; 2. ϕ1 = 3t 2 + 2t ,ϕ 2 = 5t 2 + 3t + 1,ϕ3 = 7t 2 + 5t + 3;
3. ϕ1 = 3t 2 + 2t + 1, ϕ 2 = t 2 + 3t + 2, ϕ3 = 2t 2 + t + 3.
10
9.4.13. SeadgineT A + B wrfivi operatoris matrica bazisSi b1 , b2 , Tu
⎛3 5 ⎞
a1 = (1,2), a2 = (2,3) bazisSi A − operatoris matricaa: ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , xolo
⎝ 4 3⎠
⎛4 6 ⎞
b1 = (3,1), b2 = (4,2) bazisSi B − operatoris matricaa: ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝6 9⎠
9.4.14. SeadgineT ( AB )(a ) = A(B(a )) wrfivi operatoris matrica
e1 = (1,0), e2 = (0,1) bazisSi, Tu a1 = (− 3,7 ), a2 = (1,−2) bazisSi A − operatoris
⎛ 2 − 1⎞ ⎛1 3 ⎞
matricaa: ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , xolo b1 = (6,−7 ), b2 = (− 5,6) bazisSi B − operatorisa: ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝5 3⎠ ⎝2 7⎠
9.4.15. aCveneT, rom nebismier wrfiv operators veqtorTa yoveli wrfivad
damoukidebeli sistema wrfivad damoukidebel sistemaSi gadahyavs.
9.4.16. aCveneT, rom V n sivrcis yovel a1 , a2 ,Κ , an − wrfivad damoukidebel da
b1 , b2 ,Κ , bn − nebismierad aRebul veqtorTa sistemebisaTvis, arsebobs erTaderTi
wrfivi operatori A , rom A(ai ) = bi , i = 1, n.
9.4.17. SeamowmeT, rom V wrfivi sivrcis L1 daDA L2 qvesivrceebisaTvis adgili
aqvs tolobebs:
1. A(L1 + L2 ) = A(L1 ) + A(L2 );
2. A(L1 ∩ L2 ) = A(L1 ) ∩ A(L2 ).
9.4.18. ipoveT Semdegi wrfivi operatorebisaTvis birTvi da anasaxi:
1. A( x ) = a, sadac a mocemuli veqtoria;
2. A( x ) = x + a, sadac a mocemuli veqtoria;
3. A(x ) = αx, sadac α mocemuli skalaria;
4. A( x ) = ( x, a )b, sadac a da b mocemuli veqtorebia;
5. A( x ) = (a, x )x, sadac a mocemuli veqtoria;
6. A( x ) = ( x1 + 2, x 2 + 5, x3 ), sadac x = (x1 , x2 , x3 );
( )
7. A(x ) = x1 + 3 x3 , x 23 , x1 + x 3 , sadac x = (x1 , x2 , x3 );
8. A(x ) = ( x1 , x 2 , x1 + x 2 + x3 ).
9.4.19. ipoveT rangi da defeqti, aageT birTvisa da anasaxis bazisebi R 3
sivrcis Semdegi wrfivi operatorebisaTvis:
1. A( x ) = ( x1 + x 2 + x3 , x1 + x 2 + x3 , x1 + x 2 + x3 ), sadac x = (x1 , x2 , x3 );
2. A(x ) = (2 x1 − x 2 − x3 , x1 − 2 x 2 + x3 , x1 + x 2 − 2 x3 ), sadac x = (x1 , x2 , x3 );
3. A(x ) = (− x1 + x 2 + x3 , x1 − x 2 + x3 , x1 + x 2 − x3 ), sadac x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ).
9.4.20. aageT, V sivrceze gansazRvruli wrfivi operatorisaTvis, birTvisa da
anasaxis bazisebi, Tu cnobilia, rom garkveul bazisSi mis matrics aqvs saxe:
⎛1 0 0 0 ⎞ ⎛1 0 0 1⎞
⎛011⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛1 2 ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 0 0 0 0⎟ ⎜ 0 1 1 0⎟
1.⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; 2.⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; 3.⎜ 1 1 1 ⎟; 4.⎜ ; 5.⎜ .
⎝1 2 ⎠ ⎝3 6⎠ ⎜ 1 4 5⎟ 2 0 0 1⎟ 1 1 1 1⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜1 0 0 1 ⎟ ⎜1 2 2 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
9.4.21. aCveneT, rom wrfivi sivrcis yoveli qvesivrce warmoadgens:
1. garkveuli wrfivi operatoris birTvs;
2. garkveuli wrfivi operatoris anasaxs.
9.4.22. aCveneT, rom Tu A wrfivi operatoria V sivrcis raime L, (L ≠ V ),
qvesivrceze, maSin arsebobs V -ze gansazRvruli usasrulod bevri wrfivi
operatori, romlis SezRudvac L − ze daemTxveva A operators.
11
$. 5. sakuTrivi veqtorebi da sakuTrivi mniSvnelobebi.
vTqvaT, A aris, K velis mimarT, V wrfivi sivrcis gardaqmna. λ ∈ K

skalars ewodeba A operatoris sakuTrivi mniSvneloba, Tu arsebobs iseTi
aranulovani x veqtori, romlisTvisac A(x ) = λx , aseT SemTxvevaSi x veqtors
A operatoris sakuTrivi veqtori ewodeba.
vTqvaT V sivrcis raime e1 , e2 ,Κ , en bazisSi A operatoris matricaa A = (aij ) .
det ( A − λE )
mravalwevrs A operatoris maxasiaTebeli polinomi ewodeba.
A operatoris maxasiaTebeli polinomis fesvebi, da mxolod isini,
warmoadgenen am operatoris sakuTrivi mniSvnelobebs. Tu λ = λ0 aris A
operatoris raime sakuTrivi mniSvneloba, maSin am mniSvnelobis Sesabamisi
sakuTrivi x veqtoris koordinatebi warmoadgens (λ0 E − A)X = 0 wrfiv
gantolebaTa sistemis amonaxsns.
9.5.1. ipoveT im wrfivi operatoris sakuTrivi mniSvnelobebi da sakuTrivi

