Reinforced Concrete

Design
Design Philosophies

 WORKING STRESS
 Design is based on allowable stress and elastic behavior
 Assumes that the structural material behaves as a
linear elastic manner, and that the adequate safety can
be included by the expected working loads on the
structure
 Disadvantage is that it fails to provide a uniform
overload capacity for all the parts and types of
structures
Design Philosophies

 WORKING STRESS
 Doesnot take into account the non-linear relationship
between stress and strain and the ability of structural
members to resist loads even after load yielding
 Does
not consider the redistribution of forces and
moments in statically indeterminate structures
 LIMIT STATE
 Various requirements that a structure is expected to
fulfill so that the performance of the structure satisfies
the intended purpose for which it is built
A state of impending failure, beyond which a structure
ceases to perform its intended function satisfactorily,
in terms of either safety of serviceability or becomes
unserviceable
LIMIT STATES

 Indicates the state of the member in which it

ceases to meet the service requirements
 Reinforced concrete members have to be
analyzed with regard to
 A. Load-carrying capacity
 B. Deformation
 C. Formation of Cracks
LIMIT STATES

 A process that involves

 Identification of all potential modes of failure
 Determination of acceptable levels of safety against
occurrence of each limit state
 Structural Design for the significant limit states
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES
Structural collapse of part or all of the structure

 Loss of Equilibrium as a Rigid Body

 Tipping or sliding of the entire structure and would occur if the
reactions required for equilibrium could not be developed

 Rupture of Critical Parts

 Leads to partial or complete collapse
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES
Structural collapse of part or all of the structure

 Progressive Collapse
 Over loading on one member that causes collapse on
that member which leads to the collapse of other
members
 Formation of Plastic Mechanism
 Reinforcements yield to form plastic hinges at enough
sections to make the structure unstable
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES

 Instability due to deformation

 Buckling

 Fatigue
 Fracture of members due to repeated stress cycles of
service loads which may cause collapse
SERVICABILITY LIMIT STATES
Disruption of the functional use of the structure but not collapse per se

 Excessive Deflections for Normal Service

 Ponding failure: Increased deflection, increased height
of water, increased deflection until strength is
exceeded
 Excessive Crack Widths
 May allow leakage, corrosion of reinforcement and
deterioration of concrete
 Undesirable Vibrations
 Verticalvibrations of floors or bridges and lateral and
torsional vibrations
SPECIAL LIMIT STATES
Damage or failure due to abnormal conditions or loadings

 Damage or collapse in extreme earthquakes

 Structural effects of fire, explosions or vehicular
collisions
 Structural effects of corrosion or deterioration
 Long-term physical or chemical instability
DEFECTS AND CAUSES OF DEFECTS

 BLISTERS
 Caused by an excess
amount of air in the
mix, insufficient or
overuse of vibration
and finishing still
spongy concrete
DEFECTS AND CAUSES OF DEFECTS

 Cracking
 Caused by shrinkage, settlement and applied loads
DEFECTS AND CAUSES OF DEFECTS

 Curling
 Caused when the top dries out or cools and begin to
shrink before a wetter and warmer bottom
DEFECTS AND CAUSES OF DEFECTS

 Crazing
 Caused by rapid changes in temperature and loss of
moisture during the curing process
DEFECTS AND CAUSES OF DEFECTS

 Delamination
 Caused when bleed air and bleed water become
trapped under a prematurely sealed surface
DEFECTS AND CAUSES OF DEFECTS

 Dusting
 Caused when working excess water on the surface during the finishing stage
allowing the finest particles to rise up on top and subsequent wear results in dust
formation on the surface
REINFORCED CONCRETE
Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension
ADVANTAGES

 Will maintain structural integrity far longer than

structural steel
 Does not require protective coatings
 Can be an architectural and structural member
at the same time
 Cheapest and most readily available material
ADVANTAGES

 Does not corrode

 Strength increases with time
 Fire resistant
COMPONENTS OF CONCRETE

 Aggregates
 Cement
 Water
 Admixtures
TYPES OF CONCRETE
 Normal-weight concrete (2400kg/m3 or 24kN/m3)
 Light-weight concrete (<1800kg/m3)
 Heavy-weight concrete (>3000kg/m3)
 Low-strength concrete
 Less than 20MPa(3000psi) compressive strength
 Moderate-strength concrete
 20MPato 40MPa(3000psi to 6000psi)
 High-strength concrete
 More than 40MPa(6000psi) compressive strength
LOAD TRANSFER

Slab > Joist > Beam > Column > Footing

PROPERTIES

 Compressive Strength, f’c

 Shall
not be less than 17MPa (at least
21MPa)
 Determined by testing failure 28 day-
old 150mmx300mm concrete cylinders
at a specified rate of loading
PROPERTIES

 Modulus of Elasticity for Concrete, Ec

 Ratio of the normal stress to corresponding strain for
tensile or compressive stresses below the proportional
limit or material
 Forvalues of Wc (weight of concrete) between 1500
and 2500 kg/m3
 𝐸𝐶 = 𝑤𝑐 1.5 0.043 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 in MPa
PROPERTIES

 Modulus of Elasticity for Concrete, Ec

 For normal weight concrete
 𝐸𝐶 = 4700 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 in MPa
 NSCP 2010 Section 408.6
PROPERTIES

 Shrinkage
 Decrease in volume of concrete during hardening and
drying under constant temperature
 Creep of Unrestrained Concrete
 Slow deformation of a material over considerable
lengths of time at constant stress or load
PROPERTIES

 Ductility
 Ability
of the section to deform beyond its yield point
without significant stress loss
 Reinforced concrete section shall be under-reinforced
so that steel will yield before concrete reaches its
maximum usable strain of 0.003
 NSCP 2010 Section 416.4.2
REBARS

Imperial Bar Size Bar Designation, mm Area, mm2 Mass, kg/m

#3 10 79 0.618
#4 12 113 0.890
#5 16 201 1.580
#6 20 314 2.465
#8 25 491 3.851
#9 28 616 4.831
#10 32 804 6.310
#11 36 1019 7.986
#14 42 1385 10.870
#18 58 2642 20.729
REBARS

Popular
ASTM vs PNS Codes Typical Application
Nomenclature
Grade33/PNS230 Structural Grade Low-rise Buildings/Low Loading
Medium Rise Structures /
Grade40/PNS275 Intermediate Grade
Infrastructures
Grade60/PNS415 High-Tensile Grade Med. & High Rise Structures

PNS: Philippine National Standard

REBARS

Class PNS Grade ASTM Grade Color Code

Non-Weldable 230 33 White
Deformed Bars 275 40 Yellow
(Same color on
both ends) 415 60 Green
Weldable 230 33 White/Red
Deformed Bars 275 40 Yellow/Red
(Different colors
on each end) 415 60 Green/Red