Nniutonis binomi da kombinatorika

(n  1) n  C n0 n n  C n1 n n 1  C n2 n n2  C n3 n n3    (1) k C nk n n k    (1) n1 C nn1n1  C nn n 0

n ! C n0 n n  C n1 (n  1) n  C n2 (n  2) n  C n3 (n  3) n    (1) k C nk (n  k ) n    (1) n1 C nn11n  C nn 0 n

2012 w.
Temam SeiZleba sargebloba moutanos saSualo skolebis, maRali
klasebis moswavleebs, umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebs da agreTve
maTematikiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelebs, rogorc damxmare literaturam,
binomebis albaTobaTa Teoriis da kombinatorikis praqtikuli
gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT

recenzentebi:

emeritus profesori, fizika-maTematikis

mecnierebaTa doqtori Tamaz vaSaymaZe

fizika-maTematikis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori, Teimuraz vefxvaZe

fizika-maTematikis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori, arCil papukaSvili

2
 $ 1. 1. niutonis binomis formula

ganvixiloT meore wevrebiT gansxvavebuli n binomi.

( x  a), ( x  b), ( x  c), ( x  d ), ( x  l )
gadavamravloT es binomebi TandaTanobiT da davadginoT ra
kanonzomiereba udevs safuZvlad am namravls.
( x  a)( x  b)  x 2  (a  b) x  ab

( x  a)( x  b)( x  c)  x 3  (a  b  c) x 2  (ab  ac  bc) x  abc

( x  a)( x  b)( x  c)( x  d )  x 4  (a  b  c  d ) x 3  (ab  ac  ad  bc  bd  cd ) x 2

 (abc  abd  acd  bcd ) x  abcd
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Kkanonzomiereba dadginda, pirvel wevrSi gvaqvs x umaRlesi
maCvenebliT, xolo misi momdevno danarCen wevrebSi x -is maCvenebeli
TiTo erTeuliT klebulobs da bolo wevrSi gvaqvs x 0  1 .
meore wevrSi x -is koeficienti warmoadgens binomebis meore wevrebis
jams, mesame koeficienti warmoadgens meore wevrebis or-orad aRebuli
namravlTa jams, meoTxe koeficienti aris sam-samad aRebuli
namravlTa jami da a.S. bolo wevri warmoadgens binomebis meore wevrebis
namravls. aq x -is koeficientebSi Sesakrebebi TiTo elementiT mainc
gansxvavdebian, amitom SesakrebTa raodenoba TiToeul koeficientSi
gamoiTvleba jufTebebiT, dawyebuli meore koeficientidan gveqneba:
Cn1 , Cn2 , Cn3 ,, Cnn
exla dauSvaT, rom a  b  c  d     , amave dros gaviTvaliswinoT, rom
1  C n0 , maSin miviRebT

( x  a) n  Cn0 x n  Cn1 x n1a  Cn2 x n2 a 2    Cnk x nk a k    Cnn a n , (1.1)

sadac 0  k  n
am formulis marjvena nawils binomis ganamwkrivi ewodeba, xolo
Cn0 , Cn1 , Cn2 , Cn3 ,, Cnk ,Cnn - binomialuri koeficientebi.
Ees formula gamoiyvana ingliselma mecnierma isaak niutonma (1642-
1727), jer kidev maSin roca is 19 wlis iyo. Aamitom (1.1) formulas am
mecnieris sapativcemulod niutonis binomis formula ewoda.
SeniSvna: am Temis bolo paragrafSi, (1.1) formula damtkicebuli
iqneba maTematikuri induqciis meTodis gamoyenebiT.
3
 2. binomis ganamwkrivis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi

1. mocemuli binomis ganamwkrivi n Seicavs (n  1) wevrs.

2. ganamwkrivis pirvel wevrSi x -is maCvenebeli udidesia da is udris
binomis maCvenebels, xolo Semdgom wevrebSi es maCvenebeli TiTo
erTeuliT mcierdeba da bolo wevrSi maCvenebeli udris 0-s. e.i.
x 0  1.
3. ganamwkrivis pirvel wevrSi a -s maCvenebeli udris 0-s, xolo
Semdgom wevrebSi es maCvenebeli TiTo erTeuliT matulobs da
bolo wevrSi maCvenebeli udidesia da udris binomis maCvenebels
e.i. gveqneba a n
4. ganamwkrivis yovel wevrSi x -isa da a -s xarisxis maCvenebelTa jami
mudmivia da udris binomis maCvenebels.
5. ganamwkrivis zogadi wevria: Tk 1  Cnk x nk a k sadac 0  k  n .
6. Tu a uaryofiTi ricxvia, maSin miviRebT niSancvlad ganamwkrivs.
( x  a) n  C n0 x n  C n1 x n1a  C n2 x n2 a 2  C n3 x n3 a 3  
(1.2)
 (1) k C nk x nk a k    (1) n C nn a n
7. Tu davuSvebT, rom (1.1) formulaSi x  a  1 , maSin binomialuri
koeficientebis jami 2 n -is tolia. Cn0  Cn1    Cnn  2 n .
8. Tu (1.2) formulaSi x  a  1, maSin miviRebT, rom binomialuri
koeficientebis jami 0-is tolia Cn0  Cn1  Cn2  Cn3    (1) n Cnn  0 .
9. ganamwkrivSi boloebidan Tanabrad daSorebuli binomialuri
koeficientebi tolia Cnk  Cnnk .
10. Tu binomis maCvenebeli luwi ricxvia, maSin ganamwkrivSi gveqneba 1
Suawevri, xolo Tu binomis maCvenebeli kenti ricxvia, maSin
ganamwkrivSi gveqneba 2 Suawevri.

4
 $ 2. gadanacvleba – faqtoriali

kombinatorikis erT-erTi saxea gadanacvleba. n elementidan Semdgari

gadanacvlebebi aRiniSneba Pn -iT. P warmoadgens franguli sityvis

permutation-is pirvel asos, rac qarTulad gadanacvlebas niSnavs.

gansazRvreba 1. n elementidan Semdgari kvlav n elementian jgufebs,
romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian mxolod elementebis dalagebis
rigiT, gadanacvleba ewodeba da maTi raodenoba aRiniSneba Pn -iT.

Pn ricxvi gviCvenebs, Tu ramdeni sxvadasxva wesiT SeiZleba n-

elementiani jgufebis dalageba, romlebic erTmaneTisagan mxolod
dalagebis rigiT gansxvavdebian.
ganvixiloT sami elementi a, b da c da gamovTvaloT P3 , amisaTvis am
elementebidan SevadginoT kvlav sam elementiani jgufebi:
abc; bac; cab;
acb; bca; cba.
amiT samelementiani gadanacvlebebi amoiwura da maTi raodenoba sul
aris 6, maSasadame P3  6 .

axla ganvixiloT 4 elementi a, b, c, d , maTgan SevadginoT isev 4

elementiani jgufebi, amisaTvis moviqceT Semdegnairad:
warmovidginoT, rom mas pirveli elementi CamovacileT. dagvrCeba sami
b, c da d . maTgan rogorc viciT wina magaliTidan miiReba 6 jgufi anu 6
gadanacvleba. Aamis Semdeg TiToeul am gadanacvlebas win a mivuweroT.
miviRebT im oTxelementian gadanacvlebebs, romelTa pirveli wevria a .
amrigad, im oTxelementian gadanacvlebaTa raodenoba, romelTa pirveli
wevria a , zustad 6-s udris, cxadia, amdenive gadanacvlebis pirveli
elementi iqneba b , Semdeg c da bolos d . Aamrigad P4  4  P3  4  6  24 .
Eaxla Tu aviRebT 5 elements, maSin analogiuri msjelobiT miviRebT
P5  5  P4  5  24  120 . Aarsebobs SeTanxmeba P0  P1  1 (carieli da
erTelementiani simravleebi mxolod erTi wesiT SeiZleba davalagoT -
isini TavisTavad dalagebulia).
gansazRvreba 2. yvela naturaluri ricxvis namravls 1-dan n -mde am
ukanasknelis CaTvliT n faqtoriali ewodeba da aRiniSneba n! simbo-

5
loTi. e.i. n! 1  2  3(n  2)(n  1)n arsebobs SeTanxmeba, rom 0! 1 da 1! 1 .
Kkombinatorikis meore saxea wyoba, rac franguli sityvisagan
arrangement (dalageba) warmoiSva.
gansazRvreba 3. n elementiani simravlis m elementian (0  m  n)
dalagebul qvesimravleebs n elementidan m- elementiani wyobebi
ewodeba da maTi ricxvi Anm -iT aRiniSneba.
cnobilia Semdegi formula
n!
Ank 
(n  k ) !
Tu k  n , maSin miviRebT Ann  Pn e.i. gadanacvleba yofila wyobis kerZo
saxe, amitom
n!
Pn  Ann   n !
0!
maSasadame Pn  n!
amis Semdeg zemoT ganxiluli magaliTebis mixedviT vwerT:
P3  6  1  2  3  3!
P4  24  1  2  3  4  4!
P5  120  1  2  3  4  5  5!
Kkombinatorikis mesame saxea jufTeba, rac franguli sityvisagan
combinaison (kombinacia) warmoiSva.
gansazRvreba 4. n- elementiani simravlis m elementian
qvesimravleebs n elementidan m - elementiani jufTebebi ewodeba da
maTi ricxvi C nm - iT aRiniSneba.
cnobilia Semdegi formula:
Ank
C nk 
k!
Kkombinatorikis samive saxe: gadanacvleba, wyoba da jufTeba SeiZleba
gamoisaxos mxolod faqtorialebiT

n! n!
Pn  n !; Ank  da C nk 
(n  k ) ! k!(n  k ) !

