Project : IMPERMEABLE BIORETENTION SYSTEM Job Ref.

: MSMA
Section : MASMA (APPENDIX 9.A EXAMPLE) Sheet no./rev.
Cal. By Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
WAN 17/3/2015 IR AZMAN IR AZMAN

Parameter / Calculation Result Reference

1 PROBLEM

An industrial area located in Bukit Tengah, Seberang Perai Tengah, Pulau Pinang, has been adopted for the
warehouse development with lot area of 1 ha (100m x 100m), floor area 60m x 60m and parking area 60m x
20m. The stormwater runoff from the impervious areas will be directed to the vegetated filter strip around the
perimeter of the building and parking areas. The distributed stormwater runoff from vegetated filter strip will
facility of impermeable type. For such runoff quality treatment an appropriate sizing of the facility is required.

Page 1 of 8
 Project : IMPERMEABLE BIORETENTION SYSTEM Job Ref. : MSMA
Section : MASMA (APPENDIX 9.A EXAMPLE) Sheet no./rev.
Cal. By Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
WAN 17/3/2015 IR AZMAN IR AZMAN

Parameter / Calculation Result Reference

2 Design Rainfall Duration

Development Project Area

Catchment area, A 1 ha
The time of flow in the channel (td) is derived based on the velocity (V)
and length (L) of flow in the swale.

Given that:
Velocity, V 0.25 m/s
Length, L 175 m
Then, td = L/V = 175 0.25 11.67 min
Assume the overland flow time (to) is 5 minutes
Then, the time of concentration, tc = to + td = 11.667 + 5 16.67 min

3 Design Rainfall Intensity

EQN. 2.2
PG. 2-3

Where,
i = Rainfall Intensity (mm/hr)
T = Average Recurrence Interval (year) 5 yr-ARI
d = Storm Duration (hr) 16.67 min
λ, K, θ, η = fitting constants dependent on the raingauge location

Location & ARI, T storm derived parameters

Station ID (years) duration , d λ κ ϴ η TABLE 2.B1
Komplek PG 2-6
Prai 5 16.67 52.771 0.203 0.095 0.717
5303053

0.203
I= 52.771 x 5 = 148.44 148.4 mm/hr EQN 2.2
0.717
0.2778 + 0.095 PG 2-3

Page 2 of 8
 Project : IMPERMEABLE BIORETENTION SYSTEM Job Ref. : MSMA
Section : MASMA (APPENDIX 9.A EXAMPLE) Sheet no./rev.
Cal. By Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
WAN 17/3/2015 IR AZMAN IR AZMAN

Parameter / Calculation Result Reference

4 Water Quality Volume

PG 9-8
The water quality volume is estimated based on 40 mm of 3 month ARI 9.3.1
rainfall.

Permeable area: Open spaces grass cover with runoff coefficient value, C 0.4 TABLE 2.5
PG 2-7
Impermeable area: Impervious roofs, concrete and roads with runoff 0.95 TABLE 2.5
coefficient value, C PG 2-7

landuse C P (mm) A (m2) WQv (m3)

permeable 0.4 40 5200 83.2
impermeable 0.95 40 4800 182.4

3
The water quality volume , WQv 265.6 m

5 Soil Mixture of Planting Bed

Specification of Planting Bed:

Depth 750 mm
Porosity 25 %
Maximum Clay Content 5 % PG 9-6
Coefficient of Permeability, k 26 mm/hr (9.2.2.5)
0.624 m/day
Recommended composition of planting bed is specified in Table 9.4. PG 9-4
(TABLE 9.2)

6 Surface Area of Filter Bed

Given that:
Water Quality Volume, WQv 265.6
Planting Bed Depth, df 0.75 m PG 9-6
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity, k = 0.5×0.624m/day 0.312 m/day (9.2.2.5)
Average height of Water above Filter Bed, hf 0.3 m
Design Filter Bed Drain Time, t 1 day PG 9-5
The surface area of filter bed for impermeable system is given as: (TABLE 9.3)
Af = 265.6 x 0.75
2
0.3 0.3 + 0.75 1 608.1 m EQN. 9.1

Page 3 of 8
 Project : IMPERMEABLE BIORETENTION SYSTEM Job Ref. : MSMA
Section : MASMA (APPENDIX 9.A EXAMPLE) Sheet no./rev.
Cal. By Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
WAN 17/3/2015 IR AZMAN IR AZMAN

Parameter / Calculation Result Reference

7 Maximum Infiltration Rate

Given that,
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity, k 7.22E-06 m/s
Base Width of the Ponded Cross Section above the Filter Bed, Wb 15 m
Base Length of the Bioretention Zone, Lb 41 m (9.2.2.7)
Average height of water above the filter bed, hf 0.3 m PG 9-7
Therefore, the maximum infiltration rate reaching the perforated pipe at (9.2.2.5)
the base of the soil media is given as: PG 9-6

3
Qmax = 7.22E-06 x 41 x 15 0.3 + 0.75 0.006 m /s EQN. 9.3
0.75

8 Sub-Soil Pipe

The impermeable bioretention system employs a UPVC perforated subsoil

pipe to convey the stormwater runoff to the downstream
conveyance.

