Rizza Bacquian

Jayson Osting

Dianne Subagan

NARATIBO

-magsalaysay o magkuwento batay sa isang tiyka na pangyayari, totoo man o hindi.

-maaaring personal na naranasan ng magkuwento batay sa tunay na pangyayari o kathang isip.

- ito rin ay nagkukuwento ng mga serye ng pangyayari na piksiyon.

- ito rin ay maaring manlibang o magbigay aliw sa manbabasa.

Mga halimbawa ng piksiyon: nobela, mailking kuwento,tula

Mga halimbawa ng di-piksiyon: memoir, biograpiya, balita at malikhaing sanaysay.

Mga iba’t ibang elemento:

1.paksa- pumili ng paksang mahalaga at makabuluhan. Kahit nakabatay sa personal na karanasan

ang kuwento nais isalaysay, mahalaga pa ring maipaunawa sa mambabasa ang panlipunang
implikasyon at mga kahalagaan nito.

2. estruktura- kailangang malinaw at lohikal ang kabuuang estraktura ng kuwento. Madalas na

makikitang ginagamit na paraan ng narasyon ang iba’t ibang estilo ng pagkakasunod-sunod ng
pangyayari.

3. oryentasyon -nakapaloob dito ang kaligiran ng mga tauhan, lunan o settings, at oras o panahon
kung kalian nangyari ang kuwento.

4. pamamaraan ng oryentasyon- kailangan ng detalye at mahusay na oryentasyon ng kabuuang

senaryo sa unang bahagi ng kuwento upang maipakita ang setting at mood.

 Diyalogo- sa halip na direktang pagsalaysay ay gumagamit ng pag-uusap ng mga tauhan

upang isalaysay ang pangyayari.

 Foreshadowing- nagbibigay ng mga pahiwatig o hints hinggil sasa kung ano ang
kahihinatnan o mangyayari sa kuwento.

 Plot twist- tahasang pagbabago sa direksiyon o inaasahang kalabasan ng kuwento.

 Ellipsis- omisyon o pag-aalis ng ilang yugto ng kuwento kung saan hinahayaan ang
mambabasa na magpuno sa naratibong antala.

 Comic book death- teknik na kung saan pinapatay mga ang mga mahalagang karakter
ngunit kalaunan ay biglang lilitaw upang magbigay- linaw sa kuwento.
  Reverse chronology- nagsisimula sa dulo ang salaysay patungong simula.

 In media res- nagsisimula ang narasyon sa kalagitnaan ng kuwento, ipinakikilala ang

karakter, lunan, at tensiyon sa pamamagitan ng flashback.

 Deus ex machine(God from the machine)- isang plot device na kung saan nabibigyang-
resolusyon ang tunggalian sa pamamagitan ng awtomatikong interbensiyon ng isang
absolutong kamay.

5. komplikasyon o tunggalian- karaniwang nakapaloob sa tunggalian ang pangunahing tauhan.

6.resolusyon- ang kahahantungan ng komplikasyon o tunggalian.

Pagsusulat ng Creative Nonfiction(CNF)

-literary nonfiction o narrative non fiction. Ito ay isang bagong genre sa maikling pasusulat na
gumagamit ng estilo at teknik na pumapanitikan upang makabuo ng katotohanan at tumpak na
salaysay o narasyon.

- isa sa mga katangian at layunin ng CNF ang maging makatotohanan; naglalahad ng tunay na
karanasan, naglalarawan ng realidad ng natural na mundo.

Ang apat na katangian ng CNF ayon kay Barbara Lounsberry sa “the art of fact” :

1. Maaaring maidokumento ang paksa at hindi inimbento ng manunulat;

2. Malalim ang pananaliksik sa paksa upang mailatag ang kredibilidad ng narasyon;

3. Mahalaga ang paglalarawan sa lunan at kontekstuwalismo ng karanasan; at

4. Mahusay ang panunulat o literary prose style, na nangangahulugang mahalaga ang pagiging
malikhain ng manunulat at husay ng gamit sa wika.
DEUS EX MACHINA
Definition of Deus Ex Machina
The literary device of deus ex machina means to solve a seemingly intractable problem in a
plot by adding in an unexpected character, object, or situation. Deus ex machina often has the
sense of being quite contrived, as it seems like the author must resort to something that he or
she did not set up properly plot-wise. However, an author can also use deus ex machina for
comedic purposes due to this contrived nature, or even make it so that the deus ex machina
surprises the audience yet was retrospectively was the solution being set up all along.

The phrase deus ex machina is Latin for “God in the machine.” The definition of deus ex
machina first came from the Greek phrase apò mēkhanês theós, which has the same
meaning.

