LEAD BATTERY (ACCU)

Group III
Sinar Desi Pratiwi (H311 15 007)
Nurul Atifah (H311 15 015)
Rezki Amaliah (H311 15 019)
Kholia Ningsih (H311 15 029)
Syafril Hidayat (H311 15 301)
Tri Hasari Ishak (H311 15 317)
Niluh Indria Wardani (H311 15 319)
 Definition of Lead Battery (Accu)
Accumulator (batteries) is a device that can store
energy (generally electrical energy) in the form of chemical
energy. Examples of accumulators are batteries and
capacitors. Battery is one type of battery that uses lead
acid as a chemical material. Aki many types as many new
discoveries of both chemicals and construction, so the use is
different. If we are wrong in the application of our device is
not working properly, can be more fatal, can damage the
battery itself and our device is also damaged because of it.
The accumulator (battery) includes a secondary
element, a reversible chemical element. In the battery
charging process, the positive pole of the battery is
attached to the negative pole of direct current voltage
source and the negative pole of the battery is attached to
the positive pole of direct current voltage source.
History of Lead Battery (Accu)

Practical lead-acid batteries began with the

research and inventions of Raymond Gaston Plante´
in 1860, although batteries containing sulfuric acid
or lead components were discussed earlier. In
Plante´’s fabrication method, two long strips of lead
foil and intermediate layers of coarse cloth were
spirally wound and immersed in a solution of about
10% sulfuric acid.
 In the 1870s magnetoelectric generators became
available to Plante´, and about this time the Siemens
dynamo began to be installed in central electric plants.
Lead-acid batteries found an early market to provide
load leveling and to average out the demand peaks.
They were charged at night, similar to the procedure
now planned for modern load-leveling energy-storage
systems. Subsequent to Plante´’s first developments,
numerous experiments were done on accelerating the
formation process and coating lead foil with lead
oxides on a lead plate pretreated by the Plante´
method
 Simultaneous with the advances in developing
and retaining active material was work in
strengthening the grid by casting it from lead alloys
such as lead-antimony (e.g., Sellon, 1881) or lead-
calcium (e.g., Haring and Thomas, 1935). The
technical knowledge for an economical manufacture
of reliable lead-acid batteries was in place by the
end of the nineteenth century, and subsequent
growth of the industry was rapid.
Component of Lead Battery (Accu)

 A resilient plastic container which is usually polyethylene, but increasingly is made

from alternative co-polymers or reinforced, but the case material can also be
metallic or a synthetic rubber.
 Positive and negative internal lead plates. The positive electrode (cathode) typically
consists of pure lead dioxide supported on a metallic grid, whereas the negative
electrode (anode) consists of a grid of metallic lead alloy containing various
elemental additives that includes one or more of the following and sometimes others
not mentioned, antimony, calcium, arsenic, copper, tin, strontium, aluminum, selenium
and more recently bismuth and silver. These alloying elements are used to change
grid strength, corrosion resistance, reduce over-potential or maintenance, and
internal resistance.
 Porous synthetic plate separators are increasingly made from rib-reinforced
polyethylene, but are also available in PVC and fiber glass.
 The plates are immersed in a liquid electrolyte consisting of 35% sulfuric acid and
65% water. It is the electrolyte that facilitates the chemical reactions that enable the
storage and discharge of electrical energy and permit the passage of electrons
that provide the current flow.
 The positive and negative lead terminals used to connect the battery to the car and
pass the current from the individual cells via a series of connecting lugs and bridges.
Types of Battery
In general there are 2 types of battery:
 tarting battery

Lead–acid batteries designed for starting

automotive engines are not designed for deep
discharge. They have a large number of thin plates
designed for maximum surface area, and therefore
maximum current output, but which can easily be
damaged by deep discharge.
Batteries for stationary applications may use
cells with flat-pasted, tubular, Plante´, or Manchester
positive plates. Typical discharge curves for the flat-
pasted-type stationary cell at various discharge
rates at 250C.
 Deep cycle batteries
Specially designed deep-cycle cells are much less susceptible to
degradation due to cycling, and are required for applications where the
batteries are regularly discharged, such as photovoltaic systems, electric
vehicles (forklift, golf cart, electric cars and other) and uninterruptible
power supplies. These batteries have thicker plates that can deliver less peak
current, but can withstand frequent discharging. Some batteries are
designed as a compromise between starter (high-current) and deep cycle
batteries. They are able to be discharged to a greater degree than
automotive batteries, but less so than deep cycle batteries. They may be
referred to as "marine/motorhome" batteries, or "leisure batteries".
The prime requirement for deep-cycling batteries for traction
applications is maximum cycle life, then, if possible, high energy density and
low cost. In an electric forklift application, in fact, light weight may not be
advantageous because the battery’s weight usually is needed to
counterbalance the payload
The battery can also be classified:

Valve regulated (VRLA)

