Experiment No 02

To Study the Different Parts of Lathe Machine

Objectives:-
 To study the parts and tools of lathe machine.
 To have hand on experience on lathe machine.

Description and Functions of Lathe parts:-

Lathe machine is the Mother of all the machines. The main function of lathe is to
remove metal from the piece of work to give it the required shape and size. This is
accomplished by holding the work securely and rigidly on the machine and then
turning it against a cutting tool which will remove metal from the work in the
form of chips. To cut the material properly the tool should be harder than the
material of work piece, should be rigidly held on the machine and should be fed
or progressed in a definite way relative to the work.

The basic parts of lathe machine are:-

(1)Bed (2) Headstock (3) Tailstock

(4)Carriage (5) Feed mechanism (6) Screw cutting mechanism

The Bed:-
The lathe bed forms the basis of machine. The headstock and the tailstock are
located at either end of the bed and the carriage rests over the lathe bed and
slides on it. On the top of the bed there are two sets of slides or guideways-
outerways and inner ways. The outer guide ways provide bearing and sliding
surfaces for the carriage, and the inner ways for the tailstock.

The bed material should have high compressive strength, should be

resistant and absorb vibration. Cast iron alloyed with Ni and Cr forms a good
material suitable for lathe bed.
The Headstock:-
The headstock is secured permanently on the innerways at the left hand end of
the lathe bed. The headstock (H1) houses the main spindle (H4), speed change
mechanism (H2, H3), and change gears (H10). The headstock is required to be
made as robust as possible due to the cutting forces involved, which can distort a
lightly built housing, and induce harmonic vibrations that will transfer through to
the work piece, reducing the quality of the finished work piece.

The main spindle is generally hollow to allow long bars to extend through to the
work area; this reduces preparation and waste of material. The spindle then runs
in precision bearings and is fitted with some means of attaching work holding
devices such as chucks or faceplates.

The Tailstock:-
The tailstock is located on the innerways at the right hand end of the bed. This
has two main uses:

 It supports the other end of the work when it is being machined between
canters.
 It holds a tool for performing operation such as drilling, reaming, tapping,
etc.

The upper casting of the body can be moved toward or away from the operator
by means of adjusting screw to offset the tailstock for taper turning.

Carriage:-
In its simplest form the carriage holds the tool bit and moves it longitudinally
(turning) or perpendicularly (facing) under the control of the operator. It consists
of the following parts: (1)Cross-slide (2) Compound rest (3) Tool
post.

1.The Cross-slide:-
The cross-slide sits atop the carriage and has a lead screw that travels
perpendicular to the main spindle axis, these permits facing operations to be
performed. This lead screw can be engaged with the feed screw (mentioned
previously) to provide automated movement to the cross-slide; only one direction
can be engaged at a time as an interlock mechanism will shut out the second gear
train.

2.The Compound rest:-

The compound rest or compound slide is mounted on the top of the cross-slide
and has a circular base graduated in degrees. It is used for obtaining angular cuts
and short tapers as well as convenient positioning of the tool to the work.

3.The Tool post:-

This is located on the top of the compound rest to hold the tool and to enable it
to be adjusted to a convenient working position. The type and mounting of the
tool post depends upon the class of work for which it is to be used. The rigidity of
the tool holder and effectively method of securing are the essential factors in
designing a tool posts.

Lead Screw:-
Threaded shaft used to make thread on lathe machine. Engaged and disengaged
by a mechanism called half nut mechanism.

Cutting Speed:-
The distance travel by a point on outer surface of work piece in one minute.
 Cutting Speed = πdN /1000 m/min

Feed:-
Feed of a cutting tool in lathe work is the distance the tool advances for each
revolution of work piece.

Depth of Cut:-
The perpendicular distance measured from the machined surface to uncut surface
of work piece.
d1−d2
Depth of Cut =
2

Where, d1= dia of the work surface before machining,

And d2= dia of machined surface.

Tools:-
For different purposes use different types of tools on lathe.

(1) Right hand tool (2) Left hand tool (3) Boring tool (4) Grooving tool

(5) Parting off tool (6) Forming tool (7) Turning tool (8) External thread
cutting