veqtorebi, romelsac: 1.Q ; 2. R ; 3. C velis mimarT wrfivi sivrcis garkveul
bazisSi aqvs Semdegi matrica:
⎛ 1 − 1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 − 2 − 1⎞
⎛1 − 2 ⎞ ⎛3 − 2⎞ ⎛0 1⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
1. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; 2. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; 3. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; 4. ⎜ 1 1 − 1 ⎟ ; 5. ⎜ − 1 1 1⎟;
⎝ 2 − 3⎠ ⎝4 −1 ⎠ ⎝1 0 ⎠ ⎜ 2 −1 0⎟ ⎜ 1 0 − 1 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝
⎛ 2 −1 2⎞ ⎛ 2 1 0⎞ ⎛ 3 − 2 −1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
6. ⎜ 1 0 2 ⎟ ; 7. ⎜ 1 3 − 1 ⎟ ; 8. ⎜ 3 − 4 − 3 ⎟ .
⎜− 2 1 −1 ⎟ ⎜−1 2 3 ⎟ ⎜ 2 − 4 0⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
9.5.2. ipoveT im wrfivi operatoris sakuTrivi mniSvnelobebi da sakuTrivi
veqtorebi, romelsac Z p , ( p martivi ricxvia) velis mimarT mocemuli wrfivi
sivrcis garkveul bazisSi aqvs Semdegi matrica:
⎛ 1 0 1 0⎞
⎛ 1 1 1⎞ ⎜ ⎟
⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 2⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 1 1 0 1⎟
1. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , p = 2,3 ; 2. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , p = 3,5 ; 3. ⎜ 1 1 1 ⎟ , p = 2,3 ; 4. ⎜ ⎟ , p = 2,3.
⎝1 1⎠ ⎝ − 2 1⎠ ⎜ 1 1 1⎟ ⎜
1 0 1 0
⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎜ 0 1 1 1⎟
⎝ ⎠
9.5.3. aCveneT,rom wrfivi gardaqmnis sakuTriv veqtorTa sistema, romelic
gansxvavebul sakuTriv mniSvnelobebs Seesabameba, wrfivad damoukidebelia.
1. daamtkiceT, rom wrfivi operatoris birTvs miekuTvnebian am operatoris
nulovani sakuTrivi mniSvnelobis Sesabamisi sakuTrivi veqtorebi, da mxolod
isini;
2. daamtkiceT, rom wrfivi operatoris aranulovani sakuTrivi mniSvnelobis
Sesabamisi sakuTrivi veqtorebi am operatoris anasaxs miekuTvnebian.
9.5.5. daamtkiceT, rom wrfivi operatoris raime aranulovan skalarze
gamravlebis Sedegad am operatoris sakuTrivi veqtorTa simravle ar icvleba
da TiToeuli sakuTrivi mniSvneloba gamravldeba am skalarze.
9.5.6. daamtkiceT, rom gadaugvarebel A wrfiv operatorsa da A−1 operators
erTi da igive sakuTriv veqtorTa simravle aqvT. moZebneT kavSiri maT
sakuTrivi mniSvnelobebs Soris.
12
9.5.7. daamtkiceT, rom Tu A , A = AA , 2
( 2
)
operatoris sakuTrivi mniSvnelobaa
λ , maSin A wrfivi operatoris sakuTrivi mniSvneloba iqneba λ -sa da (− λ ) -s
2
Soris erT-erTi.
9.5.8. vTqvaT aranulovani λ da μ skalarebi A wrfivi operatoris a da b
sakuTrivi veqtorebis Sesabamisi sakuTrivi mniSvnelobebia. daadgineT, iqneba
Tu ara λa + μb veqtori sakuTrivi A -sTvis.
9.5.9. daamtkiceT, rom nebismieri n − uri rigis mravalwevri, romlis ufrosi
wevris koeficientia (− 1) , warmoadgens garkveuli matricis maxasiaTebel
n
polinoms.
9.5.10. daamtkiceT, rom erTinairi rigis A da B kvadratuli matricebisaTvis,
AB da BA matricebs erTi da igive maxasiaTebeli polinomi aqvT.
9.5.11. vTqvaT, λ1 , λ2 ,Κ , λn aris R − velis mimarT gansazRvruli V n wrfivi
sivrcis A wrfivi operatoris sakuTrivi mniSvnelobebi. ipoveT A -s
sakuTrivi mniSvnelobebi, Tu mas ganvixilavT rogorc R − velis mimarT
Sesabamisi V 2 n sivrcis wrfiv operators.
9.5.12. daamtkiceT, rom A wrfivi operatoris λ sakuTrivi mniSvnelobis
Sesabamis wrfivad damoukidebel sakuTriv veqtorTa raodenoba ar aRemateba
λ − s, rogorc maxasiaTebeli polinomis fesvis, jeradobas.
9.5.13. ipoveT AT A matricis sakuTrivi fesvebi, Tu A = (a11 , a12 ,Κ , a1n ).
$. 6. damatebiTi amocanebi.
9.6.1. ra raodenobis elementisagan Sedgeba q elementiani sasruli velis