Common Examples of Deus Ex Machina

There are many examples of deus ex machina in films. They are especially common in the
James Bond series (and similar espionage series like Mission Impossible) when James has an
unexpected device that happens to be exactly what he needs in that moment to save his life,
but didn’t know how it worked until that moment. Here is a short list of other deus ex machina
examples:

Monty Python’s Life of Brian: In a comedic twist, the Biblical-era hero Brian falls off a tower and
is saved by a spaceship of aliens flying by.
Lord of the Rings: Magical, gigantic eagles arrive to save Gandalf when he is trapped on top of
a tower by evil wizard Saruman with no hope of escape.
Raiders of the Lost Ark: The Nazis tie Indiana Jones and his companion Marion up to a pole to
watch them open up the “Ark of the Covenant;” when they open it, however, angels of death
emerge and kill all the Nazis and a flame consumes everything except Indiana Jones and
Marion (indeed, it just burns the ropes off that tied them to the pole).
Jurassic Park: Just when the humans are surrounded by velociraptors and are surely going to
die, the tyrannosaurus rex charges in and kills the velociraptors, but not the humans.
♦♦♦
Significance of Deus Ex Machina in Literature
The literary device of deus ex machina comes from the Greek drama tradition of using a
machine to lower or lift characters playing Greek gods on to the stage. Thus, deus ex machina
originally referred to literal machines and gods as characters. Some Greek playwrights like
Aeschylus and Euripides used this device frequently. Aristotle was the one who coined the
Greek term for deus ex machina in his treatise on literary theory, Poetics. Like many other
literary scholars, Aristotle disliked this device and found that it made the plot improbable. He
argued that the conclusion of a work should stem naturally from the structure of events that the
author has already created. Many critics of deus ex machina call it too simplistic and inartistic.
Generally, therefore, authors are cautioned to avoid deus ex machina in serious works of
literature. Some authors use deus ex machina for comedic purposes simply because the
contrived ending is so absurd.

Examples of Deus Ex Machina in Literature

Example #1
JAQUES DE BOYS: Duke Frederick, hearing how that every day
Men of great worth resorted to this forest,
Address’d a mighty power; which were on foot,
In his own conduct, purposely to take
His brother here and put him to the sword:
And to the skirts of this wild wood he came;
Where meeting with an old religious man,
After some question with him, was converted
Both from his enterprise and from the world,
His crown bequeathing to his banish’d brother,
And all their lands restored to them again
That were with him exiled. This to be true,
I do engage my life.
(As You Like It by William Shakespeare)

William Shakespeare used the device of deus ex machina in several works, including in the
comedy As You Like It. Indeed, most of the deus ex machina examples in Shakespeare’s
works are in his comedies because there’s an aspect of the absurd in the conclusions to these
plays. Usually in a Shakespearean comedy there are several marriages to end the play, and in
the case of As You Like It, a fortuitous—if completely improbable—event allows this to happen.
Duke Frederick, who was effectively the villain, met an old religious man in the forest and
suddenly decided to give up power and become peaceful. Therefore, the rest of the characters
can carry on with their happy lives.

Example #2
OFFICER OF THE KING: Your papers, which the traitor says are his,
I am to take from him, and give you back;
The deed of gift transferring your estate
Our monarch’s sovereign will makes null and void;
And for the secret personal offence
Your friend involved you in, he pardons you.
(Tartuffe by Jean Baptiste Moliere)

Jean Baptiste Moliere’s comedy Tartuffe ends with an excellent example of deus ex machina.
When everything seems to be going Tartuffe’s way, an officer of the king arrives to arrest him
and everyone else who has been acting in good fait profits from this. Again, this deus ex
machina example comes from a comedy and therefore showcases the absurdity of the whole
situation and is engineered to produce mirth.

Example #3
Let the tears which fell, and the broken words which were exchanged in the long close
embrace between the orphans, be sacred. A father, sister, and mother, were gained, and lost,
in that one moment. Joy and grief were mingled in the cup; but there were no bitter tears: for
even grief itself arose so softened, and clothed in such sweet and tender recollections, that it
became a solemn pleasure, and lost all character of pain.
(Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens)

The ending of Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens includes an example of deus ex machina, yet
Dickens did not mean for it to be comical. Against all odds, it turns out that Oliver’s fellow
orphan Rose is actually his aunt, though neither had any idea. This plot twist allows for several
happy things to occur, including Oliver’s adoption by his mentor Mr. Brownlow and Rose’s
marriage to her longtime love. While technically not impossible, some critics dislike the ending
of Oliver Twist for tying things up too neatly.