$3. 1. faqtorialis ganamwkrivi da misi ZiriTadi Tviseba

6
 ganvixiloT (n  1) n binomi. Nniutonis binomis formulis Tanaxmad mis
ganamwkrivs eqneba Semdegi saxe.
Cn0 n n  Cn1 n n1  Cn2 n n2  Cn3 n n3    (1) k Cnk n nk    (1) n1 Cnn1n1  Cnn n 0 (3 .1)
am ganamwkrivSi xarisxis fuZesa da mis maCvenebels adgilebi
gadaunacvloT, danarCeni ricxvebi da simboloebi ucvlelad davtovoT,
maSin miviRebT Semdeg mravalwevrs
C n0 n n  C n1 (n  1) n  C n2 (n  2) n  C n3 (n  3) n  
(3.2)
 (1) k C nk (n  k ) n    (1) n1 C nn11n  C nn 0 n
miviReT (3.1) ganamwkrivis simetriuli mravalwevri.
ibadeba kiTxva: (3.2) mravalwevri raime kanonzomierebas xom ar
emorCileba? am mizniT daviwyoT Semowmeba, n  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, maSin
Sesabamisad miviRebT 1, 2, 6, 24, 120,
anu sxvanairad 1 !, 2 !, 3 !, 4 !, 5 !, amitom SeiZleba jerjerobiT
vivaraudoT, rom (3.2) mravalwevri warmoadgens n ! ganamwkrivs

n ! C n0 n n  C n1 (n  1) n  C n2 (n  2) n  C n3 (n  3) n  
(3.3)
 (1) k C nk (n  k ) n    (1) n1 C nn11n  C nn 0 n
ganvixiloT magaliTebi, simartivisaTvis n  3 maSin miviRebT
3 ! C30 33  C31 23  C32 13  C33 03  6
axla ki xarisxis fuZed amiRoT 5, maSin miviRebT
C30 53  C31 43  C32 33  C33 23  6  3 !
e.i. faqtorialis saboloo mniSvneloba ar Seicvala. axla ki xarisxis
fuZed aviRoT 100, maSin gveqneba
C30 1003  C31 99 3  C32 983  C33 97 3  6  3 !
faqtorialis mniSvneloba kvlav ar Secvlila. axla xarisxis fuZed
davafiqsiroT nebismieri naturaluri m ricxvi
C30 m3  C31 (m  1) 3  C32 (m  2) 3  C33 (m  3) 3  6  3 !

aseTive Tviseba axasiaTebs 4 !

C40 m 4  C41 (m  1) 4  C42 (m  2) 4  C43 (m  3) 4  C44 (m  4) 4  24  4 !

aseTive Tviseba axasiaTebs 5 !, 6 !,, n !

maSasadame n ! -Tvis gveqneba
7
 n ! C n0 m n  C n1 (m  1) n  C n2 (m  2) n  C n3 (m  3) n  
(3.4)
 (1) k C nk (m  k ) n    (1) n C nn (m  n) n
sadac m  n , 0  k  n . Tu am mravalwevrSi binomebs avaxarisxebT da msgavs
wevrebs SevaerTebT maSin miviRebT
 Cn1 (1) n  Cn2 (2) n  Cn3 (3) n    (1) k Cnk (k ) n    (1) n Cnn (n) n

es mravalwevri warmoadgens n !-s, sadac ganamwkrivi Cawerilia

Sebrunebuli mimdevrobiT da warmoadgens (3.3) formulas.
maSasadame miviReT Semdegi daskvna: mocemuli faqtorialis
mniSvneloba ar Seicvleba, Tu mis FfuZed davafiqsirebT nebismier
naturalur m ricxvs. am Tvisebas faqtorialis ganamwkrivis ZiriTadi
Tviseba vuwodoT.
qvemoT damtkicebuli iqneba es Tviseba ufro zogadi SemTxvevisaTvis,
roca fuZed aviRebT nebismier namdvil ricxvs (SeiZleba kompleqsuri
ricxvic!)
Cven vivaraudeT, rom (3.3) formula warmoadgenda n !-is formulas,
exla es formula davamtkicoT maTematikuri induqciis meTodis
gamoyenebiT. marTlac, roca n  1, 2, 3, 4, 5 maSin (3.3) formulis
samarTlianoba ukve damtkicebulia. vTqvaT (3.3) formula samarTliania
n -Tvis da davamtkicoT, rom is samarTliani iqneba (n  1) -Tvis.

mocemulia: n ! Cn0 n n  Cn1 (n  1) n  Cn2 (n  2) n  Cn3 (n  3) n    (1) n1 Cnn11n

dasamtkicebelia:
(n  1) ! C n01 (n  1) n1  C n11n n1  C n21 (n  1) n1  C n31 (n  2) n1  
 (1) k C nk1 (n  1  k ) n1    (1) n C nn11n1
n !-is ganamwkrivis ZiriTadi Tvisebis Tanaxmad mocemul (3.3) formulaSi
xarisxis fuZe daviwyoT n  1 naturaluri ricxviT, amiT n !-is Sedegi ar
Seicvleba.
n ! Cn0 (n  1) n  Cn1 n n  Cn2 (n  1) n  Cn3 (n  2) n    (1) k Cnk (n  1  k ) n    (1) n Cnn 1n

exla miRebuli tolobis orive nawili gavamravloT (n  1) -ze, maSin

marcxena mxareSi miviRebT (n  1) ! -s, xolo marjvena nawilSi gardavqmnaT
zogadi wevri.
Ank  n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3)  (n  1  k ) Tu am tolobaSi majvnidan bolo
mamravls CamovaSorebT, xolo marcxnidan pirvel Tanamamravlad

8
mivuwerT (n  1) -s, maSin cxadia rom TanamamravlTa raodenoba ar
Seicvleba e.i. k ricxvi igive darCeba. aqedan gamomdinare zogadi wevri
miiRebs Semdeg saxes: (1) k Cnk1 (n  1  k ) n1 . am zogadi wevris mixedviT

gardavqmnaT (n  1) ! -is marjvena nawilis yvela Sesakrebi, maSin sabolood

miviRebT:
(n  1) ! C n01 (n  1) n1  C n11n n1  C n21 (n  1) n 1  C n31 (n  2) n1  
 (1) k C nk1 (n  1  k ) n1    (1) n C nn11n1
maSasadame (3.3) formula ukve damtkicebulia maTematikuri induqciis
meTodis gamoyenebiT.
(3.3) formula miviReT (n  1) n binomis ganamwkrivis xarisxis fuZisa da
misi maCveneblis adgilebis gadanacvlebiT arsebobs Tu ara, raime sxva
gza an meTodi (3.3) formulis gamoyvanisa?

2. faqtorialis ganamwkrivis formulis gamoyvana

ganvixiloT naturaluri ricxvebis n -uri xarisxebis mimdevrobebi:

1k ,2 k ,3k ,  , (n  2) k , (n  1) k , n k sadac 1 k  n.
am mimdevrobebidan umartivesi saxis mimdevroba, cxadia rom iqneba
pirveli xarisxis mimdevroba 1, 2, 3,(n  1), n .
imisaTvis, rom Tu ra kanonzomierebebs emorCileba am saxis
mimdevrobebi, am mizniT ganvixiloT mezobeli wevrebis sxvaobebisgan
Sedgenili axali mimdevrobebi.
(2  1), (3  2), (4  3),  [n  (n  1)] miviReT mudmivi mimdevroba, 1, 1, 1  1.
SeiZleba es mimdevroba Semdegi saxiT warmovadginoT:
C10 n  C11 (n  1)  1 !
axla ganvixiloT naturaluri ricxvebis kvadratebis mimdevroba
12 ,2 2 ,32 ,4 2 ,  (n  2) 2 , (n  1) 2 , n 2
am mimdevrobidan SevadginoT mezobeli ricxvebis sxvaobebis axali
mimdevroba
3, 5, 7, 9,  [(n  1) 2  (n  2) 2 ], [n 2  (n  1) 2 ]
miRebuli mimdevrobidan kvlav SevadginoT sxvaobebis axali
mimdevroba: 2, 2, 2,  [n 2  2(n  1) 2  (n  2) 2 ] anu sxvanairad:

C20 n 2  C21 (n  1) 2  C22 (n  2) 2  2 !

9
axla ki ganvixiloT naturaluri ricxvebis kubebis mimdevroba:
13 ,23 ,33 ,53  (n  3) 3 , (n  2) 3 , (n  1) 3 , n 3
ganxiluli xerxiT Sedgenili axali mimdevrobebi iqneba:

7, 19, 37, 61,  [(n  2) 3 , (n  3) 3 ], [(n  1) 3  (n  2) 3 ], [n 3  (n  1) 3 ]

12, 18, 24,  [(n  1) 3  2(n  2) 3  (n  3) 3 ],[n 3  2(n  1) 3  (n  2) 3 ]

6, 6, 6,  [n 3  3(n  1) 3  3(n  2) 3  (n  3) 3 ]
amrigad miviReT
C30 n 3  C31 (n  1) 3  C32 (n  2) 3  C33 (n  3) 3  3 !
ganxiluli SemTxvevebidan vRebulobT Semdeg kanonzomierebebs:
naturluri ricxvebis xarisxebis mimdevrobebidan vRebulobT sxvaobebis
imden axal mimdevrobas, rasac udris Tavidan mocemuli naturaluri
ricxvebis mimdevrobis xarisxis maCvenebeli da bolo mimdevroba
mudmivia, romlis TiToeuli wevri udris sawyisi mimdevrobebis xarisxis
maCveneblis faqtorials.
maSasadame Tu ganvixilavT n -uri xarisxis mimdevrobas da am
mimdevrobidan SevadgenT sxvaobebis axal-axal mimdevrobebs, maSin
bolos wina mimdevroba iqneba ariTmetikuli progresia, romlisTvisac
d  n !, sadac n warmoadgens sawyisi mimdevrobis xarisxis maCvenebels.
magaliTad: Tu ganvixilavT naturaluri ricxvebis me-4 xarisxis
mimdevrobas, maSin winaswar viciT, Sedgenili axal-axali
mimdevrobebidan, bolos wina mimdevroba iqneba ariTmetikuli progresia,
romlisaTvis d  4! .
marTlac
14 , 2 4 , 3 4 , 4 4 , 5 4 , 6 4 , 
15, 65, 175, 369, 671, 
50, 110, 194, 302, 
60, 84, 108, 
24, 24, 
maSasadame am wesiT Sedgenili bolos wina mimdevroba warmoadgens
ariTmetikul progresias, romlisTvisac d  24  4 !
bolos ganvixiloT naturaluri ricxvebis n -uri xarisxebis
mimdevroba

10
 1n , 2 n , 3n ,  (n  3) n , (n  2) n , (n  1) n , n n
Tu am mimdevrobisaTvis SevadgenT mezobeli wevrebis sxvaobaTa n
axal mimdevrobas, maSin aRmoCenil kanonzomierebaTa mixedviT vwerT
C n0 n n  C n1 (n  1) n  C n2 (n  2) n  C n3 (n  3) n  
 (1) k C nk (n  k ) n    (1) n1 C nn11n  n !
es daemTxveva aRmoCenil (3.3) formulas, rac ukve damtkicebuli gvaqvs
maTematikuri induqciis meTodis gamoyenebiT.
Sedegi 1. Tu 1k ,2 k ,3k ,  , m k mimdevrobaSi sadac 1  k  n SevadgenT mezobeli
wevrebis sxvaobebisagan axal-axal mimdevrobebs, maSin bolos wina
mimdevroba, ariTmetikuli progresia iqneba
am ariTmetikuli progresiis pirveli wevri
(n  1) ! (n  1)  n !
a1   , xolo ariTmetikuli sxvaoba d  n !
2 2
Tu CavsvamT k  1; 2; 3;  n naturalur ricxvebs, maSin miviRebT Semdeg
ariTmetikul progresiebs:

(1  1)  1 ! (1  3)  1 ! (1  5)  1 ! [1  (2m  1)]  1 !
1. ----- ; ; ; 
2 2 2 2
anu 1; 2; 3;  m
(2  1)  2 ! (2  3)  2 ! (2  5)  2 ! [2  (2m  1)]  2 !
2. ----- ; ; ; 
2 2 2 2
anu 3; 5; 7;  (2m  1)
(3  1)  3 ! (3  3)  3 ! (3  5)  3 ! [3  (2m  1)]  3 !
3. ----- ; ; ;
2 2 2 2
anu 12; 18; 24;  (m  1)  6
(4  1)  4 ! (4  3)  4 ! (4  5)  4 ! [4  (2m  1)]  4 !
4. ----- ; ; ;
2 2 2 2
anu 60; 84; 108;  (2m  3)  12
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
(n  1)  n ! (n  3)  n ! (n  5)  n ! [n  (2m  1)]  n !
n. ----- ; ; ; ; (m)
2 2 2 2
maSasadame (3.3) formula warmoadgens (m) progresiis ariTmetikul
sxvaobas.
d  Cn0 n n  Cn1 (n  1) n  Cn2 (n  2) n  Cn3 (n  3) n    (1) n1 Cnn11n  n ! (3.3)

11
 3. faqtorialis ganamwkrivis formulis Sedegi 2:

(3.3) formula warmovadginoT Semdegi saxiT

C n0 n n  C n1 (n  1) n  C n2 (n  2) n  C n3 (n  3) n    (1) m C nm (n  m) n  
 (1) n1 C nn11n  n (n  1)(n  2)(n  3) [n  (n  1)]
am formulaSi xarisxis maCvenebeli, rig rigobiT SevcvaloT (n  1) -dan
1-mde, xolo yvela sxva ricxvebi da simboloebi ucvlelad davtovoT,
maSin miviRebT
C n0 n k  C n1 (n  1) k  C n2 (n  2) k  C n3 (n  3) k    (1) n1 C nn11k
 k (k  1)(k  2)(k  3) [k  (n  1)];
sadac 1  k  n  1
am formulaSi xarisxis maCveneblad rig-rigobiT aviRoT k  1, 2, 3,(n  1) ,
maSin marjvena nawilSi Sesabamisad (k  1)(k  2)(k  3) mamravlebi rig-
rigobiT 0-is toli iqneba. aqedan gamomdinare miviRebT Semdeg
formulebs:

C n0 n  C n1 (n  1)  C n2 (n  2)  C n3 (n  3)    C nn 11  0
 0 2 n 1 2
C n n  C n (n  1)  C n (n  2)  C n (n  3)    C n 1  0
1 2 2 2 3 2

 0 3 n 1 3
C n n  C n (n  1)  C n (n  2)  C n (n  3)    C n 1  0
1 3 2 3 3 3
(*)


C n0 n n 1  C n1 (n  1) n 1  C n2 (n  2) n 1  C n3 (n  3) n 1    (1) n 1 C nn 11n 1  0

anu, mokled: Tu 1  k  n  1 , maSin gveqneba
Cn0 n k  Cn1 (n  1) k  Cn2 (n  2) k  Cn3 (n  3) k    (1) n1 Cnn11k  0 (*)

4. faqtorialis ganamwkrivis ZiriTadi Tvisebis damtkiceba

exla n !-is ganamwkrivSi xarisxis FfuZed davafiqsiroT nebismieri

namdvili x ricxvi (SeiZleba kompleqsuri ricxvic) da davamtkicoT
ganamwkrivis ZiriTadi Tviseba am zogadi SemTxvevisaTvis.

C n0 x n  C n1 ( x  1) n  C n2 ( x  2) n  C n3 ( x  3) n  
(3.4)
 (1) n C nn ( x  n) n  n !

12
Tu yvela binoms avaxarisxebT da msgavs wevrebs SevaerTebT, maSin x -is
Semcveli yvela wevri gabaTildeba da darCeba n ! -is mniSvneloba
ucvlelad e.i. miviRebT (3.3) formulas.
binomebis axarisxebiT miRebul ganamwkrivebs mivceT Semdegi forma

C n0 [ x n 
 C n1 [ x n  C n1 x n 1  C n2 x n  2  C n3 x n 3    (1) n 1 C nn 1 x  (1) n C nn 1n ] 
 C n2 [ x n  C n1 x n 1  2  C n2 x n  2  2 2  C n3 x n 3  2 3    (1) n 1 C nn 1 x  2 n 1  (1) n C nn 2 n ] 
 C n3 [ x n  C n1 x n 1  3  C n2 x n  2  3 2  C n3 x n 3  33    (1) n 1 C nn 1 x  3 n 1  (1) n C nn 3 n ] 
                     
(1) n 1 C nn 1 [ x n  C n1 x n 1  (n  1)  C n2 x n  2  (n  1) 2  C n3 x n  2  (n  1) 3  
 (1) n 1 C nn 1 x(n  1) n 1  (1) n C nn (n  1) n ]  (1) n C nn [ x n  C n1 x n 1 n  C n2 x n  2 n 2 
 C n3 x n 3 n 3    (1) n 1 C nn 1 xn n 1  (1) n C nn n n ]
Sekreba SevasruloT svetebis mixedviT

x n (C n0  C n1  C n2  C n3    (1) n 1 C nn 1  (1) n C nn )  C n1 x n 1 (C n1  C n2 2  C n3 3  

n 1
 (1) n 1 C n (n  1)  (1) n C n n)  C n2 x n 2 (C n1 12  C n2 2 2  C n3 3 2  
n

 (1)C nn 1 (n  1) 2  (1)C nn n 2 )  C n3 x n 3 (C n1 13  C n2 2 3  C n3 33    (1) n 1 (C nn 1 (n  1) 3 

 (1) n C nn n 3 )    (1) n 1 C nn 1 x(C n1  C n2 2 n 1  C n3 3 n 1    (1) n 1 C nn 1 (n  1) n 1 
(1) n C nn n n 1  (1) n C nn (C nn 1n  C n2 2 n  C n3 3 n    (1) n 1 C nn 1 (n  1) n  (1) n C nn n n )  n !

(3.5) formulis pirvel frCxilSi gvaqvs niSancvladi binomialuri

koeficientebis jami, rac niutonis binomis Tvisebis Tanaxmad 0-is tolia,
xolo (*)-iani formulebis Tanaxmad, yvela frCxilSi moTavsebuli
mravalwevrebi 0-is tolia, garda ukanaskneli frCxilebisa, maSasadame
darCeba:

 Cn 1n  Cn 2 n  Cn3 3n    (1) n1 Cnn1 (n  1) n  (1) n Cnn n n  n!

1 2
(3.5)

miviReT (3.3) formula, sadac ganamwkrivi Cawerilia Sebrunebuli

rigiT. amiT n ! -is ganamwkrivis ZiriTadi Tviseba damtkicebulia.

F $ 4. faqtorialis ganamwkrivis gamoyeneba albaTobaTa

Teoriis zogierTi amocanis amosaxsnelad

13
 (3.3) formulis ganamwkrivisa da misi Sedegebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis
mizniT ganvixiloT Semdegi tipiuri amocanebi.
amocana
samgzavro matareblis vagonebis ricxvi iyos n , xolo mgzavrebis
ricxvi ki k , TiToeuli mgzavri, Tavisi survilis mixedviT, samgzavrod
TviTon irCevs vagons. ra aris albaToba imisa, rom TiToeul vagonSi,
Tundac erTi mgzavri mainc imyofebodes.
(e.i. arcerTi vagoni ar iyos carieli)
Aamoxsna
Aam saxis amocanebis amosaxsnelad dadgenilia Semdegi formula:
albaToba
C n0 n k  C n1 (n  1) k  C n2 (n  2) k  C n3 (n  3) k    (1) n1 C nn1  1k
P (4.1)
nk
am formulidan miRebuli P -s mniSvneloba iqneba zemoT mocemuli
amocanis pasuxi.
ganvixiloT Semdegi sami SemTxveva:
I SemTxveva: vTqvaT k  n , e.i. samgzavro vagonebis raodenobis ricxvi
udris mgzavrTa ricxvs, maSin (3.3) formulis
Cn0 n n  Cn1 (n  1) n  Cn2 (n  2) n  Cn3 (n  3) n    (1) n1 Cnn1  1n  n !

n!
Tanaxmad albaToba iqneba P  .
nn
magaliTi 1. vTqvaT aris 1 vagoni da 1 mgzavri, maSin (4.1) formulis
Tanaxmad gveqneba
1!
albaToba P  1
11
ras niSnavs rom albaToba 1-is tolia?
Ees imas niSnavs, rom amocanis moTxovna TiToeul vagonSi TiTo mgzavri
mainc iyos 100%- iT uzrunvelyofilia.
magaliTi 2. vTqvaT aris 3 samgzavro vagoni da 3 mgzavri, maSin
SesaZlo variantebi iqneba, Tu gagonebia #1, #2, da #3 xolo mgzavrebia
a, b, c .