mimarT agebuli n sigrZis mqone striqonebis mier Sedgenili wrfivi sivrce.
9.6.2. daamtkiceT, rom wertilovani Sekrebisa da skalarze gamravlebis
operaciebis mimarT, X = {1,2,3,Κ , n} simravlidan K − velSi yvela asaxvaTa
simravle aris n − ganzomilebiani wrfivi sivrce K − velis mimarT.
9.6.3. daamtkiceT, rom {F ( x1 , x2 ,Κ , xn ) : 0 ≤ deg F = k } - polinomTa simravle, Sekrebisa
da K − velidan skalarze gamravlebis operaciebis mimarT, aris wrfivi sivrce
K − velis mimarT. ipoveT misi ganzomileba.
9.6.4. daamtkiceT, rom {F ( x1 , x2 ,Κ , xn ) : 0 ≤ deg F ≤ k } - polinomTa simravle, Sekrebisa
da K − velidan skalarze gamravlebis operaciebis mimarT, aris wrfivi sivrce
K − velis mimarT. ipoveT misi ganzomileba.
9.6.5. aCveneT, rom C -kompleqsur ricxvTa velis mimarT yoveli VC wrfivi
sivrce warmoadgens VR wrfiv sivrces R -velis mimarT, imave operaciebiT.
daadgineT kavSiri maT ganzomilebebs Soris.
9.6.6. daadgineT, q elementiani sasruli velis mimarT agebuli n
ganzomilebian wrfivi sivrceSi, gansxvavebuli bazisebis raodenoba.
9.6.7. SeamowmeT, aris Tu ara wrfivi sivrce Semdegi simravle:
{ }
W = (v1 , v2 ,Κ , vk ) : vi ∈ V n , i = 1, k
operaciebiT:
(v1 , v 2 , Κ , vk ) + (u1 , u 2 , Κ , u k ) = (v1 + u1 , v 2 + u 2 ,Κ , v k + u k ) da α (v1 , v2 ,Κ , vk ) = (αv1 ,αv2 2 ,Κ ,αvk ),
sadac V n aris K velis mimarT wrfivi sivrce. ipoveT W − s ganzomileba.
9.6.8. aCveneT, rom λi ∈ R ; λi ≠ λ j , i ≠ j ricxvebisaTvis funqciaTa Semdegi
sistemebi wrfivad damoukidebelia:
1. e λ1t , e λ2t , Κ , e λnt ; 2. t λ1 , t λ2 , Κ , t λn .
13
9.6.9. aCveneT, rom Tu veqtorTa a1 , a2 ,Κ , an sistema wrfivad
damoukidebelia, xolo a1 , a2 ,Κ , an , a sistema_wrfivad damokidebuli, maSin a
veqtori wrfivad gamoisaxeba a1 , a2 ,Κ , an sistemis veqtorebiT.
9.6.10. vTqvaT, M n − wrfivi sivrcea erTi cvladis yvela im polinomisa,
koeficientebiT R velidan, romelTa xarisxi ar aRemateba n > 1 − s. aCveneT,
rom Tu L ⊂ M n im polinomTa simravlea, romelTa fesvicaa α ∈ R ricxvi, maSin
L aris M n − is qvesivrce, ipoveT dim L.
9.6.11. romeli Tavisi qvesivrceebis pirdapir jams warmoadgens Tavisufal
veqtorTa wrfivi sivrce.
9.6.12. aCveneT, rom M n − sivrceSi (ix. 9.6.10.):
1. luwi xarisxis mravalwevrebis L1 da kenti xarisxis mravalwevrebis L2
qvesimravleebi misi qvesivrceebia;
2. adgili aqvs tolobas: L1 ⊕ L2 = M n .
9.6.13. daamtkiceT, rom yoveli L1 ⊂ R n qvesivrcisaTvis arsebobs iseTi L2 ⊂ R n ,
rom L1 ⊕ L2 = R n .
9.6.14. vTqvaT, L, L1 da L2 warmoadgenen R n − is qvesivrceebs. daamtkiceT, rom L
maSin, da mxolod maSin, warmoidgineba L1 -sa da L2 -is pirdapiri jamis saxiT,
roca sruldeba Semdegi pirobebi:
1. L1 ⊆ L2 ;
2. nebismieri x ∈ L veqtorisaTvis x = x1 + x2 , x1 ∈ L1 , x2 ∈ L2 , amasTan es gamosaxva
erTaderTia.
⎧ n
⎫
L1 = ⎨(λ1 , λ2 ,Κ , λn ) : ∑ λi = 0⎬ da L2 = {(λ1 , λ2 ,Κ , λn ) : λ1 = λ2 = Λ = λn },
⎩ i =1 ⎭
(i )
⎛ ⎞
qvesivrceebisaTvis L1 ⊕ L2 = R n , ipoveT ei = ⎜ 0,0,Κ 0, 1 ,0,Κ ,0 ⎟ ∈ R n veqtoris
⎝ ⎠
proeqcia:
1. L1 − ze L2 − is paralelurad;
2. L2 − ze L1 − is paralelurad.
9.6.16. rogor Seicvleba erTi bazisidan meore bazisze gadasvlis martica, Tu:
1. pirveli bazisis nebismier or veqtors adgilebs SevucvliT;
2. meore bazisis nebismier or veqtors adgilebs SevucvliT;
3. orive bazisSi veqtorebs Sebrunebuli TanmimdevrobiT CavwerT.
9.6.17. daamtkiceT, rom R n sivrcis nebismieri ori A da B wrfivi
gardaqmnisaTvis:
1. rang ( A + B ) ≤ rangA + rangB;
2. def ( A ⋅ B ) ≤ defA + defB.
9.6.18. vTqvaT, V = L1 ⊕ L2 , sadac V − wrfivi sivrcea. daamtkiceT, rom
A( x ) = a1 , sadac x = a1 + a2 ; a1 ∈ L1 , a2 ∈ L2 − wrfivi operatoria ( A operators
uwodeben V sivrcis proeqtirebas L1 qvesivrceze, L2 qvesivrcis
paralelurad). ipoveT A operatoris matrica bazisSi, romelic L1 da L2
qvesivrceebis bazisebis gaerTianebiT miiReba. daamtkiceT, rom A2 = A.
9.6.19. daamtkiceT, rom erTganzomilebiani wrfivi sivrcis nebismier wrfiv
operators aqvs saxe: A( x ) = αx, sadac α ∈ K − raime skalaria.
9.6.20. aageT A wrfivi operatoris matricis zogadi saxe bazisSi, romlis
pirveli k − cali veqtori qmnis:
14
1. ker A − qvesivrcis baziss;
2. Im A − qvesivrcis baziss.
9.6.21. ipoveT n ganzomilebiani V wrfivi sivrcis yvela wrfivi operatorebis
L( A) wrfivi sivrcis ganzomileba, aageT misi raime bazisi.
9.6.22. gamoarkvieT, arsebobs Tu ara R − velis mimarT kentganzomilebiani
wrfivi sivrcis wrfivi operatori, romelsa sakuTrivi veqtorebi ar gaaCnia.
9.6.23. vTqvaT λ1 , λ2 ,Κ , λn aris A matricis maxasiaTebeli polinomis fesvebi.
ipoveT matricTa M n (R ) - sivrcis Semdegi wrfivi operatorebis sakuTrivi
mniSvnelobebi:
1. A( x ) = AX t A;
2. A(x ) = AXA−1.
9.6.24. daamtkiceT, rom raime bazisSi wrfivi operatoris matricas
diagonaluri saxe rom hqondes aucilebeli, da sakmarisia, rom es bazisi am
operatoris sakuTrivi veqtorebisagan Sedgebodes.
pasuxebi:
9.1.1. 1.,2.,3.,6. − ar aris; 4.,5. − aris; 9.1.2. 1.,2.,3. − aris; 4. − ar aris; 9.1.3. ar aris;
9.1.4. 1.,7. − ar aris; 2.,3.,4.,5.,6.,8. − aris; 9.1.5. 3. (b., c., d .), 4.,6.,7.,8. _aris; 2.,3.(a.) − ar
aris; 9.2.1. 1. 5a1 − 4a2 − a3 = θ ; 2. 3a1 − 4a2 − a3 = θ ; 3. 5 A1 − 4 A2 − A3 = 0; 4. 5ϕ1 − 4ϕ 2 − ϕ3 = 0;
5. ϕ1 + ϕ 2 − ϕ3 = 0; 6. 3ϕ1 + 3ϕ 2 + 0ϕ3 − ϕ 4 + 0ϕ5 = 0. 9.2.4. 1. λ = ±1; 2. λ nebismieri kenti
ricxvia; 9.2.5. 2. 4ϕ1 − 3ϕ 2 = 0; 7. cos 7 sin t − cos 5 sin (t + 2) + sin 2 cos(t − 5) = 0; 9.2.6. (1,−2);
9.2.7. 1. a = (3,4,−2), 2. b ∉ V ; 9.2.8. ϕ1 = (4,0), ϕ2 ∉ V ; 9.2.9. 1. (1,2,3), 2. (1,1,1), 3. (0,2,1,2);
⎛ ⎞
9.2.10. 1. (a1 , a2 ,Κ , an ), 2. ⎜ ϕ (α ),ϕ ′(α ), ϕ ′′(α ),Κ , ϕ (n ) (α )⎟;
1 1
⎝ 2! n! ⎠
9.2.11. 1. x1 = −27 x1 − 72 x2 − 43 x3 , x2 = 9 x1 + 20 x2 + 9 x3 , x3 = 4 x1′ + 12 x′2 + 8 x3′ ;
′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′
2. x1 = −27 x1′ − 71x2′ − 41x3′ , x2 = 9 x1′ + 20 x2′ + 9 x3′ , x3 = 4 x1′ + 12 x′2 + 8 x3′ ;
3. x1 = 2 x1′ + x3′ − x′4 , x2 = −3 x1′ + x2′ − 2 x3′ + x4′ , x3 = x1′ − 2 x2′ + 2 x3′ − x′4 ; x4 = x1′ − x2′ + x3′ − x4′ ;
9.2.12. 1. (3,7,13), 2. (− 4,−6,13), 3. (1,1,1); 9.2.13. 1. (1,−2,3,−4,5); 2. (1,7,3,−4,5); 3. (1,−2,3,−4,3);
4. (3,12,21,16,5); 9.2.14. 1. λ = 15; 2.λ − nebismieria; 3. λ ≠ 12; 4. ar arsebobs;
9.2.15. dimV = 3; a1 , a2 , a4 ; 9.2.16. 1. a1 , a2 , a3 = (1,0,0 ); 2. a1 , a2 , a3 = (1,0,0,0 ), a4 = (0,1,0,0 );
3. a1 , a2 , a3 = (1,0,0,0 ), a4 = (0,0,0,1); 4. SeuZlebelia; 5. ϕ1 , ϕ 2 , ϕ3 = 1, ϕ 4 = t , ϕ5 = t 3 ;
⎛1 0 ⎞ ⎛ 0 1⎞
6. ϕ1 ,ϕ 2 ,ϕ3 = 1,ϕ 4 = t; 7. SeuZlebelia; 8. a1 , a2 , a3 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, a4 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟;
⎝0 0 ⎠ ⎝ 0 0⎠
9.2.17. a1 , a2 , a3 = (1,0,0,0 ), a4 = (0,0,1,0 ) da a1 , a2 , a3 = (0,1,0,0 ), a4 = (0,0,0,1); 9.3.1. 1. Tu wrfe
gadis koordinatTa sistemis saTaveze; 4.,5.,6. − Tu Sesabamisi gantolebaTa
sistema erTgvarovania; 9.3.2. 1. dim V = 1, e ≠ θ − am sibrtyis orTogonaluri
veqtoria; 2. dimV = 2, e1 , e2 − mocemuli sibrtyis paraleluri da
arakolinearuli veqtorebia; 3. dimV = 2, e1 , e2 − mocemuli wrfis marTobuli
da arakolinearuli veqtorebia; 4. dim V = 1, e ≠ θ -mocemuli wrfis
⎛1 0 ⎞ ⎛ 0 1⎞
paraleluri veqtoria; 5. dimV = 2, e1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, e2 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟;
⎝ 0 1⎠ ⎝ −1 0⎠
⎛0 0⎞ ⎛ 0 1⎞ ⎛0 0⎞ ⎛0 i ⎞ ⎛ 0 0⎞ ⎛0 0⎞
7. dim V = 6, e1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, e2 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, e3 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, e4 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, e5 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, e6 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟;
⎝1 0 ⎠ ⎝0 0⎠ ⎝ 0 1⎠ ⎝ 0 0⎠ ⎝i 0 ⎠ ⎝0 i ⎠
15
⎛1 0 ⎞ ⎛i 0⎞ ⎛ 0 1⎞
8. dimV = 3, e1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, e2 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, e3 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟; 9. dimV = 2, e1 = 1, e2 = sin 2 t;
⎝ 0 0⎠ ⎝0 0⎠ ⎝1 0 ⎠
10. dim V = 3, e1 = 1, e2 = sin t , e3 = sin 2 t ;
(i )
⎛ ⎞
9.3.3. 1. dim V = n − 1, ei = ⎜ 0,0,Κ 0,1, 0,Κ ,0 ⎟, i = 1, n − 1;
⎝ ⎠
⎡ n + 1⎤