Given that,
Diameter of Perforated Pipe 100 mm2
Diameter of Perforations 5 mm2
Spacing of Perforations 25 mm c/c
Circumference of Perforated Pipe 314.2 mm
Number of Rows (of Perforations) = 314.2 25 = 12.568 12.57
Number of Column (of Perforation/m) = 1000 25 = 40 40.00
Number of Perforations = 12.568 x 40 = 502.72 502.7
Number of Perforations (assume 50% blockage) 251.4
2
Area of each Perforation 19.63 mm

And so,
2
Total Area of the Orifices, A = 19.625 x 251.36 / 1E+06 0.0049 m
Maximum Head of Water above the Pipe (m) (filtration media depth
plus ponding depth), h 1.4 m
Orifice Coefficient, C 0.6 PG 2-12
Blockage Factor (Ψ = 2 is recommended), Ψ 2
2
Gravity Constant, g 9.81 m /s

Note that, the maximum head of water above the pipe (h) is given as: 300
mm (ponding depth) + 100 mm (mulch layer) + 750 mm (planting bed) +
100 mm (transition layer) + 100 mm (part of drainage layer above the
pipe) + 50 mm (radius of perforated pipe) = 1400 mm

Page 4 of 8
 Project : IMPERMEABLE BIORETENTION SYSTEM Job Ref. : MSMA
Section : MASMA (APPENDIX 9.A EXAMPLE) Sheet no./rev.
Cal. By Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
WAN 17/3/2015 IR AZMAN IR AZMAN

Parameter / Calculation Result Reference

The flow per perforation is given as:

3
Qper = 0.6 x 19.63 x 251.4 x 1E-06 2 9.81 1.4 0.008 m /s/m EQN. 9.4
2 (PG 9-12)

Inlet capacity per meter × total length:

0.0078 x 41 = 0.318 m3/s > 0.0062 (max. infiltration)
Hence, a single pipe of 100 mm diameter is sufficient to pass the flow
into the perforation. pipe.

The Manning equation can then be applied to estimate the flow rate in the perforated

Given that,
Manning Roughness, n 0.01 TABLE 2.3
Diameter of the Perforated Pipe, D 0.1 (PG 2-3)
Slope HGL, So 0.01 m/m

The flow rate in the perforated pipe is given as:

2.67 0.5 3
Qpipe = 0.312 x 0.1 x 0.01 0.007 m /s EQN. 9.5
0.01 (PG 9-12)

This is higher than the maximum infiltration capacity; hence the single
100 mm diameter perforated pipe is adequate for the bioretention
system.

9 Estimation of Peak Discharge

The computation of peak flow for 5 year ARI is tabulated below.

Landuse C I (mm/hr) A (mm2) Q (l/s)

Permeable 0.4 148.4 5200 85.766
Impermeable 0.95 148.4 4800 188.03
Total 273.79

The peak flow for 5 year ARI contributed from the permeable and
impermeable areas is estimated to be 273.79 l/s

Page 5 of 8
 Project : IMPERMEABLE BIORETENTION SYSTEM Job Ref. : MSMA
Section : MASMA (APPENDIX 9.A EXAMPLE) Sheet no./rev.
Cal. By Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
WAN 17/3/2015 IR AZMAN IR AZMAN

Parameter / Calculation Result Reference

10 Size of Overflow Sump

Sizing an overflow structure to convey stormwater in the basin in excess

of the 300 mm ponding depth from the bioretention system to the
downstream conveyance.
The broad crested weir equation (Equation 9.6) is initially used to
determine the length of weir required by assuming free overfall
conditions.
L
Given that,
3
Overflow (weir) discharge, Q5 0.274 m /s
Flow Coefficient, C 1.7
Head above weir crest, H 0.15 m

The length of weir crest is computed as,

L= 0.2738 Qflow = CLH^(3/2) 2.772 m EQN. 9.6

1.5
1.7 x 0.15 (PG 9-12)

The required length of weir crest, L is equal to 2.77 m, which can be

provided by 785 mm × 785 mm square overflow sump.

Secondly, checking for drowned outlet conditions using orifice equation

(Equation 9.7):

Given that,
3
Overflow (Orifice) Discharge, Q5 0.274 m /s
Flow Coefficient, C 0.6
Head above Weir Crest, h 0.15 m
2
Gravity Constant, g 9.81 m /s

The area of orifice is given as,

A= 0.274 Q = CA(2gH)^(0.5) 0.266 m

2
EQN. 9.7
0.60 x 2 x 9.81 x 0.15 PG 9-13

The discharge area required is A = 0.263 m2, which can be provided by

515 mm × 515 mm overflow sump. Hence, the free overfall conditions
dominate the overflow design. A pit size of 785 × 785 mm is adopted.
The size of the overflow sump needs also to consider an allowance for
the grate bars, which will reduce the available perimeter and area.

Page 6 of 8
 Project : IMPERMEABLE BIORETENTION SYSTEM Job Ref. : MSMA
Section : MASMA (APPENDIX 9.A EXAMPLE) Sheet no./rev.
Cal. By Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
WAN 17/3/2015 IR AZMAN IR AZMAN

Parameter / Calculation Result Reference

11 Details of the Inlet Structure

Used the typical trapezoidal swale for design flow 5 year ARI as follows:
Bottom Width, BW 500 mm
Depth of the Swale, H 300 mm
Side Slope of 1:3 (V:H), m 3

Then,
Cross-section Area, A 0.42 m2
Wetted Perimeter, P 2.4 m
Hydraulic Diameter, DH = 4P/A 0.7 m
700 mm EQN. 9.9

Page 7 of 8
Project : IMPERMEABLE BIORETENTION SYSTEM Job Ref. : MSMA
Section : MASMA (APPENDIX 9.A EXAMPLE) Sheet no./rev.
Cal. By Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
WAN 17/3/2015 IR AZMAN IR AZMAN

Parameter / Calculation Result Reference

Page 8 of 8