N1 N2 N3

14
 a b c
a c b
b a c
b c a
c a b
c b a
sul miviReT 6 varianti, sadac TiToeul variantis, TiToeul vagonSi,
3! 2
TiTo mgzavri mainc aris. Ee.i. P   . aqedan Cans rom albaToba
33 9
Semcirda da Seadgens  22 %-s.
magaliTi 3. vTqvaT aris 6 samgzavro vagoni da 6 mgzavri, maSasadame
albaTobis formulis Tanaxmad vwerT
6! 5
P 6
  0.015 anu 1,5 %
6 324
maSasadame, rac ufro izrdeba samgzavro vagonebis ricxvi da mis
Sesabamisad mgzavrTa ricxvi, miT ufro klebulobs albaToba da
uaxlovdeba 0-s, magram pasuxi 0 araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iqneba, radganac
pirobis Tanaxmad dadgeba momenti, roca TiToeul vagonSi TiTo mgzavri
iqneba.
II. SemTxveva: vTqvaT k  n , e.i mgzavrebis ricxvi naklebia samgzavro
vagonebis ricxvze, maSin erTi an ramdenime vagoni carieli iqneba,
radganac Tu TiToeul vagonSi, TiTo mgzavri moTavsdeba, maSin
mgzavrebi ar eyofa vagonebs, rasac adasturebs (*)-iani formulebi:
Tu 1  k  n  1 maSin Cn0nk  Cn1 (n  1)k    (1)n 1Cnn 1  1k  0 (*)

xolo n k  n n  0
0
pasuxi: albaToba P   0.
nn
ras niSnavs, rom albaToba 0-is tolia?
es imas niSnavs, rom amocanis moTxovna TiToeul vagonSi TiTo mgzavri
mainc iyos, arcerT variantSi ar sruldeba.
magaliTad: Tu aris 8 mgzavri da 9 vagoni, maSin cxadia, rom nebismier
variantSi 1 an ramdenime vagoni carieli iqneba, radganac “mgzavrebi ar
eyofa vagonebs”.
15
 III SemTxveva: vTqvaT k  n , e.i. mgzavrebis ricxvi metia samgzavro
vagonebis ricxvze.
daviwyoT umartivesi SemTxveviT: vTqvaT aris n vagoni da n 1
mgzavri, maSin (4.1) formulis mricxveli miiRebs Semdeg saxes
Pn1  Cn0 n n1  Cn1 (n  1) n1  Cn2 (n  2) n1  Cn3 (n  3) n1    (1) n1 Cnn1  1n1
Tu ra kanonzomierebas miiRebs miRebili ganamwkrivis mniSvnelobebi,
am mizniT CavsvaT n  2,3,4, maSin Sesabamisad am mravalwevridan
miviRebT: 6, 36, 240,. Ees ricxvebi gardavqmnaT Semdegnairad:
6  3  2  (1  2)  2 !
36  6  6  (1  2  3)  3 !
240  10  24  (1  2  3  4)  4 !


am magaliTebis Sedegad aSkarad gamoikveTa kanonzomiereba, amitom

nebismieri n -isaTvis gveqneba P1  (1  2  3    n)  n ! Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
n(n  1)
1 2  3  n  maSin sabolood miviRebT Semdeg formulas
2
n(n  1) !
P1  .
2
magaliTi 1. vTqvaT aris 1 vagoni da 2 mgzavri, maSin P1 formulis
1 2 !
Tanaxmad gveqneba P1   1.
12  2 !
Ee.i. amocanis moTxovna 100%-iT uzrunvelyofilia.
magaliTi 2. vTqvaT aris 3 vagoni da 4 mgzavri e.i. n  3 da k  4 , es
SemTxveva jer amovxsnaT praqtikulad:
#1, #2, #3 iyos vagonebis nomrebi, xolo a, b, c, d mgzavrebi, amocanis
pirobis Tanaxmad TiToeul vagonSi TiTo mgzavri mainc unda iyos,
radganac aq oTxi mgzavria, amitom TiTo vagonSi TiTo mgzavris
ganawilebis Semdeg erT-erT vagonSi ueWvelad iqneba 2 mgzavri, e.i.
mgzavrTa wyvili. 4 mgzavrisagan gveqneba mgzavrTa Semdegi wyvilebi:
43
C 42   6 , marTlac es wyvilebia: ab, ac, ad , bc, bd , cd .
1 2

16
 cxadia, rom mgzavrTa ab wyvilma warmoSva 6 varianti da radganac
mgzavrebis 6 wyvili gvaqvs, amitom sul gveqneba 6  6  36 varianti.
maSasadame es variantebi iseT SemTxvevas ekuTvnis, roca TiToeul
36 4
vagonSi, TiTo mgzavri mainc iqneba, amitom albaToba iqneba P  4

3 9

anu  44 %
axla es magaliTi amovxsnaT formuliT
P1 n(n  1) ! (n  1) !
P n 1
 
n 2  n n1 2  nn
4! 4
ricxobrivad gveqneba P 
23 3
9
4
pasuxi: albaToba Seadgens –s, anu  44 %
9
magaliTi 3. vTqvaT aris 4 samgzavro gagoni da 5 mgzavri. Mmgzavrebia:
a, b, c, d da e , roca TiToeul vagonSi TiTo mgzavrs movaTavsebT, maSin
romelime erT-erT vagonSi ueWvelad ori mgzavri iqneba, mgzavrTa aseTi
54
wyvilebi gamoiTvleba formuliT C52   10 , marTlac
1 2
ab, ac, ad , ae, bc, bd , be, ed , ce, de

Tu movaxdenT c, d , e mgzavrebis yvela SesaZlo gadanacvlebas, maSin

miviRebT P3  3 ! 6 e.i. roca ab wyvili pirvel vagonSia, warmoiSva 6

17
varianti, magram aseTi 4 vagoni gvaqvs, amitom ab wyvili sul
warmoSobs 4  6  24 variants, magram sul gvaqvs mgzavrebis 10 wyvili,
amitom sabolood gveqneba 10  24  240 varianti. es variantebi iseTia, roca
TiToeul vagonSi TiTo mgzavri mainc aris da amitom albaToba iqneba
240 15
P  AanuAAN  23 %
45 64
Aaxla formulis mixedviT albaToba iqneba
P1 n(n  1) ! (n  1) !
DP  n 1
 
n 2  n n1 2  nn
5! 120 15
P  
24 4
512 64
15
pasuxi: albaToba Seadgens P –s, anu  23 %
64
Aaxla praqtikuli xerxi gamoviyenoT zogadi SemTxvevisaTvis.
vTqvaT aris n vagoni n  1 mgzavri, roca yovel vagonSi TiTo mgzavri
mainc moTavsdeba, maSin erT-erT vagonSi ueWvelad ori mgzavri iqneba, e.i.
(n  1)n
mgzavrTa wyvili. maTi raodenoba gamoiTvleba formuliT C n21 
2
vTqvaT mgzavrTa erT-erTi wyvilia ( a, b ) sul aris n vagoni
da es wyvili jer movaTavsoT pirvel vagonSi, maSin danarCen (n  1)
vagonSi iqneba (n  1) mgzavri, Tu movaxdenT am mgzavrTa yvela SesaZlo
gadanacvlebas, maSin miviRebT (n  1) ! variants, magram Tu (a, b) wyvils
gadavaadgilebT danarCen vagonebSi, maSin miviRebT n(n  1) ! n ! es Sedegi
mogvca mxolod (a, b) wyvilma, rogorc ukve viangariSeT aseTi wyvilebis
(n  1)n
raodenoba (n  1) mgzavrisaTvis aris amitom sabolood gveqneba:
2
(n  1)n n(n  1) !
 n !
2 2
es Sedegi aris praqtikuli xerxiT miRebuli, rac daemTxva Teoriulad
n(n  1) !
dadgenil P1  formulas.
2
(n  1) !
Ppasuxi: albaToba Seadgens P 
2  nn
n(3n  1)(n  2) !
analogiuri midgomiT miviRebT P2  formulas.
24

18
 n 2 (n  1)(n  3) !
P3 
48
am formulisaTvis ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTebi:
magaliTi 1. vTqvaT aris 1 vagoni da 3 mgzavri maSin albaToba iqneba
1 4  3 !
P 1
13  24
albaToba Seadgens 1-s, rac imas niSnavs, rom amocanis moTxovna 100% –iT
uzrunvelyofilia.

magaliTi 2. vTqvaT aris 3 samgzavro vagoni da 5 mgzavri. maSin P2

formulis Tanaxmad vwerT
3  10  5 ! 50
P2   anu  62 %
35  24 81
50
Ppasuxi: albaToba Seadgens P  -s.
81
Tu aris n vagoni n  3 mgzavri, maSin am ASemTxvevisaTvis gvaqvs

n 2 (n  1)(n  3) !
formula P3 
24!
magaliTi 1. vTqvaT 1 aris vagoni da 4 mgzavri, maSin albaToba iqneba
24!
P  1 e.i. moTxovna, rom TiToeul vagonSi TiTo mgzavri iyos
1 24!
4

100%-iT uzrunvelyofilia.
magaliTi 2. vTqvaT aris 3 vagoni da 6 mgzavri, maSin
9  4  6 ! 20
P3   anu  74 %
36  2  4! 27
20
Ppasuxi: albaToba Seadgens P  -s.
27
magaliTi 3. vTqvaT aris 6 vagoni da 9 mgzavri, maSin albaToba
36  7  9 ! 245
gamoiTvleba formuliT P    0,1890  0.19 anu  19 %
6 9  48 1296
Ppasuxi: albaToba Seadgens P  0,19 -s.
rac ufro izrdeba vagonebis ricxvi da mis Sesabamisad mgzavrebis
ricxvi miT ufro mcirdeba albaToba, magram pasuxi 0-is toli arasodes
ar iqneba, radganac pirobis Tanaxmad, mgzavrebis ricxvi metia vagonebis

19
ricxvze da amitom aucileblad dadgeba momenti, roca TiToeul vagonSi
TiTo mgzavri mainc iqneba.
am formulebisa da misi analogiuri sxva formulebis urTierT
SedarebiT da maT Soris arsebuli kanonzomierebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT
vadgenT Semdeg zogad formulas:

Pm  C n0 n n  m  C n1 (n  1) n  m  C n2 (n  2) n  m  C n3 (n  3) n  m  
( x1 n m  x 2 n m1  x3 n m2    x m n)(n  m) ! (4.2)
 (1) n 1 C nn 1 [n  (n  1)]n  m 
(m  1) !
(am formulis samarTlinoba SeiZleba damtkicebuli iqnes maTematikuri
induqciis meTodis gamoyenebiT)
Tu am formulaSi n mivcemT mniSvnelobebs n  1,2,3, maSin miviRebT
wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemas da dafiqsirebuli m -Tvis mas amovxsniT
krameris formulebiT an cvladebis TandaTanobiT gamoricxvis gziT.
Tu m  1,2,3, maSin Sesabamisad miviRebT P1 , P2 , P3  formulebs.
vaCvenoT rom (4.2) formulidan rogor miiReba kerZo formulebi.
magaliTad:
2!
a) vTqvaT n  1, m  1 , maSin gveqneba x1   1 aqedan x1  1
2!
CavsvaT es mniSvneloba zogad formulaSi, maSin miviRebT
(n  1) ! n(n  1) !
P1  n.  miviReT P1 formula.
2! 2
b) vTqvaT n  1,2 da m  2 maSin (4.2) formulidan miviRebT sistemas

 x1  x 2  1

 4!
(4 x1  2 x 2 )  3 !  14

3 1
aqedan x1  da x2  , es mniSvnelobebi SevitanoT (4.2) formulaSi,
4 4
maSin gveqneba
3 1  (n  2) ! n(3n  1) (n  2) ! n(3n  1)(n  2) !
P2   n 2  n   
4 4  3! 4 6 24

miviReT P2 formula
g) vTqvaT n  1,2,3 da m  3 maSin (4.2) formulidan miviRebT sistemas

20
 
x  x  x  1
 1 2 3

 5!
(8 x1  4 x 2  2 x3 )   30 anu
 4!
 6!
(27 x1  9 x 2  3x3 )   540
 4!

 x1  x 2  x3  1

(4 x1  2 x 2  x3 )  3
9 x  3x  x  6
 1 2 3

1 1
am sistemis amoxsnis Sedegad vRebulobT x1  , x 2  , x3  0 . es
2 2
mniSvnelobebi CavsvaT (4.2) formulaSi, maSin miviRebT

1 1  (n  3) ! n 2 (n  1) (n  3) !
P3   n 3  n 2  
2 2  4! 48

miviReT P3 formula

analogiurad miiReba P4 , P5 , P6  formulebi. maSasadame III SemTxveva

mTlianad amowurulia.