2. dim V = ⎢ , e1 = (0,0,Κ ,0 ), e2 = (0,0,1,Κ ,0 ), e3 = (0,0,0,0,1,Κ ,0 ) Λ ;
⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
⎡ n + 1⎤
3. dim V = 1 + ⎢ , n > 1, e = (1,1,Κ ,1), e1 = (0,0,Κ ,0 ), e2 = (0,0,1,Κ ,0 ), e3 = (0,0,0,0,1,Κ ,0 ) Λ ;
⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
4. dimV = 2, n > 1, e1 = (1,0,1,Κ ,0), e2 = (0,10,1, ,Κ ,0); 5. baziss warmoadgens amonaxsnTa
n(n + 1)
fundamenturi sistema. 9.3.4. 1. dim V = , eij + e ji , 1 ≤ i ≤ j ≤ n;
2
n(n − 1)
2. dim V = , a ). eij − e ji , 1 ≤ i < j ≤ n, charK ≠ 2; b). eij + e ji , 1 ≤ i ≤ j ≤ n, charK = 2;
2
9.3.5. 1. dimV = 2, e1 = (1,0,−1,−1), e2 = (0,1,1,−1);
2. dimV = 3, e1 = (1,−1,−2,0,0 ), e2 = (1,−1,0,2,0 ), e3 = (2,1,0,0,−1). ;
⎛0 1 ⎞ ⎛ 0 0⎞ ⎛0 0⎞
9.3.6. 3. dim V = 3, e1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, e2 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, e3 = ⎜⎜ ⎟; 6. dimV = 2, e1 = (1,0,0), e2 = (0,0,1).
⎝0 0⎠ ⎝1 0 ⎠ ⎝0 1⎟⎠
9.3.7. 1.,2.,3. − aris, 4. − ar aris. 9.3.8. 1. dimV = 3, a1 , a2 , a4 ; 2. dim V = 3, a1 , a2 , a5 ;
3. dimV = 3, ϕ1 ,ϕ 2 ,ϕ3 ; 4. dimV = 2, a1 , a2 ; 5. dim V = 2, a3 , a4 . 9.3.9. 1. dim(L1 + L2 ) = 3,
a1 , a2 , b1 ; dim(L1 ∩ L2 ) = 1, a1; 2. dim(L1 + L2 ) = 3, a1 , a2 , b1; dim(L1 ∩ L2 ) = 2, a1 , a2 ;
3. dim(L1 + L2 ) = 4, a1 , a2 , a3 , b1; dim(L1 ∩ L2 ) = 2, a1 , a2 ; 4. dim(L1 + L2 ) = 4, a1 , a2 , a3 , b1;
dim(L1 ∩ L2 ) = 2, a1 , a2 ; 5. dim(L1 + L2 ) = 4, a1 , a2 , a3 , b1; dim(L1 ∩ L2 ) = 2, a1 , a2 ;
9.3.10. 1. a1 , a2 , b1 jamis bazisia, xolo a1 TanakveTis; 2. a1 , a2 , a3 , b1 jamis bazisia,
xolo b1 , b3 TanakveTis; 9.3.11. 2.,3. − isargebleT formuliT dim L1 + dim L2 =
dim(L1 + L2 ) + dim(L1 ∩ L2 ). 9.3.12. ara, Tu is aranulovania.
9.3.14. 1. L1 + L2 = M n×n , L1 ∩ L2 diagonalur matricTa qvesivrcea;
2. L1 + L2 = M n× n , L1 ∩ L2 = {0}. 9.3.15. dim L = 2, damatebiT qvesivrceebad SeiZleba
ganvixiloT L1 = {α1 (1,0,0,0) + α 2 (0,1,0,0) : α1 ,α 2 ∈ R} da
⎛ 0 0 0⎞ ⎛ 2 0 0⎞ ⎛ (a, b ) 0 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
L2 = {β1 (6,0,1,0) + β 2 (0,0,0,1) : β1 , β 2 ∈ R}. 9.4.1. 1. ⎜ 0 0 0 ⎟; 2. ⎜ 0 2 0 ⎟; 5. ⎜ 0 (a, b ) 0 ⎟;
⎜0 0 0 ⎟ ⎜0 0 2⎟ ⎜ 0 (a, b )⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 0
⎛ 0 3 1⎞ ⎛1 0 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
6. ⎜ − 3 0 2 ⎟; 9. ⎜ 0 1 0 ⎟ − proeqcia OX RerZze, YOZ sibrtyis paralelurad;
⎜ 1 2 0⎟ ⎜ 0 0 0⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛1 0 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
10. ⎜ 0 1 0 ⎟ − proeqcia OZ RerZze, XOY sibrtyis paralelurad; 11. a = 0, ix. 1.;
⎜ 0 0 0⎟
⎝ ⎠
16
⎛ 0 1 1⎞
⎜ ⎟
12. a = 0, ix. 1.; 3.,4.,7.,8. − SemTxvevebSi _pasuxi uaryofiTia; 9.4.2. 1. ⎜ 2 0 1 ⎟;
⎜3 −1 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛1 − 1 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
4. ⎜ 0 0 1⎟; 2. , 3. − SemTxvevebSi pasuxi uaryofiTia;
⎜0 1 0⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛1 0 0 0⎞
⎛1 0 0 ⎞ ⎛0 0 1 ⎞ ⎛0 0 0⎞ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎛ cos α − sin α ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜0 0 1 0⎟
.9.4.3. 1. ⎜1 2 0 ⎟; 2. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟; 3. ⎜1 0 0 ⎟; 4. ⎜ 0 1 0 ⎟; 5. ⎜ ;
⎜ 0 1 3 ⎟ ⎝ sin α cos α ⎠ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 0 1 0 0⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 0 1 0 ⎠ ⎝ 0 0 0 ⎠ ⎜⎜ 0 ⎟
0 0 1⎟⎠
⎝
⎛ a1b1 a1b3 a 2 b1 a 2 b3 ⎞ ⎛ a1 + b1
b3 a2 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ a1b2 a1b4 a 2 b2 a 2 b4 ⎟ ⎜ b2 a1 + b4 0 a2 ⎟
6. ⎜ ; A = (aij ), B = (bij ); 7. ⎜ ;
ab a3 b3 a 4 b1 a 4 b3 ⎟ a3 0 a 4 + b1 b3 ⎟
⎜ 3 1 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜a b a3 b4 a 4 b2 a 4 b4 ⎟⎠ ⎜ 0 b2 a 4 + b4 ⎟⎠
⎝ 3 2 ⎝ a3
⎛ 2 −α ⎞
⎜α ⎟ ⎛ 2 − 11 6 ⎞
⎛ 4 1 ⎞ ⎜ ⎟
⎟⎟; 2. − ar arsebobs; 3. ⎜ ⎟, ∀α , β ∈ R; 9.4.5. 1. ⎜1 − 7 4 ⎟;
2
9.4.4. 1. ⎜⎜
⎝ − 1 5⎠ ⎜ β +1 ⎟ ⎜ 2 −1 0 ⎟
⎜β − ⎟ ⎝ ⎠
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 11 5 ⎞
⎜− 2 ⎟
⎜ 3 3⎟ ⎛ 2 − 11 6 ⎞ ⎛8 11 ⎞ ⎛0 0 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ − ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 13 10 ⎟ ⎜ 5 5 ⎟ ⎛ 2 − 1⎞
2. ⎜ − 4 ⎟. 9.4.6. ⎜1 − 7 4 ⎟. 9.4.7. ⎜ . 9.4.8. ⎜ 0 2 0 ⎟. 9.4.9. ⎜⎜ ⎟.
⎜ 3 3⎟ ⎜ 2 −1 0 ⎟ 9 22 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ − 1 0 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝0 0 3⎠
⎜ 5 5⎟ ⎝5 5 ⎠
⎜ 2 − − ⎟
⎝ 3 3⎠
⎛4 5 0 1⎞ ⎛− 5 − 8 − 6 − 2 ⎞
⎛1 2 2 ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎛ −1 0 0⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜1 0 2 3 ⎟ ⎜ 2 4 4 0⎟ ⎜ ⎟
9.4.10. ⎜ 3 − 1 − 2 ⎟. 9.4.11. 1.⎜ ⎟ ; 2.⎜ ⎟ . 9.4.12. 1. ⎜ − 5 1 0 ⎟;
⎜ 2 −1 1 ⎟ 2 3 0 3 − 3 − 2 −1 − 5 ⎜ 4 0 0⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠
⎜1 6 − 1 7 ⎟ ⎜ 6 6 13 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 7
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ 1 2 2⎞
⎜ 1 0 1⎟ ⎜− ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 3 3 3⎟
⎛ 44 44 ⎞
⎜ 15 13 ⎟ ⎜ 2 2 1⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎛109 93 ⎞
2. ⎜ − −4 ⎟; 3. ⎜ − ⎟. 9.4.13. ⎜ 59 ⎟. 9.4.14. 1. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟.
⎜
4 2
⎟ ⎜ 3 3 3⎟ ⎜− − 25 ⎟ ⎝ 34 29 ⎠
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎜ 9 9⎟ ⎜ 2 1 2⎟
⎜ 3 ⎟ ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 4 2⎠ ⎝ 3 3 3⎠
9.4.17. 1. WeSmaritia; 2. mcdaria. 9.4.18. 1. {0},V ; 2. V , {0}; 3. V , {0} − roca α ≠ 0; {0},V −
roca α = 0; 4.b, a t − roca a ≠ θ , b ≠ θ ; {0},V − roca a = θ an b = θ ; 5. V , {0};
8. V , {0}. 9.4.19. 1. dim Im A = 1, e1 = (1,1,1); dim ker A = 2, e1 = (1,−1,0), e2 = (1,0,−1);
2. dim Im A = 2, e1 = (2,1,1), e2 = (− 1,−2,1); dim ker A = 1, e1 = (1,1,1);
3. dim Im A = 3; dim ker A = 0; 9.4.20. 1. ker A = {0}, Im A = V ; 2. ker A − s bazisia e1 = (− 2,1) da
Im A − s bazisia e1 = (1,3); 3. ker A = {0}, Im A = V ; 4. ker A − s bazisia
e1 = (0,1,0,0), e2 = (0,0,1,0) da Im A − s bazisia e1 = (1,0,2,1), e2 = (0,0,1,1); 5. ker A − s bazisia
e1 = (− 1,0,0,1), e2 = (0,−1,1,0) da Im A − s bazisia e1 = (1,0,1,1), e2 = (0,1,1,2).
17
9.4.21. SeniSvna: qvesivrcis e1 , e2 ,Κ , ek bazisi SeavseT sivrcis e1 , e2 ,Κ , en
bazisamde da ganixileT proeqciebi J (e1 , e2 ,Κ , ek ) da J (e1 , e2 ,Κ , en ) wrfiv
garsebze.
9.4.22. SeniSvna: qvesivrcis bazisi SeavseT sivrcis bazisamde.
9.5.1. 1.Q : λ1 = λ2 = −1, a = (α ,α ),0 ≠ α ∈ Q; R : λ1 = λ2 = −1, a = (α ,α ),0 ≠ α ∈ R;
C : λ1 = λ2 = −1, a = (α ,α ),0 ≠ α ∈ C; 2.Q − ze da R − ze ar aqvs;
C : λ1 = 1 + 2i, {(α ,α − iα ),0 ≠ α ∈ C} da λ2 = 1 − 2i, {(α ,α + iα ),0 ≠ α ∈ C};
3.Q : λ1 = 1, a = (α ,α ); λ2 = −1, a = (α ,−α ),0 ≠ α ∈ Q; R : λ1 = 1, a = (α ,α ); λ2 = −1, a = (α ,−α ),0 ≠ α ∈ R;
C : λ1 = 1, a = (α ,α ); λ2 = −1, a = (α ,−α ),0 ≠ α ∈ C.
4.Q : λ1 = 1, a = (α ,α ,α ); λ2 = 2, a = (α ,0,α ); λ3 = −1, a = (α ,−3α ,−5α ),0 ≠ α ∈ Q;
R : λ1 = 1, a = (α ,α ,α ); λ2 = 2, a = (α ,0,α ); λ3 = −1, a = (α ,−3α ,−5α ),0 ≠ α ∈ R;
C : λ1 = 1, a = (α ,α ,α ); λ2 = 2, a = (α ,0,α ); λ3 = −1, a = (α ,−3α ,−5α ),0 ≠ α ∈ C ;
5.Q : λ1 = 0, a = (α ,0,α ); λ2 = 2, a = (3α ,−2α ,α ); λ3 = −1, a = (0,α ,2α ),0 ≠ α ∈ Q;
R : λ1 = 0, a = (α ,0,α ); λ2 = 2, a = (3α ,−2α ,α ); λ3 = −1, a = (0,α ,2α ),0 ≠ α ∈ R;
C : λ1 = 0, a = (α ,0,α ); λ2 = 2, a = (3α ,−2α ,α ); λ3 = −1, a = (0,α ,2α ),0 ≠ α ∈ C ;
6.Q : λ1 = 1, a = (0,2α ,α ),0 ≠ α ∈ Q; R : λ1 = 1, a = (0,2α ,α ),0 ≠ α ∈ R;
C : λ1 = 1, a = (0,2α ,α ); λ2 = i, a = (α + iα ,α + iα ,−α ); λ3 = −i, a = (α − iα ,α − iα ,−α ),0 ≠ α ∈ C ;
7.Q : λ1 = 2, a = (α ,0,α ),0 ≠ α ∈ Q; R : λ1 = 2, a = (α ,0,α ),0 ≠ α ∈ R;
C : λ1 = 2, a = (α ,0,α ); λ2 = 3 + i, a = (α ,α + iα ,2α − iα ); λ3 = 3 − i, a = (α ,α − iα ,2α + iα ),0 ≠ α ∈ C ;
8.Q : λ1 = λ2 = 2, a = (2α + β , α , β ), α 2 + β 2 φ 0; λ3 = −5, a = (α ,3α ,2α ), α , β ∈ Q;
R : λ1 = λ2 = 2, a = (2α + β , α , β ), α 2 + β 2 φ 0; λ3 = −5, a = (α ,3α ,2α ), α , β ∈ R;
C : λ1 = λ2 = 2, a = (2α + β ,α , β ), α + β φ 0; λ3 = −5, a = (α ,3α ,2α ),α , β ∈ C.
2 2
9.5.2. 1. Z 2 : λ1 = λ2 = 0, a = (1,1); Z 3 : λ1 = 0, a1 = (1,2), a2 = (2,1); λ2 = 2, a1 = (1,1), a2 = (2,2);

