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Structure and Written Expression
Structure and Written Expression
4. The cook looked (sad, sadly) when he saw the food was burned.
5. After digging in the garbage, the dog didn’t smell (good, well).
6. After injuring his nose, the dog couldn’t smell (good, well).
7. Not wanting to burn his tongue, he tasted the soup (countious, countiusly).
9. Flames had engulfed the building before the alarm was (final, finally)
sounded.
10. Try to avoid further disagreenment, the teacher made her decision sound
(final, finally).
Exercise S-110
Directions: Adjectives modify nouns, and adverbs modify verbs. In the first
blank, write ADJ if the underline word is an adjective or ADV if it is an adverb.
In the second blank, write the that the underline word modifies. These
sentence are correct.
_______________________ __________________________
2. The singer strained his voice when he attempated high notes.
_______________________ __________________________
3. All of these applicants have been highly recommended.
_______________________ __________________________
4. The defendant thought that the judge looked friendly.
_______________________ __________________________
5. The small plane flew low and frightened the livestock.
_______________________ __________________________
6. A person in his lowly position should not criticize the boss.
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_______________________ __________________________
________________________ __________________________
8. The women looked carefully for her lost contact lens.
________________________ __________________________
9. Often a stren look can quiet a noisychild.
________________________ __________________________
10. Everyone admired the costly jewelry, but no one bought any.
________________________ __________________________
Exercise S-111
Directions: Although adjectives can modify only nouns (and some verbs),
adverbs can modify adjectives and other adverbs as well as verbs. Many
adverbs are used to intensify the meaning of an adjectives or another
adverb. These intensifiers have approximately the same meaning as very:
extremely, really, highly, quite, considerably, etc. For example:
real/really extreme/extremely
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8. Appeared ________ sad 18. Became _________ quite
9. Shouted _________loudly 19. __________well-
known
10. With ________ sincerity 20. With ____________
pleasure
Exercise S-112
Questions 1-2
Directions: Choose the one word or phrase , (A), (B), (C), or (D), that best
completes the sentence. Write your answer in the blank.
Questions 3-10
Directions: Identify the one underlined word or phrase, (A), (B), (C), or (D),
that should be corrected or rewritten. Write your answer In the blank.
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4. Earthworms make their path through heavily soil by eating it and
then eliminating it behind A B
C
Them.
D
5. Thunder is the sound produced by the rapid expandind of air heated
by lightning.
A B C
D
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Structure and Written Expression
Exercise S-113
Fill in the blanks with the correct comparative and superlative forms.
comparative superlative
Exercise S-114
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4. ___________ dead 14. ____________ main
5. ___________ active 15. ____________ new
6. ___________ lonely 16. ____________ principle
7. ___________ serious 17. ____________ right
8. ___________ complete 18. ____________ sound
9. ___________ helpful 19. ____________
effective
10. ___________ wrong 20. ____________ well
Exercise S-115
_____ 1. The carpet layers worked so hard they were absolutely exchausted.
_____ 3. Since it is reusable , the space shuttle is least expensive than othet
spacecraft.
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_____ 6. Although the camera is costly, it is the best on the market today.
_____ 9. Some mothers of twins dress their children exactly the same.
_____ 10. During adolescence, girls are generally taller than boys of the same age.
_____ 11. It was difficult to choose a cologne because they all smelled sweetly.
_____ 12. The acrobats performed skillful, dangerous leaps whithout a net.
_____ 13. After a considerable long wait, teacher were granted a pay increase.
_____ 14. Parents should keep their children out of school until they are completely
sure they are well.
_____ 15. Elephants will probable become extinct unless governments change
exsiting laws.
_____ 16. After some careful thinking, the judge decided to place the children in a
foster home.
_____ 17. The use of solar heat can be helpfully in reducing utility bills.
_____ 19. Believing herself to be homely, the girl was timid about making friends.
_____ 20. After extensive research, the doctoral candidate presented an extremely
useful dissertation.
Exercise S-116
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2. Wilt Chamberlina used to be one of the (taller, tallest) professional
basketball palyers in the United States.
3. He is earning (less,fewer) money than he was ten years ago.
4. The (longer, longest) suspension bridge in North America is the
Verrazano Narrows Bridge in New York City.
5. The Woolworth Building has as (many, much) floors as One Chase
Manhattan Plaza.
6. The gazelle ca run much (quicklier, more quickly) than the zebra.
7. Kanmon Bridge in Japan is a long (than, as) Angostura Bridge in
Venezuela.
8. Some feel that silver is inherently (attractive, more attractive) than
gold.
9. Compared (to, with) children her own age, Jane is quite tall.
10. It is unlikely that he will do his (better, best) on the exam since
he is sick.
11. Of all the children in the kindergarten, Charles is (more, the
most) active.
12. The harder person studies, the (more most) he learns.
13. This test was much (less, least) difficult than the first one.
14. Of her two kicks, the second was definitely the (better, best).
15. The (faster, fastest) he ran, the more difficult it was for him to
breathe.
16. The higher he climbed, the (less, least) oxygen there was to
breathe.
17. History is (more easy, easier) for him than chemistry.
18. Her test score is superior (than, to) is.
19. The more she scolded the child, the (wilder, wildest) he became.
20. Taking calculus was the (worse, worst) experience in his life.
Exercise S-117
Questions 1-2
Directions: Choose the one word or phrase, (A), (B), (C), or (D), that best
completes the sentence. Write your answer in the blank.