21
 N$ 5. naturaluri ricxvebis xarisxebis jamis rekurentuli
formula

Nnaturaluri ricxvebi warmovadginoT binomebis saxiT, sadac pirveli

wevri iqneba 1:
(1  0), (1  1), (1  2), (1  3),

SemoviRoT aRniSvna 1k  2 k  3k    n k  S k (n) , sadac k naturaluri

ricxvia. axla ganvixiloT Semdegi igiveoba:

1k 1  2 k 1  3k 1    [1  (n  1)]k 1  (1  n) k 1 
(5.1)
 (1  0) k 1  (1  1) k 1  (1  2) k 1  (1  3) k 1    n k 1  (1  n) k 1
gavSaloT binomebi ganamwkrivebad:

(1  0) k 1  1k 1  C k11 0  C k21 0  C k31 0    C kk1 0  0 k 1

(1  1) k 1  1k 1  C k1111  C k2112  C k3113    C kk11k  1k 1
(1  2) k 1  1k 1  C k11 21  C k21 2 2  C k31 2 3    C kk1 2 k  2 k 1
(1  3) k 1  1k 1  C k11 31  C k21 3 2  C k31 33    C kk1 3 k  3 k 1

[(1  (n  1)]k 1  1k 1  C k11 (n  1)  C k21 (n  1) 2  C k31 (n  1) 3    C kk1 (n  1) k  (n  1) k 1
(1  n) k 1  1k 1  C k11 n  C k21 n 2  C k31 n 3    C kk1 n k  n k 1
es ganamwkrivebi SevkriboT svetebis mixedviT, maSin miviRebT
(1  n) k 1  (1  n)  Ck11 S1  Ck21 S 2  Ck31 S 3    Ckk1 S k
maSasadame sabolood miviReT Semdegi formula
Ck11 S1  Ck21 S 2  Ck31 S 3    Ckk1 S k  (n  1)[(n  1) k  1] (5.2)
es formula warmoadgens naturaluri ricxvebis xarisxebis jamis
rekurentul formulas. am formulidan SeiZleba davadginoT S1 , S 2 ,, S k
formulebi.
vTqvaT k  1 , maSin gveqneba
n(n  1) n(n  1)
C21 S1  (n  1)[(n  1)1  1] aqedan S1 (n)  anu 1  2  3    n 
2 2
vTqvaT k  2 , maSin gveqneba
n(n  1)(2n  1)
C31 S1  C32 S 2  (n  1)[(n  1) 2  1] aqedan S 2 (n)  anu
6
n(n  1)(2n  1)
12  2 2  32    n 2 
6

22
 magaliTi: davadginoT 1-dan n -mde natiraluri ricxvebis, 2-2 aRebuli
namravlTa jami. es jami aRvniSnoT S n (2).
gamoyvanili am ori formulis Tanaxmad gveqneba
(1  2  3    n) 2  12  2 2  32    n 2  2S n (2)

 n(n  1)  n(n  1)(2n  1)

2

 2   6
 2S n (2)

(3n  2) An31
maSasadame 2S n (2)  .
24
ganvixiloT kerZo magaliTi:
gamovTvaloT 1-dan 9-mde cifrebis, 2-2 aRebul namravlTa jami
(3  9  2)  10  9  8
S 9 (2)   870
24
pasuxi: S 9 (2)  870 .
davubrundeT (5.2) formulas.
vTqvaT k  3 , maSin gveqneba
2n(n  1)  n(n  1)(2n  1)  4S 3 (n  1)[(n  1) 3  1]

 n(n  1) 
2
 n(n  1) 
2

miviRebT S3 (n)   anu 13  2 3  33    n 3   .

 2   2 
magaliTi: daamtkiceT, rom

13  23  33    n 3  1  2  3    n
analogiuri midgomiT (5.2) formulis gamoyenebiT TandaTanobiT
SeiZleba davadginoT S 4 , S 5 , S 6 ,, S k naturalurfuZiani, xarisxovani
mwkrivebis formulebi.
magaliTad, davadginoT naturaluri ricxvebis me-5 xarisxebis jamis
formula, Tu cnobilia:

n(n  1) n(n  1)(2n  1)  n(n  1)  n(n  1)(2n  1)(3n 2  3n  1)

2

S1  ; S2  ; S3   ; S 
 2 
4
2 6 30
amisaTvis saWiroa CavsvaT k  5 maSin (5.2) formula miiRebs Semdeg saxes

n(n  1) 2 n( n  1)(2n  1) 3  n( n  1)  4 n( n  1)(2n  1)(3n  3n  1)

2 2
C1
6  C6  C6    C6  C 65 S 5 
2 6  2  30
 (n  1)[(n  1) 5  1]

23
  5(2n  1) (2n  1)(3n 2  3n  1) 
n(n  1) 3   5(n 2  n)    6S 5  n(n  1)(n  5n  10n  10n  5)
4 3 2

 2 2 

 10n  5 6n 3  9 n 2  n  1 
n(n  1) 3   5n 2  5n    6S 5  n(n  1)(n 4  5n 3  10n 2  10n  5)
 2 2 

6  10n  5  10n 2  10n  6n 3  9n 2  n  1

n(n  1)  6S 5  n(n  1)(n 4  5n 3  10n 2  10n  5)
2
6n 3  19n 2  21n  10
n(n  1)  6S 5  n(n  1)(n 4  5n 3  10n 2  10n  5)
2
 6n 3  19n 2  21n  10 
6S 5  n(n  1) n 4  5n 3  10n 2  10n  5  
 2 

2n 4  10n 3  20n 2  20n  10  6n 3  19n 2  21n  10

6S 5  n(n  1)
2
2n 4  4 n 3  n 2  n
6S 5  n(n  1)
2
2 n 3  4n 2  n  1
6S 5  n 2 (n  1)
2
n 2 (n  1) 2 (2n 2  2n  1)
6S 5 
2
[n(n  1)]2 (2n 2  2n  1)
S5 
12
[n(n  1)]2 (2n 2  2n  1)
maSasadame 15  2 5  35    n 5 
12

24
 $ 6. eiler-maklorenis formula da misi Sedegebi

eiler-makloranis formulas aqvs Semdegi saxe:

a  nh
1 1 
a
f ( x)dx  h  f (a)  f (a  h)  f (a  2h)    f (a  (n  1)h)  f (a  nh)
2 2 
B2 h 2 4
  f ' (a  nh)  f ' (a)  B4 h  f (a  nh)  f (a)   (6.1)
2! 4!


(2r )!
f
B2 r h 2 r ( 2 r 1)

(a  nh)  f ( 2 r 1) (a)  R 2 r

es formula gamoiyeneba zogierTi maTematikuri problemis

gadasaWrelad. maT Soris erT-erTia naturaluri ricxvebis xarisxebis
jamis formulebi.
Sedegi 1: Tu (6.1) formulaSi CavsvamT a  0, h  1 da f ( x)  x k , maSin
saaTanado gardaqmnebis Semdeg miviRebT Semdeg formulas

1 1  1
n
B
x dx  1k  2 k    (n  1) k   n k  n k   n k  2 [knk 1  0] 
k

0 2 2  2 2!
B B
 4 [k (k  1)(k  2)n k 3  0]    2 r k (k  1)(k  2)  (k  2r  1)n k ( 2 r 1)    Bk n
4! ( 2r ) !

n k 1 1 B B
 1k  2 k    (n  1) k  n k  n k  2 knk 1  4 k (k  1)(k  2)n k 3    Bk n
k 1 2 2! 4!

n k 1 1 B B
 1k  2 k    n k  n k  2 Ak1 n k 1  4 Ak2 n k 3    Bk n
k 1 2 2! 4!

1 k 1 1 k  Ak1 k 1 Ak3 k 3 Ak5 k 5

1  2  3  n 
k k k k
n  n   B2 n  B4 n  B6 n 
k 1 2  2! 4! 6!
(6.2)
Ak2 r 1 k ( 2 r 1) 
 B2 r n    Bk n 
( 2r ) ! 
(zogadi wevri exeba mxolod frCxilebSi moTavsebul mravalwevrs),
k
sadac 1 r  ; r naturaluri ricxvia; Tu k kentia, maSin (6.2)
2
k 2
formulaSi Bk n amovardeba da mis nacvlad gveqneba Bk 1 n .
2!
magaliTi 1. davadginoT naturaluri ricxvebis kvadratebis jamis
formula amisaTvis (6.2) formulaSi CavsvaT k  2 , maSin miviRebT

25
 1 1 1 n(n  1)(2n  1)
12  2 2  32    n 2  n 3  n 2  n 
3 2 6 6

magaliTi 2. davadginoT naturaluri ricxvebis me-5 xarisxebis jamis

formula amisaTvis (6.2) formulaSi CavsvaT k  5 , maSin miviRebT
1 6 1 5 1 5 4 1 5 2 1 6 1 5 5 4 1 2
15  2 5  35    n 5  n  n  n  n  n  n  n  n
6 2 6 2! 30 2 6 2 12 12
[n(n  1)]2 (2n 2  2n  1)
sabolood miviReT 15  2 5  35    n 5 
12
maSasadame k -s dafiqsirebiT SegviZlia gamoviyvanoT naturaluri
ricxvebis xarisxebis jamis nebismieri formula.