2. Z 3 : Z 5 : λ1 = 0, a = (3α , α ); λ2 = 2, a = (2α , α ), α ∈ Z 5 ;
3. Z 2 : λ1 = λ2 = 0, a1 = (1,0,1), a2 = (1,1,0), a3 = (0,1,1); λ3 = 1, a = (1,1,1);
Z 3 : λ1 = λ2 = λ3 = 0, a1 = (1,0,1), a2 = (1,1,0 ), a3 = (2,1,1), a4 = (2,0,2),
a5 = (2,2,0), a6 = (1,2,2), a7 = (0,1,2), a8 = (0,2,1);
4. Z 2 : λ1 = λ2 = λ3 = λ4 = 0, a1 = (0,1,0,1), a2 = (1,1,1,0), a3 = (1,0,1,1);
Z 3 : λ1 = λ2 = 0, a1 = (0,2,0,1), a2 = (0,1,0,2), λ3 = λ4 = 2, a1 = (0,1,0,1), a2 = (0,2,0,2). 9.5.6. Tu λ aris
A operatoris sakuTrivi mniSvneloba, maSin λ−1 iqneba A−1 operatoris
sakuTrivi mniSvneloba. 9.5.7. SeniSvna: ganixileT A2 − λ2 E 2 ; 9.5.8. ar iqneba;
⎛ − an −1 − an − 2 Λ − a1 − a0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1 0 Λ 0 0 ⎟
9.5.9. SeniSvna: ganvixiloT matrica ⎜ 0 1 Λ 0 0 ⎟.
⎜ ⎟
⎜ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 0 Λ 1 0 ⎠
9.5.11. λ1 , λ2 ,Κ , λn , λ1 , λ2 ,Κ , λn . 9.5.12. ganixileT A operatoris matrica im bazisSi,
romlis veqtorebadac aRebulia λ − s Sesabamisi wrfivad damoukidebeli
sakuTrivi veqtorebi. 9.5.13. λ1 = a12 + a22 + Λ + an2 , λ2 = Λ = λn = 0. 9.6.1. q n .
18
yi
9.6.3. Cnn+−k1 −1. 9.6.4. Cnn+ k , SeniSvna: SemoviRoT cvladebi xi = , (ix.
y n +1
( )( )( ) ( )
9.6.3.). 9.6.5. 2n. 9.6.6. q n − 1 q n − q q n − q 2 Λ q n − q n −1 . 9.6.7. dimW = nk ; f1 = (e1 ,0,0,Κ ,0),
f 2 = (e2 ,0,0,Κ ,0), Κ , f n = (e2 ,0,0,Κ ,0),
f n +1 = (0, e1 ,0,Κ ,0), Κ , f 2 n = (0, en ,0,Κ ,0), Κ , f nk = (0,0,0,Κ , en ).
9.6.8. gaixseneT vandermondis determinanti. 9.6.10. dim L = n. 9.6.11. Tavisufal
veqtorTa V 3 wrfivi sivrce SeiZleba warmovadginoT mocemuli sami
arakomplanaruli veqtoris paralelur erTganzomilebian qvesivrceTa
n −1
pirdapiri jami. 9.6.15. 1. ei − veqtoris proeqciis i − uri koordinatia ,
n
⎛ 1⎞
xolo yvela danarCeni koordinati ⎜ − ⎟ ; 2. ei − veqtoris proeqciis TiToeuli
⎝ n⎠
⎛ 1⎞
koordinatia ⎜ − ⎟ ; 9.6.16. 1. matricis Sesabamisi striqonebisTvis adgilebis
⎝ n⎠
gacvla;
2. matricis Sesabamisi svetebisTvis adgilebis gacvla;
⎛ E 0⎞
3. matricis simetriuli arekvla sakuTari centris mimarT. 9.6.18. ⎜⎜ k ⎟⎟,
⎝ 0 0⎠
⎛1 0 Λ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 1Λ 0 ⎟
sadac k = dim L1 da Ek = ⎜ aris k − uri rigis. 9.6.21. 1. matricis pirveli
ΛΛΛΛ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜0 0 Λ 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
k sveti nulovania, xolo danarCeni svetebi _wrfivad damoukidebeli
veqtorebi; 2. matricis bolo n − k striqoni nulovania, xolo wina
striqonebi_wrfivad damoukidebeli. 9.6.23. ar arsebobs. 9.6.24. 1. λi , λ j , i, j = 1, n;
λi
2. , i, j = 1, n.
λj
Tavi 10. kvadratuli formebi
$ 10.1. kvadratuli formis miyvana kanonikur saxeze. rangi da indeqsi
erTgvarovan, n ucnobian, kvadratul f polinoms, koeficientebiT K velidan,

