4 1 Introduction

(b) D (depth): Distance from the baseline to the side line of the main deck,
normally uppermost exposed deck
• Dmolded (molded depth): Depth excluding keel plate thickness
• Dextreme (extreme depth): Depth including keel plate thickness
(c) T (draft): Distance from the baseline to the waterline
• Td (design draft): Main operating draft. In general, the basis for ship’s
deadweight, speed and power performance, etc.
• Ts (scantling draft): Basis for hull structural design. Normally, greater than
design draft
• Air draft: Height above the waterline only or including operating draft
restricted by port facilities, the navigating route, etc.
In this figure, CL is the center line of the ship. Other explanations about the
geometry of ships can be found in various references (Letcher and Paulling 2010;
Babicz 2015).

1.3.2 Ship Components

A ship consists of hull and outfitting. The hull consists of hull form, compartment,
and hull structure. First, a hull form is an outer shape of the hull that is streamlined
in order to satisfy ship owner’s requirements such as deadweight, ship speed, and so
on, as shown in Fig. 1.4. Figure 1.5 shows three two-dimensional plans, called
hull lines plan of the hull form of a VLCC (Very Large Crude oil Carrier).
Second, a compartment is a space to load cargoes in the ship and divided by
bulkheads, as shown in Fig. 1.6. Compartment design consists of compartment
modeling and naval architectural calculation. The compartment modeling is a task
that divides interior parts of the hull form into a number of compartments. The

Fig. 1.4 Hull form of a VLCC