In a valve regulated lead acid battery
(VRLA) the hydrogen and oxygen produced in the
cells largely recombine into water. Leakage is
minimal, although some electrolyte still escapes if
the recombination cannot keep up with gas
evolution. Since VRLA batteries do not require (and
make impossible) regular checking of the
electrolyte level, they have been called
maintenance freebatteries
 Flooded lead acid battery (FLA)
This type is also called wet cell or
flooded battery. In the market this battery is called
wet battery. That is, the cells in the battery must be
immersed in electolyte fluid and if the fluid level is
less must be added. The characteristics of each
valve cell for electrolyte filling.
Reaction of Lead Battery (Accu)
 Its electrodes are metal plates of lead constructed in the form of grids to
maximize their surface area. The electrodes are immersed in an electrolyte
of aqueous sulfuric acid. As shown on the top of the figure, the cell is fully
charged and acting as a galvanic cell to supply electrical current to an
external load. During this process the lead anode is oxidized to lead(II)
sulfate, an insoluble white solid, by the half reaction
Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) PbSO4(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2e-
 The anode has a negative charge because it produces electrons. The
cathode consists of lead(IV) oxide deposited on a lead plate. During
discharge the red-brown oxide is reduced to lead(II) sulfate by the reaction
PbO2(s) + 2H+(aq) + H2SO4(aq) + 2e- PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
 The cathode has a positive charge because electrons are consumed there.
The two half-reactions can be combined to give the overall discharge
reaction
Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
 Sulfuric acid is consumed and water is produced in the reaction.
Hence, both the concentration and the density of the electrolyte drop
steadily during discharge. The state of charge of a lead–acid
battery can be conveniently determined by measuring the specific
gravity of its electrolyte.
The cell is shown fully discharged on the bottom of Figure 1. Its
two electrodes now have lead(II) sulfate deposited on their grids. It
is acting as an electrolytic cell while it is recharged by an external
power source. With the electrical current forced to flow in the
opposite direction, the reactions described above are reversed and
the acid concentration steadily increases. During charging the former
anode functions as a cathode, and vice versa. This change in roles
occurs with any rechargeable cell. Electrochemical engineers avoid
confusion by referring to the electrodes as negative or positive. These
designations do not change when the cell switches functions.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Lead
Battery (Accu)
Advantages of lead battery:
 Popular low-cost secondary battery capable of manufacture on a local basis, worldwide, from
low to high rates of production
 Available in large quantities and in a variety of sizes and designs manufactured in sizes from
smaller than 1 Ah to several thousand Ampere-hours
 Good high-rate performance suitable for engine starting (but outperformed by some nickel-
cadmium and nickel metal-hydride batteries)
 Moderately good low- and high-temperature performance
 Electrically efficient turnaround efficiency of over 70%, comparing discharge energy out with
charge energy in
 High cell voltage open-circuit voltage of 2.0 V is the highest of all aqueouselectrolyte battery
systems
 Good float service
 Easy state-of-charge indication
 Good charge retention for intermittent charge applications (if grids are made with
highovervoltage alloys)
 Available in maintenance-free designs
 Low cost compared with other secondary batteries Cell components are easily recycled.
Disadvantages of lead battery:
 Relatively low cycle life (50–500 cycles)*

 Limited energy density typically 30–40 Wh/kg Long-term storage

in a discharged condition can lead to irreversible polarization of
electrodes (sulfation)
 Difficult to manufacture in very small sizes (it is easier to make
nickel-cadmium button cells in the smaller than 500-mAh size)
 Hydrogen evolution in some designs can be an explosion hazard
(flame arrestors are installed to prevent this hazard)
 Stibene and arsine evolution in designs with antimony and arsenic in
grid alloys can be a health hazard
 Thermal runaway in improperly designed batteries or charging
equipment Positive post blister corrosion with some designs
 General Characteristics of Lead-Acid Batteries

The lead-acid battery has been a successful article of commerce for over a
century. Its production and use continue to grow because of new applications for
battery power in energy storage, emergency power, and electric and hybrid vehicles
(including off-road vehicles) and because of the increased number of vehicles for
which it provides the energy for engine starting, vehicle lighting, and engine ignition
(SLI). This battery system is also used extensively in telephone systems, power tools,
communication devices, emergency lighting systems, and as the power source for
mining and material-handling equipment. The wide use of the lead-acid battery in
many designs, sizes, and system voltages is accounted for by the low price and the ease
of man-ufacture on a local geographic basis of this battery system.
There have been many improvements in lead-acid battery design and charger
system logic to make high-voltage batteries more uniform in performance. The lead-
acid battery has a high electrical turnaround efficiency, 75 to 80%, which makes the
system attractive for electric-vehicle and energy-storage use. Traditional vertical-plate
batteries are capable of energy densities greater than 40 Wh/kg. Modified lead-acid
batteries are being investigated for both electric and hybrid-drive vehicles. The world’s
largest energy-storage battery system was finished in late 1988. This 40 MWh battery,
located in Chino, Calif, uses individual industrial-size lead-acid cells in series and
parallel connection to make a 10-MW system delivering energy into the utility grid at
2000 V and 8000 A for 4 hours. This battery operated for more than a decade as a
demonstration project.
 At the other extreme, small individual lead-acid cells and batteries are now
available with quick connects for use in small electric appliances and electronics
applications. Many of these newer applications require low-maintenance or
maintenance-free designs. Thin film capacitor-like lead-acid batteries have become
commercially available in the past few years, for consumer and electronic
applications. These are discussed in detail Some larger industrial cells are often
virtually maintenance-free using the oxygen-recombination principle and a resealable
Bunsen vent. An approach to high-energy-density, high-power-density, high-cycle-life
lead-acid battery design is the bipolar design, a design which is still being pursued.
The problems which prevent this design from larger scale commercial use relate to
the availability of a bipolar material which is electronically conductive, nonporous to
ions, low cost, and stable against both positive and negative active materials.
Conductive plastics, which are used in some battery systems, have not been suc-
cessful in lead batteries. Experiments have been carried out with a bipole made from
tin oxide coated glass encapsulated in a plastic matrix, and with multilayers of
different lead alloys to slow the penetration of the bipole by corrosion.