ewodeba kvadratuli forma K velis mimarT:
n n
f =∑ ∑a ij xi x j , sadac ai j = a j i .
i =1 j =1
yovel kvadratul formas Seesabameba A = (ai j ) n × n , ai j ∈ K , matrici, romelsac

kvadratuli formis matrici ewodeba. A matricis rangs kvadratuli formis rangi
ewodeba da r -iT aRiniSneba. f kvadratuli forma SeiZleba Caiweros
matriculadac:
⎛ x1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
f = Χ ⋅ A ⋅ Χ , sadac Χ = ⎜ Μ ⎟ erT svetiani matricia.
t
⎜ x ⎟
⎝ n⎠
kvadratul formas ewodeba gadaugvarebeli, Tu misi matricaa gadaugvarebeli.
or kvadratul formas ewodeba eqvivalenturi, Tu arsebobs ucnobTa namdvili,
wrfivi, gadaugvarebeli gardaqmna, romelic erT maTgans meoreSi gadaiyvans.
Tu f kvadratuli formis koeficientebi ai j = 0, i ≠ j , maSin is miiRebs saxes:
f = a11 x12 + a 22 x 22 + Λ + a nn x n2
kvadratuli formis aseT saxes kanonikuri saxe ewodeba.
nebismieri kvadratuli forma, ucnobTa garkveuli wrfivi gardaqmnis
gamoyenebiT, miiyvaneba kanonikur saxeze.
namdvil koeficientebiani kvadratuli formis kanonikur saxeSi dadebiT
koeficientTa raodenobas kvadratuli formis indeqsi ewodeba da i -Ti aRiniSneba.
cxadia, rom nebismieri namdvili kvadratuli formisaTvis n ≥ r ≥ i ≥ 0 . namdvili
kvadratuli formis indeqsi invariantulia ucnobTa namdvili, wrfivi,
gadaugvarebeli gardaqmnebis mimarT.
Tu kvadratuli formis kanonikur saxeSi ai i = ± 1 anu kanonikuri saxe mocemulia
rogorc:
f = x12 + x 22 + Λ + xi2 − xi2+1 − Λ − x r2 ,
maSin amboben, rom mas aqvs normaluri saxe namdvil ricxvTa velis mimarT.
kompleqsur ricxvTa velis mimarT normaluri saxe iqneba:
f = x12 + x 22 + Λ + x r2 .
imisaTvis, rom R velis mimarT, ori namdvili kvadratuli forma iyos
eqvivalenturi, aucilebelia da sakmarisi, rom maT hqondeT erTi da igive rangebi
da indeqsebi.
aucilebeli da sakmarisi piroba, rom namdvil koeficientebiani f kvadratuli
forma iyos:
(a) dadebiTad gansazRvruli _ aris n = r = i > 0,
(b) naxevrad dadebiTad gansazRvruli _aris n > r = i > 0,
(g) ganusazRvreli _aris n≥ r >i >0,
(d) uaryofiTad gansazRvruli _aris n = r > i = 0,
(e) naxevrad uaryofiTad gansazRvruli _aris n > r > i = 0.
2
samarTliania silvestris Teorema: imisaTvis, rom namdvili kvadratuli
forma iyos dadebiTad gansazRvruli, aucilebelia da sakmarisi, rom misi yvela
mTavari minori iyos dadebiTi.
nebismieri kvadratuli formisaTvis moiZebneba ucnobTa namdvili
orTogonaluri gardaqmna, romliTac is kanonikur saxeze miiyvaneba.
10.1.1. ucnobTa wrfivi gadaugvarebeli gardaqmnebis gamoyenebiT, miiyvaneT