Example #4
“If you kill me”–he told them, “I can darken the sun in its heights.”
The natives looked at him fixedly and Bartolome caught the incredulity in their eyes. He saw
that a small counsel was set up and waited confidently, not without some disdain.
Two hours later Brother Bartolome Arrazola’s heart spilled its fiery blood on the sacrificial
stone (brilliant under the opaque light of an eclipsed sun), while one of the natives recited
without raising his voice, unhurriedly, one by one, the infinite dates in which there would be
solar and lunar eclipses, that the astronomers of the Mayan community had foreseen and
written on their codices without Aristotle’s valuable help.
(“The Eclipse” by Augusto Monterrosa)

The Guatemalan author Augusto Monterrosa’s very short story “The Eclipse” includes a failed
attempt at deus ex machina on the part of the protagonist, Brother Bartolome Arrazola. The
Spanish monk Arrazola is caught in the forest by Mayans, and attempts to subvert their plans
to sacrifice him through his knowledge of the solar eclipse. In his hubris, he thinks that this will
seem like a sign from the gods that he must be saved. He does not count on the Mayans
having much deeper knowledge of astronomy that he does, and his desire to rely on deus ex
machina causes his downfall.

In Medias Res Definition

In Medias Res means narrating a story from the middle after supposing that the audiences are
aware of past events. The etymology of this literary device goes back to the Roman lyric poet,
Horace, who used it in his poem Ars Poetica as “Semper ad eventum festinat et in medias
res….” It is a Latin phrase which literally denotes “in the midst of things.” Hence, the author
employs this expression as a common strategy to initiate their stories.

In medias res demands beginning a narrative in the very middle of its action from some vital
point when most of the action has occurred. The author then freely moves backward and
forward at his leisure, connecting the dots of the story. All the explanations regarding the
significance of setting, plot, characters and the minutiae of the story are gradually revealed in
the form of a character’s dialogues or thoughts, or flashbacks. The setting and environment
also contribute to add to the details of the action introduced at the beginning of the story.

Examples from Literature

Example #1
Iliad by Homer

“Sing, O goddess, the anger of Achilles son of Peleus, that brought countless ills upon the
Achaeans. Many a brave soul did it send hurrying down to Hades, and many a hero did it yield
a prey to dogs and vultures, for so were the counsels of Jove fulfilled from the day on which
the son of Atreus, king of men, and great Achilles, first fell out with one another.”

(Iliad by Homer, Book-1, Translation by Samuel Butler)

The practice of in medias res can be traced in Iliad as given in the first few lines. Homer has
started his narrative directly with a quarrel between Achilles and Agamemnon during the
events of the Trojan War instead of beginning chronologically from the birth of Achilles to
onward.

Example #2
Odyssey by Homer

“Tell me, O muse, of that ingenious hero who travelled far and wide after he had sacked the
famous town of Troy. Many cities did he visit, and many were the nations with whose manners
and customs he was acquainted; moreover he suffered much by sea while trying to save his
own life and bring his men safely home; but do what he might he could not save his men, for
they perished through their own sheer folly in eating the cattle of the Sun-god Hyperion; so the
god prevented them from ever reaching home. Tell me, too, about all these things, O daughter
of Jove, from whatsoever source you may know them.”
(Odyssey by Homer, Book-1, Translation by Samuel Butler)

Another example is Odyssey again by Homer. The point of action does not start with the fall of
Troy. Instead, it begins spontaneously with the details of Odysseus being held captive on the
island of Ogygiya by the nymph Calypso where he was for the past seven years.

Example #3

“In the midway of this our mortal life,

I found me in a gloomy wood, astray

Gone from the path direct: and e’en to tell

It were no easy task, how savage wild

That forest, how robust and rough its growth,

Which to remember only, my dismay

Renews, in bitterness not far from death.”

(Canto-1, “Inferno” by Dante Alighieri, Translation by H. F. Cary)

Dante’s epic poem The Divine Comedy, also employs this technique, as Dante begins his
narrative right in the center of the action. Even, the first line of part of the poem titled, “Inferno”
begins, “Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita,” which means “In the midway of this our mortal
journey.”

Example #4
Dostoyevsky’s novel The Gambler can also be cited as an example of in medias res. The
novel starts forth as “At length, I returned from two weeks leave of absence to find that my
patrons had arrived three days ago in Roulettenberg. I received from them a welcome quite
different to that which I had expected. The General eyed me coldly, greeted me in rather
haughty fashion, and dismissed me to pay my respects to his sister. It was clear that from
SOMEWHERE money had been acquired. I thought I could even detect a certain
shamefacedness in the General’s glance.”