Sedegi 2: (6.2) formulis meSveobiT SeiZleba davadginoT bernulis

ricxvebis gamosaTvleli rekurentuli formula amisaTvis (6.2)
igiveobaSi CavsvaT n  1, maSin miviRebT
1 1 Ak1 Ak3 Ak5 Ak2 r 1
1   B2  B4  B6    B2 r    Bk
k 1 2 2! 4! 6! ( 2r ) !
aqedan
k 1  A1 A3 A5 A 2 r 1 Akk 3 
Bk    B2 k  B4 k  B6 k    B2 r k    Bk 2  (6.3)
2(k  1)  2! 4! 6! ( 2r ) ! (k  2) ! 
k 2 k 1
sadac 1  r  an ; (kenti k -aTvis)
2 2
am formulidan Cans, rom Tu CavsvamT k  1,3,5, maSin miviRebT

B1  B3  B5    0 .
daskvna I. (6.3) formulis mixedviT kentindeqsiani bernulis ricxvebi
ar arsebobs anu udris 0-s.
1
Tu k  2 , maSin miviRebT B2 
6
3 1 1
Tu k  4 , maSin miviRebT B4   
10 3 30
5 1 1 6  5  4 15  21  7 1
Tu k  6 , maSin miviRebT B6   3     da a.S.
14 6 30 1 2  3  4 42 42
daskvna II. Tu bernulis ricxvi luwindeqsiania, maSin (6.3) formulis
Tanaxmad TandaTanobiT miviRebT
1 1 1 1 5 691 7 3617
B2  ; B4   ; B6  ; B8   ; B10  ; B12   ; B14  ; B16   
6 30 42 30 66 2730 6 510
Sedegi 3: eiler-maklorenis (6.1) formulis meSveobiT SeiZleba
davadginoT sayovelTaod cnobili neperis  ricxvis miaxloebiTi
mniSvneloba, amis gamo zogjer  ricxvs eileris ricxvsac uwodeben.
26
 ganvixiloT binomebis Semdegi mimdevroba:
1 2 3 n
 1  1   1   1
1   , 1   , 1   , , 1   , 
 1  2   3   n
es mimdevroba zrdadia da zemodan SemosazRvruli, nebismieri wevri 3-ze
naklebia, amitom cnobili Teoremis Tanaxmad am mimdevrobas aqvs zRvari
da is warmoadgens neperis ricxvs.
n
 1
lim 1     , es ricxvi usasrulo araperioduli aTwiladiT
n 
 n
gamoisaxeba, amitom es ricxvi iracionaluri ricxvia. praqtikuli
magaliTebisa da amocanebis amoxsnisas miRebulia   2,71 an kidev:
1 1 1 1
  1    
1! 2! 3! n!
es formula saSualebas gvaZlevs  -s miaxloebiTi mniSvnelobebi
vipovoT. magaliTad am formulis marjvena mxareSi pirveli xuTi wevris
jamia
1 1 1
11    2,708 .
2 6 24
ramdenad “axloa’” mxolod xuTi Sesakrebis mixedviT miRebuli es
miaxloebiTi mniSvneloba  -s mniSvnelobasTan? amis garkveva iolia, Tu
moviyvanT  -s miaxloebiT mniSvnelobas 10 7 sizustiT
  2,7182818 .

27
 $7 integrirebis meTodi

1. Sesavali
ganvixiloT 1, 2, 3,  n natural rixcvTa mimdevroba, es ricxvebi
warmovadginoT k -uri xarisxis binomebis jamis saxiT:
(n  0) k  (n  1) k  (n  2) k    [n  (n  1)]k
Tu yvela binoms avaxarisxebT da ganvixilavT maTi pirvel SesakrebTa
jams, cxadia rom am SesakrebTa raodenoba iqneba n

= n  n k  n k 1
maSasadame naturaluri ricxvebis, k –uri xarisxebis jami 1-dan n - mde,
udris (k  1) xarisxis n fuZian mravalwevrs, sadac k naturaluri
ricxvia.
am Tvisebis gamoyenebiT vwerT Semdeg formulas
1k  2 k  3k    n k  x1n k 1  x2 n k  x3 n k 1    xk n 2  xk 1n (7.1)
(7.1) formula warmoadgens igiveobas, amitom is samarTliani iqneba n –is
nebismieri naturaluri ricxviTi mniSvnelobisaTvis, amitom CavsvaT
n  1, 2, 3,  k , k  1 , maSin x –is mimarT miviRebT Semdeg wrfiv gantolebaTa
sistemas:

 x 2  x3    x k  x k 1  C1
 k 1 k 1
2 x1  2 x 2  2 x3    2 x k  2 x k 1  C 2
k 2

 k 1 k 1
3 x1  3 x 2  3 x3    3 x k  3x k 1  C 3
k 2



m k 1 x1  m k x 2  m k 1 x3    m 2 x k  mxk 1  C m

sadac C1  1k , C2  C1  2 k , C3  C2  3k ,, Cm  Cm1  m k aq 1  m  k  1

am sistemis  determinanti iqneba

1 1 1  1 1
k 1 k 1
2 2k 2  22 2
3 k 1 3k 3 k 1  32 3

     
k k 1 kk k k 1  k2 k
(k  1) k 1 (k  1) k (k  1) k 1  (k  1) 2 (k  1)

28
 am determinantSi: striqonebi warmoadgenen geometriuli progresiebis
mimdevrobebs, xolo svetebi ki naturaluri ricxvebis xarisxebis
mimdevrobebs. davamtkicoT, rom  =0
marTlac, amisaTvis ganvixiloT W vandermondis determinanti, am
determinantSi asoebi SevcvaloT misi Sesabamisi naturaluri ricxvebiT.
amis Semdeg miRebuli determinantis striqonebi vaqcioT svetebad, xolo
svetebi striqonebad, maSin miviRebT:

1 1 1  1 1 1 1 1  1 1
a1 a2 a3  ak a k 1 1 2 3  k k 1
a 2
1 a 2
2 a 2
3  a 2
k a 2
k 1 12
2 2
3 2
 k 2
(k  1) 2
W a 3
1 a 3
2 a 3
3  a 3
k a  13
3
k 1 23 33  k3 (k  1) 3
           
a1k 1 a 2k 1 a3k 1  a kk 1 k 1
a k 1 1k 1 2 k 1 3 k 1  k k 1 (k  1) k 1
a1k a 2k a3k  a kk a kk1 1k 2k 3k  kk (k  1) k

1 1  1 1 1 1
k 1
2k 2  23 22 2 1
3k 3 k 1  33 32 3 1

      
kk k k 1  k3 k2 k 1
(k  1) k (k  1) k 1  (k  1) 3 (k  1) 2 (k  1) 1

miRebuli Sedegi warmoadgens vandermondis erT-erT kerZo SemTxvevas.

axla davubrundeT (7.2) gantolenbaTa sistemis  determinants.
determinantebis erT-erTi Tvisebis Tanaxmad, ufleba gvaqvs
striqonebidan saerTo mamravli gavitanoT determinantis niSnis gareT,
maSin gveqneba:

1 1  1 1 1 1 1
k 1
2k 2  23 22 2 1 2
3k 3 k 1  33 32 3 1 3
  =
      
kk k k 1  k3 k2 k 1 k
(k  1) k (k  1) k 1  (k  1) 3 (k  1) 2 k 1 1 k 1

29
 1 1  1 1 1 1
2k 2 k 1  23 22 2 1
3k 3 k 1  33 32 3 1
  (k  1) !
      
kk k k 1  k3 k2 k 1
(k  1) k (k  1) k 1  (k  1) 3 (k  1) 2 k 1 1

es determinanti daemTxva vandermondis determinants, magram

damtkicebulia, rom vandermondis W determinanti gansxvavebulia 0-sagan,
amitom   0 .
krameris wesis Tanaxmad (7.2) wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemas gaaCnia
amonaxsni da masTn mxolod erTi.
cvladebi ganisazRvrebian krameris formulebiT (an cvladebis
TandaTanobiT gamoricxvis xerxiT). (7.1) formulisa da (7.2). wrfiv
gantolebaTa sistemaSi n da k naturaluri ricxvebia. miRebuli (7.1)
formula da (7.2) wrfiv gantolebaTa sistema erTad warmoadgens
naturaluri ricxvebis xarisxebis jamis zogad formulas. maTgan
SeiZleba miviRoT naturaluri ricxvebis xarisxebis jamis yvela
formula. Ees aris sakiTxis gadawyvetis algebruli gza.

ganvixiloT magaliTebi:
magaliTi 1. vTqvaT k  1 maSin miviRebT sistemas
1 1 1 1
 x1  x 2  1  3 2 1  4 3 1
 aqedan x1  1   x2  2  
4 x1  2 x 2  3  1 1 2  1 1 2
4 2 4 2

x1 -is da x 2 -is mniSvnelobebi SevitanoT (7.1) formulaSi, miviRebT:

1 2 1 n(n  1)
1 2  3  n  n  n
2 2 2
magaliTi 2: vTqvaT k  2 , maSin miviRebT sistemas

 x1  x 2  x3  1

8 x1  4 x 2  2 x3  5
27 x  9 x  3x  14
 1 2 3

30
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5 4 2 8 5 2 8 4 5
1 14 9 3 1  1  27 14 3 1 27 9 14
x1    ; x2  2   ; x3  3  
 1 1 1 3  1 1 1 2  1 1 1 6
8 4 2 8 4 2 8 4 2
27 9 3 27 9 3 27 9 3

cvladebis es mniSvnelobebi SevitanoT (7.1) formulaSi, maSin miviRebT

1 1 1 n(n  1)(2n  1)
12  2 2  32    n 2  n 3  n 2  n  da a.S.
3 2 6 6
(6.2) da (7.1) fomulebi erTi da igivea, amitom am ori formulis, n
cvladis Sesabamisi koeficientebi tolia. (6.2) formulaSi n –is
koeficienti bernulis ricxvia, magram (7.1) formulaSi n –is koeficienti
warmoadgens x k 1 , rac ganisazRvreba krameris formulebiT.
amrigad miviReT
 k 1
Bk  (7.3)

sadac k luwi naturaluri ricxvia.
(7.3) formulidan miiReba bernulis yvela ricxvi. zemoT ganxiluli
 1
magaliTi 2-dan Cans, rom B2  3  .
 6

2. integrirebis meTodi

ganvixiloT 12  2 2  32    n 2 mwkrivi da gavaintegraloT es jami n

cvladiT, maSin miviRebT amave ricxvebis kubebis jams, e.i.

13  23  33    n 3  3   (12 2 2  32    n 2 )dn

zogadad: naturalurfuZiani, k- uri xarisxovani mwkrivis

integrirebiT, miiReba k  1 , xarisxis, xarisxovani mwkrivi. marTlac
n n
x k 1 1
 (1  2  3    n )dn    x dx   (1k 1  2 k 1  3k 1    n k 1 )
k k k k k

x 1 x 1 k  1 k  1
1
Aanu S k dn 
k 1
S k 1 aqedan

S k 1  (k  1)  S k dn

am ideam warmoSva kiTxva: kvadratebis jamis formulis integrirebiT

miiReba Tu ara kubebis jamis formula?