kvadratuli forma kanonikur saxeze
1. x12 + 2 x1 x 2 + 2 x 22 + 4 x 2 x3 + 5 x32 , 2. x12 + 4 x 22 + x32 − 4 x1 x 2 + 2 x1 x3 , 3. x1 x 2 + x 2 x3 + x1 x3 ,
4. 2 x12 + x 22 − 4 x1 x 2 − 4 x 2 x3 , 5. x12 + 2 x 22 + 3 x32 − 4 x1 x 2 − 4 x 2 x3 , 6. 3 x12 + 4 x 22 + 5 x32 + 4 x1 x 2 − 4 x 2 x3 ,
7. 2 x12 + 5 x 22 + 5 x32 + 4 x1 x 2 − 4 x1 x3 − 8 x 2 x3 , 8. x12 − 2 x 22 − 2 x32 − 4 x1 x 2 + 4 x1 x3 + 8 x 2 x3 ,
9. 5 x12 + 6 x 22 + 4 x32 − 4 x1 x 2 − 4 x1 x3 , 10. 3 x12 + 6 x 22 + 3 x32 − 4 x1 x 2 − 8 x1 x3 − 4 x 2 x3 ,
11. 7 x12 + 5 x 22 + 3 x32 − 8 x1 x 2 + 8 x 2 x3 , 12. x12 + x1 x 2 + x3 x 4 , 13. 2 x1 x 2 + 2 x3 x 4
10.1.2. miiyvaneT kvadratuli forma normalur saxeze R da C velebis mimarT
1. 2 x12 + 5 x 22 + 8 x32 + 2 x1 x 2 + 6 x1 x3 + 12 x 2 x3 , 2. x12 + x 22 + x32 + 4 x1 x 2 + 4 x1 x3 + 4 x 2 x3 ,
3. x12 + 5 x 22 − x32 + 6 x1 x 2 + 4 x 2 x3 , 4. x12 − 3 x 22 − 2 x1 x 2 + 2 x1 x3 − 6 x 2 x3 , 5. x1 x 2 + x1 x3 + x 2 x3 ,
6. x1 x 2 + x 2 x3 + x3 x 4 + x1 x 4
10.1.3. f da g kvadratuli formebisaTvis, aageT ucnobTa wrfivi gardaqmna,
romelic erT maTgans meoreze miiyvans
1. f = x12 − 2 x1 x 2 + 2 x 22 g = 4 z12 + z 22 ,
2. f = x12 − 2 x1 x 2 + 2 x 22 g = 10 y12 − 2 y1 y 2 + y 22
10.1.4. gamoarkvieT, CamoTvlilTagan romeli kvadratuli formebi arian
eqvivalenturebi: 1. R -is mimarT; 2. C -s mimarT
1. f 1 = x12 − x 2 x3 , f 2 = y1 y 2 − y 32 , f 3 = z1 z 2 + z 32 ,
2. f 1 = x12 + 4 x 22 + x32 + 4 x1 x 2 − 2 x1 x3 ,
f 2 = y12 + 2 y 22 − y 32 − 4 y1 y 2 − 2 y1 y 3 − 4 y 2 y 3 ,
f 3 = −4 z12 − z 22 − z 32 − 4 z1 z 2 + 4 z1 z 3 + 18 z 2 z 3
10.1.5. aCveneT, rom n -ucnobian kvadratul formaTa simravle SeiZleba daiyos
eqvivalentobis klasebad. daadgineT am klasebis raodenoba R da C velis mimarT
10.1.6. ipoveT λ parametris yvela is mniSvneloba, romlisTvisac kvadratuli forma
dadebiTadaa gansazRvruli
1. 5 x12 + x 22 + λ x32 + 4 x1 x 2 − 2 x1 x3 − 2 x 2 x3 , 2. 2 x12 + x 22 + 3 x32 + 2λ x1 x 2 + 2 x1 x3 ,
3. x12 + x 22 + 5 x32 + 2λ x1 x 2 − 2 x1 x3 + 4 x 2 x3 , 4. 2 x12 − x 22 + 4 x32 + ( 2λ − 1) x1 x 2 + λ 2 x 2 x3 ,
5. x 22 + x32 + 4λ x1 x 2 + λ 2 x1 x3 , 6. x12 + x 22 + x32 + 2λ x1 x 2 + 2λ x1 x3 + 2λ x 2 x3 ,
7. x12 + x 22 + x32 + 4 x1 x 2 + 2λ x1 x3 + 2λ x 2 x3 , 8. x12 + 5 x 22 + (λ 2 + 1) x32 + 4 x1 x 2 + 2 x1 x3 + 4 x 2 x3
10.1.7. daamtkiceT, rom Tu A simetriuli matricis Sesabamisi kvadratuli forma
dadebiTadaa gansazRvruli, maSin A −1 matricis Sesabamisi kvadratuli formac
dadebiTadaa gansazRvruli
10.1.8. daamtkiceT, rom f kvadratuli forma uaryofiTaa gansazRvruli maSin, da
mxolod maSin, roca (− f ) kvadratuli forma dadebiTadaa gansazRvruli
10.1.9. ipoveT λ parametris yvela is mniSvneloba, romlisTvisac kvadratuli forma
uaryofiTadaa gansazRvruli
3
1. − x − x − 4 x1 x 2 − 4 x1 x3 − λ x 2 x3 ,
2
1
2
2
2
2. λ x12 + x 22 + 3 x32 + 2 x1 x 2 + 2 x1 x3 + 4 x 2 x3 ,
3. λ x12 + λ x 22 + (λ − 3) x32 + 2 x1 x 2 + 2λ x1 x3 + 2 x 2 x3 , 4. − 2 x12 − 8 x 22 − 3 x32 + 2λ x1 x 2 + 4 x1 x3 − 2λ x 2 x3
10.1.10. miiyvaneT f kvadratuli forma kanonikur saxeze
1. f = 3 x 22 + 3 x32 + 4 x1 x 2 + 4 x1 x3 − 2 x 2 x3 , 2. f = 7 x12 + 7 x 22 + 7 x32 + 2 x1 x 2 + 2 x1 x3 + 2 x 2 x3 ,
3. f = x12 − 2 x1 x 2 − 2 x1 x3 − 2 x 2 x3 , 4. f = 3 x12 + 3 x 22 − x32 − 6 x1 x3 + 4 x 2 x3
10.1.11. aageT orTogonaluri gardaqmna, romliTac mocemuli kvadratuli forma
kanonikur saxeze miiyvaneba
1. 11x12 + 5 x 22 + 2 x32 + 16 x1 x 2 + 4 x1 x3 − 20 x 2 x3 , 2. x12 + x 22 + 5 x32 − 6 x1 x 2 − 2 x1 x3 + 2 x 2 x3 ,
3. x12 + x 22 + x32 + 4 x1 x 2 + 4 x1 x3 + 4 x 2 x3 , 4. 17 x12 + 14 x 22 + 14 x32 + 4 x1 x 2 + 2 x1 x3 − 8 x 2 x3 ,
5. x12 − 5 x 22 + x32 + 4 x1 x 2 + 2 x1 x3 + 4 x 2 x3 , 6. 8 x12 − 7 x 22 + 8 x32 + 8 x1 x 2 − 2 x1 x3 + 8 x 2 x3 ,
7. 2 x1 x 2 − 6 x1 x3 − 6 x 2 x 4 + 2 x3 x 4 , 8. 3 x12 − 3 x 22 + 4 x32 + x 42 + 8 x1 x 2 − 4 x3 x 4 ,
9. x12 + x 22 − 2 x32 − 2 x 42 + 2 x1 x 2 − 4 x3 x 4
10.1.12. daamtkiceT, rom yoveli namdvili, simetriuli A matricisaTvis arsebobs Q
orTogonaluri matrica da B namdvili, diagonaluri matrica, rom
A = Q −1 ⋅ B ⋅ Q
10.1.13. mocemuli A matricisaTvis, ipoveT orTogonaluri Q matrica da
diagonaluri B matrica, rom Sesruldes toloba A = Q −1 ⋅ B ⋅ Q Tu:
⎛ 3 2 0 ⎞ ⎛ 2 2 −2⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
1. A = ⎜ 2 4 − 2 ⎟ , 2. A = ⎜ 2 5 −4 ⎟
⎜ 0 −2 5 ⎟ ⎜− 2 − 4 5 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝
10.1.14. kvadratul formaTa Semdegi wyvilisaTvis ipoveT ucnobTa wrfivi,
gadaugvarebeli gardaqmna, romelic erT maTgans normalur saxeze, xolo meores
kanonikur saxeze miiyvans. am formaTagan erTi dadebiTadaa gansazRvruli
1. f = − 4 x1 x 2 , g = x12 + 4 x 22 − 2 x1 x 2 , 2. f = x12 + 26 x 22 + 10 x1 x 2 , g = x12 + 56 x 22 + 16 x1 x 2 ,
3. f = 8 x12 − 28 x 22 + 14 x32 + 16 x1 x 2 + 14 x1 x3 + 32 x 2 x3 , g = x12 + 4 x 22 + 2 x32 + 2 x1 x3 ,
4. f = 2 x 42 + x1 x 2 + x1 x3 − 2 x 2 x3 + 2 x 2 x 4 , g = 0,25 x12 + x 22 + x32 + 2 x 42 + 2 x 2 x 4
10.1.15. miiyvaneT kanonikur saxeze meore rigis zedapirTa gantolebebi
1. x 22 + 2 x32 + 4 x1 x 2 + 4 x 2 x3 − 4 x1 − 2 x 2 − 5 = 0 , 2. ( x1 + 1)( x 2 + 1)( x3 + 1) − x1 x 2 x3 = 0 ,
3. x12 + 3 x 22 + 3 x32 + 2 x1 x 2 + 2 x1 x3 − 2 x 2 x3 − 4 x1 + 5 x 2 + 13 = 0 ,
4. x12 + x 22 + x32 + 2 x1 x 2 − 2 x1 x3 − 2 x 2 x3 − 2 x1 = 0 , 5. − x 22 + 4 x1 x 2 = 0 ,
6. x1 x 4 − x 2 x3 + x1 + x 2 + x3 + x 4 = 0
10.1.16. ipoveT f kvadratuli formis rangi da signatura, Tu is (− f ) kvadratuli
formis eqvivalenturia
10.1.17. daamtkiceT, rom f kvadratuli forma uaryofiTadaa gansazRvruli maSin, da
mxolod maSin, roca misi matricis D1 , D2 , Λ , Dn mTavari minorebis mimdevroba niSan
monacvle mimdevrobaa da D1 < 0