Question 3-10
Directions: Identify the one underline word or phrase (A), (B), (C), or (D), that
should be corrected or written. Write your answer in the blank.
_____ 3. The more famous skyscraper in the world is the Empire State
Building, located in the
A B C
D
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Parts A and B: Sentence Completion and Error Identification
_____ 4. Although neither animal can outurn the cheetah, both the gazelle or the
impala run
A B C
_____ 5. Rogunsky Dam in Russia mav be the tallest dam in the world, but it provides
the least
A B
C D
_____ 6. The most American were killed in World War II than in any other war since
the birth
A B C
D
of the Nation.
______ 7. The World Trade Ceter, the tallest skyscraper in New York City, has eight
floors
A B C
______ 8. Although Pluto is not the most large planet in the solar system, it is the
most distant
A B
C
_____ 9. One decibel, which is a unit of relative loud, is the smallest amount of
change
A B C
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detectable by the human ear.
_____ 10. Life on earth originated about 2,000 million years ago, but the older good
fossil
A B
C D
10-Point
2. Checklist
Check of Problem
verb agreement, tense, and form. Areas
3. Check for full subordination.
1. Check the subject and verb (both present; neither repeted).
2. Check
4.
verb agreement, tense, and form.
Check the verbal.
3. Check
5. Check for
pronoun full
form, subordination.
agreement, and reference.
4. Check the verbal.
6. Check word form.
5. Check pronoun form, agreement, and reference.
6. Check
7. Check word
word order. form.
7. Check
8.
word order.
Check for parallel structure.
8. Check for parallel structure.
9. Check
9. Check for unnecessary
for unnecessary repetition. repetition.
10. 10. Check for correct
Check for correct usage. usage.
Exercise S-118
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_____ d. Sports such as soccer and tennis they are popular in Texas.
_____ j. The faculty wanted to know when would they get a pay raise.
Exercise S-119
Exercise S-120
Directions: Read through the following grammar notes carefully, and then go
on to Exercise S-121 through S-129 concering word order.
The most common word order of the core parts of a sentence in English is
subject + verb + object (S + V + O). the subject comes before the verb in all
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but a few special situations. In these situations the word order of the core
parts is inverted and the verb is placed before the subject: just as it is an all
direct questions. (Note that the TOEFL rarely presents direct questions in the
Structure and Written Expression Section.)
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Note: Although inverted word order is required in the situations listed above,
normal word order (S + V + O) is required in indirect questions. No inversion
is possible.
The reporters want to know when the president will give his address.
Exercise S-121
Objective: To distinguish between direct and indirect questions, on the basis of the
order of the subject and the verb.
Directions: the word order used in a direct question is different from the used in an
indirect question. In a direct question, the axuxiliary verb comes before the subject
(AUX + S +V). In an indirect question, which is a subordinate noun clause, the
subject comes before the verb (S + V).
Indirect wether each item is a direct question (D) or an indirect question (IND) by
putting the appropriate abbreviation in the blank.
_____ 3 where James spent the night ______ 13 which car he bought
_____ 4 how did the cat get out ______ 14 which movie Frank has seen
_____ 5 when the rain stopped ______ 15 how long the class lasted
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_____ 6 why Ricky never come home ______ 16 where the bread is kept
_____ 8 when he should leave ______ 18 where was the wallet found
_____ 10 why is Annie laughing ______ 20 how far did the dog wander
Exercise S-122
Directions: Each sentence contains an indirect question but the word order of
the subject and verb is wrong. Underline the full subordinate noun clause
and correct the word order and any consequently incorrect verb forms.
________________________________________________________________________
4. The professor informed the class when would the test be given.
7. Sister Mystic can tell from the lines on your palm what will your future
be.
8. The policeman asked him where was he going and why was he
speeding.
9. The news paper story doesn’t state where did the accident take place.
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10. Zoo officials are puzzeled about how did the tiger get out its cage.
Exercise S-123
____ 1. The clauffer wondered whether or not the limousine would strart.
_____ 3. The babysitter asked if could he watch television during the evening.
_____ 4. The dentist asked the boy if he brushed his teeth regulary.
_____ 6. The hostess wondered if her guests were having a good time.
_____ 7. The secretary wondered if the boss would give her a raise or not.
_____ 9. The lawyer wanted to know if the will had been found.
_____ 10. There is no way to know if will she arrive before dark.
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Exercise S-123
Objective: To recognonize errors in the word order of the subject and verb in
sentences beginning with certain “negative” expression.
Directions: when a sentence begins with a “negative” word, or only and a time
expression, the verb and the subject are inverted. If the verb has more than one
part, only the first part is moved. The inversion of a clause containing any verb in a
simple tense, except a form of the verb to be, requires the addition of an auxiliary
verb.
Negatives: never, hardly, seldom, rarely, not only, at no time, nowhere, etc.
for example:
The world has never faced so many problem.→ Never has the world faced
so many problems.
Only + time: only once, only at night, only after, etc. for example:
Bats leave the cave only at night.→ only at night do bats leave the cave.
In each of the following sentences, the word order of the subject and verb In the
main clause is wrong. Correct the sentence by rewriting it and inverting the verb
and the noun or naou phrase that fuctions as the subject. The subject and verb
have been underline inquestions 1-5: do the same for question 6-10.
1. Not only they went, but they stayed until the end
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