(The Gambler by Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Chapter 1, Page 1)

Example #5
A more contemporary example of this literary technique can be observed in the series Twilight
by Stephenie Meyer. The author begins each of the novels in her saga by recounting a scene
which happens towards the end of the book in the very start. “I’d never given much thought as
to how I would die – though I’d had reason enough in the last few months – but even if I had, I
would not have imagined it like this.”

(Twilight by Stephenie Meyer, Prologue, Page 1)

In Medias Res Meaning and Function

The purpose of starting in the middle of the action induces such an effect on the readers that
they are forced to put questions to the authors. That is why it leads to the creation of suspense
and tension. In fact, the readers have a strong desire to know the preceding as well as the
succeeding events from the very beginning. Hence, the readers begin to focus on the events
occurring throughout the story, and the author is spared from providing tedious details of the
past. It also forces the readers to question every aspect of the events that are connected to the
characters and their journey.

Reverse chronology
December 28, 2017 visites-interactives Film and video terminology
Reverse chronology is a method of story-telling whereby the pad is Revealed in reverse order.

In a story employing this technique, the first scene shown is actually the conclusion to the plot.
Once the scene ends, the scene is shown, and so on, so that the final scene is the first
chronologically.

Many stories employing flashback , showing prior events, but against the scene order of the
majority of ABC’s film-etc is a movie in reverse chronology goes ZYX-etc.

As a hypothetical example, if the fairy tale Jack and the Beanstalk was told using reverse
chronology, the opening scene would be broken down. The next scene would feature Jack
being discovered by the giant and climbing down the beanstalk in fear of his life. Later, we
would see Jack running into the man with the infamous magic beans, then, at the end of the
movie, being put off by his mother to the cow.

Purpose
The unusual nature of this method is only used in a specific nature. For example, Memento
features a man with anterograde amnesia , meaning he is unable to form new memories. The
film parallels the protagonist’s perspective by unfolding in reverse chronological order, leaving
the audience as ignorant of the events that occurred prior to each scene (which, played in
reverse chronological order, will not be revealed until later) as the protagonist is.

In the film Irreversible , an act of homicidal violence takes place at the beginning of the movie
(ie it is the final event to take place). During the remainder of the film we learn not only that
violence is an act of revenge, but what exactly is being avenged. The film was highly
controversial for its graphic nature; had the scenes been shown in chronological order, this
violent content would make it a simple, and pointlessly brutal, revenge movie. However, as told
in reverse, the audience is made to consider the exact consequences of each action, and there
is often “more than meets the eye.”

Examples of use
Literature
The epic poem Aeneid , written by Virgil in the 1st century BC, uses reverse chronology within
scenes. [1] In ” The Three Apples “, a murder mystery in the One Thousand and One Nights ,
the middle part of the story shows a flashback of events leading up to the discovery of a dead
body at the beginning of the story. [2] The action of WR Burnett’s novel, Goodbye to the Past
(1934), moves continually from 1929 to 1873. [3] Edward Lewis Wallant uses flashbacks in
reverse chronology in The Human Season (1960). [4]The pessimistic masterpiece Christopher
Homm (1965), a novel by CH Sisson , is also told in reverse chronology. [5]

Philip K. Dick , in his 1967 novel Counter-Clock World , describing a future in which time has
begun to move in reverse, resulting in the dead reviving in their own grave (“old-birth”), living
their lives in reverse, eventually ending in returning to the womb, and splitting into an egg and
sperm during copulation between a female recipient and a man. The novel is expanded from
your short story Your Appointment Will Be Yesterday , first published in the August 1966
edition of Amazing Stories .

Martin Amis ‘s 1991 novel ” Time ‘ s Arrow ” tells the story of a man who, it seems, dead
people to life. Eventually it is revealed that the story is being seen back, and he was a doctor
at Auschwitz who brought death to live people. He escaped to the United States, and the novel
starts with his death and ends with his birth. Friends writes in the Afterword that he had a
“certain paragraph” from Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse Five(1969), in mind. Tralfamadore,
the protagonist, Billy Pilgrim, watches a war movie backwards. American planes full of holes fly
backwards German planes suck bullets from them; bombers take their bombs back to base
where they are returned to the States, reduced to The American fliers became high school
again and again, Billy guesses, Hitler ultimately returns to babyhood.

Iain Banks ‘ novel Use of Weapons interweaves two parallel stories, one told in standard
chronology and one in reverse.

Julia Alvarez’s novel How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents Native Dominican Republic. The
story of why the family and their attempts to succeed in New York are told in reverse
chronological order, with the last events happening in 1956. [6]