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სარჩევი

$ 1. gadanacvleba, wyoba, jufdeba. maTi raodenobis gamosaTvleli formulebi

erTi da imave n -elementebisagan Sedgenil yovel dalagebul {a1 , a 2 , a3 , Λ , a n }

$ 2. niutonis binomi. binomialuri koeficientis gamosaTvleli formula

nebismieri naturaluri n ricxvisaTvis marTebulia formula:

1.2.4. ipoveT (2 x 2 − 3 y 3 ) 6 binomuri daSlis koeficientebis jami

R aracariel simravleze mocemulia binaruli algebruli operacia, Tu mis

2.1. daaxasiaTeT M simravleze ganmartebuli binaruli algebruli operacia

$. 1. kompleqsuri ricxvi. misi algebruli saxe

namdvil ricxvTa dalagebul (a, b ) wyvils kompleqsuri ricxvi ewodeba. (a,0)

3.1.9. amoxseniT Semdegi gantolebebi maTi marcxena mxareebis namdvil

3.1.14. daamtkiceT, rom nebismieri namdvili koeficientebis mqone f

ganvixiloT sibrtyeze raome OXY sakoordinato sistema. yovel z = (a, b )

iT aRiniSneba, xolo ϕ warmoadgens im kuTxis sidides, romelsac OM radius

am formulis gamoyenebiT miiReba z kompleqsuri ricxvidan n -uri rigis

3.2.1. Semdegi kompleqsuri ricxvebi warmoadgineT trigonometriuli saxiT

1. 1; 2. − 2 ; 3. i; 4. − i; 5. 1 + i; 6. 1 − i; 7. − 1 + i ; 8. − 1 − i; 9. 1 − i 3; 10. 3 − 4i; 11.

1. (1 + i 3 )(1 + i )(cosϕ + i sin ϕ ); 2.

3.2.12. gamosaxeT radikalebSi

3.2.16. kompleqsur sibrtyeze monaxeT Semdegi kompleqsuri ricxvebis Sesabamisi

$. 3. n − uri rigis fesvi erTidan

vityviT, rom 1 − dan n − uri rigis ε fesvi ekuTvnis l maCvenebels (l ≤ n ) , Tu

3.3.1. gamosaxeT radikalebSi 1 − dan n − uri rigis ε fesvebi, Tu

3.3.12. aCveneT, rom:

$4. zogierTi jamisa da namravlis gamoTvla kompleqsuri ricxvebis gamoyenebiT

3.4.1. gamoTvaleT jami:

3.4.4. daamtkiceT, rom:

$5. damatebiTi amocanebi

= (2 cos x ) − Cm1 − 2 (2 cos x ) + Cm2 − 3 (2 cos x ) − Λ .

Tanamamravlebi davajgufoT urTierT Sebrunebul wyvilebad.

3.4.1. 1. 2 2 cos ; 2. 2n ; 3. 2 2 sin ; 4. 2n − 2 + 2 2 cos ; (SeniSvna: gamoiyeneT punqti

Sedgebian. 3.5.9. ε da ε erTnairi rigis mqone elementebia. 3.5.13. Tu ε − is

n -rigis 1, 2, 3,Λ , n gadanacvlebas ewodeba mTavari, masSi elementebi maTi

4.1.1. ipoveT inversiaTa ricxvi Semdeg gadanacvlebaSi

A = {1, 2, 3,Λ , n} dalagebuli simravlis yoveli σ (i ) = ai , 1 ≤ i ≤ n , urTierT

4.2.1. ipoveT Semdegi Casmis Sebrunebuli Casma

4.1.1. 1. 5 ; 2. 8 ; 3. 13 ; 4. 18 ; 5. n(n − 1) / 2 ; 6. n(n + 1) / 2 ; 4.1.2. 1. 3n(n − 1) / 2 inversia.

$1. 2-e da 3-e rigis determinanti

me-2-e rigis determinanti

ganvixiloT n − uri rigis kvadratuli cxrili (matrica), elementebiT

$. 3. determinantis gamoTvla misi samkuTxa saxeze miyvanis xerxiT

determinantis Tvisebebis gamoyenebiT, zogierTi saxis determinanti

5.3.1. miiyvaneT samkuTxa saxeze da gamoTvaleT

$. 4. determinantis gamoTvla wrfivi mamravlis gamoyofis xerxiT

determinanti SesaZloa ganxilul iqnas, rogorc mravalwevri masSi

5.4.1. gamoTvaleT, wrfiv mamravlTa gamoyofis gziT

$. 5. determinantis gamoTvla rekurentuli damokidebulebis povnis xerxiT

zogierTi saxis determinantebisaTvis SesaZlebeli xdeba rekurentuli

5.5.1. daadgineT rekurentuli damokidebuleba da gamoTvaleT:

a1b1 a1b2 a1b3 Λ a1bn 5 3 0 0Λ 0 0

$. 6. determinantis gamoTvla misi jamis saxiT warmodgenis gziT

zogierT SemTxvevaSi determinantis gamoTvla mniSvnelovnad martivdeba Tu

x1 a1b2 a1b3 Λ a1bn

5.7.1. daamtkiceT toloba:

(x1 y2 − x2 y1 − x3 y4 + x4 y3 )2 + (x1 y3 + x2 y4 − x3 y1 − x4 y2 )2 + (x1 y4 − x2 y4 + x3 y2 − x4 y1 )2 .

5.7.14. daamtkiceT, rom n − uri rigis A , B , C da D determinantebisaTvis Tu

5.7.20. daamtkiceT, rom Tu luwi rigis iribsimetriuli determinantis

12.(− 1) . 5.2.2. i = 6, k = 2. ; 5.2.3. i = 2, k = 2, j = 3. ; 5.2.4. i = 5, k = 1.