ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any task would be incomplete
without mention of the people who made it possible, whose constant guidance and encourages
crowned my effort of success. We take this opportunity to express deepest gratitude and appreciation
to all those who helped us directly or indirectly towards the successful completion of this project
work.

With profound sense of gratitude and regards we convey our sincere thanks to our project
guide Dr. N. Kapilan Prof & HOD, Department of Mechanical Engineering, NCET, Bengaluru,
for his esteemed suggestions, sincere efforts and inspiration given to us in completing our project
work.

We sincerely thank our project coordinator Mr. Amaresh gunge, Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, NCET, Bengaluru, for motivations and suggestions given to
us in completing our project work.

We sincerely thank Dr. N. Kapilan, Head of the Department, Department of Mechanical

Engineering, NCET, for his constant support, motivations and suggestions given to us in completing
our project work.

We sincerely thank Dr. Srikanta Murthy K, Principal, who is the constant source of
inspirations for all our endeavors.

We also thank all teaching and non-teaching staff and our parents for their kind co-
operations. We also extend our heartfelt thanks to all who directly or indirectly encouraged us to
complete this project.

MR. SRINIVASA BN 1NC17MMD07

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 ABSTRACT

Adding small particles into a fluid in cooling and heating processes is one of the methods to
increase the rate of heat transfer by convection between the fluid and the surface. In the past decade,
new classes of fluids called Nano fluids, in which particles of size 1–100 nm with high thermal
conductivity are suspended in a conventional heat transfer base fluid, have been developed. It has
been shown that Nano fluids containing a small amount of metallic or nonmetallic particles, such as
Al2O3 have increased thermal conductivity compared with the thermal conductivity of the base fluid.

In this work, effective thermal conductivity models of Nano fluids are reviewed and
comparisons between experimental findings and theoretical predictions are made. The results show
that there exist significant discrepancies among the experimental data available and between the
experimental findings and the theoretical model predictions.

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 CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES iv
LIST OF TABLES v
CHAPTER NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
1 INTRODUCTION 1 -11
1.1 Heat transfer 1
1.2 Heat exchanger 1
1.3 Classification of Heat Exchangers 2
1.4 Fluid Selection Criteria 3
1.5 Nano fluid 6
1.6 Mechanism of Heat Conduction in Nano fluid 7
1.7 Application Of Nano Fluids 9
1.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nano Fluid 11
2 LITERATURE RIVIEW 12 -16
3 OBJECTIVES 17
4 MATERIALS AND METHOD USED 18-26
4.1 Preparation of nano fluid 19
4.2 Specifications of Base Fluid 21

5 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 27-28

6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 29-32

CONCLUSION 33

FUTURE SCOPE 34

REFERENCES 35

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 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
1.1 Working of Heat Exchanger 1
1.2 Counter flow 2
1.3 Parallel flow 3
1.4 Cross flow 3
1.5 Cross/counter flow 4
1.6 Classification of Heat 4
Exchanger
1.7 Brownian motion 7
1.8 Cross section of Nano fluids
structure 7
1.9 Volume Fraction of Particles 8
4.1 Two Step Method 18
4.2 Alluminium oxide(AL2O3) 20
4.3 Digital weighing machine 20
4.4 500 ml Flask 20
4.5 Magnetic stirrer process 21
4.6 Ultrasonic Stirring of AL2O3 21
5.1 Experimental setup 27
5.2 Block diagram of experimental
setup 27
5.3 Working process diagram of
shell and tube 29

6.1 Effectiveness Vs flow rate 0.5

lpm Hw at 400 c parallel flow
in with and with out nano
particles(Doubble pipe) 42

6.2 Effectiveness Vs NTU 0.5 lpm

Hw at 400 c parallel flow in
with and with out nano
particles(Doubble pipe) 42

6.3 Effectiveness Vs flow rate 0.5

lpm Hw at 400 c counter flow
with and with out nano
particles(Doubble pipe) 43
iv
6.4 Effectiveness Vs NTU 0.5 lpm
Hw at 400 c counter flow with
and with out nano
particles(Doubble pipe) 43

6.5 Effectiveness Vs flow rate 0.5

lpm Hw at 500 c parallel flow
with and with out nano
particles(Doubble pipe) 44

6.6 Effectiveness Vs NTU 0.5 lpm

Hw at 500 c parallel flow with
and with out nano
particles(Doubble pipe) 44

6.7 Effectiveness Vs flow rate 0.5

lpm Hw at 500 c counter flow
with and with out nano
particles(Doubble pipe) 45

6.8 Effectiveness Vs NTU 0.5 lpm

Hw at 500 c counter flow with
and with out nano
particles(Doubble pipe) 45

6.9 Effectiveness Vs flow rate 0.5

lpm Hw at 600 c parallel flow
with and with out nano
particles(Doubble pipe) 46

6.10 Effectiveness Vs NTU 0.5 lpm

Hw at 600 c parallel flow with
and with out nano
particles(Doubble pipe) 46

6.11 Effectiveness Vs flow rate 0.5

lpm Hw at 600 c counter flow
with and with out nano
particles(Doubble pipe) 47

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6.12 Effectiveness Vs NTU 0.5 lpm
Hw at 600 c counter flow with
and with out nano
particles(Doubble pipe) 47

6.13 Effectiveness Vs flow rate 3

lpm Hw at 500 c parallel flow
with and with out nano
particles(shell and tube) 48

6.14 Effectiveness Vs NTU 3 lpm

Hw at 500 c parallel flow with
and with out nanoparticles(s&h) 48

6.15 Effectiveness Vs flow rate 3

lpm Hw at 500 c counter flow
with and with out nano
particles (shell and tube) 49

6.16 Effectiveness Vs NTU 3 lpm

Hw at 500 c counter flow with
and with out nano
particles(S&T) 49

6.17 Effectiveness Vs flow rate 3

lpm Hw at 600 c parallel flow
with and with out nano
particles(S&T) 50

6.18 Effectiveness Vs NTU 3 lpm

Hw at 600 c parallel flow with
and with out nano particles 50

Effectiveness Vs flow rate 3

6.19 lpm Hw at 600 c counter flow
with and with out nano
particles 51

Effectiveness Vs NTU 3 lpm

6.20 Hw at 600 c counter flow with
and with out nano particles
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 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

4.1 Specifications of Aluminum 22
oxide (Al2O3) Nano particles
4.2 Specifications of Base fluid 21
(Dematerialized Water)
4.3 Thermal Conductivity of 24
aluminum oxide and Water
4.4 Calculated viscosity of Nano 25
fluid of different volume
fraction
6.1 Double pipe heat exchanger for 29
60 ºC Temperature

6.2 Shell and tube heat exchanger 31

For 60 ºC Temperature

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