31
am ideas pasuxobs Semdegi Teorema:
Bk 1
Tu f ( n)  S k ( n)  funqcias gavaintegralebT n cvladiT, maSin
k 1
miviRebT naturalurfuZiani k  1 xarisxovani mwkrivis formulas.

S k 1 (n)   [(k  1)S k (n)  Bk 1 ]dn (7.4)

sadac Bk 1 Sesabamisi bernulis ricxvia, xolo S k (n)  1k  2 k  3k    n k

warmoadgens xarisxovani mwkrivis formulas.
damtkiceba: naturaluri ricxvebis k - uri xarisxebis jamis Tvisebis
Tanaxmad damtkicebuli gvaqvs formula
1k  2 k  3k    n k  S k (n)  x1n k 1  x2 n k  x3 n k 1    xk n 2  xk 1n (1)

sadac x1 , x2 , x3 , xk 1 ganisazRvrebian (7.2) gantolebaTa sistemidan

krameris formulebis gamoyenebiT.
(1) formula samarTliania nebismieri naturaluri ricxvisaTvis, maSin
cxadia, rom samarTliani iqneba Semdegi formulac
1k 1  2 k 1  3k 1    n k 1  S k 1 (n)  a1n k 2  a2 n k 1  a3 n k    ak n 3  ak 1n 2  ak 2 n (1')

sadac a1 , a2 , a3    ak 2 koeficientebi ganisazRvrebian (7.2) sistemis

analogiurad, krameris formulebis gamoyenebiT.
davafiqsiroT binomis integrirebisaTvis Semdegi gardaqmna

(n  c) k 1
 (n  c) dn   (n  c) d (n  c) 
k k
,
k 1
sadac n warmoadgens cvlads, romelic Rebulobs mxolod naturalur
ricxviT mniSvnelobebs, xolo c warmoadgens dafiqsirebul naturalur
ricxvs 1  c  n  1 Sualedidan.
TeoremaSi aRniSnul f (n) funqciis pirobebis mixedviT
gavaintegraloT (1) formula, miviRebT:

1  B 
(1k 1  2 k 1  3k 1    n k 1 )    S k (n)  k 1 dn anu
k 1  k  1

1k 1  2 k 1  3k 1    n k 1   [(k  1)S k (n)  Bk 1 ]dn

aq marcxena da marjvena nawili gansazRvrulia nebismieri mudmivi

ricxvis sizustiT, kerZod SeiZleba es mudmivi ricxvi 0-is tolad
CavTvaloT C  0

S k 1 (n)   [(k  1)( x1n k 1  x2 n k  x3 n k 1    xk n 2  xk 1n)  Bk 1 ]dn

32
  x x x x x 
S k 1 (n)  (k  1) 1 n k  2  2 n k 1  3 n k    k n 3  k 1 n 2   Bk 1n
k 2 k 1 k 3 2 
anu
(k  1) (k  1) (k  1) (k  1)
S k 1 (n)  x1n k  2  x2 n k 1  x3 n k    xk n 3  xk 1n 2  Bk 1n
(k  2) k 3 2
miviReT imave xarisxis da SesakrebTa imave odenobis mravalwevri, rac
(1') formulaSia, am ori formulis marcxena nawilebi tolia, amitom
gavutoloT erTmaneTs marjvena nawilebi, magram ori mravalwevri toli
iqneba maSin da mxolod maSin, roca maTi toli xarisxebis Sesabamisi
koeficientebi tolia, amitom vwerT
(k  1)
a1   x1
( k  2)
a2  x2
(k  1)
a3   x3
k

(k  1)
ak   xk
3
(k  1)
a k 1   x k 1
2
a k  2  Bk 1

Aam formulebiT gansazRvruli a1 , a2 , a3 ,, ak 2 koeficientebi

daemTxveva krameris formulebiT gansazRvrul amave koeficientebis
mniSvnelobebs, amonaxsenis erTaderTobis krameris wesis Tanaxmad.
maSasadame (1) formulis integrirebiT miviReT (1') formula. amiT
Teorema damtkicebulia.

3. integrirebis meTodis magaliTebi

n(n  1)
magaliTi 1: mocemulia S1 (n)  , gamoviyvanoT S 2 (n) formula.
2
(7.4) formulis Tanaxmad vwerT

 2 1 n 3 n 2 n n(n  1)(2n  1)
S 2 (n)   (2S1 (n)  B2 )dn    n  n  dn    
 6 3 2 6 6
n(n  1)(2n  1)
maSasadame 12  2 2  32    n 2  S 2 (n) 
6

33
 n(n  1)n(2n  1)
magaliTi 2: mocemulia S 2 (n)  gamoviyvanoT S 3 ( n)
6
formula kvlav (7.4) formulis Tanaxmad miviRebT S 3 (n) = ,
magram =0, amitom gveqneba

 n(n  1) 
2

Aamrigad 13+23+33+...+n3= S 3 (n) =  

 2 

 n(n  1) 
2

magaliTi 3: mocemulia S 3 (n)   , gamoviyvanoT S 4 (n) formula

 2 
iseve (7.4) formulis Tanaxmad, miviRebT

 1 
S 4 (n)   (4S 3 (n)  B4 )dn    n 4  2n 3  n 2  dn 
 30 
n 5
n 4
n 3
n n(n  1)(2n  1)(3n  3n  1)
2
    
5 2 3 30 30
n(n  1)(2n  1)(3n 2  3n  1)
e.i. 1  2  3    n  S 4 ( n) 
4 4 4 4

30
magaliTi 4: analogiuri gardaqmniT miviRebT
marTlac,

3(n 2  n) 2 (2n  1)  (n 2  n)(2n  1)

S 4 ( n)  , maSin
30
5(  3(n 2  n) 2 d (n 2  n)   (n 2  n)d (n 2  n))
S 5 ( n) 
30
1
( n 2  n) 3  ( n 2  n) 2
S 5 ( n)  2
6
2(n 2  n) 3  (n 2  n) 2 (n 2  n) 2 (2n 2  2n  1)
S 5 ( n)   
12 12


n(n  1) (2n 2  2n  1)
2

12

15  2 5  35    n 5  S 5 (n) 
n(n  1)2 (2n 2  2n  1)
12
da a.S. SegviZlia gamoviyvanoT danarCeni formulebi:
S 6 (n), S 7 (n), S8 (n),, S k (n) .

34
 Teoremis Sedegi: Tu k luwi naturaluri ricxvia, maSin samarTliania
Semdegi formula
1
S k ( n)  S k' 1 (n) (7.5)
k 1
damtkiceba: radgan k luwi naturaluri ricxvia, amitom k  1 kenti
naturaluri ricxvi iqneba rogorc ukve dadgenili gvaqvs Bk 1  0 , maSin

(7.4) formula miiRebs saxes S k 1 (n)   (k  1)S k (n)dn , gavawarmooT es

formula
1
S k' 1 (n)  (k  1)S k aqedan S k (n)  S k' 1 (n)
k 1

magaliTi: mocemulia S 5 (n) 

n(n  1)2 (2n 2  2n  1) , maSin (7.5) formulis
12
1 '
Tanaxmad S 4 (n)  S 5 ( n)
5

S 4 ( n) 
 

1 2(n 2  n) 3  (n 2  n) 2  6(n 2  n) 2 (2n  1)  2(n 2  n)(2n  1)
aqedan
5 12 60
sabolood miviRebT:

n(n  1)(2n  1)(3n 2  3n  1)

S 4 ( n) 
30
SevniSnoT, rom S 4 (n) formulis gamoyvana sxva xerxebiT gvaZlevs
mravalwevrs, romlis daSla mamravlebad garkveul problemas qmnis da
es problema moxsna (7.5) formulis gamoyenebam, roca k luwi
naturaluri ricxvia, maSin analogiurad miiReba yvela sxva
S 6 (n), S8 (n), S10 (n),, S k (n) formulebi.

4. naturalurfuZiani k -uri xarisxovani mwkrivis formula

integrirebis meTodi iZleva safuZvels imisaTvis, rom davadginoT

naturalurfuZiani, k -uri xarisxovani mwkrivis formula. am mizniT
gadmovweroT S1 (n) -dan S 6 (n) -mde xarisxovani mwkrivebis formulebi da
SevadaroT isini erTmaneTs, maT Soris kanonzomierebaTa dadgenis mizniT

35
 1 2 1
S1 ( n )  n  n
2 2
1 1
S 2 ( n)  n 3  n 2  B2 n
3 2
1 1 3
S 3 ( n)  n 4  n 3  B2 n 2
4 2 2
1 1 3 4 3
S 4 ( n)  n 5  n 4  B2 n  B4 n
5 2 23
1 6 1 5 3 45 3 5n 2
S 5 ( n)  n  n  B2 n  B4
6 2 23 4 2
1 1 3 4 5 6 5 56 3
S 6 ( n )  n 7  n 6  B2 n  B4 n  B6 n
7 2 2 3 4 5 23


1 k 1 1 k A k  2 k 1 Akk  4 k 3
S k ( n)  n  n  B2 k n  B4 n 
k 1 2 (k  1) ! (k  3) !
(7.6)
Akk 6 k 5
 B6 n    Bk n
(k  5) !
davamtkicoT (7.6) formula maTematikuri induqciis meTodis
n(n  1)
gamoyenebiT. Tu k  1 , maSin miviRebT S1 (n)  1  2  3    n  miviReT
2
WeSmariti toloba.
davuSvaT (7.6) formula samarTliania S k (n) -aTvis da davamtkicoT, rom

is samarTliani iqneba S k 1 (n) -saTvis.

marTlac Tu Sk samarTliania, maSin (7.4) formulis Tanaxmad is

samarTliani aris S k 1 (n) -aTvis.

maSasadame maTematikuri induqciis meTodiT damtkicebul (7.6)
formulas mivceT Semdegi saxe, Tan gaviTvaliswinoT rom
k ! k 4 k !
Akk 2  , Ak   .
2! 4!

1 k 1 1 k
1k  2 k  3 k    n k  S k (n)  n  n 
k 1 2
(7.7)
 A1 A3 A 5
A 2 r 1 k ( 2 r 1) 
  B2 k n k 1  B4 k n k 3  B6 k n k 5   B2 r k n    Bk  n 
 2! 4! 6! ( 2r ) ! 
k
sadac 1  r 
2
miRebuli (7.7) igiveobis meSveobiTYgamoyvanilia Semdegi formulebi:
1) kentmaCvenebliani mwkrivebisaTvis
36
 n(n  1)
S1 ( n) 
2
 n(n  1) 
2

S 3 ( n)   
 2 

S5 ( n) 
n(n  1) (2n 2  2n  1)
2

12

S 7 ( n) 
n(n  1)2 3(n 2  n)  4(n 2  n)  2
24

S 9 ( n) 
2

n(n  1) 2(n  n) 3  5(n 2  n) 2  6(n 2  n)  3
2

20

S11 (n) 
 2 2

n(n  1) 2(n  n)  8(n 2  n) 3  17(n 2  n) 2  20(n 2  n)  10
4

24
2) luwmaCvenebliani mwkrivebisaTvis
n(n  1)(2n  1)
S 2 ( n) 
6

S 4 ( n) 

n(n  1)(2n  1) 3n 2  3n  1 
30

S 6 ( n) 

n(n  1)(2n  1) 3(n 2  n) 2  3(n 2  n)  1 
42

S 8 ( n) 

n(n  1)(2n  1) 5(n  n) 3  10(n 2  n) 2  9(n 2  n)  3
2

90

S10 (n) 
2 4

n(n  1)(2n  1) 3(n  n)  10(n 2  n) 3  17(n 2  n) 2  15(n 2  n)  5 
66
ra daskvnis gakeTeba SeiZleba am gamoyvanili formulebidan ?
1) kentmaCvenebliani xarisxovani mwkrivebis formulebi, SeiZleba
warmovadginoT Semdegi saxiT:
k 1 k 1 k 3
S k (n)  A1 (n 2  n) 2
 A2 (n 2  n) 2
 A3 (n 2  n) 2
   Ak 1 (n 2  n) 2 (7.8)
2

sadac A1 , A2 , A3 , Ak 1 koeficientebia
2

e.i. kentmaCvenebliani xarisxovani mwkrivebis formulebi warmoadgenen

(n 2  n) binomebis xarisxebis jams, romlis bolo wevria (n 2  n) 2 da is
aris saerTo mamravli yvela formulisaTvis. (garda k  1 ).
2) kentmaCvenebliani xarisxovani mwkrivebis formulebis gawarmoebiT
vRebulobT luwmaCveneblian xarisxovani mwkrivebis formulebs, amitom


maTi saerTo mamravli iqneba (n 2  n) 2   2n(n  1)(2n  1) . 
37
amrigad naturaluri ricxvebis xarisxebis jamis formulebis sakiTxi
mTlianad amowurulia.

5. niutonis binomis formulis damtkiceba

integrirebis meTodi iZleva saSualebas imisa, rom gamoviyvanoT da

davamtkicoT niutonis binomis formula.
winaswar gaviTvaliswinoT, rom 1  Cn0  Cnn , xolo const SevarCioT ise,

rom c  a n , sadac a warmoadgens binomis me-2 Sesakrebs, xolo n aris

binomis xarisxis maCvenebeli.
ganvixiloT ( x  a)1  C10 x  C11a , sadac x cvladia da a dafiqsirebuli
mudmivi ricxvi.

gavaintegraloT es toloba ( x  a) 2  2 (C10 x C11a)dx  c aq c SevarCioT

ise, rom c  a 2 , maSin miviRebT

( x  a) 2  C20 x 2  C21 xa  C22 a 2
miRebuli formula kvlav gavaintegraloT, gveqneba

( x  a) 3  3 (C20 x 2 C21 xa  C22 a 2 )dx  c

aq c SevarCioT ise, rom c  a 3 , maSin gveqneba

( x  a) 3  C30 x 3  C31 x 2 a  C32 xa 2  C33 a 3
analogiuri gardaqmnebiT miviRebT Semdeg tolobas
( x  a) 4  C 40 x 4  C 41 x 3 a  C 42 x 2 a 2  C 43 xa 3  C 44 a 4
 (7.9)
( x  a) n  C n0 x n  C n1 x n 1 a  C n2 x n 2 a 2  C n3 x n 3 a 3    C nk x n k a k    C nn a n
davamtkicoT (7.9) formulis marTebuloba maTematikuri induqciis
meTodis gamoyenebiT.

n  1, ( x  a)1  C10 x C a
1 1
vTqvaT maSin 1 miviReT WeSmariti toloba.

dauSvaT (7.9) formula marTebulia n -aTvis da davamtkicoT rom is

samarTliani iqneba (n  1) -aTvis.
maSasadame unda damtkicdes

38
 ( x  a) n1  Cn01 x n1  Cn11 x n a  Cn21 x n1a 2    Cnk1 x nk 1a k    Cnn11a n1
damtkiceba: gavaintegraloT (7.9) formula, risTvisac sakmarisia
gavaintegraloT am formulis zogadi wevri da mere k -s nacvlad rig-
rigobiT CavsvaT mniSvnelobebi 0-dan n -mde:

(n  1) (Cnk x nk a k )dx  Cnk1 x nk 1a k , sadac 0  k  n ,

maSin miviRebT
( x  a) n1  Cn01 x n1  Cn11 x n a  Cn21 x n1a 2    Cnk1 x nk 1a k    Cnn1 xa n  C

C SevarCioT ise, rom C  a n1

Aamrigad sabolood miviRebT:
( x  a) n1  Cn01 x n1  Cn11 x n a  Cn21 x n1a 2    Cnk1 x nk 1a k    Cnn1 xa n  Cnn11a n1
rac unda dagvemtkicebina.

39
 $8. daskvna
1. TemaSi arsebuli siaxleebi:

1. binomis ganamwkrividan faqtorialis ganamwkrivis formulis miReba

da am formulis damtkiceba maTematikuri induqciis meTodis
gamoyenebiT.
2. faqtorialis ganamwkrivis formulis gamoyvana xarisxovani
mimdevrobebis gamoyenebiT.
3. faqtorialis ganamwkrivis Sedegi
Cn0 n k  Cn1 (n  1)n k  Cn2 (n  2) k  Cn3 (n  3) k    (1) n1 Cnn11k  0 Tu 1  k  n  1 .
4. faqtorialis ganamwkrivis ZiriTadi Tvisebis damtkiceba zogadi
SemTxvevisaTvis.
5. faqtorialis ganamwkrivisa da misi Sedegebis gamoyeneba
albaTobaTa Teoriis zogierTi amocanis amosaxsnelad.
6. naturaluri ricxvebis xarisxebis jamis rekurentuli formulis
gamoyvana.
7. eiler-maklorenis formulis Sedegis gamoyvana.
8. naturalurfuZiani xarisxebis formulebis dadgena algebruli
gziT.
9. naturalurfuZiani xarisxebis mwkrivebis Sesaxeb, Teoremis
damtkiceba, integrirebis meTodiT
10. naturaluri ricxvebis jamis sawyisi formulidan integrirebis
meTodiT yvela xarisxovani mwkrivis formulis gamoyvana.
11. niutonis binomis formulis gamoyvana integrirebis mixedviT da
misi damtkiceba maTematikuri induqciis meTodiT
12. naturaluri ricxvebis k -uri xarisxebis jamis formulis
damtkiceba, maTematikuri induqciis meTodis gamoyenebiT.

40
 2. axali formulebi:

1. n ! Cn0 m n  Cn1 (m  1) n  Cn2 (m  2) n  Cn3 (m  3) n  

 (1) k Cnk (m  k ) n    (1) n Cnn (m  n) n (3.4)

sadac m  n , 0  k  n am formulaSi Tu CavsvamT m  n maSin (3.4)
formula daemTxveva (3.3) formulas.
2. Ck11 S1  Ck21 S 2  Ck31 S 3    Ckk1 S k  (n  1)[(n  1) k  1] (5.2)

n(n  1) n(n  1)
Tu k  1 , maSin miviRebT S1 (n)  anu 1  2  3    n 
2 2
n(n  1)(2n  1)
Tu k=2, maSin miviRebT S 2 ( n) = , anu
6
n(n  1)(2n  1)
12  2 2  32    n 2 
6

 n(n  1) 
2

Tu k  3 , maSin miviRebT S 3 (n)   anu

 2 

 n(n  1) 
2

13  2 3  33    n 3   da a.S.
 2 

3. S k 1 (n)   [(k  1)S k (n)  Bk 1 ]dn (7.4)

sadac S k (n) warmoadgens 1k  2 k  3k    n k xarisxovani mwkrivis jamis

formulas, xolo B k 1 warmoadgens Sesabamis bernulis ricxvs. (7.4)

formulis gamoyenebiT S1 ( n ) formulis integrirebiT miviRebT

S 2 (n) formulas, S 2 ( n) formulis integrebiT miviRebT S 3 (n) -is

formulas, S 3 (n) formulis integrebiT miviRebT S 4 (n) -is formulas da

a.S.

4. 1  2  3  n
5 5 5 5

n(n  1) (2n 2  2n  1)
2

12
1 k 1 1 k
5. 1k  2 k  3k    n k  S k (n)  n  n 
k 1 2
41
  A1 A3 A5 A 2 r 1 k ( 2 r 1) 
+  B2 k n k 1  B4 k n k 3  B6 k n k 5   B2 r k n    Bk  n  (7.7)
 2! 4! 6! ( 2r ) ! 
k
sadac 1  r  aq zogadi wevri warmoadgens frCxilebSi moTavsebuli
2
mravalwevris zogad wevrs.
(7.7) formula damtkicebuli gvaqvs maTematikuri induqciis
meTodis gamoyenebiT.

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. a. kuroSi. umaRlesi algebris kursi, 1961.

2. a. kiselevi. algebra, 1952.
3. e. gursa. maTematikuri analizis kursi, 1938.
4. А. М. Яглом, И.М. Яглом. Задача по комбинаторике и теории вероятностей,1954.
5. a. benduqiZe. maTematika, seriozuli da saxaliso, 1988.
6. И.С. Березин, И.П. Жидков. Формула Эилера.
7. a. buaZe, T. zandukeli. maTematikuri induqciis meTodi, 1983.
8. С.Н. Новоселов. Специальный курс элементарной алгебры,1965.
9. v. parkaZe. gamoCenili fizikosebi (isaak niutoni), 1967.

42
 Sinaarsi
winasityvaoba

1. niutonis binomis formula

2. gadanacvleba- faqtoriali
3. faqtorialis ganamwkrivi da misi ZiriTadi Tviseba
4. faqtorialis ganamwkrivis gamoyeneba albaTobaTa Teoriis
zogierTi amocanis amosaxsnelad
5. naturaluri ricxvebis jamis rekurentuli formula
6. eiler-maklorenis formula da misi Sedegebi
7. integrirebis meTodi
8. daskvna: TemaSi arsebuli siaxleebi da axali formulebi
gamoyenebuli literatura

43
44